8jnXjk_\ZXj\:_Xgk\i.#ZfdgXi`e^k_\jkfi`\jf]k_\m\k\iXej`ek\im`\n\[i\m\Xc\[efkfecp
[`ɕ\i\eZ\jYlkXcjf#Xe[XYfm\Xcc#jki`b`e^j`d`cXi`k`\j%KfjkXikn`k_k_\[`ɕ\i\eZ\j#dfjkcp
k_\m\k\iXejn_f_X[\og\i`\eZ\[[`jki\jj`e^j`klXk`fejfe[\gcfpd\eki\cXk\[k_XkXj\ej\
f]Y\`e^d`jle[\ijkff[Ypk_\;lkZ_glYc`Z_X[_likk_\d%K_\k_\d\jf]Xe^\i#j`c\eZ\#
dfiXc[`jfi`\ekXk`fe#Xe[\jkiXe^\d\ek]ifdYfk_jfZ`\kpXe[k_\j\c]\d\i^\[dfjkcp`e
k_\`ijkfi`\j%K_XkjX`[#k_fl^_k_\m\k\iXejn`k_flk[\gcfpd\ek$i\cXk\[[`jki\jj[`[efkjXp
k_XkglYc`Zd`jle[\ijkXe[`e^_X[ZXlj\[k_\dgX`e#dXep[`[\ogi\jjXj`d`cXij\ej\f]
Y\`e^d`jle[\ijkff[Ypk_\;lkZ_glYc`Z%@ec`e\n`k_k_`j#k_\`ijkfi`\jj`d`cXicpZfem\p\[#
Xck_fl^_kfXc\jj\i[\^i\\#k_\k_\d\jf]Xe^\i#j`c\eZ\#[`jfi`\ekXk`feXe[\jkiXe^\d\ek%
:fdgXi`e^ ;lkZ_YXk Xe[ K=L# `k Y\ZXd\ Zc\Xi k_Xk k_\ ;lkZ_YXk m\k\iXej ^\e\iXccp
i\gfik\[Xjkife^\ij\ej\f]]iljkiXk`feXe[Xe^\i`ei\cXk`fekf;lkZ_glYc`Zg\iZ\gk`fejk_Xe
k_\K=Lm\k\iXej[`[%K_`j[`ɕ\i\eZ\ZXeY\i\cXk\[kfk_\]XZkk_Xkfm\iXccK=Lkiffgj]XZ\[c\jj
_Xij_Zi`k`Z`jdk_Xek_\jfc[`\ijf];lkZ_YXk#Xe[K=Lkiffgjn\i\XcjfX[d`i\[%?fn\m\i#k_\
jXd\k_\d\jf]Xe^\i#j`c\eZ\#[`jfi`\ekXk`feXe[\jkiXe^\d\ek\d\i^\[`ek_\jkfi`\jf]Yfk_
^iflgj%@e]XZk#m\k\iXejjgfb\f]d`jle[\ijkXe[`e^efkfecp`ei\cXk`fekfglYc`ZZi`k`Z`jd#Ylk
Xcjf`ei\jgfej\kf_\if`ZXe[fk_\ikff$gfj`k`m\`dX^\j%8jn`k_glYc`ZZi`k`Z`jd#k_\pi\^Xi[\[
jlZ_`dX^\jXjfm\icpj`dgc`jk`ZZXi`ZXkli\j%K_lj#dfjkm\k\iXej`ek\im`\n\[Án_\k_\ifi
efkk_\p_X[\og\i`\eZ\[[`jki\jj`e^[\gcfpd\ek\m\ekj2n_\k_\ik_\pn\i\;lkZ_YXkfiK=L
m\k\iXejÁ\ogi\jj\[i\dXibXYcpj`d`cXi]\\c`e^ji\^Xi[`e^glYc`Zg\iZ\gk`fej#k_fl^_`knXj
fecpk_\m\k\iXejn`k_[\gcfpd\ek$i\cXk\[[`jki\jjn_fjgfb\XYflkk_`jn`k_gX`e%
:fej`[\i`e^k_\j\j`d`cXi`k`\jY\kn\\em\k\iXej[\jg`k\k_\[`ɕ\i\ekglYc`Zg\iZ\gk`fej#
fe\d`^_knXekkfZfeZcl[\k_XkglYc`Z]XZkfijXZklXccpgcXpc`ɝc\fiefifc\`edfiXc[`jki\jj%
?fn\m\i#dpÏe[`e^j`e[`ZXk\k_Xkk_\`jjl\`jdfi\Zfdgc\o%Fek_\fe\_Xe[#`k`jgfjj`Yc\
k_Xklgfek_\`ii\klie_fd\]ifd[\gcfpd\ek#m\k\iXejn`cc`eXepZXj\\og\i`\eZ\X[\^i\\
f]Xe^\i#j`c\eZ\#[`jfi`\ekXk`feXe[\jkiXe^\d\ekm`j$~$m`jjfZ`\kp#i\^Xi[c\jjf]k_\jg\Z`ÏZ
glYc`Z g\iZ\gk`fej jliifle[`e^ k_\`i d`jj`fe% 8j d\ek`fe\[ `e k_\ `ekif[lZk`fe kf k_`j
Z_Xgk\i# jkl[`\j _Xm\ j_fne k_Xk X gif]fle[cp j_fZb`e^ \og\i`\eZ\ dXp `e `kj\c] c\X[ kf
gifYc\dj`ec`e^l`jk`Z\ogi\jj`feJZXiip(0/,#?lcc)'') #Xmf`[XeZ\Y\_Xm`fi?\idXe(0-.#
)'(( Xe[]\Xijf]d`jle[\ijkXe[`e^K\[\jZ_`Xe[:Xc_fle(00* #n_`c\ÅÐ\j_$n`ke\jj`e^Æ
nXidXpc\X[kfXj\ej\f]\jkiXe^\d\ek]ifdk_\_fd\jfZ`\kpXdfe^m\k\iXej`e^\e\iXc
?XiXi` )''/# J²i\ej\e )'(, % K_Xk Y\`e^ jX`[# k_\ j`d`cXi`k`\j Y\kn\\e k_\ \og\i`\eZ\j
f] ;lkZ_YXk Xe[ K=L m\k\iXej Xcjf j\\d kf c`\ `e k_\ ]XZk k_Xk k_\ glYc`Z g\iZ\gk`fej f]
k_\`id`jj`fej_Xi\[Xe\jj\ek`Xc]\Xkli\%@eYfk_ZXj\j#glYc`Z[\YXk\ji\m\Xc\[XZ\ikX`e
[`jZfd]fikXYflkd`c`kXipgiXZk`Z\Xe[k_\i\]fi\Zi\Xk\[i\cXk`m\cpfe\$[`d\ej`feXc`dX^\j
162
DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf,GcW]YhU`A]gfYWc[b]h]cbUbXGY`Z!9ghfUb[YaYbh
f] k_\ ;lkZ_YXk Xe[ K=L m\k\iXej# k_lj [\ep`e^ k_\ dfiXc Zfdgc\o`kp f] k_\j\ m\k\iXejÆ
XZk`fejXe[\og\i`\eZ\j%9\cfn#@i\Ð\Zkfek_\j\gXiXcc\cjXe[k_\`i`dgc`ZXk`fej]fik_\
le[\ijkXe[`e^f]dfiXc[`jki\jj%
9fk_ ;lkZ_YXk Xe[ K=L m\k\iXej ^\e\iXccp ]\ck le[\ijkff[ Yp k_\`i ]\ccfn m\k\iXej#
Y\ZXlj\jfc[`\ijÅjg\Xbk_\jXd\cXe^lX^\ÆfiY\ZXlj\Ånfi[jXi\efk\m\ee\Z\jjXipÆ%P\k#
Zfddle`ZXk`e^ Xe[ j_Xi`e^ k_\`i gX`e n`k_ efe$m\k\iXej# `eZcl[`e^ ]Xd`cp Xe[ ]i`\e[j#
Zflc[ Y\ \oki\d\cp [`ɖZlck% =fi jlZ_ `ek\iXZk`fej# ef nfi[j n\i\ i\X[`cp Xk _Xe[# Xe[
k_\nfi[jk_Xkn\i\lj\[[`[efke\Z\jjXi`cpd\Xek_\jXd\kfXcc`ek\icfZlkfij%Kfi\ZXcc
m\k\iXejÆ XZZflekj f] Z_\\i`e^ n_\e j\\`e^ X Ïi\ YcXjk# lj`e^ YcXZb _ldfi XYflk [\Xk_#
jl`Z`[\ Xɝ\dgkj# d`jj`e^ nXi# Xe[ jf fe2 n_Xk jlZ_ XZZflekj d\Xek kf k_\ m\k\iXe `e
hl\jk`fefɘ\ej`^e`Ï\[jfd\k_`e^\cj\kfk_\fk_\ig\ijfe%:fej\hl\ekcp#dXepm\k\iXej
)'', %8j?fee\k_ni`k\j#k_\j`^e`ÏZXeZ\f]i\Zf^e`k`fec`\j`ek_\]XZkk_Xk`k`jXYflkXdfiXc
i\cXk`fen`k_fk_\ij#n_`Z_dXpY\i\jg\Zk\[fim`fcXk\[%D`ji\Zf^e`k`fe#k_\e#`jXm`fcXk`fe
f]fe\Æjmoral relationn`k_fk_\ij%Jki`b`e^cp#Xck_fl^_?fee\k_`j`eefnXpZfeZ\ie\[n`k_
k_\efk`fef]ÅdfiXc`ealipÆXj[\m\cfg\[`ek_\Zfek\okf][\gcfpd\ek$i\cXk\[jlɕ\i`e^#
_\lj\jk_`j\oXZkk\idj\m\iXck`d\jkf[\jZi`Y\k_\i\jlckf]d`ji\Zf^e`k`fe%8ZZfi[`e^
kf_`d#`k`jk_\\og\i`\eZ\f]ÅefkY\`e^i\Zf^e`q\[`efe\Æjfnej\c]$le[\ijkXe[`e^k_Xk
Zfejk`klk\jk_\Zfe[`k`fe]fidfiXc`ealipÆ#n_`Z__\[\jZi`Y\[Xjk_\XnXi\e\jjf]XÅdfiXc
`ealjk`Z\Æ ?fee\k_ )'',# g% +. % Fe\ Zflc[ jXp k_Xk d`ji\Zf^e`k`fe [f\j `ealjk`Z\ kf X
g\ijfeÆj\og\i`\eZ\Xe[k_lj[fdfiXc[XdX^\%
8j;XjXi^l\j#kflɝ\iÅ@Xd`egX`eÆ`jkfdXb\XZcX`dXjb`e^]fii\Zf^e`k`fe;Xj(00-#
g%.' %?fn\m\i#jlZ_XZcX`d`jefk\Xj`cpdX[\%9\j`[\jk_\i`jbf]Y\`e^[\e`\[#Xefk_\i
fYjkXZc\ `j k_Xk `k ZXe fecp Y\ dX[\ n`k_ [`ɖZlckp flkj`[\ k_\ gi\mX`c`e^ eXiiXk`m\j Xe[
]iXd\jf]i\]\i\eZ\f]XgXik`ZlcXiZfddle`kp#n_`Z_ZXedXb\`km\ip_Xi[kf\m\eXik`ZlcXk\
jlZ_XZcX`dZ]%;Xj(00- %Effe\`jZfdgc\k\cp]i\\`e_`jZ_f`Z\f]nfi[jXe[#gXik`ZlcXicp#
`e k_\ d\Xe`e^ f] k_fj\ nfi[j# Y\ZXlj\ k_\ jfZ`Xc \em`ifed\ek j_Xg\j Xe[ c`d`kj k_\
nfi[j Xe[ d\Xe`e^j XmX`cXYc\ ]fi fe\Æj \og\i`\eZ\j% K_\ nfi[j dXp Y\ k_\i\# Ylk k_\`i
Xggifgi`Xk\e\jjXe[j`^e`ÏZXeZ\`jefklgkfk_\`e[`m`[lXc%K_\`e[`m`[lXc_Xjkf[\Xcn`k_
fk_\ijÆg\iZ\gk`fejf]n_Xk_`j\og\i`\eZ\jj`^e`]pXe[n_Xkb`e[f]g\ijfe_\`j#Xe[n_\e
_\]\\cjk_Xkk_\j\g\iZ\gk`fejXi\[`jkfik`fej#k_\Åi\Zf^e`qXY`c`kpÆf]_`jgX`eXe[k_lj`kj
Åjg\XbXY`c`kpÆXi\Xci\X[pgifYc\dXk`ZY\]fi\_Xe[%5
) =hgYYagkcfh\k\]`YhcaYbh]cbh\Ykcf_cZ6ih`Yf&$$-cbÃfYWc[b]nUV]`]hmÄ"6ih`Yfh\Ycf]nYgh\UhdYcd`Yk\cXcbch
conform to particular norms are quickly excluded from the schemes that determine who is regarded a subject worthy of [f]YZ Zcf]bghUbWY]bh\YWUgYcZbcb!KYghYfbj]Wh]agcZIGghUhYj]c`YbWY"
163
Chapter 8 Societal Misrecognition and (Self-)EstrangementDUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh
=ljj\cc\ogcX`ejk_\lejg\XbXY`c`kpf]nXi\og\i`\eZ\jXj]fccfnj%ÅCf^`ZXccp#k_\i\`jef
i\Xjfen_p» cXe^lX^\Zflc[efkg\i]\Zkcpn\cci\e[\ik_\XZklXc`kpf]» nXi]Xi\1`k`ji`Z_
in terms like blood, terror, agony, madness, shit, cruelty, murder, sell-out and hoax, as well as phrases like c\^jYcfnefɕ#`ek\jk`e\j^lj_`e^flkfm\i_`j_Xe[j#jZi\Xd`e^Xcce`^_k#Yc\\[`e^kf[\Xk_]ifdk_\i\Zkld, Xe[k_\c`b\Æ(0.,#gg%(-0Á(.'`kXc`Zj`efi`^`eXc %P\k#n_`c\n\_Xm\ÅdX[\lejg\XbXYc\
d\Xe`e[\jZi`YXYc\Æ#`kÅi\Xccpd\XejeXjkpÆ(0.,#g%(.'`kXc`Zj`efi`^`eXc %8cfe^k_\c`e\j
f]=ljj\ccÆjXi^ld\ek#dpÏe[`e^j`e[`ZXk\k_Xkk_\gifYc\df]Ålejg\XbXY`c`kpÆ`jefkfecp
k_Xknfi[jXi\leXmX`cXYc\YlkXcjfk_Xknfi[j\%^%Å@]\\c^l`ckpÆXe[Å@d`jjnXiÆ Xi\^`m\efi
i\]lj\[gXik`ZlcXid\Xe`e^j%N_\em\k\iXej]\\ck_\`infi[jXi\[`jkfik\[`eglYc`Z[\YXk\j#
k_\pdXpZ_ffj\kfi\dX`ej`c\ek%8jXi\jlck#k_\`i[\gcfpd\ekd\dfi`\jY\Zfd\n_Xk;Xj
nflc[ZXccÅgf`jfefljbefnc\[^\Æ;Xj(00-#gg%/+Á, 1jnXccfn\[Xjgf`jfeXe[_`[[\e`e
k_\fneYf[p#gX`e]lcXe[`eZXgXYc\f]Y\`e^j_Xi\[n`k_jfZ`\kpYlkXjjlZ_Xcjfgifk\Zk\[
]ifd[`jkfik`fe%
P\k#Xjk_`jd\kXg_fi`e[`ZXk\j#\m\e`]m\k\iXejZ_ffj\kfi\dX`ej`c\ek#d`ji\Zf^e`k`fe
dXp[XdX^\efkfecpk_\`idfiXci\cXk`fen`k_fk_\ijYlkXcjf_fnk_\pi\cXk\kfk_\dj\cm\j
j\\Xcjf?fee\k_(00. %@efk_\infi[j#n_\eglYc`Zg\iZ\gk`fejXi\Xkf[[jn`k_m\k\iXejÆ
g\ijfeXc \og\i`\eZ\# k_`j dXp ZXlj\ efk fecp X j\ej\ f] jfZ`Xc \jkiXe^\d\ek# Ylk Xcjf
X [`jkliY\[ j\c]$le[\ijkXe[`e^% EfkXYcp# k_`j [f\j efk e\Z\jjXi`cp d\Xe k_Xk m\k\iXej
n`ccZfdgc\k\cp`ek\ieXc`q\glYc`Zg\iZ\gk`fej1Xcck_\m\k\iXej@jgfb\kf]\ckkfX^i\Xk\i
fi c\jj\i \ok\ek k_Xk gi\mX`c`e^ eXiiXk`m\j Å[`[ efk dXkZ_Æ% P\k# k_`j d`jdXkZ_ ZXe _`e[\i
m\k\iXej`edXb`e^j\ej\f]k_\`i\og\i`\eZ\j#Xjk_Xknflc[_Xm\kf_Xgg\eflkj`[\\o`jk\ek
i\gi\j\ekXk`fej%K_`j#`eklie#dXpXdgc`]pfigfjj`Ycp\m\eZXlj\]\\c`e^jf]j\c]$[flYkXe[
dfiXc [`jfi`\ekXk`fe% 8ZZfi[`e^cp# m\k\iXejÆ j\ej\ f] jfZ`Xc \jkiXe^\d\ek# n_`Z_ ZXe Y\
[\Ïe\[Xj]\\c`e^Zlkfɕ]ifdjfZ`\kpXe[cXZb`e^Xj\ej\f]Y\cfe^`e^#dXpXcjfZfeki`Ylk\
kfXj\ej\f]j\c]$\jkiXe^\d\ek#k_Xk`j#kfX]\\c`e^f]Y\`e^i\dfm\[]ifdfe\j\c]%@e[\\[#
k_\ j\c] `j XcnXpj \dY\[[\[ `e jfZ`\kp% JfZ`\kp fɕ\ij `kj d\dY\ij X dfiXc ]iXd\nfib f]
mXcl\jXe[efidj#Xe[k_lj#n_\efe\Y\Zfd\jXjkiXe^\ikfjfZ`\kp#fe\dXpXcjfY\Zfd\
XjkiXe^\ikffe\j\c]%
7cbW`ig]cb
K_`j Z_Xgk\i j_fn\[ k_Xk efk fecp m\k\iXej dXp jkil^^c\ n`k_ k_\ dfiXc j`^e`ÏZXeZ\ f]
d`c`kXip`ek\im\ek`fe#YlkjfZ`\kpXjn\cc%@kj\\djk_Xkk_\dfi\jfZ`\kp\og\i`\eZ\jXm`fc\ek
\m\ekXjlej\ɝc`e^#k_\dfi\`k]\\cjZfdg\cc\[kfcfZblgk_\\m\ek`ee\XkcpZcfj\[Ånife^Æ
Xe[Åi`^_kÆYfo\j%@ek_`jgifZ\jj#ZXk\^fi`\jjlZ_Xj_\if#m`Zk`dXe[g\ig\kiXkfidXp\d\i^\%
8_\if_Xjfecplj\[]fiZ\X^X`ejk\m`c\e\d`\jXe[`e[\]\ej\f]k_\`eefZ\ek%8m`Zk`d`jX
jlim`mfin_fj\gfk\ek`Xcj\c]$YcXd\`jefYc\Ylk`eXggifgi`Xk\#Xe[Xg\ig\kiXkfi`jj`dgcp
X Zi`d`eXc Xe[ X j`ee\i# n_f# [\g\e[`e^ fe fe\Æj `[\fcf^`ZXc g\ijg\Zk`m\# `j X YX[ Xggc\
lei\gi\j\ekXk`m\f]k_\d`c`kXipfiXkpg`ZXcjfc[`\i%8ck_fl^_Zi\Xk`e^jlZ_ZXk\^fi`\jdXp
i\jfcm\jfZ`\kXc[`jZfd]fikn`k_d`c`kXip`ek\im\ek`fe#`k[f\jjfYp[\ep`e^k_\\o`jk\eZ\f]
_ldXe]iX^`c`kp#Zfdgc\o`kpXe[ZfeÐ`Zk%
164
DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf,GcW]YhU`A]gfYWc[b]h]cbUbXGY`Z!9ghfUb[YaYbh
@ek\i\jk`e^cp# k_\ ZfeZ\gk f] dfiXc `ealip itself seems to have become something lej\ɝc`e^#Xj`e[`ZXk\[]fi`ejkXeZ\`ek_\ZfeZ\ieiX`j\[YpX;lkZ_d`c`kXipgjpZ_`Xki`jk
i\^Xi[`e^k_\ZfeZ\gkÆjgfk\ek`XcZfeefkXk`fejf]`ddfiXc`kp%@ek_\LJ#j`d`cXiZfeZ\iej
ZXe Y\ _\Xi[% 8k Xe XeelXc Zfe]\i\eZ\ fe ZfdYXk jki\jj `e k_\ Le`k\[ JkXk\j# X DXi`e\
ZfddXe[\ijX`[_\nXjÅ`ejlck\[ÆYpk_\k\idÅdfiXc`ealipÆ#Y\ZXlj\`knflc[`dgcpk_Xk
jfc[`\ijÆgifYc\djXi\Xi\jlckf]le\k_`ZXcZfe[lZkDZ:cfjb\p)'(( %@e]XZk#kfXmf`[k_`j
ZfeefkXk`fe#k_\LJDXi`e\j:figjefn\dgcfpk_\\lg_\d`jk`Zk\idÅ`ee\iZfeÐ`ZkÆ`ejk\X[
EXj_Xe[C`kq)'(*#g%*-/ %I\jgfej\jc`b\k_\j\le[\ijZfi\k_Xkk_\ZfeZ\gkf]dfiXc`ealip
_Xjk_\gfk\ek`Xckfi\m\XcdfiXcZfdgc\o`k`\jk_Xknflc[fk_\in`j\i\dX`elej\\e#Xe[
k_XkjlZ_dfiXcZfdgc\o`k`\jXiflj\[`jZfd]fik%
8j@_Xm\dX[\Zc\Xi#jfZ`\kXc[`jZfd]fikn`k_d`c`kXip`ek\im\ek`fedXp_Xm\`dgfikXek
`dgc`ZXk`fej]fim\k\iXejÆdfiXci\cXk`fekfYfk_jfZ`\kpXe[k_\dj\cm\j%8j`jk_\ZXj\]fi
Xcc_ldXeY\`e^j#m\k\iXej[\g\e[fek_\j_Xi\[eXiiXk`m\jf]jfZ`\kp]fik_\[\m\cfgd\ek
f]k_\`ic`]\jkfi`\jXe[Åk_\dfiXcÆf]k_\j\jkfi`\j%K_\i\]fi\#n_\ek_\p]\\ck_XkglYc`Z
eXiiXk`m\jd`ji\Zf^e`q\k_\`i\og\i`\eZ\#k_`jgifZ\jjdXpY\[`jkfik\[%<m\en_\em\k\iXej
reject rather than internalize these narratives, misrecognition is not without personal Zfej\hl\eZ\j% =fi fe\# glYc`Z eXiiXk`m\j dXp jk`cc `eÐl\eZ\ k_\ nXpj `e n_`Z_ jfc[`\ij
Xi\ j\ek fe X d`jj`fe Xe[ g\iZ\`m\[ Xɘ\inXi[j% N_Xk `j dfi\# \m\e n`k_flk c\X[`e^ kf
`ek\ieXc`qXk`fe#glYc`ZeXiiXk`m\jdXpjk`cc_Xdg\im\k\iXejÆj\c]$le[\ijkXe[`e^%8j:_Xgk\i
-j_fn\[#`k`j[`ɖZlck`e`kj\c]kfdXb\j\ej\f]\og\i`\eZ\j]fin_`Z_k_\i\Xi\efnfi[j#
jlZ_Xj]\\c`e^^l`ckXe[efe$^l`ckXkk_\jXd\k`d\#Xe[gifYc\dXk`ZglYc`ZeXiiXk`m\jn`cc
fecpX[[kfk_`j[`ɖZlckp%Lck`dXk\cp#gifYc\dXk`ZglYc`ZeXiiXk`m\jZXeZfeki`Ylk\kfXj\ej\
k_Xkk_\m\k\iXe_Xj#hl`k\c`k\iXccp#cfjk_`dj\c]kf_`j[\gcfpd\ek%