H\YA]`]hUfmDfcZYgg]cb - Proefschrift 'Soldiers in conflict, moral injury, political practices

:fejZi`gk`fekfk_\;lkZ_Xid\[]fiZ\jnXjjljg\e[\[`e(00.%¹K_lj#K=Lle`kjZfekX`e\[

mfclek\\ijgif]\jj`feXcj fecp%@ek_\ZXj\f];lkZ_YXk#jfc[`\ijf]k_\8`idfY`c\9i`^X[\

n\i\ Xcc mfclek\\ij Xj n\cc% F] k_\ fk_\i ;lkZ_YXk jfc[`\ij# jlZ_ Xj k_fj\ i\jgfej`Yc\ ]fi

cf^`jk`ZjfiZfddle`ZXk`fej#jfd\n\i\ZfejZi`gk\[Xkk_\k`d\k_\pj\im\[`ek_\]fid\i

Pl^fjcXm`X# Ylk k_\p n\ek fe k_`j d`jj`fe Xj mfclek\\ij% K_\p _X[ Y\\e XYc\ kf Z_ffj\

n_\k_\ik_\pnXek\[kfj\im\k_\`ik`d\`ek_\E\k_\icXe[jfi>\idXep#fiXjgXikf]XLE

d`jj`fej\\XcjfE@F;)'')#gg%*/-2('(' %

8ccèk\im`\n\[m\k\iXejjX`[k_\p_X[Y\\e\X^\ikfj\im\èk_\ì[\j`êXk\[d`jj`fe%

N_pnXjk_`j68ck_fl^_k_\`idfk`m\jXe[\og\ZkXk`fejfYm`fljcp[`ɕ\i\[#dXepj`d`cXi`k`\j

Zflc[ Y\ ]fle[% :fekiXip kf Zfddfe Y\c`\]# m`iklXccp ef m\k\iXej \ogi\jj\[ Xep XYjkiXZk

`[\Xcj%8ck_fl^_Xccn\i\gifl[kfY\[\gcfp\[#]\nY\c`\m\[k_\pnflc[j\im\k_\`iZflekip%

>\e\iXccp#]\n_X[Y\\egXik`ZlcXicpZfeZ\ie\[YpXepgfc`k`ZXci\XjfeY\_`e[k_\`id`jj`fe%

IXk_\i#k_\p_X[Y\\eXɝiXZk\[Ypk_\`[\Xf]X[m\ekli\#XZk`feXe[ZfdiX[\j_`g%@ek_\

nfi[jf]fe\m\k\iXe#k_\pc`b\[k_\`[\Xf]Åjgfikj#ZfdiX[\j_`g#[f`e^k_`e^jXjXk\XdÁ

pflbefn#aljkk_\d`c`kXipÆ%@eZ`[\ekXccp#\ogi\jj`fejc`b\k_\j\ZXeY\]fle[Xdfe^jfc[`\ij

nfic[n`[\%@k_XjY\\en\cc$[fZld\ek\[k_Xk[\jg`k\Ylqqnfi[jc`b\Åj\im`e^k_\ZflekipÆ#

dfjkjfc[`\ijc`mè^èZfleki`\jXkg\XZ\[fefkj\\d`c`kXipj\im`Z\Xj_\if`ZjXZi`ÏZ\%K_\ì

gi`dXipdfk`m\jkfj\im\Xi\k_\`iXɖe`kpn`k_jgfikj#k_\XɝiXZk`fef]ZfdiX[\j_`g#k_\

Y\e\Ïkjf]Xi\cXk`m\cp^ff[jXcXipXe[]i\\\[lZXk`fefggfikle`k`\jj\\\%^%9flib\(000#

>`YjfeXe[8Y\cc)''+#9XiXe[9\e$8i`)'',#?Xlkq`e^\iXe[JZXe[cpe)'(* %

1 Suspended means that citizens are no longer forced to undertake military service as long as it is not required for national gUZYhm"=bh\YBYh\Yf`UbXg h\YhfUbg]h]cbZfcaWcbgWf]dhYXhcU``!jc`ibhYYfUfaYXZcfWYgVY[Ub]b%--%"H\Y8ihW\a]`]hUfm

now consists fully of volunteers.

71

C`\lk\eXek ?\ebÆj jkXk\d\ekj Xi\ \o\dgcXip f] k_`j j\Zfe[ Xɝ`kl[\% 8ɘ\i _\ [\e`\[

ZXiè^XYflkjfd\bè[f]d`jj`fegligfj\#@Xjb\[_`dn_\k_\i_\Xkc\XjkÅjkff[Y\_è[

_`jd`jj`fejÆ#kfn_`Z__\i\jgfe[\[ÅefkXcnXpjÆYlkX[[\[k_XkÅ`k_Xjefk_`e^kf[fn`k_

dpafYXjXjfc[`\iÆ%C`b\?\eb#dXepm\k\iXejjX`[#Å@aljknXek\[kf[fn_Xk@XdkiX`e\[

kf[fÆ#Ypn_`Z_k_\pd\XekgcXeeè^#fi^Xe`qè^Xe[c\X[è^kiffgXZk`m`k`\jèk_\ZXj\

f]fɖZ\ij #fi\o\Zlkè^k_\ì[i`ccjXe[jb`ccjèi\Xc$c`]\j`klXk`fejèk_\ZXj\f]\ec`jk\[

g\ijfee\c %Jfd\m\k\iXejdfZbè^cpZXcc\[dpèhlì`\jXYflk^fXcjfigligfj\jÅkpg`ZXccp

Z`m`c`Xe hl\jk`fejÆ Xe[ afb\[ k_Xk @ d`jkffb k_\ d`c`kXip ]fi Xe E>F% K_\p dX`ekX`e\[

k_Xkk_\`iafYnXjj`dgcpefkk_XkZfdgc`ZXk\[#Xe[@nXjk_\fe\dXb`e^`k[`ɖZlck%Dfi\

?fn\m\i# n_\e @ Xjb\[ m\k\iXej n_\k_\i k_\p Zfej`[\i\[ k_\dj\cm\j ZfdgXiXYc\ kf

d\iZ\eXi`\j#k_\pXcc[\e`\[k_`jkfY\k_\ZXj\%P\j#jfd\jX`[#k_\pn\i\c`b\d\iZ\eXi`\j

Xep Xckil`jk`Z dfk`m\j [`jk`e^l`j_\[ k_\dj\cm\j ]ifd dli[\i\ij Xe[ d\iZ\eXi`\j# Xe[

jki\jj\[k_Xkjfc[`\ijXi\_ldXeiXk_\ik_XeifYfkj%K_\e\\[kf[fjf`e[`ZXk\jk_Xkk_\j\

m\k\iXejXcjfjXnk_\ìgif]\jj`feXjdfiXccpj`ê`ÏZXek%K_\pn\i\Z\ikXècpefkfggfj\[kf

k_\lj\f]]fiZ\#Ylkk_\p[`[e\\[`kkffZZlin`k_`eX]iXd\nfibk_Xk^Xm\k_\daljk`ÏZXk`fe#

Xe[k_\pe\\[\[kfj\\k_\dj\cm\jXjdfiXcX^\ekjXZk`e^flkf]k_\`ifnen`ccXe[mXcl\j%8j

cfe^Xjk_`jnXjk_\ZXj\#k_\p[`[efkÏe[k_\`iafYdfiXccpgifYc\dXk`Z%

72

DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf)ÃH\UhÄg^ighh\YkUm]h]gÄ.IbWcad`]WUhYXGc`X]Yf]b[

7\U``Yb[YgXif]b[8Yd`cmaYbh

?fn[`[k_\j\g\iZ\gk`fejnfib`egiXZk`Z\6Jg\Z`ÏZXccp#_fn[`[k_\`ek\im`\n\[m\k\iXej

`ek\igi\kXe[Zfg\n`k_\m\ekjf]kXe^`Yc\m`fc\eZ\Xe[jlɕ\i`e^fe[\gcfpd\ekn`k_flk

[\m\cfg`e^ [`jki\jj6 9\cfn# @ [`j\ekXe^c\ Xe[ \ogc`ZXk\ k_\ `ek\igi\kXk`fej k_Xk ]\Xkli\[

dfjk ]i\hl\ekcp è k_\ì XZZflekj% =ìjk# @ [`jZljj j`klXk`fej ]fi n_`Z_ m\k\iXej [`[ efk

j\\dkfi\hl`i\aljk`ÏZXk`fejkfZfg\%JlYj\hl\ekcp#@[`jZljjk_\`ek\igi\kXk`fejm\k\iXej

\dgcfp\[]fij`klXk`fejk_Xk[`[e\\[kfY\aljk`Ï\[fiXkc\XjkiXk`feXc`q\[%

H\Y>cmgcZA]`]hUfmDfUWh]WY.Bc>igh]ɕWUh]cbBYYXYX3

D`c`kXip kXcb jkXe[j flk `e `kj k\Z_e`ZXc k\idj ]fi dXe`]\jkXk`fej f] m`fc\eZ\% ÅKiffgj `e

ZfekXZkÆXe[Åb`e\k`ZXZk`feÆi\]\ikfZfdYXkj`klXk`fej%ÅLj\f]]fiZ\Æ`j`eÐ`Zk`fef]_Xid#

Xe[Åkfe\lkiXc`q\ÆfiÅkXb\flkÆ#jg\Z`ÏZXccp#`jkfnfle[fib`ccXg\ijfe`ek_\fggfj`e^

gXikp%Å=i`\e[cpÏi\ÆfiÅYcl\feYcl\Æ`jk_\XZZ`[\ekXcb`cc`e^f]Xg\ijfe`ek_\fnekiffg#

Xe[ ÅZfccXk\iXc [XdX^\Æ d\Xej k_Xk g\fgc\ Xi\ le`ek\ek`feXccp nfle[\[ Xe[ b`cc\[% 8j

k_\j\ \oXdgc\j j_fn# k\Z_e`ZXc aXi^fe efk aljk [\jZi`Y\j Xe[ [`jk`e^l`j_\j gXik`ZlcXi

phenomena, it also euphemizes them into non-emotional and non-moral issues (Bandura (000 %:fej\hl\ekcp#efaljk`ÏZXk`fe`j\m\ie\\[\[]fik_\j\g_\efd\eX%

@ek\im`\n\[m\k\iXejfɘ\elj\[d`c`kXipaXi^fe%>\e\iXccp#k_\pn\i\fɘ\edXɝ\i$f]$

]XZkXYflk[\gcfpd\ek\m\ekj%:fej`[\ik_\]fccfn`e^Xe\Z[fk\j%

8ZXiZfd\jXklj]Xjk%@kÆjXYflk-''d\k\ijXnXp#@^`m\Xjkfgj`^e%?\[f\jeÆkc`jk\e#

b\\gjfe[i`mè^%@^`m\_`dXefk_\ijkfgj`ê#_\b\\gjfe[i`mè^%8kfe\gfèk#@Ïi\

`ekfk_\X`i#Xe[k_\eXkk_\ZXi%=lccfeYiXb\j%@_X[eÆk_`k_`d%?\fg\ejk_\[ffiXe[`k

kliejflk`knXjaljkknf^lpjn_fnXek\[kfk\jk_fn]Xik_\pZflc[^f%

K_\i\n\i\[Xpjèk_\9XclZ_`mXcc\pn_\ej_`kn\ek]lZbè^dX[#Xe[Xkfe\gfèkX

d\jjX^\ZXd\`efm\ik_\iX[`f#c`b\ÅXepk_`e^k_Xkdfm\j`jk_\\e\dpÆ%=ifdXep_flj\

n_\i\k_\pÏi\Xklj%» K_Xk\e^X^\d\ekcXjk\[e`e\_flijfijf%N\]fl^_kXcc[Xp%

8e[`knXjc`b\#k_\jg`iXcf]m`fc\eZ\^i\nk`^_k\iXe[k`^_k\i#Xe[n_\ek_\_\c`Zfgk\ij

_Xm\kfc\Xm\Xkfe\gfèkkfi\Ïcck_\ìkXebj#k_\i\ÆjefXìjlggfikXepdfi\#k_è^j^\k

i`jbp#Xe[\m\ipfe\`jk_\eÁn_\epflÆm\Y\\eÏ^_kèêè\_flij#efYf[pn_fÆjefkX

ZfdYXkXek_XjXepi\XjfekfY\k_\i\%8e[jfk_\^lpilee`e^k_\i\#_\d`^_k_Xm\aljk

glk[fne_`jn\Xgfe#fi`jaljkilee`e^kfXn\Xgfe#jf_\^f\j[fnekff%P\X_#k_XkÆj

k_\nXp`k`j%

DXpY\ @ [`[ _`k X Z`m`c`Xe% K_\p n\i\ Ïi`e^ Xk lj ]ifd Y\kn\\e k_\ hXcXj R_flj`e^

Zfdgfle[jT#Xe[]ifdk_\Ï\c[j#Xe[pfl[`[eÆkj\\Xepk_`e^%@Æ[Ïe[`k]lZb\[lg`]`k_X[

_Xgg\e\[#`]@be\n`k%K_XkÆjaljkj_`ɝp%8c`]\`jXc`]\%9lk\m\e`]@Æ[b`cc\[X]i`\e[cpfc[

dXeYpXZZ`[\ek#`knflc[eÆk_Xm\^`m\ed\Y`^gifYc\dj%K_\j\k_`e^jZXealjk_Xgg\e%

73

Chapter 5 ‘That’s just the way it is’: Uncomplicated SoldieringDUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh

K_\m\k\iXejn_fi\Zflek\[k_\j\jkfi`\jXi\k_i\\f]dXepn_fjgfb\XYflk[\gcfpd\ek

\m\ekjn`k_flkfɕ\i`e^\ok\ej`m\\ogcXeXk`fej%@kÆjaljkÅk_\nXp`k`jÆ#Xe[k_`e^jc`b\k_`j

ÅZXealjk_Xgg\eÆ#k_\pnflc[jXp%

N_`c\m\k\iXejfɘ\e\dgcfp\[X]XZklXceXiiXk`m\jkpc\#Xkk_\jXd\k`d\k_\`iXZZflekj

n\i\ljlXccpdfi\ÅiXnÆXe[c\jjÅZc\XeÆk_Xek_\k\okjf]d`c`kXipi\gfikj%DXepK=Lm\k\iXej#

]fièjkXeZ\#jX`[k_Xkk_\p^fkÅXb`ZbÆflkf]\e^X^è^èZfdYXk%

@]fle[`k^ff[#Xm\ipjg\Z`Xc]\\c`e^%:fdYXk`jaljkjfd\k_`e^k_Xk»pfljfXiXYfm\

pflij\c]%PflY\Zfd\c`b\#`]pflÆi\gXjkk_\]\Xi#Xkfe\gf`ek#`kÆjjfd\k_`e^m\iple`hl\%

8e[jfd\k_`e^m\ip»gi`dXc%Aljk#nXii`fi#[\jkilZk`fe%» Pfl]\\cc`b\jfd\b`e[f]^f[%

Nfd\eXe[Z_`c[i\ec\ɘk_\m`ccX^\\edXjj\%8e[jl[[\ecppfl_\Xi[k_\ÏijkYlcc\kj%

<m\ipYf[pnXjXZklXccpm\ip\oZ`k\[Xe[n\n\i\XcccXl^_`e^#c`b\1ÅXn\jfd\$Xn\jfd\$

Xn\jfd\Æ 8e[ k_\e# pfl _\Xi[ dfikXij jcXdd`e^% N\ n\i\ c`b\ Å]lllZbÆ RcXl^_jT%

PflÆi\^f`e^kf^\kpflij\c]Xdg\[lg#c`b\Ån\Æi\^f`e^kf]lZbk_\dlgÆ» PflZXeÆk^f

Xe[k_`eb#c`b\Åf_k_\p_Xm\]Xd`c`\jkffÆ#pflbefn%» Pflaljkbefnn_Xkkf[f%PflÆi\

efkjZXi\[f]Xepk_`e^%

Cffb#pflÆm\^fkkfgjpZ_pflij\c]lgXY`k%K_\cXjkk_`e^pflnXek`j]fi`kkf^fnife^#

k_Xkpfl_\j`kXk\#k_Xkpflk_`eb1k_XkÆjX_ldXeY\`e^kff%8kk_Xkdfd\ek`kÆj_`dfi

d\%Pflbefn#`ek_\gXjkn\]fl^_k\XZ_fk_\in`k_jnfi[j%DXe`jaljkXeXe`dXc#pfl

befn%Pfl_Xm\kfj\\pflij\c]XjXeXe`dXckff%

K_fl^_efkXYflkZfdYXk#dXep;lkZ_YXkm\k\iXejXcjfi\Zflek\[afp]lcd\dfi`\j%N_`c\

Xcc;lkZ_YXk@@@m\k\iXejn_f\og\i`\eZ\[k_\]Xccf]Ji\Yi\e`ZX #n`k_flk\oZ\gk`fe#i\gfik\[

[\gcfpd\ek$i\cXk\[gifYc\dj#\m\edXepf]k_\j\m\k\iXejjX`[k_XkÅlek`cd`[$DXpÆÁn_\e

k_`e^jjkXik\[kf^\k^i`dÁÅ@_X[XeXn\jfd\k`d\Æ%Fe\m\k\iXejX`[1

=fik_\dfjkgXik#@_X[X^i\Xkk`d\#aljkn_Xk@Æ[_fg\[]fi%» GXkifcc`e^]fli#Ïm\[Xpj

Xn\\b%@nXjXcnXpjè]ifek%» 8e[_Xmè^c`ɝc\Xe[YX[]ff[%@\eafp\[`k%?Xmè^kf

\e[li\k_`e^j%@]\ckfekfgf]k_\nfic[%

Many Dutchbat veterans talked about how they had enjoyed manning observation

Ǥ ǡ ǡ ϐ

over their heads as exciting ‘adrenaline rushes’. Even for Dutchbat III veterans, such occurrences were not worrying in the beginning. They were, after all, in a war zone.

ϐϐ

of joy rather than expressions of moral concern. Ferguson, for instance, signals that many of the soldiers of World War One ‘simply took pleasure in killing’ (1998, p. 358), and Gray (1959, p. 28) similarly notes that many soldiers are attracted by ‘the delight in seeing, the delight in comradeship, the delight in destruction’. Bourke (1999) and Bar

ǦȋʹͲͲͷȌǡǡϐ

and killing, they often enjoy it. These statements resonate with the accounts of the interviewed veterans. This does not mean, however, that the feelings they described

74

DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf)ÃH\UhÄg^ighh\YkUm]h]gÄ.IbWcad`]WUhYXGc`X]Yf]b[

can be put down to ‘fun’. No interviewed veteran called it ‘fun’, but rather used words

ǮǯǮǯǤϐǡ

including fear, adrenaline and excitement, reminiscent of how Vietnam veteran and novelist O’Brien describes war stories. As he writes, ‘war is mystery and terror and adventure and courage and discovery and holiness and pity and despair and longing and love. War is nasty; war is fun. War is thrilling; war is drudgery. War makes you a man; war makes you dead’ (O’Brien 1990, pp. 86–87). In a similar vein, Gray states that if ‘we think of beauty and ugliness without their usual moral overtones, there is often a weird but genuine beauty in the sight of massed men and weapons in combat’

(1959, p. 31).

What does this mean in moral terms? Again, Gray’s and O’Brien’s writings are illustrative. Gray argues that to look at war in esthetic terms ‘involves a neglect of moral ideals’ (1959, p. 39). O’Brien adds, a ‘true war story does not instruct, nor encourage virtue, nor suggest models of proper human behavior. (…) There is no rectitude whatsoever. (…) Send guys to war, they come home talking dirty’ (1990, p. 76).

Indeed, the accounts of the interviewed veterans are not just ridden with ‘sanitizing’

technical terminology and factual descriptions of drills, they are full of raw emotional and dirty language. At the same time, the two languages have something in common.

Both technical talk and talk of the bizarre beauty of destruction make moral questions

ǡϐǤ

rationalization.

>igh]ɕWUh]cbgUbXFUh]cbU`]nUh]cbg

K_\gi\m`fljj\Zk`fehlfk\[;lkZ_YXkXe[K=Lm\k\iXejjg\Xb`e^f][\gcfpd\ek\m\ekjXj

Æk_\nXp`k`jÆ#Xe[Xjk_`e^jk_XkÅZXealjk_Xgg\eÆ%@e[f`e^jf#k_\p[`[dfi\k_Xed\i\cp

[\jZi`Y\k_\`i\og\i`\eZ\%K_\pXcjfdX[\XjkXk\d\ek#eXd\cpk_Xkfe\ZXeefkXe[j_flc[

efkal[^\%?fn\m\i#Xjk_\`i[`jk`eZk`feY\kn\\edli[\i\ijXe[b`cc\ij_Xji\m\Xc\[#k_`j

[f\jefkd\Xek_Xkk_\pY\c`\m\[k_\i\`jefdfiXc`kpènXin_Xkjf\m\i#k_XkÅXcc`j]Xìè

cfm\Xe[nXiÆ%@]k_\p[`[#k_\pnflc[efk_Xm\]fle[dfiXc\ogcXeXk`fej]fik_\`iZfe[lZk%

9lkaljkXjfɘ\eXjk_\pi\]iXè\[]ifd\ogcXeXk`fej#k_\p[`[\ogcXèk_\ìZfe[lZkXji`^_k

fi\oZljXYc\%9\cfn#@[`jZljj]flib`e[jf]aljk`ÏZXk`fejXe[iXk`feXc`qXk`fejk_Xkm\k\iXej

fɕ\i\[1[f`e^^ff[#ilc\jXe[`ejkilZk`fej#i\Z`gifZ`kp#Xe[eldYe\jj%

Doing Good

8Ïijkaljk`ÏZXk`fem\k\iXejfɕ\i\[ZXd\èk_\]fidf]i\]\iiè^kfk_\Å^ff[k_è^jÆk_\p

_X[[fe\fe[\gcfpd\ek%GXik`ZlcXicpm\k\iXejn_f_fg\[k_\pnflc[Y\XYc\kf_\cgfk_\i

g\fgc\ k\e[\[ kf ^`m\ \oXdgc\j f] _fn k_\p _X[ Y\\e XYc\ kf [f ^ff[% K_\j\ \oXdgc\j#

_fn\m\i# n\i\ XcnXpj iXk_\i df[\jk% 9fk_ ;lkZ_YXk Xe[ K=L m\k\iXej# ]ifd gi`mXk\j kf

j\e`fifɖZ\ij#^\e\iXccp[`[efkgfèkkfXZ_`\m\d\ekjf]k_\ìfm\iXccd`jj`fe%@ecè\n`k_

75

Chapter 5 ‘That’s just the way it is’: Uncomplicated SoldieringDUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh

\og\ZkXk`fej#dXepm\k\iXejn\i\lejli\`]k_\`id`jj`fe_X[XZklXccpZfeki`Ylk\[kfcXi^\$

jZXc\ `dgifm\d\ekj% 8ZZfi[`e^cp# n_\e k_\p `emfb\[ XZ_`\m\d\ekj# k_\j\ nflc[ XcnXpj

Y\ m\ip jg\Z`ÏZ \oXdgc\j f] _fn k_\p _X[ Y\\e XYc\ kf [f jfd\k_è^ ^ff[ [liè^ k_\ì

[\gcfpd\ek%

;lkZ_YXk@@m\k\iXe>\ik#]fi`ejkXeZ\#jX`[k_XkXjjffeXj`knXjZc\Xik_Xk[\d`c`kXi`q`e^

k_\\eZcXm\f]Ji\Yi\e`ZXnXj`dgfjj`Yc\#_`jle`kjkXik\[ZXiip`e^flkjfZ`XcgXkifcjkfj\\

`]k_\i\nXjXkc\Xjkjfd\k_`e^k_\pZflc[[f]fik_\cfZXcgfglcXk`fe%FeknfgXkifcj#>\ik

_\cg\[XnfdXe^`mè^Yìk_%8e[Å\m\ek_fl^_`knXjX^Xèjkk_\ilc\jÆ#_\i\^lcXicp^Xm\

XnXpÅ]ff[Xe[fk_\ijklɕÆ%@k^Xm\_`dX^ff[]\\c`e^kfY\XYc\kf_\cgc`b\k_`j#_\i\ZXcc\[%

@knXjÅXcc@Zflc[[f#Xe[@Æd_Xggpk_Xk@Zflc[[f`kÆ%

N_\em\k\iXeji\cXk\[Xe\Z[fk\jc`b\k_\j\#k_\pfɘ\eX[[\[jkXk\d\ekjjlZ_XjÅ@Æm\Y\\e

XYc\kf^`m\Xkc\Xjkfe\g\ijfeXjd`c\fe_`j]XZ\Æ%JlZ_jkXk\d\ekjjl^^\jkk_XkÅ[f`e^^ff[Æ

`jefkfecpjXk`j]p`e^`e`kj\c]#Ylkj\im\jXjZfdg\ejXk`fen_\eY`^^\iXZZfdgc`j_d\ekjXi\

_Xi[kf`[\ek`]p%P\k#\m\ejdXccXZ_`\m\d\ekjn\i\i\cXk`m\cpjZXiZ\`ek_\jkfi`\jf]dfjk

m\k\iXej%K_\dXafi`kpf]k_\èk\im`\n\[m\k\iXej[`[efki\ZXccXep\m\ekèn_`Z_k_\ì

gi\j\eZ\_X[[`i\ZkcpXe[efk`Z\XYcp_\cg\[k_\cfZXcgfglcXk`fe%Jf#aljk`ÏZXk`fej`ek\idj

f]k_\i`^_k\flje\jjXe[lj\]lce\jjf]Xe\m\ekn\i\fɘ\eefkXk_Xe[%@ejk\X[#m\k\iXej

fɘ\ei\Zflek\[j`klXk`fej`en_`Z__XidnXj`eÐ`Zk\[lgfeg\fgc\%Jk`cc#XjY\ZXd\Zc\Xi

n_\ec`jk\e`e^kfk_\`iXZZflekj#k_\p_X[dXepfk_\inXpjkfdXb\j\ej\f]Xe[Zfg\n`k_

jlZ_j`klXk`fej%

Rules and Instructions

9\j`[\j [f`e^ ^ff[# Xefk_\i b`e[ f] dfiXc \ogcXeXk`fe k_Xk dXep m\k\iXej glk ]finXi[

èmfcm\[ilc\jXe[èjkilZk`fej%@ecè\n`k_fk_\ijkl[`\j\%^%9flib\(000#>iXjj`Xe`)''0 #

ilc\jXe[`ejkilZk`fejn\i\`ek_\dfjk]i\hl\ekcpfɕ\i\[\ogcXeXk`fe%=fi\oXdgc\#c\kd\

Zfej`[\ik_\\k_`ZjZcXjj[`jZljj\[gi\m`fljcp%8kfe\gfèk[liè^k_`jZcXjj#k_\èjkilZkfi

j_fn\[XGfn\iGf`ekjc`[\f]knfgpiXd`[j%Fe\jkff[]fiXjfc[`\iÆjÅg\ijfeXcdfiXc`kpÆ#k_\

fk_\ij`^e`Ï\[Xjfc[`\iÆjÅgif]\jj`feXcdfiXc`kpÆ%;`jjXk`jÏ\[#fe\j\i^\XekiX`j\[_`j_Xe[

Xe[Xjb\[n_\i\k_\gpiXd`[n`k_Å`ejkilZk`feÆnXj#ZcXi`]p`e^#ÅN\[feÆk_Xm\k_\clolipkf

XZk]ifdflig\ijfeXcdfiXc`k`\j#n\aljk_Xm\kf[fn_Xkn\Æi\kfc[Æ%K_`jb`e[f]i\Xjfe`e^

nXjXYle[Xek`em\k\iXejÆXZZflekjf]k_\`i[\gcfpd\ek\og\i`\eZ\j%M\k\iXej]ifdXcciXebj

]i\hl\ekcpjkXk\[k_XkÅk_fj\n\i\j`dgcppfli[i`ccjÆ#k_\pÅaljk_X[kf]fccfnfi[\ijÆ#k_\p

n\i\ ÅYfle[ Yp k_\ Ilc\j f] <e^X^\d\ekÆ# Xe[ k_Xk k_\`i [\Z`j`fej n\i\ Å[`ZkXk\[ Yp k_\

dXe[Xk\Æ%

9\j`[\j[\jZi`Yè^èjk`klk`feXcZfejkiXèk#jkXk\d\ekjc`b\k_\j\fɘ\eXcjfj\im\[XjX

Zfgè^jkiXk\^p%KXb\k_\]fccfnè^Xe\Z[fk\i\Zflek\[YpK_àj#XeE:Fè8]^_Xe`jkXe%

N\n\i\fegXkifc#Xe[k_\en\_\Xi[Zfcc\X^l\j_X[\e^X^\[`eÏi\ZfekXZk#Xe[k_Xkn\

_X[kf^fk_\i\%8e[feflinXpk_\i\#n\jXnXnfdXen`k_XjdXccZ_`c[#[\X[`e_\i

Xidj%J_\Xjb\[lj]fi_\cg#Ylkn\Zflc[eÆk_\cg#Y\ZXlj\fligi`fnXjkf^fkfk_XkÏi\

ZfekXZk%Jf#p\X_#pflc\kXg\ijfejkXe[k_\i\Xkk_\j`[\f]k_\ifX[n`k_X[\X[Z_`c[%»

@nXjk_\fe\n_fjX`[» ÅJ_flc[eÆkn\[fjfd\k_`e^6ÆRYlkdpZfddXe[\ijX`[#TÅFli

76

DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf)ÃH\UhÄg^ighh\YkUm]h]gÄ.IbWcad`]WUhYXGc`X]Yf]b[

gi`f`jkf^fk_\i\#jfef#n\ZXeÆkefnÆ%N\cc#k_\ek_\i\`jefk_`e^@ZXe[f#pflbefn%

8kc\Xjk#]fidpj\c]#@jX`[`k%

K_`aj_X[efk]fle[k_\j`klXk`fe\Xjp#Ylk_\_X[Y\\eXYc\kfZfd\kfk\idjn`k_`kY\ZXlj\

_\Y\c`\m\[_\_X[[fe\Xcc_\Zflc[2_\[`[efk_Xm\k_\gfn\iXe[[`[efkZfej`[\i`k_`j

i\jgfej`Y`c`kpkf[fdfi\k_Xen_Xk_\[`[%

DXepm\k\iXejjl^^\jk\[k_XkXjcfe^Xjk_\p]fccfn\[k_\ilc\jXe[`ejkilZk`fej#k_\p

Zflc[efkY\_\c[i\jgfej`Yc\]fik_\`iZfe[lZk#j`eZ\k_\pn\i\efkk_\fe\jn_fdX[\k_\

ilc\jfi`jjl\[k_\fi[\ij%Dfi\fm\i#dXep\ogi\jj\[XY\c`\]`ek_\i`^_ke\jjf]X[_\i`e^

kfilc\jXe[èjkilZk`fej#jkXkè^k_Xk\m\e`]fe\[f\jefkXî\\n`k_X[\Z`j`feg\ijfeXccp#

fY\[`\eZ\Xe[Zfe]fid`kpXi\jk`cck_\i`^_kk_`e^kf[f%=fid\igi`mXk\A`d#]fi`ejkXeZ\#

jX`[k_\]fccfn`e^%

@nXjXjfc[`\ièk_\8ìDXe\lm\iR9i`^X[\T#Xe[k_\i\`knXjc`b\#\m\ipfe\_X[k_\ìjXp#

c`b\#ÅN\Zflc[Xcjf[f`kc`b\k_`jÆ%» 9lk#`kÆjefkfliafYkfY\_\j`kXk`e^Xcck_\k`d\#

c`b\ÅLd»j_flc[eÆkn\»Æ@k[f\jeÆknfib%K_\jki\e^k_f]k_\d`c`kXip`jk_Xkpfl»pfl

Yl`c[Xj_`\c[kf^\k_\i#pfljki`m\]fik_\jXd\^fXckf^\k_\i%» @ZXeeXd\\`^_kjfc[`\ij

i`^_kefnn_fk_`eb[`ɕ\i\ekcpXYflkk_`e^jk_Xe@[f%8e[\oXZkcpY\ZXlj\f]k_Xk#`kÆjjf

`dgfikXekk_Xk\m\ipfe\jk`Zbjkfk_Xkj`e^c\kXjb#Y\ZXlj\n\Æi\Xccjf[`ɕ\i\ek%@]n\Xcc

Z_fj\kf^fflifnenXp#n\Æ[^\kefn_\i\%

C`b\A`d#dXepm\k\iXejefkfecpZcX`d\[k_XkX[_\i\eZ\kfilc\jXe[`ejkilZk`fejnXjXcc

k_\pZflc[[f`ejfd\ZXj\j#`knXjXcjfk_Xkk_\pj_flc[[f%@ek_\j\ZXj\j#k_\iXk`feXc\f]

ilc\jXe[`ejkilZk`fej[`[efkd\XeXi\a\Zk`fef]i\jgfej`Y`c`kp#YlkiXk_\ik_\fggfj`k\%

8[_\iè^kfilc\jXe[èjkilZk`fej#Åglɝè^Xj`[\Æfe\Æjg\ijfeXcY\c`\]jnXji\^Xi[\[k_\

jfc[`\iÆji\jgfej`Y`c`kp%Jfd\m\k\iXejglk]finXi[Åle`]fid`kpÆXjXe\ogcXeXk`fe]fik_`j#

fk_\ij i\Xjfe\[ k_Xk k_\p kiljk\[ k_\ al[^d\ekj f] k_\`i jlg\i`fij% @e Yfk_ ZXj\j# k_\p

Y\c`\m\[`knXjdfiXccpi`^_kkfn`k__fc[fe\Æjfneg\ijfeXcm\i[`Zkjn_\ee\Z\jjXip#Xe[

`ejk\X[fY\pk_\n`ccf]jlg\i`fijXe[k_\d`c`kXipfi^Xe`qXk`fe%Glk[`ɕ\i\ekcp#k_\pY\c`\m\[

k_XkXe`ejkild\ekXcgfj`k`fenXjk_\jfc[`\ijÆdfiXci\jgfej`Y`c`kp%

Reciprocity

Jfc[`\iè^ ZXeefk XcnXpj Y\ Xj jkiX`^_k]finXi[ Xj ]fccfnè^ ilc\j Xe[ èjkilZk`fej% =fi

ZfddXe[`e^fɖZ\ij#k_`j`j[\Ïe`k\cpefkk_\ZXj\1`k`jk_\`im\ipafYkf`jjl\fi[\ij%P\k#

k_\`jjl\`jdfi\Zfdgc`ZXk\[]fijfc[`\ij`ek_\cfn\iiXebjXjn\cc%<m\en_\ek_\ilc\j

Xe[èjkilZk`fejXi\Zc\Xi#k_\pXi\XcnXpjè[\Ïe`k\%:fej`[\i#]fièjkXeZ\#k_\j`klXk`fe

f]Y\`e^XggifXZ_\[Ypk_\[i`m\if]Xm\_`Zc\n_fZflc[Y\aljkXjn\ccXe`eefZ\ekg\ijfe

XjXjl`Z`[\YfdY\i%@e8]^_Xe`jkXe#k_\i\n\i\Zc\Xi`ejkilZk`fej]fin_Xkkf[f`ejlZ_

j`klXk`fej1m\iYXcnXieè^j#k_\enXieè^j_fkj#k_\eX`d\[j_fkj%P\k#k_\èjkilZk`fej[`[

efkjg\Z`]pn_\e\oXZkcpk_\jfc[`\ij_flc[kXb\Xj\Zfe[nXie`e^j_fk#fi\m\eXeX`d\[

j_fk# Xe[ k_`j [\Z`j`fe Zflc[ dXb\ k_\ [`ɕ\i\eZ\ Y\kn\\e Y\`e^ ZXcc\[ Åki`^^\i _XggpÆ

77

Chapter 5 ‘That’s just the way it is’: Uncomplicated SoldieringDUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh

Xe[XZZlj\[f]\e[Xe^\i`e^k_\fnele`k%Ilc\jXe[`ejkilZk`fejXi\e\m\i\o_Xljk`m\Xe[

befn`e^k_Xkfe\_XjX[_\i\[kfk_\d`jefkXcnXpj\efl^_kf\Xj\fe\ÆjZfejZ`\eZ\%

?\eZ\#Y\j`[\jX[_\i\eZ\#m\k\iXejfɘ\e`emfb\[fk_\iiXk`feXc\j%Fe\@]i\hl\ekcp

_\Xi[nXjÅ`knXj_`dfid\Æ%Lejligi`jè^cp#m\k\iXejjX`[k_`jn_\ekXcbè^XYflk[ì\Zk

Ïi\ZfekXZk%P\k#jfd\lj\[`k]fifk_\ijZ\eXi`fj#\ok\e[`e^Å_`dfid\ÆkfÅk_\dm\ijlj

ljÆfggfe\ekjm\ijljZfcc\X^l\j #Xe[Y\pfe[[`i\Zkj`klXk`fejf]Åb`ccfiY\b`cc\[Æ%8Ï\c[

Xik`cc\ip m\k\iXe# ]fi èjkXeZ\# lj\[ k_\ g_iXj\ n_\e jg\Xbè^ XYflk fg\iXkè^ X cfe^$

[`jkXeZ\_fn`kq\i%Å@kÆj_`d[\X[fid\[\X[Æ#_\jX`[%ÅN\cc#k_XkÆjXe\XjpZ_f`Z\]fid\%Dp

Zfcc\X^l\jXjb\[]fidpjlggfik]fiXi\XjfeÆ%8ck_fl^_k_\m\k\iXe_X[Y\\e`eef[`i\Zk

[Xe^\i n_\e fg\iXk`e^ k_\ _fn`kq\i# _\ jk`cc lj\[ Å_`d [\X[ fi d\ [\X[Æ kf i\]\i kf k_\

fggfe\ekm\ijljk_\`e]XekipZfcc\X^l\j_\jlggfik\[%

8j9flib\Xcjfjl^^\jkj(000#g%)(+ #`kj\\djk_Xkjfc[`\ijdXpefkfecplj\_`d$

m\ijlj$d\XjXilc\f]jlim`mXc#YlkXcjfXjX]fidlcXf]i\Z`gifZ`kp#k_Xk`j#f]Å[f`e^lekf

k_\fk_\iXj_\nflc[[fkfpflÄ%:fej`[\ik_\]fccfn`e^Xe\Z[fk\%Fe\[Xp`e8]^_Xe`jkXe#

X;lkZ_gcXkffe_`kXe@<;RifX[j`[\YfdYT#Xe[Xck_fl^_\m\ipfe\nXjclZbp\efl^_kf

jlim`m\# k_\ \ogcfj`fe dX[\ X ^i\Xk `dgXZk% 8 ]\n [Xpj cXk\i# k_\ gcXkffe ZXl^_k X dXe

jljg\Zk\[f]Y\èî\jgfej`Yc\]figcXZè^@<;j%Fe\jfc[`\icfjk_`jZXcdXe[gleZ_\[k_\

m\k\iXej ^`m`e^ ]ff[ Xe[ Zcfk_\j kf cfZXc g\fgc\ n_f k_\p Y\c`\m\[ [\j\im\[ jlggfik ]fi

Y\`e^jf]i`\e[cp#\m\ek_fl^_`knXjX^X`ejkk_\ilc\j%

Distancing and Numbing

K_\ÏeXc\ogcXeXk`fek_Xkm\k\iXejfɕ\i\[]fi[\gcfpd\ek\m\ekjnXj\dfk`feXc[`jkXeZ\Xe[

78

DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf)ÃH\UhÄg^ighh\YkUm]h]gÄ.IbWcad`]WUhYXGc`X]Yf]b[

k_\dj\cm\jY\Zfdè^è[`ɕ\i\ekÁÅeldYÆÁkfk_\cfZXcg\fgc\Æjjlɕ\iè^%J\m\iXcm\k\iXej

[`jZcfj\[#]fi`ejkXeZ\#k_Xkk_\p_X[glj_\[XnXpZ_`c[i\eY\^^`e^]fijn\\kj#Xe[fg\ecp

i`[`Zlc\[X[lckj%

9fk_;lkZ_YXk Xe[K=Lm\k\iXejd\ek`fe\[k_`j eldY`e^ gifZ\jj%@ec`e\ n`k_jkl[p

Ïe[`e^jfeLJXe[@jiX\c`jfc[`\ijC`ɘfe(0.*#>iXjj`Xe`)''0 #k_\;lkZ_m\k\iXejjX`[k_Xk

k_\`ie\^Xk`m\Y\_Xm`fikfk_\gfglcXk`fenXjY\ZXlj\k_\p_X[Y\Zfd\[\j\ej`k`q\[kfk_\

gXèf]fk_\ij%@ek\i\jkè^cp#_fn\m\i#dXepèk\im`\n\[m\k\iXejXcjf^Xm\[\j\ej`k`qXk`fe

Xj Xe \oXdgc\ f] ^ff[ Zfe[lZk% K_\p i\cXk\[ _Xm`e^ [\c`Y\iXk\cp ÅYl`ck X b`e[ f] j_`\c[

Xifle[dpj\c]ÆY\ZXlj\k_\pe\\[\[`kÅkf[fdpafYÆ%:fej`[\in_Xk]fid\i;lkZ_YXk@@@

gi`mXk\=iXeb_XjkfjXp%

FejfZ`XcgXkifcj#@[`[eÆk^f`ej`[\_flj\j%@nXek\[kfb\\gX[`jkXeZ\#@[`[eÆknXekkf

Yfe[kffdlZ_n`k_k_\g\fgc\RY\ZXlj\Tk_XkdXb\jpfln\Xb\i%@[`[eÆknXekkf^fXe[

[i`ebJc`mfm`kqRcfZXcYiXe[pTn`k_k_\d%Pfl_Xm\kf[fpfliafY%

=iXeb _X[ ]lccp \og\i`\eZ\[ k_\ ]Xcc f] Ji\Yi\e`ZX% ?\ ]\ck k_Xk Y\ZXlj\ _\ _X[ b\gk X

[`jkXeZ\k_ifl^_flk_`jd`jj`fe#_\_X[Y\\eXYc\kfjkXpXc\ikXe[b\\g]leZk`fe`e^%

C`b\ =iXeb# dXep m\k\iXej jXn \dfk`feXc Xe[ dfiXc [\kXZ_d\ek Xj gif]\jj`feXc`jd%

@e[\\[#k_`j`jn_Xkk_\p_X[Y\\ekXl^_kèkiXèè^#èZcl[è^g_iXj\jjlZ_XjÅpflZXe

jn`kZ_fɕ\dfk`fejÆ%KiX[`k`feXccp#jfc[`\ijXi\kiXè\[èÅ[`jZ`gcèè^k_\\dfk`fejÆ9flib\

(00/ # Xe[ è Y\è^ XYc\ kf ÅjlZb lgÆ ]\\cè^j k_Xk dXp _è[\i k_\d è g\i]fidè^ n\cc

Dfc\e[àb\kXc%)'(- %K_`jèZcl[\jXgifZ\jjf]j\c]$[`jkXeZè^Xe[kfjfd\\ok\ek\m\ej\c]$

[\_ldXe`qXk`feM\ii`gj)''+ #Xj`j`e[`ZXk\[Ypk_\eXd\j;lkZ_jfc[`\ijZXcck_\dj\cm\j#

jlZ_XjÅYf[`\jÆXe[ÅZXiZXjj\jÆ%8jd\ek`fe\[Y\]fi\#jfc[`\ijk\XZ_k_\dj\cm\jXe[\XZ_

fk_\ikfjkXpXnXi\f]k_\]XZkk_Xkk_\pXi\Åaljk`ejkild\ekjf]k_\jkXk\Æ%8ZZfi[`e^cp#k_\

`ek\im`\n\[ m\k\iXej c`eb\[ \dfk`feXc Xe[ dfiXc [\kXZ_d\ek kf gif]\jj`feXc`jd% Jfd\

j\\d\[kfXggifXZ_[\kXZ_d\ekXjX^fXc`e`kj\c]#fk_\ij\ogcX`e\[`kXjXnXpkfgi\m\ek

[flYkj Xe[ nfii`\j# Xe[ p\k fk_\ij j\\d\[ kf j\\ `k Xj X nXp kf Y\ XYc\ kf [f n_Xk k_\p

k_fl^_knXjdfiXccpi`^_k1k_\`iÅ[lkpÆ%

H\YA]`]hUfmDfcZYgg]cb]bFY`Uh]cbhc7]j]`@]ZY

N_`c\ k_\ XYfm\d\ek`fe\[ aljk`ÏZXk`fej dXp nfib `e X d`c`kXip Y\c`\] jpjk\d# k_\p _Xm\

c`ɝc\`dgXZkfegfk\ek`Xck\ej`feY\kn\\ek_\d`c`kXipY\c`\]jpjk\dXe[k_\Y\c`\]jjfc[`\ij

_Xm\ [\m\cfg\[ Xj Z`m`c`Xej% @e k_\ Z`m`c`Xe nfic[# aljk`ÏZXk`fej jlZ_ Xj ]fccfn`e^ fi[\ij#

i\Z`gifZ`kp Xe[ eldYe\jj [f efk Xggcp Xj k_\p j\\d kf [f `e k_\ d`c`kXip% M`fc\eZ\ Xe[

b`ccè^#jg\Z`ÏZXccp#Xi\efkXj\Xj`cpaljk`Ï\[èXZ`m`c`Xej\ɝè^Xjk_\pXi\èX[\gcfpd\ek

Xi\X#Yfk_èc\^XcXe[èdfiXck\idjZ]%9`ZX(000#J_l\)'',#9i\[fn)''- %:\ikXècp#

èYfk_d`c`kXipXe[Z`m`c`XeZfek\okj#m`fc\eZ\`jfecpg\id`ɝ\[èZ\ikXèZìZldjkXeZ\j%

?fn\m\i# `e k_\ Z`m`c`Xe nfic[# k_\j\ Z`iZldjkXeZ\j k\e[ kf Y\ ]Xi dfi\ i\jki`Zk`m\ Xe[

m`fc\eZ\`jefkZXcc\[Ålj\f]]fiZ\ÆYlkj`dgcpÅm`fc\eZ\Æ%8jJ²i\ej\ejkXk\j#ÅN_`c\k_\jfZ`Xc

79

Chapter 5 ‘That’s just the way it is’: Uncomplicated SoldieringDUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh

efidj ^fm\ie`e^ Z`m`c`Xe c`]\ gif_`Y`k Xe[ jXeZk`fe m`fc\eZ\# `k `j Z\ekiXc kf k_\ jfc[`\iÆj

gif]\jj`feÆJ²i\ej\e)'(,#g%)** %

K_`jiX`j\jk_\hl\jk`fef]_fnjfc[`\ij[\Xcn`k_jlZ_ZlckliXcXe[dfiXc[`ɕ\i\eZ\j%

N_`c\ i\`ek\^iXk`fe Xɘ\i [\gcfpd\ek dXp Y\ _Xi[ ]fi jfd\# dXep ZXe Zc\Xicp dXb\ k_\

kiXej`k`fekfZ`m`c`Xec`]\n`k_flkj`^e`ÏZXekgifYc\dj%8jmXi`fljjZ_fcXij\%^%J\e^\i(0/,#

9flib\(000#?Xlkqè^\iXe[JZXe[cpe)'(* _Xm\efk\[èjligi`j\#Xɘ\i_Xmè^]fl^_kXe[

b`cc\[n`k_flki\jkiX`ekfeXd`jj`fe#dXepjfc[`\ijZXeg`Zblgk_\`ic`m\jXɘ\inXi[jXj

[`jk`eZkifc\dfiXc`k`\jJ\e^\i(0/,#9flib\(00/ %?\eZ\#`k`jXi^l\[#X[`jk`eZk`fe`jdX[\

Y\kn\\e Åb`ccè^Æ Xe[ Ådli[\iÆ Xe[ Y\kn\\e Åljè^ ]fiZ\Æ Xe[ ÅZfdd`ɝè^ m`fc\eZ\Æ1 k_\

Zfek\ok[\Ïe\jk_\dfiXc`kpf]m`fc\eZ\%Jfc[`\ijXi\XYc\Xe[n`cc`e^kfÏ^_kXe[b`cc`enXi

n`k_flki\dfij\Y\ZXlj\`kfZZlijèXd`c`kXipZfek\ok#n_`c\èfk_\iZfek\okj#k_\ìZ`m`c`Xe

dfiXc`kpgi\mX`cjJ\e^\i(0/,#9flib\(00/ %K_`jXi^ld\ek`j`ec`e\n`k_k_\^\e\iXcefk`fe

k_Xkg\fgc\XcnXpj_fc[dlck`gc\Y\c`\]jXe[_Xm\dlck`gc\`[\ek`k`\j#n`k_flke\Z\jjXi`cp

Y\`e^XnXi\f]`k\%^%<n`e^(00'#Afe\jXe[DZ<n\e)'''#IfZZXjXe[9i\n\i)'')#Q`^fe

)''/#;\JnXXe)'(, %N`k_i\jg\ZkkfZfeÐ`Zk`e^Y\c`\]jXe[`[\ek`k`\j#`k_XjY\\eefk\[

k_Xkg\fgc\dXp\dgcfp]iX^d\ekXk`feKjXe^)'') fiZfdgXikd\ekXc`qXk`fe\%^%IfZZXj

Xe[ 9i\n\i )'')# ;\ JnXXe )'(, % K_\j\ d\Z_Xe`jdj [\Xc n`k_ ZfeÐ`Zk`e^ Y\c`\]j Xe[

`[\ek`k`\jYpb\\g`e^k_\d`ej\gXiXk\ÅZfdgXikd\ekjÆf]k_\j\c]Xe[XZkfe\XZ_fk_\ifecp

è[`jkèZkZfek\okj%9pefkXZk`mXkè^èZfdgXk`Yc\`[\ek`k`\jXkk_\jXd\k`d\#g\fgc\ZXe

dX`ekX`e\XZ_fe\j\gXiXk\cp%²

K_\XZZflekjf]k_\`ek\im`\n\[m\k\iXej\Z_fk_\efk`fef]ZfdgXikd\ekXc`qXk`fe%@e

k_\p nflc[ i`jb k_\`i c`m\j Xe[ fggfe\ekj k_\p nflc[ j_ffk n`k_flk _\j`kXk`fe# n_`c\ Xk

_fd\#k_\`infic[nXj]Xic\jj[`Z_fkfdfljk_XeXi\Xcdf]]i`\e[jXe[]f\j%Fe[\gcfpd\ek#

k_\pdXp_Xm\XZk\[e\^Xk`m\cpXe[\m\eX^^i\jj`m\cpkfk_\cfZXcjY\ZXlj\Åk_XkÆjaljkk_\nXp

`k`jÆfm\ik_\i\#YlkXk_fd\#k_\pnflc[efkXZkc`b\k_XkXkXcc%

2 De Swaan (2015) invokes the concept of compartmentalization to examine the question of why so many people in history have been willing and able to engage in torture, rape, mass murder and so on. He uses the concept to explain, inter alia, how a man can be a cruel torturer and simultaneously a loving husband and father. Crucially, De Swaan argues that compartmentalization at the micro-level usually occurs in the broader contexts of social, institutional and political compartmentalization, which allowed individuals to mutilate and kill other humans without becoming changed in all aspects of their lives.

80

DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf)ÃH\UhÄg^ighh\YkUm]h]gÄ.IbWcad`]WUhYXGc`X]Yf]b[

D\Xen_`c\#dXepm\k\iXej\dg_Xj`q\[k_Xkk_\p[`[efkÏe[k_\`iafYjf\okiXfi[`eXip%

In document Proefschrift 'Soldiers in conflict, moral injury, political practices and public perceptions. (pagina 70-86)