HkcGhcf]YgcZAcfU`8]ghfYgg

8ck_fl^_k_\XZZflekjf]dfiXc[`jki\jj@_\Xi[[`ɕ\i\[`eZfek\ek#k_\pi\m\Xc\[j`d`cXi

k_\d\j%8kk_\jXd\k`d\#k_\pj_fn\[k_Xkm\k\iXejÆ\og\i`\eZ\jn\i\XcnXpjgXikf]XcXi^\i

jkfip%9\cfn#k_\i\]fi\#@n`ccÏijkkXb\k_\k`d\kfi\cXk\k_\jkfi`\jf]knfm\k\iXej#Xe[

jlYj\hl\ekcp[`jZljjj\m\iXck_\d\jk_Xkk_\j\Xe[k_\fk_\ijkfi`\j@_\Xi[_X[`eZfddfe%

9\]fi\[f`e^jf#c\kd\\ogcX`e`ejfd\dfi\[\kX`c_fn@ZXd\kfjkilZkli\k_`jZ_Xgk\ik_\

nXp@[`[%

8k k_\ jkXik f] dp jkl[p# @ \og\Zk\[ k_Xk k_\ [`jj`d`cXi nXpj `e n_`Z_ ;lkZ_YXk Xe[

K=L m\k\iXej n\i\ \ogfj\[ kf m`fc\eZ\ nflc[ Xɕ\Zk k_\`i \og\i`\eZ\j f] dfiXc [`jki\jj

[`ɕ\i\ekcp%N_`c\;lkZ_YXkkiffgjn\i\dX`ecpYpjkXe[\ijf]m`fc\eZ\#K=Ljfc[`\ijfɘ\e

_X[kflj\]fiZ\%?fn\m\i#`ek\i\jk`e^cp#k_\jkfi`\jf]Yfk_^iflgjn\i\dfjkcpXYflk]X`c`e^

kf[fjfd\k_`e^fic\ɝ`e^g\fgc\[fne#Xe[j\c[fdXYflkXZk`m\nife^[f`e^%8j:_Xgk\i

. n`cc efk\# k_`j j`d`cXi`kp ZXe gXik`Xccp Y\ \ogcX`e\[ Yp k_\ ]XZk k_Xk Yfk_ d`jj`fej _X[

dXepi\jki`Zk`fej%@e^\e\iXc#Yfk_^iflgj_X[i\dXibXYcpj`d`cXijkfi`\jf]dfiXc[`jki\jj%

K_\i\]fi\#`k`jk_\j`d`cXi`k`\jfen_`Z_@n`cc]fZlj`ek_`jZ_Xgk\i%

DpÏe[`e^jXcjfklie\[flkkf[`ɕ\i]ifddp\og\ZkXk`fej`eXefk_\inXp%@e`k`Xccp#@

`ek\e[\[kfXeXcpq\m\k\iXejÆXZZflekjYpgi\Z`j\cp[`jk`e^l`j_`e^k_\jg\Z`ÏZmXcl\jXe[

`ek\i\jkjXkjkXb\#\og\Zk`e^@nflc[Y\XYc\kf`[\ek`]p#]fi`ejkXeZ\#ZfeÐ`ZkjY\kn\\eX

d`c`kXip mXcl\ Xe[ X g\ijfeXc mXcl\% ?fn\m\i# [li`e^ k_\ XeXcpk`ZXc gifZ\jj# @ ]fle[ knf

gifYc\djn`k_k_`jXggifXZ_%=`ijk#k_\Zfdgc\oXZZflekjZflc[efkY\j`dgcp[`j\ekXe^c\[%

:flekc\jj mXcl\j Xe[ `ek\i\jkj fɘ\e gcXp\[ `dgfikXek ifc\j Xe[ k_\ m\k\iXej n\i\ fɘ\e

fm\in_\cd`e^cpleZc\XiXe[leZ\ikX`eXYflkk_\jg\Z`ÏZZfeÐ`Zkjk_\p_X[\og\i`\eZ\[%

Dp`ek\e[\[XggifXZ_#k_\e#nflc[]fiZ\k_\Zfdgc\o`kpf]m\k\iXejÆ\og\i`\eZ\jkfÏk`ekf

gi\]XYi`ZXk\[Yfo\j%Dfi\fm\i#`knflc[kliek_\le`ek\cc`^`Yc\Xjg\Zkjf]m\k\iXejÆjkfi`\j

`ekfXc\^`Yc\fm\im`\n#n_`c\k_`jm\iple`ek\cc`^`Y`c`kpnXjXe`dgfikXeki\Xjfen_pk_\`i

\og\i`\eZ\jdX[\jlZ_Xgif]fle[`dgXZkfek_\d%

=lik_\i#Xck_fl^_m\k\iXejÆjkfi`\jn\i\fɘ\eXYflkjg\Z`ÏZ\m\ekj#k_\pn\i\e\m\ifecp

XYflk k_\j\ jg\Z`ÏZ\m\ekj%Efk fe\ `ek\im`\n\[m\k\iXe`emfb\[aljk k_\ fe\ [`jkliY`e^

\m\ek2k_\i\n\i\XcnXpjdfi\%8e[n_\ek_\p[\jZi`Y\[[`jkliY`e^\m\ekj#k_\pkpg`ZXccpj\k

k_\d`ek_\Zfek\okf]k_`e^jk_Xk_Xgg\e\[Y\]fi\#[li`e^Xe[Xɘ\ik_\\m\ekj%Kf^\k_\i#

Xcck_\j\\c\d\ekjj_Xg\[k_\d\Xe`e^m\k\iXejXɝi`Ylk\[kf\XZ_f]k_\j\\m\ekj#Xe[`k

`jk_\d\Xe`e^f]Xe\m\ekk_Xk[f\jfi[f\jefkdXb\`k[`jkliY`e^j\\\%^%AXefɕ$9lcdXe

(00)#GXib)'('#)'(* %8ck_fl^_jfd\\m\ekjXi\dfi\c`b\cpk_Xefk_\ijkfgif[lZ\[`jki\jj#

d\Xe`e^`jefkXgifg\ikpf]Xe\m\ek%@k`jXjlYa\Zk`m\XggiX`jXc#`e]fid\[Ypk_\Zfek\okf]

k_\\m\ekj\\\%^%=`ec\p)'((#Dlc[ffeXe[Cfn\)'() %

=fik_\j\i\Xjfej#@Z_fj\efkkf[`j\ekXe^c\k_\m\ipjg\Z`ÏZmXcl\jXe[`ek\i\jkjXkjkXb\

`edfiXccp[`jkliY`e^j`klXk`fej#Ylk[`jk`e^l`j_\[YifX[\ik_\d\j%DpXeXcpj`jleZfm\i\[

k_\k_\d\jf]mXcl\ZfeÐ`Zk#dfiXc[\kXZ_d\ek#Xe[j\ej\c\jje\jj%@eX[[`k`fe#`ejk\X[f]

86

DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf*AcfU`8]gcf]YbhUh]cbUbX9h\]WU`Ghfi[[`Yg

Yi\Xb`e^[fnem\k\iXejÆXZZflekj[`i\Zkcp`ekfk_\j\k_i\\k_\d\j#@fgk\[kfÏijki\cXk\knf

jkfi`\jÁ]ifdfe\;lkZ_YXkm\k\iXeXe[fe\K=Lm\k\iXeÁ`ek_\`i\ek`i\kp%² These stories j\im\XjZfek\oklXc`q\[\oXdgc\jf]_fnk_\j\k_\d\jfZZlii\[`em\k\iXejÆXZZflekj#kf

`ccljkiXk\k_\dXe`]fc[nXpj`en_`Z_Xcck_\`i\og\i`\eZ\jkf^\k_\ij_Xg\[k_\j`^e`ÏZXeZ\

f]jg\Z`ÏZ\m\ekj%8cjf#`eXek`Z`gXk`fef]k_\jlYj\hl\ekZ_Xgk\ij#k_\jkfi`\jj\im\kfgX`ek

X g`Zkli\ f] _fn k_\ \og\i`\eZ\j n\i\ \dY\[[\[ `e X gXik`ZlcXi jfZ`fgfc`k`ZXc Zfek\ok%

=fccfn`e^ k_\ Ïijk knf jkfi`\j# @ n`cc n\Xm\ `e k_\ XZZflekj f] j\m\iXc fk_\i m\k\iXej Xj

]lik_\i\oXdgc\j%

@kj_flc[Y\\dg_Xj`q\[k_Xkk_\nXp@gi\j\ekk_\knfjkfi`\j[f\jefk\ek`i\cpi\Ð\Zkk_\

]iX^d\ek\[nXpj`en_`Z_k_\eXiiXkfijXe[fk_\im\k\iXejjgfb\XYflkk_\`i\og\i`\eZ\j%

?Xm`e^ki`\[X]iX^d\ek\[i\gi\j\ekXk`fef]k_\`ijkfi`\j#@Z_fj\kf]fccfneXiiXk`m\jkXe[Xi[j

f] Z_ifefcf^`ZXc jpeZ_ife`qXk`fe% F] Zflij\# gi\j\ekXk`fe f] [XkX XcnXpj i\hl`i\j jfd\

jpek_\j`jjfk_Xkk_\i\X[\iZXe]lccpXggi\Z`Xk\k_\i\jlck\m\eX]iX^d\ek\[i\gi\j\ekXk`fe

`e\m`kXYcpnflc[_Xm\`emfcm\[df[`ÏZXk`fe %P\k#Y\ZXlj\Zfdgc\o`kpXe[le`ek\cc`^`Y`c`kp

Xi\`dgfikXekk_\d\j`ek_`jXe[jlYj\hl\ekZ_Xgk\ij#`k`ji\c\mXekkf\ogc`ZXk\k_`jgf`ek%

@ejk\X[ f] ^`m`e^ Zfdgi\_\ej`m\ XZZflekj f] [`jki\jj`e^ \m\ekj# m\k\iXej fɘ\e [\jZi`Y\[

k_\d`e^\e\iXc#[`jkXekk\idjÅ@_X[kf[\Z`[\n_\k_\ikfXggifm\Xefi[\ikfYfdYXhXcX

k_Xk_X[Yfk_dpfnekiffgjXe[FD=`e`k%K_Xkdfd\ek`jj\Xi\[`edpYiX`eÆ% fik_\p

^Xm\[\kX`cjn`k_flkdlZ_Zfek\okÅJfk_\i\pflXi\%9cl\_\cd\kXe[Lq`%K_\pnXm\[19p\

K_XkÆj`kÆ% %<m\en_\ek_\pjgfb\XYflk\m\ekj`e^i\Xk[\kX`c#k_\pfɘ\eZflc[efk^`m\Zc\Xi

\ogcXeXk`fej% K_\`i XZZflekj cXZb\[ k_\ fi[\i`e^ jkilZkli\ Xe[ \ogcXeXkfip Zfek\ok k_Xk

ljlXccpZ_XiXZk\i`q\jkfi`\j%K_`j`jn\cc$befne`ekiXldXjkl[`\j#Xe[k_\\ogcXeXk`fej]fi`k

iXe^\]ifdleZfejZ`fljXmf`[XeZ\Y\_Xm`fikfe\lifcf^`ZXcdXc]leZk`fe?\idXe(0-.#?lcc

)'') %8cjf#]fi\j_X[fn`e^XÏe[`e^@[`jZljj]lik_\iY\cfn#`kj\\djk_Xkk_`jcXZbf]ZcXi`kp

nXjXdXe`]\jkXk`fef]m\k\iXejÆZfe]lj`feXjkfn_Xkk_\`i\og\i`\eZ\\ekX`c\[Xe[d\Xek%

Bob’s Story: Srebrenica

9fYnXjfe\f]k_\cXjkZfejZi`gkjkfk_\;lkZ_d`c`kXip%?\c`b\[jgfikj#Xe[Xkk_\k`d\_\

af`e\[_\nXjlejli\f]n_Xk_\nXek\[`ec`]\%8ɘ\i_`jdXe[Xkfipj\im`Z\#_\mfclek\\i\[

kfaf`ek_\e\ncp]fle[\[8`iDXe\lm\i9i`^X[\#befn`e^k_Xk_\nflc[Y\j\ekkfk_\]fid\i

Pl^fjcXm`X%?\jXnk_\d`jj`feXjXÅe`Z\Z_Xcc\e^\Æ%?`jYXj`ZkiX`e`e^nXjkfl^_#\jg\Z`Xccp

d\ekXccp#Ylk_\Zfdgc\k\[`k%?\nXjgifl[kfi\Z\`m\_`ji\[Y\i\k#n_`Z_`jnfiefecpYp

d\dY\ijf]k_\8`iDXe\lm\i9i`^X[\%K_\gi\gXiXkfipg_Xj\]fik_\;lkZ_YXkd`jj`fe`e

k_\]fid\iPl^fjcXm`XjkXik\[i`^_kXɘ\i9fYZfdgc\k\[_`jYXj`ZkiX`e`e^%9fYi\d\dY\ij

Ïe[`e^k_\kiXej`k`feY\kn\\ek_\knfkiXa\Zkfi`\j[`ɖZlck%8jXe`e]Xekipjfc[`\i#_\nXj

[i`cc\[ ]fi ZfdYXk `e YXj`Z kiX`e`e^# n_\i\Xj k_\ gi\gXiXk`fe ]fi k_\ ;lkZ_YXk d`jj`fe

]fZlj\[\ek`i\cpfe_`jY\`e^XLEg\XZ\b\\g\i%@k]\ckÅZfekiX[`ZkfipÆ%

2 HcVYW`YUf h\Yghcfm=gY`YWhYX ZfcaU8ihW\VUh===jYhYfUb ]gfUh\YfX]ɌYfYbhZfcah\cgYcZ8ihW\VUh=UbX8ihW\VUh==

veterans in that they did not experience the fall of Srebrenica. Yet, the selected story includes many experiences similar to h\cgYfYWcibhYXVmjYhYfUbgcZh\YɕfghhkcVUɛU`]cbg"AcfYcjYf Uggi[[YghYX h\Yg]a]`Uf]h]YgYlhYbXVYmcbX8ihW\VUh.

h\Y]fghcf]YgU`gc\UjYaiW\]bWcaacbk]h\h\cgYcZH:IjYhYfUbg"

87

Chapter 6 Moral Disorientation and Ethical StrugglesDUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh

@eAXelXip(00,#9fYnXj[\gcfp\[XjXgi`mXk\`e;lkZ_YXk@@@%?`jle`k#k_\9iXmf:fdgXep#

nXjjkXk`fe\[`ek_\kfnef]Ji\Yi\e`ZX%Jffe#efkfecpk_\[`jZi\gXeZ`\jY\kn\\e_`jYXj`Z

training and mission preparation became clear, but also between mission preparation and k_\XZklXcd`jj`fe%9fYÆjle`knXjkiX`e\[kfZfeÏjZXk\n\Xgfejkf[\d`c`kXi`q\k_\\eZcXm\%

However:

@efe\f]k_\Ïijkn\\bjÁn\n\i\fegXkifcÁn\_`kX[\gfk%Jli\cpjfd\k_`e^nXj`e

k_\i\%9lkk_\cfZXcjk_i\Xk\e\[ljn`k_be`m\jXe[fk_\in\Xgfej%@nXek\[kf^f`e#Ylk

@nXjkfc[1ÅEfdXe#[feÆk%N\^fkkfgifk\Zkk_\j\g\fgc\Æ%@k_fl^_k#n\Æm\Y\\ekiX`e`e^

]fik_`j]fidfek_j#Ylkn_\en\_`kX[\gfk» #n\aljkXi\eÆkXccfn\[kf^f`e%@knXj

Zc\Xikfd\i\Xchl`Zb1Y\`e^_\i\`jefej\ej\%

9fYkfc[d\ k_Xk _\ lj\[kf Y\X d`c[Xe[b`e[#\jg\Z`Xccp]fiXe`e]Xekipjfc[`\i%@e

Ji\Yi\e`ZX#n_\e\m\i_\Zflc[[fjfd\k_`e^]fik_\cfZXcg\fgc\#_\[`[`k%8ck_fl^_`knXj

X^X`ejkk_\ilc\j#_\^Xm\XnXpj_f\jXe[k$j_`ikj#n_`Z__\Yfl^_kfek_\YcXZbdXib\k%9lk

dXepk_`e^jXe^\i\[_`d%=fi`ejkXeZ\#_\_\Xi[k_Xk9fje`XeDljc`djn_fd;lkZ_YXk

solders were supposed to protect against Bosnian Serb aggression) used their weapons (not ZfeÏjZXk\[Yp;lkZ_YXk kfgcle[\iXe[\m\eb`cc`e9fje`XeJ\iYk\ii`kfip#Xe[k_\ei\klie\[

kfk_\\eZcXm\kfY\gifk\Zk\[Yp;lkZ_YXk%9fje`XeJ\iYj[`[efkj_fndlZ_i\jg\Zk\`k_\i%

» 8e[k_Xk^lpRfe\f]k_\knfb`cc\ijTaljknXm\[Xkljn`k__`j^leÆ%8ɘ\ik_Xk_Xgg\e\[#

9fYi\d\dY\ij#n_`c\_\nXjgi\gXi`e^eff[c\jflg]fi_`jle`k#_\nXjjligi`j\[Yp]i\j_

Xe[ Xe^i`\i% ?\ kfc[ d\ _fn _`j le`k \m\eklXccp c\ɘ k_\`i Zfdgfle[ `e Ji\Yi\e`ZX kfne

kf^fkfk_\Zfdgfle[`eGfkfĻXi`#Xcfe^n`k_k_fljXe[jf]cfZXcj%?\dX[\k_\aflie\p

gXikcp`eXeXidfi\[m\_`Zc\#gXikcpfe]ffk#[iX^^`e^g\fgc\Xcfe^n`k__`d%@knXjÅfe\

Y`^]lZb`e^d\jjÆ%:fejkXekcple[\iÏi\#g\fgc\n`k_efc\^jZiXnc\[fek_\`i_Xe[j#Xe[

g\fgc\`egXe`Zc\ɘY\_`e[]Xd`cpd\dY\ijn_fZflc[efkb\\glg%9fYÏeXccpXii`m\[Xk

88

DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf*AcfU`8]gcf]YbhUh]cbUbX9h\]WU`Ghfi[[`Yg

k_\GfkfĻXi`Zfdgfle[#Xe[_\Xi[cXk\ik_Xk_`jZfcc\X^l\j_X[kfZc\Xek_\kiXZbjf]k_\`i

m\_`Zc\Y\ZXlj\Åk_\i\nXjjklɕfek_\dÆ%?\`jÅ00jli\Æk_Xkk_\p[ifm\fm\ig\fgc\%

J\m\iXck`d\j`ek_\`ek\im`\n#9fYZfekiXjk\[_fn_\k_fl^_kk_Xk_`j[\gcfpd\eknflc[

^fXe[_fn`kXZklXccpn\ek%8kfe\gf`ek#]fi`ejkXeZ\#_\[`jk`e^l`j_\[k_\ÅZfekifcc\[#

gif]\jj`feXcÆnXp`en_`Z__\Y\c`\m\jd`c`kXipXZk`fe`jjlggfj\[kf_Xgg\e]ifdk_\i\Xc`kp

f]ÅdXp_\dÆXe[Å]\Xif][p`e^Æ%8kXefk_\igf`ek#_\jkXk\[k_\]fccfn`e^%

NXiNXi`j»ld»dXpY\XZk`fe#n_Xkpflj\\feKM%9lk_\i\`knXjgXe`Z#d`j\ip#Xe[

Zip`e^Xe[jZi\Xd`e^Xe[jk`eb%Efk_`e^#efk_`e^c`b\n\k_fl^_k`knflc[Y\%K_XknXj

[\Ïe`k\cpk_\ZXj\Xkk_\Zfdgfle[`eGfkfĻXi`%@knXjc`b\X_fiifidfm`\%K_\]XZkfip

_Xccj#k_\pn\i\fm\iZifn[\[%Aljkg\fgc\$g\fgc\$g\fgc\$g\fgc\%Pflnflc[nXcbfm\i

g\fgc\%N\_X[kfZfcc\Zkn\Xgfej#Y\ZXlj\k_\pd`^_k_Xm\n\Xgfejn`k_k_\d%»  N_\e@k_`ebXYflk`kefn#@ZXeÆk`dX^`e\`k_Xgg\e\[%PflnXcb\[fm\ig\fgc\#[\X[

fe\jXdfe^k_\d%Pflaljkjd\cck_Xkg\fgc\Xi\[\X[%K_\jd\ccf][\Xk_#_Xm\pfl\m\i

_\Xi[f]`k#n_\eg\fgc\Xi\[\X[#k_Xkg\e\kiXk`e^jd\cc6Pfljd\cc\[`k\m\ipn_\i\%

8e[g\fgc\cXp`ej_`k#`emfd`k%PflnXcb\[fm\ik_Xk%@kÆjk_\nfijkk_`e^@Æm\\m\ij\\e%

;\^iX[`e^%C`b\Xe`dXcj%@knXjc`b\Xg`^]Xid#jk`eb`e^%G\fgc\jZi\Xd\[#k_\pZcle^kf

pfl%K_\pÆ[dXb\jkiXe^\fɕ\ij`ei\klie]fi]ff[#`]pflbefnn_Xk@d\Xe%@]fle[`k

_fii`Yc\%

I\Zflek`e^ \og\i`\eZ\j c`b\ k_\j\# 9fYÆj kfe\ Xe[ ]XZ`Xc \ogi\jj`fej jn`kZ_\[ YXZb Xe[

]fik_Y\kn\\eZXcdXe[Xe^ip#Xe[Xe^ipXe[jX[%

;li`e^k_\`ek\im`\n#9fYjgfb\XdY`mXc\ekcpXYflkk_\9fje`XeDljc`dj%=fi`ejkXeZ\#

_\\ogcX`e\[k_Xkn_\e_`jZfcc\X^l\nXjb`cc\[YpX^i\eX[\k_ifneYpX9fje`XeDljc`d#Å@

nXj[fe\n`k_k_\dÆ#Xe[k_Xk#n\`i[cp#_\le[\ijkff[k_Xk9fje`XeJ\iY]fiZ\jÅn\i\[fe\

n`k_k_\`igcle[\i`e^Xe[dli[\i`e^Æn_`Z_9fY_X[_\Xi[9fje`XeDljc`dji\^lcXicp[`[

`e9fje`XeJ\iYk\ii`kfip %P\kXkfk_\ik`d\j#_\dX[\Zc\Xik_XkÅ@ZXi\[XYflkk_\dÆXe[k_Xk

Ån\n\i\X[`jXggf`ekd\ekkfk_\g\fgc\Æ%8kfe\gf`ek#9fYXjb\[_`dj\c]1Å;f@]\\c^l`ckp6Æ#

Xe[Xejn\i\[Xj]fccfnj%

PflZXek\ccd\Xk_fljXe[k`d\j#pflZflc[eÆk[fXk_`e^#Ylk@nXjk_\i\%N\Zflc[efk#

[`[efk[fXk_`e^%PflÆi\jkXe[`e^k_\i\n`k_XccpflikiX`e`e^#n_`Z_pflnXekkfglk

`ekfgiXZk`Z\Ylkn_\e`kXcc_Xgg\e\[n\Zflc[eÆk#n\n\i\eÆkXccfn\[kf[fXepk_`e^%

RGXlj\%TN\Zflc[eÆk_Xm\jXm\[Xcck_fj\g\fgc\#@_Xm\ef`cclj`fejXYflkk_Xk%@knXj

*''d\eX^X`ejk-'''%@]fecpk_\pÆ[^`m\eljX`ijlggfik%@]dfi\g\fgc\_X[[`\[#k_\pÆ[

_Xm\ `ek\im\e\[ jffe\i% Dfi\ g\fgc\ nflc[ _Xm\ Y\\e jXm\[# Xe[ n\ nflc[Æm\ _X[ X

Zfdgc\k\cp[`ɕ\i\ekjkfipXk_fd\%

8j`jn\cc$befne#k_\jkfipXk_fd\nXj_Xij_%

9XZb`ek_\E\k_\icXe[j#9fYjkXik\[kf[i`ebXe[gXikpXcfk%Å@jfl^_kXZk`fe$XZk`fe$

XZk`fe# \oZ`k\d\ek$\oZ`k\d\ek$\oZ`k\d\ekÆ% ?\ Xcjf ^fk Xe^ip Xe[ X^^i\jj`m\% 9fY

i\d\dY\i\[k_Xkj_fikcpXɘ\i_`ji\klie#_\iXe`ekfXeXZhlX`ekXeZ\n_fkfc[_`d#Å?\p

k_fj\d\[Xcjpfl^fk#Y\ɝ\ik_ifnk_\d`ekfk_\Ïi\Æ#9fY\ogcX`e\[%ÅP\j#k_Xk\jZXcXk\[»

89

Chapter 6 Moral Disorientation and Ethical StrugglesDUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh

PflZXek\ccg\fgc\Xk_fljXe[k`d\jk_Xkk_`e^jn\i\[`ɕ\i\ek#Ylkjfd\b\\gfek_`eb`e^1

ZfnXi[j%K_\^fm\ied\ekj_flc[Æm\kfc[k_\d\[`X1n\Æi\Ïijk[f`e^Xe`em\jk`^Xk`fe#Xe[

k_\en\ZXejXpjfd\k_`e^XYflk`k%K_\p[`[eÆk[fXepk_`e^]filj%K_\p[`[eÆk[fXepk_`e^

]filjfm\ik_\i\#Xe[k_\p[`[eÆk[fXepk_`e^]filj_\i\%Efk_`e^XkXccÆ%

9fYb\gkhl`\kXYflk_`j\og\i`\eZ\j]fiXcfe^k`d\%ÅN_XkZXepfljXp6G\fgc\Xci\X[p

_Xm\ k_\`i fg`e`fe% @ nXj nXp kff jZXi\[ f] Zfe]ifek`e^ hl\jk`fej# f] XZZljXk`fej% C`b\#

g\fgc\_Xm\jX`[kfd\#ÃPflc\kg\fgc\[`\fm\ik_\i\Ä%K_\i\Æjefk_`e^nfij\pflZXejXpkf

d\Æ%9fYjligi`j\[d\Ypn_Xk_\jX`[e\ok%@ejk\X[f]i\g\Xk`e^k_Xkk_`e^jn\i\[`ɕ\i\ek#

_\ZfeÏid\[k_Xk_\nXjjk`cckiflYc\[Ypk_\jXd\k_fl^_k%ÅP\j»Xcck_fj\g\fgc\%@jk`ccj\\

dpj\c][iX^^`e^g\fgc\`eXZXik%K_\`ifne]Xd`c`\jnXcb\[XnXp`ekfk_\_`ccj%Aljkc\ɘk_\`i

fneg\fgc\%@[iX^^\[k_XkZXik#Ylk@nXjeÆkdfY`c\Xepdfi\RY\ZXlj\f][iX^^`e^k_\_\Xmp

ZXikT%@_X[kfc\k^f%» @k_fl^_k1`]@Æd[\X[@ZXeÆk[fXepk_`e^]fik_\g\fgc\_\i\Æ%@knXj

[l\kfjlZ_\og\i`\eZ\jk_Xkn_\eg\fgc\`ek_\E\k_\icXe[jXZZlj\[9fYf]ZfnXi[`Z\#k_\p

Xik`ZlcXk\[_`jfne[flYkj%

9fYm`m`[cpi\d\dY\i\[jfd\k_`e^jg\Z`Xck_Xk_Xgg\e\[Xd`[Xcck_\`e_ldXe`kp`e

k_\]Xccf]Ji\Yi\e`ZX%Å;li`e^k_XkÐ`^_k#@k\ccXYfpkfZfd\n`k_ljkfGfkfĻXi`#Ylk_\jXpj#

ÃEf#pflZXeÆkgifk\ZkljXepdfi\Ä%8e[_\^`m\jd\XgXZbf]DXicYfif%» ?\nXm\j#Xe[

nXcbjXnXp%@e\m\ijXn_`dX^X`e%?\dljk_Xm\k_fl^_k#n_\ek_fj\YXjkXi[jZXkZ_d\#

k_\pnfeÆk^\kk_`j%K_XkdX[\XY`^`dgi\jj`fe#i\XccpXm\ipY`^`dgi\jj`fe%9\ZXlj\n\

Zflc[eÆk[fXepk_`e^#n\n\i\X[`jXggf`ekd\ekkfk_\j\g\fgc\#Xe[_\jk`cc^`m\jd\k_XkÆ%

J_fikcp Xɘ\i i\klie`e^ ]ifd _`j d`jj`fe# 9fY c\ɘ k_\ 8idp Xe[ af`e\[ k_\ D`c`kXip

Police (Marechaussee)# Åjf k_Xk @ Zflc[ _\cg g\fgc\Æ% ?fn\m\i# Åefn @ _X[ kf [\gfik `cc\^Xc

`dd`^iXekjÆ%9fYY\ZXd\dfi\Xe[dfi\Å\ogcfj`m\ÆXknfib#Yfk_kf_`jZfcc\X^l\jXe[

glɝ`e^g\fgc\`ekfd`j\ip6» 8e[Rk_\d\[`XTdXb\jk_`j`dX^\f]pfl#Xe[n_\ek_`e^j

_Xgg\eXknfib#@aljkZflc[eÆk_Xe[c\`kXepdfi\Æ%<m\eklXccp#_\nXj[`X^efj\[n`k_GKJ;#

n_`Z_\ek`kc\[_`dkfXd`c`kXip`emXc`[`kpg\ej`fe%

9fYkfc[d\_\nXjjk`ccm\ipgifl[f]_`ji\[Y\i\k#Xe[_`jd\[Xc]finfle[\[m\k\iXej

i\Z\`m\[]fiGKJ; %?\nXjgifl[_\Zflc[Åglkk_`e^j`eg\ijg\Zk`m\Æ#Xe[efnbe\nÅn_XkÆj

i\Xccp`dgfikXekÆ`ec`]\%@e]XZk#_\nXjXcjfgifl[f]_`j[\gcfpd\ek#Xe[f]Ån_Xk@[`[

DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf*AcfU`8]gcf]YbhUh]cbUbX9h\]WU`Ghfi[[`Yg

g\fgc\`ee\\[%9fY_Xje\m\infie_`jYcl\Y\i\kX^X`e#Ylk_\_Xjefkk_ifne`kXnXp\`k_\i

Y\ZXlj\ÅpflZXeÆkk_ifnXnXppfligXjkÆ%

Niels’ Story: Uruzgan

8n\\bY\]fi\dp`ek\im`\nn`k_E`\cj#³@ZXcc\[_`dkf\ogcX`eXY`kdfi\XYflkdpjkl[p%

I told him it was about having to make hard choices, seeing injustice, doing things that j\\defki`^_k#\kZ\k\iX#Xe[_fnjlZ_k_`e^jXɕ\Zkjfc[`\ij%Å8_#jf#\k_`Zj#[`c\ddXjÆ#

E`\cj i\jgfe[\[% ÅN\cc# p\jÆ# @ jX`[# ÅXe[ \m\ipk_`e^ Xifle[ `kÆ% ?\ cXl^_\[% Å8mf`[`e^ Y`^

nfi[j ]fi k_\ jfc[`\ij# _l_6 N\cc# @Æm\ _X[ [`c\ddXjÆ% 8ɘ\i jlddXi`q`e^ jfd\# n_`Z_

fɘ\e`emfcm\[cfZXc8]^_Xej#E`\cjdX[\Zc\Xik_Xk_\[`[efkc`b\_fnk_\d`c`kXipk\e[jkf

\ogcX`e[`c\ddXj`ek\idjf]dfiXcZcXj_\jY\kn\\eZ`m`c`q\[;lkZ_jfc[`\ijXe[`ddfiXc

cfZXcj%Å@i\Xccpk_`ebk_\[`c\ddXc`\j`elj#efkk_\dRk_\8]^_XejTÆ#_\jXpj%ÅC`b\#k_\i\`j

Xnfe[\i]lc`[\X`eK_\?X^l\#⁴`ek_\`mfipkfn\i#Ylk`egiXZk`Z\`kÆjm\ip[`ɕ\i\ekÆ%;li`e^

k_\`ek\im`\n#`kY\ZXd\Zc\Xin_XkE`\cjd\Xek%

E`\cjY\^Xe_`jd`c`kXipZXi\\in`k_k_\DXi`e\jY\ZXlj\Å@[`[eÆkbefnn_Xk@nXek\[kf

[fÆ%8ɘ\ijfd\p\Xij#_\c\ɘk_\d`c`kXip]fijfd\dfek_j#jk`ccefki\Xccpbefn`e^n_Xk_\

nXek\[%?\c`b\[n_Xk_\_X[[fe\`ek_\d`c`kXip#Ylk_\nXek\[kf[f`kÅXkXefk_\ic\m\cÆ%

8e[jf_\Y\ZXd\Xd`c`kXipelij\%N_\e@Xjb\[_`dn_p_\Z_fj\k_`jafY#_\jX`[1

@k_`ebk_\afYZ_ffj\jpfl%@Æ[Y\\eXd\[`Z`ek_\DXi`e\j%@nXj`ek\i\jk\[`e_fnk_\

Yf[pnfibj#Xe[f]Zflij\pfl_Xm\kf_Xm\jfd\k_`e^ZXi`e^`epfl%RAfb`e^cpT;li`e^

dpelij\kiX`e`e^#@_X[kfcffbXɘ\ic`ɝc\fc[^iXee`\j%I\cXo\[Xɘ\ieffej#nXcb`e^

ifle[glj_`e^n_\\cZ_X`ij%Jfp\X_#@[`[_Xm\k_\ZXi`e^k_`e^%

?\[\jZi`Y\[_`jpfle^\ij\c]Xjafm`Xc#ZXi\]i\\%?\_X[ef^i\Xk`[\Xcj#aljkk_fl^_k_\Zflc[

elij\`ccfinfle[\[g\fgc\%

E`\cjÆLilq^Xed`jj`fenXjefk_`jÏijk#jf_\k_fl^_kÅ@le[\ijkff[nXidfi\fic\jjÆ%

9lkfeZ\`e8]^_Xe`jkXe#_\\og\i`\eZ\[k_`e^j_\Zflc[efkle[\ijkXe[%Fe\`dgi\jj`m\

\m\ekfZZlii\[aljkknfn\\bjXɘ\i_\Xii`m\[%?`jle`knXjfegXkifc#Xe[XjjffeXjk_\p

XggifXZ_\[ [Xe^\iflj k\ii`kfip# E`\cj efk`Z\[ b`k\j Xe[ [fm\j `e k_\ X`i n_\i\m\i k_\p

gXjj\[% @k nXj befne k_Xk Åjgfɝ\ijÆ lj\[ jlZ_ d\k_f[j kf YifX[ZXjk k_\ dfm\d\ekj f]

gXkifcc`e^le`kjkfk_\KXc`YXeXe[fk_\i`ejli^\ekj%8]\n_flijXɘ\i_Xm`e^j\\ek_\b`k\j

Xe[[fm\j#E`\cjÆm\_`Zc\_`kXe@<;RifX[j`[\YfdYT%E`\cjjXnÅXYi`^_kÐXj_f]c`^_kÆXe[

_\Xi[XYcXjk%Å@k]\ckc`b\`kXcc_Xgg\e\[`ejcfndfk`feÆ#_\i\d\dY\i\[%:fm\i\[YpXYifne

Zcfl[f]^iXm\cXe[jkfe\j#E`\cj]\ck_`j[i`ccjb`Zb`e%?\Z_\Zb\[_`dj\c]]finfle[j#ZXcc\[

`efek_\iX[`f#Xe[Z_\Zb\[`]_`jZfcc\X^l\jn\i\_lik%=fikleXk\cp#effe\_X[j\i`flj

`eali`\j#fijf`kj\\d\[%K_\i\jkf]k_\[Xp#E`\cj]\ckÅXjkiXe^\Zfc[d`jkÆY\_`e[_`j\p\j#

Xe[k_Xke`^_k#_\Zflc[efkjc\\g%

' B]Y`g\Ugkf]ɛYbUVcc_UVcih\]gYldYf]YbWYgJY`X\i]nYb&$%("5h\]gfYeiYgh =igY\]gfYU`bUaY"

4 The Dutch government, parliament and Council of State are seated in The Hague.

91

Chapter 6 Moral Disorientation and Ethical StrugglesDUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh

K_\[XpXɘ\i#_\]\ckk_\[\j`i\kfÅc\Xm\k_`jYXZbnXi[ZflekipÆ%?\_X[nXek\[kfdXb\X

f]@J8=Xe[k_\`ejli^\ekj#Xe[_X[YXZ_Xjk\\eX^\Yfpj k_\plj\[Ådfc\jk\[Æ ]fij\o%<sup>5</sup> Dfi\fm\i#iXk_\ik_Xe[f`e^jfd\k_`e^XYflkk_\j\ÅXjj_fc\jÆ#k_\ZfXc`k`fe]fiZ\jÅc\kk_\d

^fm\ieXmXcc\pÆXe[Å^Xm\k_\ddfe\pÆY\ZXlj\k_\j\d\en\i\mXclXYc\ÅgXike\ijÆ%

Fe\[XpXkXgfc`Z\gfjk#fe\ÅXjj_fc\Æfɕ\i\[E`\cjX bacha#n_`Z__\i\]lj\[Xe^i`cp%

8]\ndfd\ekjcXk\i#_\jXnXcfZXcXjj`jkXekkip`e^kfYi`e^Xpfle^Yfp`ekfk_\gfc`Z\

DXep\m\ekjk_Xk_Xlek\[E`\cjXɘ\i_fd\Zfd`e^`emfcm\[Z_`c[i\e%9\j`[\jk_\bacha Xe[k_\j`ZbZ_`c[#E`\cjnXjfeZ\fɕ\i\[XYXYpYpX[`jki\jj\[]Xk_\i`ei\klie]fid\[`ZXc

jlggc`\j%Gi\jldXYcp#_\ZXd\kfY\c`\m\cXk\i#`knXjX[\jg\iXk\Xɝ\dgkkfdXb\c`]\Y\ɝ\i

]fiYfk_k_`jYXYpXe[k_\dXeÆjfk_\iZ_`c[%Jk`ccXefk_\i\m\ek`emfcm\[Xj\m\i\cp`eali\[

5 See e.g. Schut and van Baarle 2017 and de Lind van Wijngaarden 2011 for more information about the practice of bacha bazi (also known as ‘chai-boys’ among western soldiers).

92

DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf*AcfU`8]gcf]YbhUh]cbUbX9h\]WU`Ghfi[[`Yg

Yfp_\_X[Y\\eki\Xk`e^efcfe^\ij_fn`e^lg]fiki\Xkd\ek%@kklie\[flkk_\YfpÆjgXi\ekj

_X[j\ek_`dkfk_\dflekX`ejkf[`\%

N_\ejg\Xb`e^f]_`j[\gcfpd\ek\og\i`\eZ\j#E`\cjfɘ\e[i\nX[`jk`eZk`feY\kn\\e

[f`e^Xe[g\iZ\`m`e^jfd\k_`e^ÅXjXjfc[`\iÆXe[ÅXjXelij\Æ#Xe[Y\kn\\e[f`e^k_`e^jÅXj

Xgif]\jj`feXcÆXe[ÅXjX_ldXeY\`e^Æ%?\]\ckk_Xk_\Xe[_`jle`k_X[[fe\X^ff[afYfe

Xd`c`kXipgif]\jj`feXcc\m\c`e8]^_Xe`jkXe#Ylkk_Xkk_\p_X[]X`c\[feX_ldXec\m\c%<m\e

n`k_i\jg\Zkkfk_\d`c`kXipc\m\c#`kj\\djk_XkE`\cj`jXdY`mXc\ek%:fej`[\i]fi`ejkXeZ\k_\

]fccfn`e^1

ÅN`ee`e^ _\Xikj Xe[ d`e[jÆ `j i\Xccp X Ylccj_`k g_iXj\% @] pfl nXek kf n`e _\Xikj Xe[

d`e[j#pfl_Xm\kfZi\Xk\jX]\kpXkc\Xjk%8e[[feÆkk\ccd\n\[`[#Y\ZXlj\n_p[`[eÆk

g\fgc\[Xi\^fflkXke`^_k#n_p[`[eÆkk_\pkXcbkflj6N\fecpdX[\jli\k_\i\nXjef

Ï^_k`e^n`k_`eXZ\ikX`eiX[`ljifle[k_\ZXdgj%9lkjk`cc#\XZ_n\\bn\]fle[n\Xgfej

Xe[Xddle`k`fe`ej`[\k_XkZ`iZc\%AljkXY`^]XiZ\#n\Zi\Xk\[Xb`e[f]]Xcj\jX]\kp%

9XZb_fd\#E`\cjY\^XeXjb`e^_`dj\c]_fnXe[n_pk_\k_`e^jk_Xk_X[_Xgg\e\[Zflc[

_Xm\_Xgg\e\[#Xe[n_Xkj_flc[Xe[Zflc[_Xm\Y\\e[fe\%?\jkXik\[kfi\Xc`q\k_Xk_\Xe[

_`jZfcc\X^l\jn\i\n\cckiX`e\[]fiZfdYXkj`klXk`fejÁ\m\ipYf[pbe\nk_\[i`ccÁYlkk_\p

Å_X[efkc\Xie\[_fnkf[\Xcn`k_j`klXk`fejc`b\k_\j\Æ%@e_`jni`k`e^j#_\i\Zflekj%ÅMXi`flj

jkiXe^\`[\XjXe[k_fl^_kj_Xlek\[dpd`e[%;\jg`k\\m\ipk_`e^#@Æ[[fe\dplkdfjk`e

8]^_Xe`jkXeXe[@Æ[XZk\[flkf]gli\`[\Xcj#Ylk`eY\[@Zflc[eÆkY\Xkg\XZ\n`k_dpj\c]Æ

M\c[_l`q\e)'(+#g%,,#kiXejcXk`feKD %

E`\cj[\m\cfg\[jc\\ggifYc\djXe[Y\^Xei\cp`e^feXcZf_fckfjc\\g%N_\e_\ÏeXccp

]\cc Xjc\\g# _\ fɘ\e _X[ e`^_kdXi\j XYflk _`j [\gcfpd\ek% Jfd\k`d\j _`j cfl[ jZi\Xdj

nfb\_`jjfe#n_`Z_dX[\_`d]\\ck\ii`Yc\%?\nXjhl`Zbcp`ii`kXk\[Xe[Y\ZXd\`eZi\Xj`e^cp

X^^i\jj`m\kfZfcc\X^l\jXe[_`j]i`\e[jXe[]Xd`cp#kff%Fe\[Xp#Xe`eZ`[\ekkffbgcXZ\feX

[Xpflkn`k__`jn`]\#XZflgc\f]]i`\e[jXe[Xcck_\`iZ_`c[i\e%?`j]i`\e[jÆjfeb\gk_`ɝ`e^

E`\cjn`k_XY\XZ_YXccYpXZZ`[\eklek`c#jl[[\ecp#E`\cj]fle[_`dj\c][iX^^`e^k_\Yfp

XZifjjk_\Y\XZ_#j_flk`e^Xe[Zlij`e^Xk_`d%=li`flj#_\[ifgg\[k_\Yfp_\Xmp$_Xe[\[cp

Y\]fi\k_\YfpÆjdfk_\i%K_\e`^_kXɘ\ik_`j`eZ`[\ek#E`\cjXe[_`jn`]\kXcb\[XYflk_fn_\

nXjefk_`dj\c]Xepdfi\%=fiXn_`c\#_`j]Xd`cp#]i`\e[jXe[Zfcc\X^l\j_X[j\\e_`dXZk`e^

`enXpjk_\p[`[efkle[\ijkXe[#Xe[jf_X[_\%?`jn`]\`ej`jk\[_\jfl^_kgif]\jj`feXc

_\cg#n_`Z__\[`[%

8ɘ\iÏe[`e^_\cg#E`\cjY\^Xeni`k`e^Xe[jg\Xb`e^`eglYc`ZXYflk_`j\og\i`\eZ\j%?\

_fg\[k_Xkk_`jnflc[_\cgfk_\ijle[\ijkXe[_`dY\ɝ\i#Xe[Xcjf_\cgkiXldXk`q\[Zfcc\X^l\j

le[\ijkXe[k_\`ifnegifYc\dj%E`\cjjXpj_\`jefnXZ_Xe^\[g\ijfe#n_fn`cce\m\iY\k_\

jXd\X^X`e%Dfjkf]k_\Z_Xe^\jXi\e\^Xk`m\#_\jXpj#Ylk_\]\\cj_\_Xj[\m\cfg\[XYifX[\i

g\ijg\Zk`m\fek_\nfic[%?\efnbefnjk_\nfic[`jefkÅYcXZbXe[n_`k\ÆYlk_XjÅdXep

j_X[\jf]^iXpÆ%?\nXek\[kfXZk[`ɕ\i\ekcp`e8]^_Xe`jkXe#Ylk_\`jefkjli\`]_\Zflc[_Xm\

[fe\Xepk_`e^[`ɕ\i\ekcp%@e_`jni`k`e^j#_\jkXk\j1Å@ZXek_`ebYXZbfeLilq^Xe#Ylke\m\i

n`k_flkgX`e#]\Xifij_Xd\%N_Xkn\[`[`ek_Xk[\j\iknXjf_jf`dgfikXek#YlkXkk_\jXd\

k`d\#Zfdgc\k\cplj\c\jjÆM\c[_l`q\e)'(+#g%((.#kiXejcXk`feKD %

93

Chapter 6 Moral Disorientation and Ethical StrugglesDUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh

In document Proefschrift 'Soldiers in conflict, moral injury, political practices and public perceptions. (pagina 86-94)