Moral Distress in Relation to Political Practices 1

=bhfcXiWh]cb

K_\gi\m`fljZ_Xgk\ij[`jZljj\[k_\dfk`m\jf];lkZ_m\k\iXejkf\ec`jkXe[j\im\`ed`c`kXip

fg\iXk`fejXYifX[%K_\`idfk`m\ji\jfeXk\n`k_n_Xk_XjY\\e[fZld\ek\[`ek\ieXk`feXccp1

jfc[`\ij Ï^_k ]fi k_\dj\cm\j Xe[ k_\`i Yl[[`\j# Xe[ Xi\ j\c[fd ZfeZ\ie\[ Yp gfc`k`ZXc

hl\jk`fejjliifle[`e^k_\d`jj`fefen_`Z_k_\pXi\j\ek\%^%9flib\(000#>`YjfeXe[

8Y\cc)''+#9XiXe[9\e$8i`)'',#=`ec\p)'((#?Xlkq`e^\iXe[JZXe[cpe)'(* %

The soldiers and veterans I knew prior to this research all reported political disinterest,

èZcl[è^ j\e`fi fɖZ\ij nfibè^ Xk X gfc`k`ZXc c\m\c k_\dj\cm\j% 8ck_fl^_ k_\p [`[ _Xm\

fg`e`fej fe gfc`k`ZXc kfg`Zj# k_\p k\e[\[ kf [`jZfee\Zk k_\d ]ifd k_\`i afY% K_\p nflc[

jXp#]fi`ejkXeZ\#ÅDpafYÆj^fkefk_`e^kf[fn`k_gfc`k`ZjÆfiÅGfc`k`Zj[feÆkdXɝ\ikfd\Æ#

Å@Æd aljk Xe èjkild\ek f] k_\ jkXk\Æ% K_`j `j n_p @ è`k`Xccp jXn ef dXafi gifYc\d è k_\

[\gfc`k`Z`q\[ XggifXZ_ f] dfjk i\j\XiZ_ fe d`c`kXip kiXldX% ?fn\m\i# dp m`\n Z_Xe^\[

n_\e@jkXik\[kfjg\Xbkfm\k\iXejn`k_[`jki\jj%DXepf]k_\j\m\k\iXejklie\[flkkfY\

iXk_\iZfeZ\ie\[Ypgfc`k`ZXchl\jk`fej%8j[`jZljj\[`ek_\:_Xgk\i-#]fi\oXdgc\#k_\`i

\og\i`\eZ\jf]ZfeÐ`ZkXe[j\ej\c\jje\jj_X[dX[\k_\dZfej`[\ik_\fm\iXiZ_`e^gligfj\

f] k_\`i d`jj`fe% Dfi\fm\i# Zcfj\i XeXcpj`j f] k_\ gfc`k`ZXc [`j`ek\i\jk f] efe$[`jki\jj\[

m\k\iXeji\m\Xc\[jfd\k_è^dfi\Zfdgc`ZXk\[k_Xed\i\è[`ɕ\i\eZ\%=fife\#jXpè^k_Xk

ÅdpafYÆj^fkefk_`e^kf[fn`k_gfc`k`ZjÆY\ZXlj\Xjfc[`\i`jÅaljkXe`ejkild\ekf]k_\jkXk\Æ

`jXZfekiX[`Zk`feèk\idj%@e[\\[#`kklie\[flkk_Xk`]Y\è^Xeèjkild\ekf]k_\jkXk\

gif[lZ\[dfiXccp[`jki\jj`e^\og\i`\eZ\j#jfc[`\ijfɘ\ejkXik\[kfi\Xc`q\k_Xkgfc`k`Zj_X[

Xcfkkf[fn`k_k_\`iafY%

@ek_`jZ_Xgk\i@[\cm\`ekfk_\nXpj`en_`Z_jfc[`\ijÆafYjXi\i\cXk\[kfgfc`k`ZXcgiXZk`Z\j#

\oXdèè^k_\jlYhl\jk`fe1;`[k_\gfc`k`ZXcgiXZk`Z\jjliifle[è^k_\;lkZ_YXkXe[K=L

d`jj`fej gcXp X ifc\ `e \og\i`\eZ\j f] dfiXc [`jki\jj Xdfe^ m\k\iXej [\gcfp\[ fe k_\j\

d`jj`fej#Xe[`]jf#_fn6@eZfekiXjkkfk_\gi\m`fljZ_Xgk\i#_\i\@[`jZljjk_\\og\i`\eZ\jf]

;lkZ_YXkXe[K=Lm\k\iXejj\gXiXk\cpY\ZXlj\@]fle[j\m\iXci\c\mXek[`ɕ\i\eZ\jY\kn\\e

k_\knf^iflgj%P\k#Xjn`ccY\Zfd\Zc\Xi#@`[\ek`Ï\[\m\edfi\i\dXibXYc\gXiXcc\cj%N_`c\

k_\]fZlj`jfek_\XZZflekjf]dfiXccp[`jki\jj\[m\k\iXej#`ek_\ÏeXcj\Zk`fe@n`ccalokXgfj\

k_\`i\og\i`\eZ\jn`k_k_fj\f]m\k\iXejn_fi\gfik\[ef[`jki\jjXkXcc%

1 5 jYfg]cb cZ h\]g W\UdhYf UddYUfYX ]b &$%, Ug ÃH\Y Fc`Y cZ Dc`]h]WU` DfUWh]WYg ]b AcfU` =b^ifm. 5 GhiXm cZ 5Z[\Ub]ghUb

Veterans’ in Political Psychology 9!diVU\YUXcZdf]bh"8C=.%$"%%%%#dcdg"%&)$'.%!%)"

107

Chapter 7 Political Betrayal and ReparationsDUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh

@Y\^`eYp[`jZljj`e^j\m\iXc^\e\iXcgfc`k`ZXcZ_XiXZk\i`jk`Zjf]k_\;lkZ_YXkXe[K=L

d`jj`fej#i\Ð\Zk`e^fek_\\ok\ekkfn_`Z_k_\j\Z_XiXZk\i`jk`ZjdXp_Xm\\`k_\ii\[lZ\[fi

`eZi\Xj\[jfc[`\ijÆmlce\iXY`c`kpkf[\m\cfg`e^dfiXc[`jki\jj%@ek_\jlYj\hl\ekj\Zk`fej#

@qffdèfek_\;lkZ_YXkXe[K=Ld`jj`fej#\oXdèè^k_\\og\i`\eZ\f];lkZ_YXkXe[

K=Lm\k\iXej`ek_\Zfek\okf]k_\gXik`ZlcXigfc`k`ZXcgiXZk`Z\jk_Xkj_Xg\[k_\`id`jj`fej%

K_\[`jZljj`fef]\XZ_d`jj`fe`j[`m`[\[`eknfgXikj%@ek_\Ïijk@[\jZi`Y\k_\`ek\im`\n\[

m\k\iXejÆ\og\i`\eZ\j2`ek_\j\Zfe[@[`jZljjn_Xk_Xgg\e\[Xkk_\gfc`k`ZXcc\m\ckf]XZ`c`kXk\

k_\j\\og\i`\eZ\j#Yl`c[`e^fek_\c`k\iXkli\fek_\gfc`k`ZXcgiXZk`Z\jk_XkZ_XiXZk\i`q\[k_\

;lkZ_YXkXe[K=Ld`jj`fej%K_\e@ZfdgXi\k_\knfd`jj`fejXe[i\cXk\dpÏe[`e^jkfk_\

ZfeZ\gkf]dfiXcèalip%K_\knfd`jj`fej#[\jg`k\Y\è^m\ip[`ɕ\i\ekèj\m\iXcXjg\Zkj#

klie\[flkkfY\hl`k\j`d`cXiXkk_\]le[Xd\ekXcc\m\c#efkfecpi\^Xi[`e^k_\jliifle[`e^

gfc`k`ZXc `jjl\j Ylk Xcjf k_\ nXpj `e n_`Z_ m\k\iXej \og\i`\eZ\[ Xe[ i\jgfe[\[ kf k_\j\

`jjl\j% JlYj\hl\ekcp# @ gifgfj\ kf X[[ k_\ efk`fej f] Åg\iZ\`m\[ gfc`k`ZXc Y\kiXpXcÆ Xe[

Åj\\bèî\gXiXk`feÆkfk_\ZfeZ\gkf]dfiXcèalip%=èXccp#@i\Ð\Zkfe_fnk_\ZfeZ\gkjf]

GKJ;Xe[dfiXc`ealipk_\dj\cm\j_Xm\gXik`ZlcXigfc`k`ZXcj`^e`ÏZXeZ\%

GcaY;YbYfU`7\UfUWhYf]gh]WgcZh\YA]gg]cbg

?X$_X#k_XkÆjXkpg`ZXcZ`m`c`Xek_è^#Xjbè^XYflkk_\gfèkf]k_\d`jj`fe%@Æm\e\m\i

_\Xi[Xjfc[`\ijXp#n_XkÆjk_\gligfj\f]k_`j#Xi\n\[f`e^jfd\k_`e^lj\]lc6Ef%Rj_fik

j`c\eZ\T Cffb# k_\ [fnej`[\ `j# f] Zflij\# pfl fecp jkXik Xjb`e^ pflij\c] k_`j b`e[ f]

hl\jk`fen_\ejfd\fe\Zcfj\kfpfl[`\j%J\\#Xe[k_\e1n_XkÆjk_\gf`ek6Pflbefn%

=fik_fj\j_`k8]^_Xej#n_\en\c\Xm\X^Xè#\m\ipk_è^`j]lZb\[X^Xè%» 9lkp\X_#[f

pfl_Xm\kfjkXe[Y\_`e[pflid`jj`fe6Ef%» @Ædefk_`e^YlkXe\ok\ej`fef]gfc`k`Zj#

Xe[gfc`k`Z`Xej_Xm\jfd\`ek\i\jkjjfd\n_\i\#Xe[k_XkÆjn_Xkn\Æi\]fi%Ef#cffb#`]

pflÆi\i\Xccp`[\Xc`jk`Z#pflÆcc^\kjlZ_hl\jk`fej#`]pfli\Xccp_Xm\k_Xk`cclj`fe#Y\ZXlj\

@j\\`kXjefk_è^YlkXe`cclj`fe#n_\epflk_èb#fbXp#@Æd^fè^kfdXb\k_\nfic[X

Y\ɝ\igcXZ\%» @]X^lpjX`[jfd\k_è^c`b\k_Xk#_\i\#[liè^XeèkXb\#`knflc[d\Xe

_\_Xjef`[\Xn_Xkk_\afY`jXYflk%

@e]Xekipj\i^\Xek#YXj`ZkiXèè^èjkilZkfi

DXep`ek\im`\n\[m\k\iXeji\Zflek\[k_Xkgi`fikfk_\`i[\gcfpd\ek#k_\pXci\X[p\og\Zk\[

efkkfXî\\n`k_Xcck_\gfc`k`ZXcXjg\Zkjf]k_\ìd`jj`fej#Ylkk_\pjXnk_`jXjè_\i\ek

kfk_\`igif]\jj`fe%N_XkXjg\Zkj6@ek_`jj\Zk`fe@jb\kZ_j\m\iXc^\e\iXcgfc`k`ZXc]\Xkli\j

k_Xkk_\;lkZ_YXkXe[K=Ld`jj`fe#Xe[dXepfk_\ii\Z\ek;lkZ_d`jj`fej#_X[`eZfddfe%

108

DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf+Dc`]h]WU`6YhfUmU`UbXFYdUfUh]cbg

@i\Ð\Zkfe_fnk_\j\]\Xkli\jdXp_Xm\Yfk_[\Zi\Xj\[Xe[`eZi\Xj\[k_\i`jbf]dfiXc

[`jki\jj Xdfe^ ;lkZ_YXk Xe[ K=L m\k\iXej Xe[ [`jZljj j\m\iXc Zfg`e^ jkiXk\^`\j k_Xk k_\

interviewed veterans adopted to deal with anticipated political problems, even at the start f]k_\`id`c`kXipZXi\\i%

@e:_Xgk\i)#@Z`k\[j\m\iXcjkl[`\j[\jZi`Y`e^_fn`ek_\gXjk[`j`cclj`fe\[jfc[`\ij]\ck

Y\kiXp\[n_\ek_\pi\Xc`q\[k_\p_X[Y\\e^`m\en`k_]Xcj\`dX^\jf]k_\\e\dp\%^%Å^ffbjÆ

`eM`\keXd C`ɘfe(0.*#J_Xp(00+#9`ZX(000 #]Xcj\j\c]$`dX^\j\%^%ÅefYc\nXii`fijÆ C`ɘfe

(0.*#9`ZX(000 #Xe[X]Xcj\`[\Xf]k_\d`jj`feÆjZXlj\\%^%eXk`feXcj\Zli`kpfic`Y\iXk`fe

>lkdXee Xe[ Clkq )''0# J_\idXe )'(( fi X hl\jk`feXYc\ dXe[Xk\ \%^% ]Xi$i\XZ_`e^

Xlk_fi`qXk`fe]fik_\lj\f]]fiZ\ J_Xp(00+#9fl[i\Xl)'(( %N_`c\@nflc[efknXekkf

Xi^l\k_Xkk_\`ek\im`\n\[m\k\iXej]fik_`jjkl[pn\i\[\gcfp\[`enXpjk_XkZfii\jgfe[\[

e\Xkcpn`k_k_\i\Xc`kpk_\pnflc[\eZflek\i#`k[f\jj\\dk_Xkk_\`i\og\ZkXk`fejn\i\dfi\

i\j\im\[k_Xe[\jZi`Y\[Ypk_\XYfm\d\ek`fe\[Xlk_fij%@_\Xi[efm\k\iXejXpfijl^^\jk

k_Xk_\nXjkXl^_kkf_Xk\_`jfggfe\ekj#fiXepfk_\ig\fgc\`ek_\Xi\Xf][\gcfpd\ek%Jfd\

m\k\iXej[`[i\gfik]\\c`e^_Xk\]fifggfe\ekjfi_fjk`c\Z`m`c`Xej#Ylkk_\`i_Xk\[\m\cfg\[

[lièîXk_\ik_Xegi`fikfk_\ì[\gcfpd\ek%8cjf#n_`c\dXepm\k\iXeji\gfik\[]\\cè^

^l`ck#effe\\m\ijgfb\f]gi\m`fljj\c]$g\iZ\gk`fej`ek\idjf]_\if`jdXe[efYc\e\jj%

Fecp X Zflgc\ f] m\k\iXej jX`[ k_\p _X[ lj\[ ]fiZ\ c\^Xccp Ylk# `e _`e[j`^_k# `ddfiXccp%

=èXccp#@d\kfecpfe\m\k\iXen_f_X[Y\Zfd\Xek`$nXi#èZ`[\ekXccpn`k_flk[\m\cfgè^

gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc[`ɖZlck`\j%²

DXep\ogcXeXk`fejXi\gfjj`Yc\]fik_\[`ɕ\i\eZ\j`ek_\XZZflekjf]k_\`ek\im`\n\[

m\k\iXejXe[k_\jkl[`\jZ`k\[XYfm\%Fe\`jk_Xkdfjkjkl[`\j]fZljfeXek`$nXim\k\iXej#

Xe[`k`jc`b\cpk_Xkk_\`i\og\i`\eZ\jXe[`ek\igi\kXk`fej[`ɕ\i]ifdk_fj\f]m\k\iXejn_f

[fefkfggfj\kfd`c`kXip`ek\im\ek`fe%<m\eXdfe^kiXldXk`q\[m\k\iXej#fecpXd`efi`kp

Y\Zfd\Xek`$nXij\\\%^%;i\jZ_\iet al%)'(* %8efk_\i\ogcXeXk`fedXpY\k_Xkk_\j\jkl[`\j

]fZljfeLJm\k\iXej[\gcfp\[fenXifg\iXk`fej`eM`\keXd#@iXhXe[8]^_Xe`jkXe%K_\j\

kiffgjfg\iXk\[le[\idfi\g\id`jj`m\Ilc\jf]<e^X^\d\ekk_Xefk_\id`c`kXi`\j[`[:fc\

)''0#N\`kjdXe)'(' #n`k_`dX^\jf]_\if`ZnXii`fijgifdfk\[`eYfk_d`c`kXipXe[Z`m`c`Xe

jfZ`\kpC`ɘfe(0.*#9`ZX(000#=`ec\p)'((#=Xiejnfik_)'(+ %

K_\;lkZ_kiffgj`e8]^_Xe`jkXeÁn_fj\d`jj`fenXjefkXZfem\ek`feXcnXifg\iXk`fe

Á n\i\ ]Xi dfi\ i\jki`Zk\[ k_Xe k_\`i LJ Zfcc\X^l\j n\i\ Z]% :fc\ )''0# EX^c Xe[ N\`kq

)'('#N\`kjdXe)'('#Bc\g)'(( %@e^\e\iXc#Xck_fl^_i\Z\ek;lkZ_fg\iXk`fejjlZ_Xjk_\

2 H\]g 5Z[\Ub]ghUb jYhYfUb bck `cc_g Uh \]g a]gg]cb UbX h\Y a]`]hUfm Ug Zc``ckg. ÃH\Ym O5Z[\Ub dYcd`YQ X]Y ]b h\Y]f ckb

country, in their own house, because some force is employed to serve the interests of a small group of people. That’s U[[fYgg]jY"6ih]Z=VY\UjYU[[fYgg]jY`m]bh\YBYh\Yf`UbXg ]h]gWcbXYabYX YjYb]bh\Ya]`]hUfmÄ"<YXcYgbchZYY`hfciV`YX

by his new-found understanding. He does not regret his mission or feel guilty because, as he told me, he was young at the time and did not understand the implications of his mission. In fact, he feels that it is due to his deployment experiences that he is able to see what he sees now.

109

Chapter 7 Political Betrayal and ReparationsDUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh

d`jj`fe`e8]^_Xe`jkXe[`[`emfcm\ZfdYXk#k_\pn\i\efkkpg`ZXcnXifg\iXk`fej#YlkiXk_\i

Åfg\iXk`fejfk_\ik_XenXiÆfiÅg\XZ\jlggfikfg\iXk`fejÆGl^_)'(/ %@ec`e\n`k_k_`j#`e

i\Z\ek ;lkZ_ d`jj`fej gfc`k`ZXc c\X[\ij i\]iXè\[ ]ifd [\jZi`Yè^ k_\ nXiiè^ gXik`\j è

k\idjf]\m`cXe[k_\d`jj`feèk\idjf]Y\è^Å\`k_\in`k_fiX^XèjkljÆZ]%E@F;)'')#

MXe[\iD\lc\e)''+#Bc\g)'((#;`d`ki`lXe[>iXX])'(- %=lik_\i#Xck_fl^_gfc`k`ZXcc\X[\ij

^\e\iXccpjgfb\gfj`k`m\cpXYflkk_\;lkZ_kiffgjÁXkc\Xjk`eX[mXeZ\f]k_\d`jj`fejÁk_\p

[`[efk]iXd\k_\dXj_\if$nXii`fij#n_`Z_`j`ec`e\n`k_k_\;lkZ_eXk`feXcj\c]$`dX^\Xj

efe$dXik`XcXe[ZfeÐ`Zk$Xm\ij`m\Bc`eb\ik)''/#QXXcY\i^)'(* %;lkZ_gfc`k`ZXceXiiXk`m\j#

k_\e#i\]iX`e\[]ifdgifdfk`e^fm\icpdXik`Xcj\c]$g\iZ\gk`fejXe[[\dfe`ZZfejkilZk`fej

f] fk_\ij% K_`j i\j\im\# kf^\k_\i n`k_ k_\ giXZk`ZXc i\jki`Zk`fej k_Xk k_\ ;lkZ_ gfc`k`ZXc

c\X[\ij_`g `dgfj\[# Xi^lXYcp [\Zi\Xj\[ k_\ `eZ`[\eZ\ f] ]fiZ\ `e nXpj k_\ ;lkZ_ kiffgj

nflc[ cXk\i Zfd\ kf i\^i\k% Glk [`ɕ\i\ekcp# `k j\\dj k_Xk k_\ gfc`k`ZXc giXZk`Z\j f] i\Z\ek

;lkZ_d`jj`fejZXii`\[Xcfn\ii`jbf]dfiXccp[`jki\jj`e^j`klXk`fejk_Xe#]fi`ejkXeZ\#k_fj\

f]i\Z\ekLJd`jj`fej%

K_XkjX`[#@_Xm\knf`dgfikXeki\dXibj%I\jki`Zk`m\dXe[Xk\jXe[i\j\im\[eXiiXk`m\j

Xi\ Zf`ej n`k_ knf j`[\j% =`ijk# i\jki`Zk`m\ dXe[Xk\j dXp efk fecp gifk\Zk jfc[`\ij ]ifd

[fè^k_è^jk_\pd`^_kcXk\iZfd\kfi\î\k#YlkXcjfc\Xm\k_\dgfn\ic\jjèj`klXk`fej

n_\i\ifYljk`ek\im\ek`fe[f\jj\\di\hl`i\[%C`b\n`j\#i\j\im\[eXiiXk`m\jdXpefkfecp

[`jZfliX^\ jfc[`\ij ]ifd i\jfik`e^ kf m`fc\eZ\# Ylk Xcjf c\Xm\ k_\d legi\gXi\[ ]fi k_\

m`fc\eZ\ k_\p [f ]XZ\% J\Zfe[# n_`c\ k_\ gi\$[\gcfpd\ek Xɝ`kl[\j Xe[ \og\ZkXk`fej k_\

m\k\iXeji\Zflek\[n\i\gXik`Xccpècè\n`k_k_\gfc`k`ZXceXiiXk`m\jf]k_\ìd`jj`fe#è

j\m\iXc`dgfikXeki\jg\Zkjk_\knfXcjfjkff[`eZfekiXjkkf\XZ_fk_\i%@e]XZk#k_\m\k\iXejÆ

Xɝ`kl[\jXe[\og\ZkXk`fejgXikcpj\\d\[XZflek\i$i\XZk`fekfg\iZ\`m\[gfc`k`ZXc`cclj`fej%

Later on in this chapter I will elaborate on how the political narratives and mandates f] k_\ ;lkZ_YXk Xe[ K=L d`jj`fe _X[ jlYjkXek`Xc [fnej`[\j% ?\i\# c\k d\ \ogXe[ lgfe

k_\ i\dXib k_Xk dXep jfc[`\ij j\\d\[ kf i\a\Zk gXik f] k_\j\ eXiiXk`m\j Xe[ dXe[Xk\j

gi`fikf[\gcfpd\ek%8kk_\gfc`k`ZXcc\m\c#k_\fYa\Zk`m\jf]k_\;lkZ_YXkXe[K=Ld`jj`fe

n\i\ ]iXd\[ `e Xckil`jk`Z Xe[ i\cXk`m\cp XdY`k`flj k\idj% K_\ d`jj`fe `e Ji\Yi\e`ZX nXj

X g\XZ\b\\g`e^ fg\iXk`fe kf _\cg gifk\Zk X JX]\ 8i\X ?fe`^ Xe[ 9fk_ (00-# Bc\g Xe[

N`ejcfn(000#E@F;)'') #Xe[k_\d`jj`fe`eLilq^XenXjjlggfj\[kfdXb\XjlYjkXek`Xc

Zfeki`Ylk`fekfjX]\kpXe[i\ZfejkilZk`e^k_\i\^`feBc\g)'((#Il`ak\i\kXc%)'((#>iXe[`X

)'(, %@eZfekiXjk#Xjd\ek`fe\[Y\]fi\#k_\mXjkdXafi`kpf]k_\`ek\im`\n\[m\k\iXej_X[

]Xicfn\i#dfi\j\c]$fi`\ek\[\og\ZkXk`fej%8Yflk_Xc][`[Y\c`\m\k_\pnflc[Y\XYc\kf_\cg

k_\cfZXcgfglcXk`fe#Ylkn_\ek_\p[`[#k_\pk_fl^_kf]m\ipjg\Z`ÏZZfeki`Ylk`fejjlZ_Xj

_\cg`e^kfYl`c[XjZ_ffc%K_\fk_\i_Xc][`[efknfe[\i`]k_\`iXZk`m`k`\jnflc[Y\f]mXcl\

kfk_\cfZXcgfglcXk`fe%K_\p]fZlj\[feg\ijfeXcd`c`kXip^fXcjjlZ_XjÅglɝè^dpkiXèè^

`ekfgiXZk`Z\ÆXe[Å[f`e^dpafYle[\igi\jjli\Æ#Xe[k_fl^_kf]cfZXcY\e\ÏkjfecpXjÅXY`^

110

DUfh&Gc`X]Yfg]b7cbɘ]Wh7\UdhYf+Dc`]h]WU`6YhfUmU`UbXFYdUfUh]cbg

gcljÆ%9\j`[\jXdXɝ\if]g\ijfeXcgi\]\i\eZ\#k_\j\Xɝ`kl[\jdXpY\Zfej`[\i\[XZflek\i$

i\XZk`fekfg\iZ\`m\[gfc`k`ZXc`cclj`fej%I\d\dY\i#]fièjkXeZ\#Dlj_è\ogcXèè^_fn

_\nXie\[`[\Xc`jk`Ze\nZfd\ij1Å=lZb\i#pflÆ[Y\ɝ\iefkk_`ebc`b\k_Xk#pflÆccZfd\YXZb

Yifb\eÆ%8cjf#Zfej`[\ik_\nfi[jf]8ekfe#n_fi\d\dY\i\[_`jZfddXe[\ik\cc`e^_`d

n`k_XcXl^_k_Xk_`jd`jj`fenflc[Y\Å_fg\c\jj#`eXmXcc\p#k_XkZXeÆkY\[\]\e[\[ÆXe[

k_ljÅXefk_\ikpg`ZXcLEfg\iXk`feÆ%<ogi\jj`fejc`b\k_\j\`e[`ZXk\k_Xk#\m\eY\]fi\k_\`i

d`jj`feY\^Xe#dXepm\k\iXejXek`Z`gXk\[X^XgY\kn\\egfc`k`ZXci\Xc`kpXe[d`c`kXipi\Xc`kp%

Jf#dfjkm\k\iXej[`[efk^fXnXpn`k_Zfdgc\k\]X`k_`ek_\[\j`^eXe[gi\j\ekXk`fef]

k_\ìd`jj`feXkk_\gfc`k`ZXcc\m\c%P\k#iXk_\ik_Xeklieè^k_\dX^Xèjkk_\ìd`jj`fe#k_`j

jb\gk`Z`jdi\è]fiZ\[k_\ì]fZljfek_\ìd`c`kXip[lkp%Jg\Z`ÏZXccp#`kj\\d\[kf\e^\e[\i

Xe `e[`ɕ\i\eZ\ kf gfc`k`Zj# X giX^dXk`Z ÅZXe$[fÆ Xɝ`kl[\ Xe[ i\cXk`m\cp cfn \og\ZkXk`fej%

Gfc`k`ZXc[`j\e^X^\d\ekZXek_\eY\le[\ijkff[XjXgi\m\ek`m\Zfg`e^d\Z_Xe`jd]fij\c]$

gifk\Zk`fe%?fn\m\i#Xjk_\]fccfn`e^j\Zk`fejn`ccj_fn#gfc`k`ZXc[`j\e^X^\d\ekZXeefk

]lccpgi\gXi\jfc[`\ij]fidfiXccpZ_Xcc\e^`e^j`klXk`fej%=fife\#Y\`e^d\ekXccpgi\gXi\[

]fi jfd\k_`e^ `j efk k_\ jXd\ Xj Yf[`cp Xe[ \dfk`feXccp \og\i`\eZ`e^ `k% Dfi\fm\i# Xj

:_Xgk\i - j_fn\[# dXep `ek\im`\n\[ m\k\iXej ]fle[ k_\dj\cm\j leXYc\ kf ]lcÏcc \m\e

k_\ìi\cXk`m\cpdf[\jk^fXcf]glɝè^k_\ìkiXèè^èkfgiXZk`Z\%N_\ek_\p[`[#gfc`k`ZXc

hl\jk`fejjliifle[`e^k_\`id`jj`fejl[[\ecpY\ZXd\m\ipi\c\mXek%

In document Proefschrift 'Soldiers in conflict, moral injury, political practices and public perceptions. (pagina 107-111)