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Public support for Vigilantism

Haas, N.E.

Citation

Haas, N. E. (2010, November 23). Public support for Vigilantism.

Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Leiden. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16171

Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown)

License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden

Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16171

Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable).

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