University of Groningen Evidence-b(i)ased psychiatry de Vries, Ymkje Anna

Evidence-b(i)ased psychiatry

de Vries, Ymkje Anna

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Publication date: 2018

Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database

Citation for published version (APA):

de Vries, Y. A. (2018). Evidence-b(i)ased psychiatry. University of Groningen.

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aim/v b2H2+iBQM

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q2 BM+Hm/2/ bim/B2b rBi? +QMiBMmQmb Qmi+QK2b U2X;X- b+Q`2 QM  /2T`2bbBQM [m2biBQMMB`2V-b r2HH [m2biBQMMB`2V-b bim/B2b rBi? #BM`v Qmi+QK2b U2X;X- /2T`2bbBQM /B;MQbBbVX q2 2t+Hm/2/ bim/B2b BM r?B+? i?2 Qmi+QK2 rb +H2`Hv  /Bz2`2Mi +QMbi`m+i i?M /2T`2bbBQM U2X;X- +Q;MBiBp2 /vb7mM+iBQMVX aim/B2b r2`2 BM+Hm/2/ `2;`/H2bb Q7 r?2i?2` i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb BMi2`@ +iBQM 2z2+i QM /2T`2bbBQM rb i?2 T`BK`v Qmi+QK2X LQ 2t+HmbBQM +`Bi2`B r2`2 TTHB2/ 7Q` bi`2bbQ`b- r?B+? r2`2 p2`v /Bp2`b2X

*Q/BM; bim/v Qmi+QK2b

*Q/BM; rb /QM2 BM /mTHB+i2 #v irQ BM/2T2M/2Mi `i2`b Uuo M/ J6V- M/ /Bb;`22K2Mib r2`2 `2bQHp2/ #v /Bb+mbbBQM rBi? _ M/ C"X aim/v Qmi+QK2 rb +Q/2/ b TQbBiBp2-M2;iBp2- Q` mM+H2`X q2 +Q/2/  bim/v Qmi+QK2 b mM+H2` B7 r2 +QmH/ MQi /2i2`KBM2 r?2i?2` i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb BMi2`+iBQM rb bB;MB}+Mi- 7Q` BMbiM+2 #2+mb2 QMHv i?2 T@pHm2 bbQ+Bi2/ rBi?  i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQM U2X;X- 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb t ;2M/2`V rb T`2b2Mi2/X aim/v Qmi+QK2 rb +Q/2/ b TQbBiBp2 B7 i?2 2ti`+i2/ T@pHm2 rb IyXy8-T`QpB/2/ i?i i?2 BMi2`+iBQM rb BM i?2 2tT2+i2/ /B`2+iBQM UBX2X- a HH2H2 bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? BM+`2b2/ /2T`2bbBQMV- M/ b M2;iBp2 Qi?2`rBb2X

S@pHm2b r2`2 2ti`+i2/ ++Q`/BM; iQ  ?B2``+?B+H /2+BbBQM i`22X q2 }`bi /2i2`KBM2/ r?2i?2` i?2 /2bB;M Q7 i?2 bim/v rb dz2tTQb2/@QMHvǴX AM i?2b2 bim/B2b- i?2 2MiB`2 bKTH2 rb 2tTQb2/ iQ  bi`2bbQ`- bm+? b  bQKiB+ BHHM2bbX h?2 2z2+i Q7 BMi2`2bi- BM i?Bb

+b2-3y

Bb MQi M BMi2`+iBQM #mi i?2 KBM 2z2+i Q7 8@>hhGS_X >2M+2- r2 2ti`+i2/ i?2 T@pHm2 bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? i?2 KBM 2z2+i 7Q` i?2b2 bim/B2bX 6Q` HH Qi?2` bim/B2b- r2 /2i2`KBM2/ r?2i?2`  T@pHm2 rb `2TQ`i2/ 7Q`  irQ@rv BMi2`+iBQM #2ir22M 8@>hhGS_ M/ bi`2bb-+QMbBbi2Mi rBi? *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9)X

A7 KmHiBTH2 `2H2pMi- BM/2T2M/2Mi Qmi+QK2b Q` bi`2bbQ`b r2`2 BM+Hm/2/ BM  bim/v- r2 2ti`+i2/ HH T@pHm2bX 6QHHQrBM; a?`TH2v M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyR9V (jy8)- r2 p2`;2/ i?2b2 T@pHm2b iQ ``Bp2 i  +QM+HmbBQMX A7 KmHiBTH2 MQM@BM/2T2M/2Mi Qmi+QK2b r2`2 ;Bp2M U2X;X- +QMiBMmQmb bvKTiQK b+U2X;X-H2 U2X;X-M/ U2X;X- /B+?QiQKBx2/ p2`bBQM i?2`2Q7V- r2 QMHv BM+Hm/2/ i?2 +QMiBMmQmb Qmi+QK2X

q?2M bim/B2b T`QpB/2/ T@pHm2b 7Q` #Qi? #BHH2HB+ M/ i`BHH2HB+ ;2MQivTBM;- r2 2``2/ iQ@ r`/b +Q/BM;  bim/v b TQbBiBp2 #v b2H2+iBM; i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2- b Bi Bb mM+H2` r?B+? ;2MQivTBM; TT`Q+? b?QmH/ #2 T`272``2/ (jRd- jR3- jRN)X A7 #Qi? mM/Dmbi2/ M/ /Dmbi2/ MHvb2b r2`2 ;Bp2M- r2 HbQ mb2/ i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2X q2 T`272`2MiBHHv 2ti`+i2/ i?2 T@pHm2 Q7 M Qp2`HH i2bi Q7 BMi2`+iBQMc ?Qr2p2`- B7 QMHv TQbi@?Q+ +QKT`BbQMb r2`2 pBH@ #H2- r2 2ti`+i2/ i?2 T@pHm2 bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? i?2 aa pb GG ?QKQxv;Qi2b +QKT`BbQMX

*Q/BM; bim/v #bi`+ib

hrQ BM/2T2M/2Mi `i2`b Uuo M/ J6V +Q/2/ i?2 #bi`+i Q7 2+? bim/v- M/ /Bb+`2TM+B2b r2`2 `2bQHp2/ #v /Bb+mbbBQM rBi? _ M/ C"X #bi`+ib r2`2 T`272`2MiBHHv +Q/2/ #b2/ mTQM i?2B` +QM+HmbBQMb- #mi B7 i?2b2 /B/ MQi T`QpB/2  +H2` bii2K2Mi- r2 mb2/ i?2 `2bmHib b2+iBQM Q7 i?2 #bi`+iX AM +Q/BM; #bi`+ib- r2 r2`2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM i?2 rv #bi`+ib `2TQ`i2/ QM ?Qr i?2B` }M/BM;b `2~2+i2/ QM i?2 Q`B;BMH `2bmHi #v *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9)X

#bi`+ib r2`2 +Q/2/ b TQbBiBp2 B7  +HBK rb K/2 i?i i?2 `2bmHib bmTTQ`i2/ i?2 2tBbi2M+2 M/fQ` BKTQ`iM+2 Q7 i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb BMi2`+iBQMX #bi`+ib r2`2 +Q/2/ b T`iBHHv bmTTQ`iBp2 B7  TQbBiBp2 +HBK rb K/2 i?i rb MQi /B`2+iHv `2Hi2/ iQ i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb BMi2`+iBQM U2X;X- TQbBiBp2 }M/BM;b 7Q`  i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQMV Q` B7 i?2 #bi`+i K2MiBQM2/ }M/BM;b 7Q` KmHiBTH2 Qmi+QK2b Q` bi`2bbQ`b M/ MQi HH r2`2 TQbBiBp2X #bi`+ib i?i /B/ MQi KF2  TQbBiBp2 +HBK Q` i?i K/2 M 2tTHB+BiHv M2;iBp2 +HBK r2`2 +Q/2/ b M2;iBp2X A7 i?2 #bi`+i /B/ MQi `2TQ`i QM i?2 2z2+i Q7 BMi2`2bi- i?2 bim/v rb 2t+Hm/2/ Uk bim/B2bVX

*BiiBQM Qmi+QK2b

q2 2tKBM2/ +BiiBQMb #Qi? rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F Q7 T`BK`v bim/B2b M/ QmibB/2 Q7 i?2 M2i@ rQ`F BM i?2 #`Q/2` HBi2`im`2 (jR8)X hQ 2tKBM2 rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb- r2 +QMbi`m+i2/  +BiiBQM ;`B/ M/ K`F2/ 7Q` 2+? bim/v #v r?B+? Q7 i?2 Qi?2` BM+Hm/2/ bim/B2b Bi rb +Bi2/X hQiH +BiiBQM +QmMib 7Q` 2+? bim/v r2`2 +H+mHi2/ 7`QK i?2 ;`B/X hQ 2tKBM2

6

#22M bTmM `2+2Bp2/ HKQbi MQ +BiiBQMbX h?2 `2bmHiBM; BMpBbB#BHBiv Q7 M2;iBp2 }M/BM;b Kv +`2i2 i?2 BKT`2bbBQM i?i i?Bb 2z2+i ?b #22M T`Qp2M #2vQM/ /Qm#i- Hi?Qm;? K2i@ MHvb2b ?p2 [m2biBQM2/ Bib `Q#mbiM2bb (kNd- kN3)X

AM i?2 +m``2Mi bim/v- r2 BK2/ iQ /2i2`KBM2 r?2i?2` +BiiBQM #Bb M/ b2H2+iBp2 7Q+mb QM TQbBiBp2 }M/BM;b `2 HbQ T`2b2Mi BM i?2 HBi2`im`2 QM 8@>hhGS_- HB72 bi`2bb- M/ /2T`2bbBQMX +?B2pBM;  #2ii2` mM/2`biM/BM; Q7 i?2 2iBQHQ;v Q7 /2T`2bbBQM Bb Q7 pBiH BKTQ`iM+2 iQ Tbv+?Bi`v- ;Bp2M i?2 ?B;? #m`/2M Q7 /2T`2bbBQM (jRe)X .BbiQ`iBQM Q7 i?2 2pB/2M+2 #b2 +QmH/ KBbH2/ `2b2`+?2`b M/ +HBMB+BMb M/ i?mb TQb2  KDQ` Q#bi+H2 iQ i?Bb ;QHX

J2i?Q/b

aim/v b2H2+iBQM

hQ 2bi#HBb? i?2 M2irQ`F Q7 T`BK`v bim/B2b- r2 b2`+?2/ Sm#J2/ 7Q` i?2 KQbi `2+2Mi K2i@MHvbBb QM 8@>hhGS_- bi`2bb- M/ /2T`2bbBQM (jy8)- r?B+? BM+Hm/2/ 3R bim/B2bX 6Q` 2+? bim/v- r2 /2i2`KBM2/ i?2 Qmi+QK2 7Q` i?2 2z2+i Q7 BMi2`2bi UBX2X- 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bbVX

q2 BM+Hm/2/ bim/B2b rBi? +QMiBMmQmb Qmi+QK2b U2X;X- b+Q`2 QM  /2T`2bbBQM [m2biBQMMB`2V-b r2HH [m2biBQMMB`2V-b bim/B2b rBi? #BM`v Qmi+QK2b U2X;X- /2T`2bbBQM /B;MQbBbVX q2 2t+Hm/2/ bim/B2b BM r?B+? i?2 Qmi+QK2 rb +H2`Hv  /Bz2`2Mi +QMbi`m+i i?M /2T`2bbBQM U2X;X- +Q;MBiBp2 /vb7mM+iBQMVX aim/B2b r2`2 BM+Hm/2/ `2;`/H2bb Q7 r?2i?2` i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb BMi2`@ +iBQM 2z2+i QM /2T`2bbBQM rb i?2 T`BK`v Qmi+QK2X LQ 2t+HmbBQM +`Bi2`B r2`2 TTHB2/ 7Q` bi`2bbQ`b- r?B+? r2`2 p2`v /Bp2`b2X

*Q/BM; bim/v Qmi+QK2b

*Q/BM; rb /QM2 BM /mTHB+i2 #v irQ BM/2T2M/2Mi `i2`b Uuo M/ J6V- M/ /Bb;`22K2Mib r2`2 `2bQHp2/ #v /Bb+mbbBQM rBi? _ M/ C"X aim/v Qmi+QK2 rb +Q/2/ b TQbBiBp2-M2;iBp2- Q` mM+H2`X q2 +Q/2/  bim/v Qmi+QK2 b mM+H2` B7 r2 +QmH/ MQi /2i2`KBM2 r?2i?2` i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb BMi2`+iBQM rb bB;MB}+Mi- 7Q` BMbiM+2 #2+mb2 QMHv i?2 T@pHm2 bbQ+Bi2/ rBi?  i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQM U2X;X- 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb t ;2M/2`V rb T`2b2Mi2/X aim/v Qmi+QK2 rb +Q/2/ b TQbBiBp2 B7 i?2 2ti`+i2/ T@pHm2 rb IyXy8-T`QpB/2/ i?i i?2 BMi2`+iBQM rb BM i?2 2tT2+i2/ /B`2+iBQM UBX2X- a HH2H2 bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? BM+`2b2/ /2T`2bbBQMV- M/ b M2;iBp2 Qi?2`rBb2X

S@pHm2b r2`2 2ti`+i2/ ++Q`/BM; iQ  ?B2``+?B+H /2+BbBQM i`22X q2 }`bi /2i2`KBM2/ r?2i?2` i?2 /2bB;M Q7 i?2 bim/v rb dz2tTQb2/@QMHvǴX AM i?2b2 bim/B2b- i?2 2MiB`2 bKTH2 rb 2tTQb2/ iQ  bi`2bbQ`- bm+? b  bQKiB+ BHHM2bbX h?2 2z2+i Q7 BMi2`2bi- BM i?Bb

+b2-3y

Bb MQi M BMi2`+iBQM #mi i?2 KBM 2z2+i Q7 8@>hhGS_X >2M+2- r2 2ti`+i2/ i?2 T@pHm2 bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? i?2 KBM 2z2+i 7Q` i?2b2 bim/B2bX 6Q` HH Qi?2` bim/B2b- r2 /2i2`KBM2/ r?2i?2`  T@pHm2 rb `2TQ`i2/ 7Q`  irQ@rv BMi2`+iBQM #2ir22M 8@>hhGS_ M/ bi`2bb-+QMbBbi2Mi rBi? *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9)X

A7 KmHiBTH2 `2H2pMi- BM/2T2M/2Mi Qmi+QK2b Q` bi`2bbQ`b r2`2 BM+Hm/2/ BM  bim/v- r2 2ti`+i2/ HH T@pHm2bX 6QHHQrBM; a?`TH2v M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyR9V (jy8)- r2 p2`;2/ i?2b2 T@pHm2b iQ ``Bp2 i  +QM+HmbBQMX A7 KmHiBTH2 MQM@BM/2T2M/2Mi Qmi+QK2b r2`2 ;Bp2M U2X;X- +QMiBMmQmb bvKTiQK b+U2X;X-H2 U2X;X-M/ U2X;X- /B+?QiQKBx2/ p2`bBQM i?2`2Q7V- r2 QMHv BM+Hm/2/ i?2 +QMiBMmQmb Qmi+QK2X

q?2M bim/B2b T`QpB/2/ T@pHm2b 7Q` #Qi? #BHH2HB+ M/ i`BHH2HB+ ;2MQivTBM;- r2 2``2/ iQ@ r`/b +Q/BM;  bim/v b TQbBiBp2 #v b2H2+iBM; i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2- b Bi Bb mM+H2` r?B+? ;2MQivTBM; TT`Q+? b?QmH/ #2 T`272``2/ (jRd- jR3- jRN)X A7 #Qi? mM/Dmbi2/ M/ /Dmbi2/ MHvb2b r2`2 ;Bp2M- r2 HbQ mb2/ i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2X q2 T`272`2MiBHHv 2ti`+i2/ i?2 T@pHm2 Q7 M Qp2`HH i2bi Q7 BMi2`+iBQMc ?Qr2p2`- B7 QMHv TQbi@?Q+ +QKT`BbQMb r2`2 pBH@ #H2- r2 2ti`+i2/ i?2 T@pHm2 bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? i?2 aa pb GG ?QKQxv;Qi2b +QKT`BbQMX

*Q/BM; bim/v #bi`+ib

hrQ BM/2T2M/2Mi `i2`b Uuo M/ J6V +Q/2/ i?2 #bi`+i Q7 2+? bim/v- M/ /Bb+`2TM+B2b r2`2 `2bQHp2/ #v /Bb+mbbBQM rBi? _ M/ C"X #bi`+ib r2`2 T`272`2MiBHHv +Q/2/ #b2/ mTQM i?2B` +QM+HmbBQMb- #mi B7 i?2b2 /B/ MQi T`QpB/2  +H2` bii2K2Mi- r2 mb2/ i?2 `2bmHib b2+iBQM Q7 i?2 #bi`+iX AM +Q/BM; #bi`+ib- r2 r2`2 BMi2`2bi2/ BM i?2 rv #bi`+ib `2TQ`i2/ QM ?Qr i?2B` }M/BM;b `2~2+i2/ QM i?2 Q`B;BMH `2bmHi #v *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9)X

#bi`+ib r2`2 +Q/2/ b TQbBiBp2 B7  +HBK rb K/2 i?i i?2 `2bmHib bmTTQ`i2/ i?2 2tBbi2M+2 M/fQ` BKTQ`iM+2 Q7 i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb BMi2`+iBQMX #bi`+ib r2`2 +Q/2/ b T`iBHHv bmTTQ`iBp2 B7  TQbBiBp2 +HBK rb K/2 i?i rb MQi /B`2+iHv `2Hi2/ iQ i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb BMi2`+iBQM U2X;X- TQbBiBp2 }M/BM;b 7Q`  i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQMV Q` B7 i?2 #bi`+i K2MiBQM2/ }M/BM;b 7Q` KmHiBTH2 Qmi+QK2b Q` bi`2bbQ`b M/ MQi HH r2`2 TQbBiBp2X #bi`+ib i?i /B/ MQi KF2  TQbBiBp2 +HBK Q` i?i K/2 M 2tTHB+BiHv M2;iBp2 +HBK r2`2 +Q/2/ b M2;iBp2X A7 i?2 #bi`+i /B/ MQi `2TQ`i QM i?2 2z2+i Q7 BMi2`2bi- i?2 bim/v rb 2t+Hm/2/ Uk bim/B2bVX

*BiiBQM Qmi+QK2b

q2 2tKBM2/ +BiiBQMb #Qi? rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F Q7 T`BK`v bim/B2b M/ QmibB/2 Q7 i?2 M2i@ rQ`F BM i?2 #`Q/2` HBi2`im`2 (jR8)X hQ 2tKBM2 rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb- r2 +QMbi`m+i2/  +BiiBQM ;`B/ M/ K`F2/ 7Q` 2+? bim/v #v r?B+? Q7 i?2 Qi?2` BM+Hm/2/ bim/B2b Bi rb +Bi2/X hQiH +BiiBQM +QmMib 7Q` 2+? bim/v r2`2 +H+mHi2/ 7`QK i?2 ;`B/X hQ 2tKBM2

Qmi@Q7@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb- r2 HQQF2/ mT i?2 +BiiBQM +QmMib 7Q` 2+? bim/v QM q2# Q7 a+B@ 2M+2 U*Q`2 *QHH2+iBQM- P+iQ#2` kyR8VX hQ +`2i2 MQM@Qp2`HTTBM; Qmi+QK2b- r2 T`mM2/ i?2 rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb 7`QK i?2 q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMbX q?BH2 rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb `2T`2b2Mi +BiiBQMb #v Qi?2` 2tT2`ib rQ`FBM; rBi?BM i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb }2H/- q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMb HbQ BM+Hm/2 +BiiBQMb #v `2b2`+?2`b MQi /B`2+iHv BMpQHp2/ BM i?Bb `2X

MHvb2b

6Q` Qm` +BiiBQM MHvbBb- r2 }`bi +QKT`2/ i?2 +BiiBQMb `2+2Bp2/ #v bim/B2b rBi? TQbBiBp2-M2;iBp2 Q` mM+H2` Qmi+QK2b UB``2bT2+iBp2 Q7 #bi`+i +Q/BM;VX h?2 bmK Q7 +BiiBQMb rb +H+mHi2/ M/ i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 HH +BiiBQMb `2+2Bp2/ #v bim/B2b rBi?  ;Bp2M Qmi+QK2 rb /2i2`KBM2/X AM 2tKBMBM; rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb- r2 2t+Hm/2/ i?2 KQbi `2+2Mi bim/v-b Bi +QmH/ MQi ?p2 #22M +Bi2/ rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`FX q2 HbQ 2tKBM2/ i?2 bim/v #v *bim/v-bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9) b2T`i2Hv- b r2 2tT2+i2/ Bi iQ `2+2Bp2 KMv +BiiBQMbX hQ /2i2`KBM2 r?2i?2`  Ub2H2+iBp2V 7Q+mb QM TQbBiBp2 }M/BM;b rb T`2b2Mi- r2 2tKBM2/ i?2 MmK#2` Q7 M2;iBp2 bim/B2b rBi?  M2;iBp2 #bi`+i Ubim/B2b rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mbV- T7Q+mbV-`iB7Q+mbV-HHv bmTTQ`iBp2 7Q+mbV-#bi`7Q+mbV-+i Ubim/B2b rBi? 7Q+mbV- T7Q+mbV-`iB7Q+mbV-HHv TQbBiBp2 7Q+mbV- Q` 7Q+mbV- TQbBiBp2 #bi`+i Ubim/B2b rBi?  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mbVX q2 i?2M 2tKBM2/ i?2 BKT+i Q7 7Q+mb QM +BiiBQM `i2b #v +H+mHiBM; i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 HH +BiiBQMb iQ M2;iBp2 bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ #v 2+? ivT2 Q7 M2;iBp2 bim/vX

qBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F- r2 HbQ 2tKBM2/ r?2i?2` TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b- M2;iBp2 bim/B2b rBi?Qmi TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb- M/ M2;iBp2 bim/B2b rBi?  UT`iBHHvV TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb b?Qr2/ /Bz2`2Mi +BiiBQM Tii2`Mb- i?i Bb- r?2i?2` TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b r2`2 KQ`2 HBF2Hv iQ +Bi2 Qi?2` TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b M/ M2;iBp2 bim/B2b KQ`2 HBF2Hv iQ +Bi2 Qi?2` M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX

q2 T2`7Q`K2/ b2p2`H b2MbBiBpBiv MHvb2bX 6B`bi- bBM+2 QH/2` bim/B2b ?p2 ?/ KQ`2 QTTQ`@ imMBiB2b iQ #2 +Bi2/- r2 `2@2tKBM2/ +BiiBQM `i2b #b2/ QM K2bm`2b iFBM; BMiQ ++QmMi Tm#HB+iBQM v2`X 6Q` rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb- i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 bm#b2[m2Mi bim/B2b +Bi@ BM;  ;Bp2M bim/v rb +H+mHi2/c 7Q` Qmi@Q7@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb- i?2 v2`Hv +BiiBQM `i2 rb +H+mHi2/X a2+QM/- b i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 +BiiBQMb Bb `B;?i@bF2r2/- r2 2tKBM2/ i?2 K2/BM MmK#2` Q7 +BiiBQMb iQ 2+? bim/v ivT2X h?B`/- r2 `2+Q/2/ i?2 Qmi+QK2 7Q` bim/B2b rBi? KmHiBTH2 `2H2pMi T@pHm2b #b2/ mTQM i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2X b Bi Bb Q7i2M mM+H2` r?i b?QmH/ #2 +QMbB/2`2/ i?2 T`BK`v Qmi+QK2- r2 mb2/ p2`;2 T@pHm2b BM Qm` KBM MHvbBbc ?Qr2p2`- BM bQK2 +b2b i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2 Kv ?p2 #22M bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? i?2 Qmi+QK2 +QMbB/2`2/ KQbi BKTQ`iMi #v i?2 mi?Q`b- r?B+? Bb r?v r2 T2`7Q`K2/ i?Bb b2MbBiBpBiv MHvbBbX

aBM+2 i?2 BM+Hm/2/ bim/B2b 7Q`K i?2 iQiH TQTmHiBQM Q7 bim/B2b QM i?2 2z2+i Q7 BMi2`2bi-r2 mb2/ /2b+`BTiBp2 MHvb2b `i?2` i?M biiBbiB+H i2bib (jR8)- r?B+? `2 /2bB;M2/ iQ ;2M2`HBx2 7`QK  bKTH2 iQ  ?vTQi?2iB+H H`;2` TQTmHiBQMX

3k

_2bmHib

*Q/BM; Q7 bim/B2b M/ #bi`+ib

q2 2t+Hm/2/ i2M Q7 i?2 3R bim/B2b BM a?`TH2v M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyR9V (jy8), 2B;?i bim/B2b r2`2 2t+Hm/2/ #2+mb2 i?2 Qmi+QK2 rb MQi /2T`2bbBQM@`2Hi2/- MQ bi`2bbQ` rb BM+Hm/2/-Q` i?2 2MiB`2 bKTH2 rb /2T`2bb2/c QM2 bim/v rb 2t+Hm/2/ #2+mb2 i?2 #bi`+i /B/ MQi `2TQ`i QM 8@>hhGS_c M/ QM2 bim/v rb 2t+Hm/2/ #2+mb2 i?2 #bi`+i /B/ MQi `2TQ`i QM i?2 /2T`2bbBQM Qmi+QK2X 6m`i?2`KQ`2- r2 BM+Hm/2/ irQ //BiBQMH bim/B2b i?i ?/ #22M 2t+Hm/2/ 7`QK i?2 K2i@MHvbBb #2+mb2 i?2 bKTH2 rb  bm#b2i Q7 i?Qb2 BM+Hm/2/ BM  Hi2` bim/vX

*QMb2[m2MiHv- r2 BM+Hm/2/ dj bim/B2b- Q7 r?B+? k9 bim/B2b r2`2 +Q/2/ b TQbBiBp2- j3 bim/B2b b M2;iBp2- M/ RR bim/B2b b mM+H2` BM i2`Kb Q7 Qmi+QK2X P7 i?2 RR mM+H2` bim/B2b- 7Qm` bim/B2b r2`2 +Q/2/ b mM+H2` #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 BM+HmbBQM Q7 i?`22@rv BMi2`+@ iBQMb BM i?2 KQ/2H U2X;X- rBi? bQ+BH bmTTQ`iV- r?BH2 MQi?2` bim/v rb +Q/2/ b mM+H2` #2+mb2 i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb BMi2`+iBQM rb QMHv i2bi2/ BM KH2b M/ 72KH2b b2T@ `i2HvX 6Qm` bim/B2b r2`2 +Q/2/ b mM+H2` #2+mb2 i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb BMi2`+iBQM rb MQi i2bi2/ U2X;X- QMHv i?2 KBM 2z2+i Q7 8@>hhGS_ BM i?2 /Bz2`2Mi bi`2bb ;`QmTb rb i2bi2/VX 6BMHHv- irQ bim/B2b r2`2 +Q/2/ b mM+H2` #2+mb2 r2 +QmH/ MQi /2i2`KBM2 r?2i?2` i?2 Up2`;2/V T@pHm2 rb IyXy8- b QM2 T@pHm2 rb ;Bp2M b dzMQM@bB;MB}+MiǴ r?BH2 MQi?2` rb IyXy8X

AMi2`@`i2` ;`22K2Mi rb KQ/2`i2 Uκ4yX9NVX Pm` ;`22K2Mi rBi? a?`TH2v M/ +QH@ H2;m2b UkyR9V (jy8) rb ;QQ/, rBi?BM i?2 bm#b2i Q7 bim/B2b BM+Hm/2/ BM #Qi? a?`TH2v M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyR9V M/ Qm` QrM TT2` M/ i?i r2 +Q/2/ b TQbBiBp2 Q` M2;iBp2 U`i?2` i?M mM+H2`V- i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b rb j3W Ukj Qmi Q7 eyV #v #Qi?

Qm` +Q/BM; M/ a?`TH2vǶb +Q/BM;c +Q/BM; rb B/2MiB+H 7Q` 89 Qmi Q7 ey UNyWV TT2`bX P7 i?2 dj bim/B2b- r2 +Q/2/ 9y #bi`+ib b TQbBiBp2- Re #bi`+ib b M2;iBp2- M/ Rd #bi`+ib b T`iBHHv bmTTQ`iBp2X AMi2`@`i2` ;`22K2Mi 7Q` #bi`+i +Q/BM; rb ;QQ/ Uκ4yXdRVX  7mHH i#H2 Q7 bim/B2b rBi? +?`+i2`BbiB+b M/ +Q/BM; Bb ;Bp2M BM h#H2 eXR BM

i?2 TT2M/BtX

*BiiBQMb #v bim/v Qmi+QK2

6B;m`2 eXR b?Qrb i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 +BiiBQMb iQ TQbBiBp2- M2;iBp2- M/ mM+H2` bim/B2b UQmi2` +B`+H2V +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 bim/B2b Q7 2+? ivT2 UBMM2` +B`+H2VX

h?2 iQiH MmK#2` Q7 +BiiBQMb rb 933 rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F M/ NRey QM q2# Q7 a+B2M+2X SQbBiBp2 bim/B2b- +QKT`BbBM; jjW Q7 HH bim/B2b- `2+2Bp2/ kje U93WV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +Bi@ iBQMb M/ eR3d Ue3WV q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMbX L2;iBp2 bim/B2b U8kW Q7 HH bim/B2bV `2+2Bp2/ ky8 U9kWV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ kRRj UkjWV q2# Q7 a+B2M+2

6

Qmi@Q7@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb- r2 HQQF2/ mT i?2 +BiiBQM +QmMib 7Q` 2+? bim/v QM q2# Q7 a+B@ 2M+2 U*Q`2 *QHH2+iBQM- P+iQ#2` kyR8VX hQ +`2i2 MQM@Qp2`HTTBM; Qmi+QK2b- r2 T`mM2/ i?2 rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb 7`QK i?2 q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMbX q?BH2 rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb `2T`2b2Mi +BiiBQMb #v Qi?2` 2tT2`ib rQ`FBM; rBi?BM i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb }2H/- q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMb HbQ BM+Hm/2 +BiiBQMb #v `2b2`+?2`b MQi /B`2+iHv BMpQHp2/ BM i?Bb `2X

MHvb2b

6Q` Qm` +BiiBQM MHvbBb- r2 }`bi +QKT`2/ i?2 +BiiBQMb `2+2Bp2/ #v bim/B2b rBi? TQbBiBp2-M2;iBp2 Q` mM+H2` Qmi+QK2b UB``2bT2+iBp2 Q7 #bi`+i +Q/BM;VX h?2 bmK Q7 +BiiBQMb rb +H+mHi2/ M/ i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 HH +BiiBQMb `2+2Bp2/ #v bim/B2b rBi?  ;Bp2M Qmi+QK2 rb /2i2`KBM2/X AM 2tKBMBM; rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb- r2 2t+Hm/2/ i?2 KQbi `2+2Mi bim/v-b Bi +QmH/ MQi ?p2 #22M +Bi2/ rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`FX q2 HbQ 2tKBM2/ i?2 bim/v #v *bim/v-bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9) b2T`i2Hv- b r2 2tT2+i2/ Bi iQ `2+2Bp2 KMv +BiiBQMbX hQ /2i2`KBM2 r?2i?2`  Ub2H2+iBp2V 7Q+mb QM TQbBiBp2 }M/BM;b rb T`2b2Mi- r2 2tKBM2/ i?2 MmK#2` Q7 M2;iBp2 bim/B2b rBi?  M2;iBp2 #bi`+i Ubim/B2b rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mbV- T7Q+mbV-`iB7Q+mbV-HHv bmTTQ`iBp2 7Q+mbV-#bi`7Q+mbV-+i Ubim/B2b rBi? 7Q+mbV- T7Q+mbV-`iB7Q+mbV-HHv TQbBiBp2 7Q+mbV- Q` 7Q+mbV- TQbBiBp2 #bi`+i Ubim/B2b rBi?  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mbVX q2 i?2M 2tKBM2/ i?2 BKT+i Q7 7Q+mb QM +BiiBQM `i2b #v +H+mHiBM; i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 HH +BiiBQMb iQ M2;iBp2 bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ #v 2+? ivT2 Q7 M2;iBp2 bim/vX

qBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F- r2 HbQ 2tKBM2/ r?2i?2` TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b- M2;iBp2 bim/B2b rBi?Qmi TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb- M/ M2;iBp2 bim/B2b rBi?  UT`iBHHvV TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb b?Qr2/ /Bz2`2Mi +BiiBQM Tii2`Mb- i?i Bb- r?2i?2` TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b r2`2 KQ`2 HBF2Hv iQ +Bi2 Qi?2` TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b M/ M2;iBp2 bim/B2b KQ`2 HBF2Hv iQ +Bi2 Qi?2` M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX

q2 T2`7Q`K2/ b2p2`H b2MbBiBpBiv MHvb2bX 6B`bi- bBM+2 QH/2` bim/B2b ?p2 ?/ KQ`2 QTTQ`@ imMBiB2b iQ #2 +Bi2/- r2 `2@2tKBM2/ +BiiBQM `i2b #b2/ QM K2bm`2b iFBM; BMiQ ++QmMi Tm#HB+iBQM v2`X 6Q` rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb- i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 bm#b2[m2Mi bim/B2b +Bi@ BM;  ;Bp2M bim/v rb +H+mHi2/c 7Q` Qmi@Q7@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb- i?2 v2`Hv +BiiBQM `i2 rb +H+mHi2/X a2+QM/- b i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 +BiiBQMb Bb `B;?i@bF2r2/- r2 2tKBM2/ i?2 K2/BM MmK#2` Q7 +BiiBQMb iQ 2+? bim/v ivT2X h?B`/- r2 `2+Q/2/ i?2 Qmi+QK2 7Q` bim/B2b rBi? KmHiBTH2 `2H2pMi T@pHm2b #b2/ mTQM i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2X b Bi Bb Q7i2M mM+H2` r?i b?QmH/ #2 +QMbB/2`2/ i?2 T`BK`v Qmi+QK2- r2 mb2/ p2`;2 T@pHm2b BM Qm` KBM MHvbBbc ?Qr2p2`- BM bQK2 +b2b i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2 Kv ?p2 #22M bbQ+Bi2/ rBi? i?2 Qmi+QK2 +QMbB/2`2/ KQbi BKTQ`iMi #v i?2 mi?Q`b- r?B+? Bb r?v r2 T2`7Q`K2/ i?Bb b2MbBiBpBiv MHvbBbX

aBM+2 i?2 BM+Hm/2/ bim/B2b 7Q`K i?2 iQiH TQTmHiBQM Q7 bim/B2b QM i?2 2z2+i Q7 BMi2`2bi-r2 mb2/ /2b+`BTiBp2 MHvb2b `i?2` i?M biiBbiB+H i2bib (jR8)- r?B+? `2 /2bB;M2/ iQ ;2M2`HBx2 7`QK  bKTH2 iQ  ?vTQi?2iB+H H`;2` TQTmHiBQMX

3k

_2bmHib

*Q/BM; Q7 bim/B2b M/ #bi`+ib

q2 2t+Hm/2/ i2M Q7 i?2 3R bim/B2b BM a?`TH2v M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyR9V (jy8), 2B;?i bim/B2b r2`2 2t+Hm/2/ #2+mb2 i?2 Qmi+QK2 rb MQi /2T`2bbBQM@`2Hi2/- MQ bi`2bbQ` rb BM+Hm/2/-Q` i?2 2MiB`2 bKTH2 rb /2T`2bb2/c QM2 bim/v rb 2t+Hm/2/ #2+mb2 i?2 #bi`+i /B/ MQi `2TQ`i QM 8@>hhGS_c M/ QM2 bim/v rb 2t+Hm/2/ #2+mb2 i?2 #bi`+i /B/ MQi `2TQ`i QM i?2 /2T`2bbBQM Qmi+QK2X 6m`i?2`KQ`2- r2 BM+Hm/2/ irQ //BiBQMH bim/B2b i?i ?/ #22M 2t+Hm/2/ 7`QK i?2 K2i@MHvbBb #2+mb2 i?2 bKTH2 rb  bm#b2i Q7 i?Qb2 BM+Hm/2/ BM  Hi2` bim/vX

*QMb2[m2MiHv- r2 BM+Hm/2/ dj bim/B2b- Q7 r?B+? k9 bim/B2b r2`2 +Q/2/ b TQbBiBp2- j3 bim/B2b b M2;iBp2- M/ RR bim/B2b b mM+H2` BM i2`Kb Q7 Qmi+QK2X P7 i?2 RR mM+H2` bim/B2b- 7Qm` bim/B2b r2`2 +Q/2/ b mM+H2` #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 BM+HmbBQM Q7 i?`22@rv BMi2`+@ iBQMb BM i?2 KQ/2H U2X;X- rBi? bQ+BH bmTTQ`iV- r?BH2 MQi?2` bim/v rb +Q/2/ b mM+H2` #2+mb2 i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb BMi2`+iBQM rb QMHv i2bi2/ BM KH2b M/ 72KH2b b2T@ `i2HvX 6Qm` bim/B2b r2`2 +Q/2/ b mM+H2` #2+mb2 i?2 8@>hhGS_ t bi`2bb BMi2`+iBQM rb MQi i2bi2/ U2X;X- QMHv i?2 KBM 2z2+i Q7 8@>hhGS_ BM i?2 /Bz2`2Mi bi`2bb ;`QmTb rb i2bi2/VX 6BMHHv- irQ bim/B2b r2`2 +Q/2/ b mM+H2` #2+mb2 r2 +QmH/ MQi /2i2`KBM2 r?2i?2` i?2 Up2`;2/V T@pHm2 rb IyXy8- b QM2 T@pHm2 rb ;Bp2M b dzMQM@bB;MB}+MiǴ r?BH2 MQi?2` rb IyXy8X

AMi2`@`i2` ;`22K2Mi rb KQ/2`i2 Uκ4yX9NVX Pm` ;`22K2Mi rBi? a?`TH2v M/ +QH@ H2;m2b UkyR9V (jy8) rb ;QQ/, rBi?BM i?2 bm#b2i Q7 bim/B2b BM+Hm/2/ BM #Qi? a?`TH2v M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyR9V M/ Qm` QrM TT2` M/ i?i r2 +Q/2/ b TQbBiBp2 Q` M2;iBp2 U`i?2` i?M mM+H2`V- i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b rb j3W Ukj Qmi Q7 eyV #v #Qi? Qm` +Q/BM; M/ a?`TH2vǶb +Q/BM;c +Q/BM; rb B/2MiB+H 7Q` 89 Qmi Q7 ey UNyWV TT2`bX P7 i?2 dj bim/B2b- r2 +Q/2/ 9y #bi`+ib b TQbBiBp2- Re #bi`+ib b M2;iBp2- M/ Rd #bi`+ib b T`iBHHv bmTTQ`iBp2X AMi2`@`i2` ;`22K2Mi 7Q` #bi`+i +Q/BM; rb ;QQ/ Uκ4yXdRVX  7mHH i#H2 Q7 bim/B2b rBi? +?`+i2`BbiB+b M/ +Q/BM; Bb ;Bp2M BM h#H2 eXR BM i?2 TT2M/BtX

*BiiBQMb #v bim/v Qmi+QK2

6B;m`2 eXR b?Qrb i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 +BiiBQMb iQ TQbBiBp2- M2;iBp2- M/ mM+H2` bim/B2b UQmi2` +B`+H2V +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 bim/B2b Q7 2+? ivT2 UBMM2` +B`+H2VX

h?2 iQiH MmK#2` Q7 +BiiBQMb rb 933 rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F M/ NRey QM q2# Q7 a+B2M+2X SQbBiBp2 bim/B2b- +QKT`BbBM; jjW Q7 HH bim/B2b- `2+2Bp2/ kje U93WV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +Bi@ iBQMb M/ eR3d Ue3WV q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMbX L2;iBp2 bim/B2b U8kW Q7 HH bim/B2bV `2+2Bp2/ ky8 U9kWV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ kRRj UkjWV q2# Q7 a+B2M+2

r?BH2 mM+H2` bim/B2b UR8W Q7 HH bim/B2bV `2+2Bp2/ 9d URyWV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ 3ey UNWV q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMbX h?2 bim/v #v *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9) `2@ +2Bp2/  H`;2 b?`2 Q7 i?2 +BiiBQMb iQ TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b- T`iB+mH`Hv BM q2# Q7 a+B2M+2X >Qr2p2`- 2p2M 7i2` 2t+HmbBQM Q7 i?Bb bim/v- TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b biBHH `2+2Bp2/ 9yW Q7 rBi?BM@ M2irQ`F M/ 98W Q7 q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMb- b +QKT`2/ iQ 93W M/ jNW- `2bT2+iBp2Hv-7Q` M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX

PM p2`;2- M2;iBp2 bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ 8X8 UbiM/`/ /2pBiBQM Ua.V4NXjV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb- r?BH2 mM+H2` bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ 9Xj Ua.4eXkV M/ TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ NX3 Ua.4R9XeVX SQbBiBp2 bim/B2b Qi?2` i?M *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9) `2+2Bp2/ dX9 Ua.43XNV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb QM p2`;2X 6Q` q2# Q7 a+B2M+2- M2;iBp2 bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/- QM p2`;2- 88Xe Ua.4dkXjV +BiiBQMb- r?BH2 mM+H2` bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ d3Xk Ua.4eRXeV M/ TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ k8dX3 Ua.4de8X8V +BiiBQMbX SQbBiBp2 bim/B2b Qi?2` i?M *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV `2+2Bp2/ RyjX3 Ua.4RjkX9V +BiiBQMb QM p2`;2X

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0 25 50 75 100 Percentage Unclear Negative Positive Caspi

6B;m`2 eXR, S2`+2Mi;2 Q7 bim/B2b Q7 2+? ivT2 Ui?2 bim/v #v *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b

UkyyjV-Qi?2` TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b- M2;iBp2 bim/B2b- M/ mM+H2` bim/B2bV M/ i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 +BiiBQMb `2+2Bp2/ #v 2+? ivT2 Q7 bim/v 7Q` rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMbX

S`2b2M+2 Q7 TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb BM #bi`+ib

6B;m`2 eXk /2TB+ib i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb rBi?BM i?2 b2i Q7 bim/B2bX P7 i?2 k9 TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b- kR U33WV #bi`+ib r2`2 TQbBiBp2 M/ j URjWV #bi`+ib r2`2 T`iBHHv bmT@ TQ`iBp2X h?2b2 T`iBHHv bmTTQ`iBp2 #bi`+ib 7Q+mb2/ QM ;2M/2` /Bz2`2M+2b Uk #bi`+ibV Q` QM  i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQM UR #bi`+iVX P7 i?2 RR mM+H2` bim/B2b- 8 U98WV #bi`+ib r2`2 T`iBHHv bmTTQ`iBp2 M/ e U88WV #bi`+ib r2`2 TQbBiBp2X P7 i?2 j3 M2;iBp2 bim/B2b-Re U9kWV #bi`+ib r2`2 M2;iBp2- N Uk9WV #bi`+ib r2`2 T`iBHHv bmTTQ`iBp2- M/ Rj Uj9WV #bi`+ib r2`2 TQbBiBp2X h?mb- kk Qmi Q7 j3 U83WV M2;iBp2 bim/B2b ?/  UT`iBHHvV TQbBiBp2 7Q+mbX 39 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Negative Unclear Positive

Outcome

Number of studies

Positive abstract Partially supportive abstract Negative abstract

6B;m`2 eXk, #bi`+i +Q/BM; #v bim/v Qmi+QK2X h?2 +i2;Q`B2b QM i?2 t@tBb `2T`2b2Mi i?2

Qmi+QK2 Q7 i?2 bim/v- r?BH2 i?2 /Bz2`2Mi b2+iBQMb Q7 i?2 #`b BM/B+i2 i?2 #bi`+i +Q/BM;X

1z2+i Q7 7Q+mb QM +BiiBQM

6B;m`2 eXj b?Qrb i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 +BiiBQMb UQmi2` +B`+H2V #v T`2b2M+2 Q7  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb UBMM2` +B`+H2V BM M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX aim/B2b rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb- r?B+? +QKT`Bb2/ 9kW Q7 HH M2;iBp2 bim/B2b- `2+2Bp2/ Nd U9dWV Qmi Q7 ky8 rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ edN UjkWV Qmi Q7 kRRj q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMb iQ M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX aim/B2b rBi?  T`iBHHv TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb Uk9W Q7 HH bim/B2bV `2+2Bp2/ k3 UR9WV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ jee URdWV q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMb- r?BH2 bim/B2b rBi?  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb Uj9W Q7 HH bim/B2bV

`2+2Bp2/ 3y UjNWV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ Rye3 U8RWV q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMbX PM p2`;2-  M2;iBp2 bim/v rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb `2+2Bp2/ eXR Ua.4NX8V +BiiBQMb rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F- r?BH2  bim/v rBi?  T`iBHHv TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb `2+2Bp2/ jXR Ua.48XNV +BiiBQMb M/  bim/v rBi?  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb `2+2Bp2/ eXd Ua.4RRXjV +BiiBQMbX 6Q` q2# Q7 a+B2M+2-  bim/v rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb `2+2Bp2/ 9kX9 Ua.499X3V +BiiBQMb QM p2`;2-r?BH2  bim/v rBi?  T`iBHHv TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb `2+2Bp2/ 9yXd Ua.49yX8V +BiiBQMb M/  bim/v rBi?  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb `2+2Bp2/ 3kXk Ua.4RyeXeV +BiiBQMbX

*BiiBQM Tii2`Mb #v bim/v +i2;Q`v

qBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F- #Qi? TQbBiBp2 M/ M2;iBp2 bim/B2b b?Qr2/ T`272`2MiBH +BiiBQM Q7 TQbBiBp2 bim/B2bX Hi?Qm;? QMHv jjW Q7 HH bim/B2b r2`2 TQbBiBp2- 88W Q7 +BiiBQMb K/2 #v TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b r2`2 iQ Qi?2` TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b- b r2`2 98W Q7 +BiiBQMb K/2 #v M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX PMHv M2;iBp2 bim/B2b rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb UkkW Q7 HH bim/B2bV //BiBQMHHv b?Qr2/ BM+`2b2/ +BiiBQM Q7 Qi?2` M2;iBp2 bim/B2b rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb- HHQ+iBM; jyW Q7 +BiiBQMb iQ i?2b2 bim/B2bX

6

r?BH2 mM+H2` bim/B2b UR8W Q7 HH bim/B2bV `2+2Bp2/ 9d URyWV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ 3ey UNWV q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMbX h?2 bim/v #v *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9) `2@ +2Bp2/  H`;2 b?`2 Q7 i?2 +BiiBQMb iQ TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b- T`iB+mH`Hv BM q2# Q7 a+B2M+2X >Qr2p2`- 2p2M 7i2` 2t+HmbBQM Q7 i?Bb bim/v- TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b biBHH `2+2Bp2/ 9yW Q7 rBi?BM@ M2irQ`F M/ 98W Q7 q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMb- b +QKT`2/ iQ 93W M/ jNW- `2bT2+iBp2Hv-7Q` M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX

PM p2`;2- M2;iBp2 bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ 8X8 UbiM/`/ /2pBiBQM Ua.V4NXjV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb- r?BH2 mM+H2` bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ 9Xj Ua.4eXkV M/ TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ NX3 Ua.4R9XeVX SQbBiBp2 bim/B2b Qi?2` i?M *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9) `2+2Bp2/ dX9 Ua.43XNV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb QM p2`;2X 6Q` q2# Q7 a+B2M+2- M2;iBp2 bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/- QM p2`;2- 88Xe Ua.4dkXjV +BiiBQMb- r?BH2 mM+H2` bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ d3Xk Ua.4eRXeV M/ TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ k8dX3 Ua.4de8X8V +BiiBQMbX SQbBiBp2 bim/B2b Qi?2` i?M *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV `2+2Bp2/ RyjX3 Ua.4RjkX9V +BiiBQMb QM p2`;2X

Within−network Web of Science

Studies Citations Studies Citations

0 25 50 75 100 Percentage Unclear Negative Positive Caspi

6B;m`2 eXR, S2`+2Mi;2 Q7 bim/B2b Q7 2+? ivT2 Ui?2 bim/v #v *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b

UkyyjV-Qi?2` TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b- M2;iBp2 bim/B2b- M/ mM+H2` bim/B2bV M/ i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 +BiiBQMb `2+2Bp2/ #v 2+? ivT2 Q7 bim/v 7Q` rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMbX

S`2b2M+2 Q7 TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb BM #bi`+ib

6B;m`2 eXk /2TB+ib i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb rBi?BM i?2 b2i Q7 bim/B2bX P7 i?2 k9 TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b- kR U33WV #bi`+ib r2`2 TQbBiBp2 M/ j URjWV #bi`+ib r2`2 T`iBHHv bmT@ TQ`iBp2X h?2b2 T`iBHHv bmTTQ`iBp2 #bi`+ib 7Q+mb2/ QM ;2M/2` /Bz2`2M+2b Uk #bi`+ibV Q` QM  i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQM UR #bi`+iVX P7 i?2 RR mM+H2` bim/B2b- 8 U98WV #bi`+ib r2`2 T`iBHHv bmTTQ`iBp2 M/ e U88WV #bi`+ib r2`2 TQbBiBp2X P7 i?2 j3 M2;iBp2 bim/B2b-Re U9kWV #bi`+ib r2`2 M2;iBp2- N Uk9WV #bi`+ib r2`2 T`iBHHv bmTTQ`iBp2- M/ Rj Uj9WV #bi`+ib r2`2 TQbBiBp2X h?mb- kk Qmi Q7 j3 U83WV M2;iBp2 bim/B2b ?/  UT`iBHHvV TQbBiBp2 7Q+mbX 39 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Negative Unclear Positive

Outcome

Number of studies

Positive abstract Partially supportive abstract Negative abstract

6B;m`2 eXk, #bi`+i +Q/BM; #v bim/v Qmi+QK2X h?2 +i2;Q`B2b QM i?2 t@tBb `2T`2b2Mi i?2

Qmi+QK2 Q7 i?2 bim/v- r?BH2 i?2 /Bz2`2Mi b2+iBQMb Q7 i?2 #`b BM/B+i2 i?2 #bi`+i +Q/BM;X

1z2+i Q7 7Q+mb QM +BiiBQM

6B;m`2 eXj b?Qrb i?2 /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 +BiiBQMb UQmi2` +B`+H2V #v T`2b2M+2 Q7  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb UBMM2` +B`+H2V BM M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX aim/B2b rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb- r?B+? +QKT`Bb2/ 9kW Q7 HH M2;iBp2 bim/B2b- `2+2Bp2/ Nd U9dWV Qmi Q7 ky8 rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ edN UjkWV Qmi Q7 kRRj q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMb iQ M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX aim/B2b rBi?  T`iBHHv TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb Uk9W Q7 HH bim/B2bV `2+2Bp2/ k3 UR9WV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ jee URdWV q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMb- r?BH2 bim/B2b rBi?  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb Uj9W Q7 HH bim/B2bV `2+2Bp2/ 3y UjNWV rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ Rye3 U8RWV q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMbX PM p2`;2-  M2;iBp2 bim/v rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb `2+2Bp2/ eXR Ua.4NX8V +BiiBQMb rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F- r?BH2  bim/v rBi?  T`iBHHv TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb `2+2Bp2/ jXR Ua.48XNV +BiiBQMb M/  bim/v rBi?  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb `2+2Bp2/ eXd Ua.4RRXjV +BiiBQMbX 6Q` q2# Q7 a+B2M+2-  bim/v rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb `2+2Bp2/ 9kX9 Ua.499X3V +BiiBQMb QM p2`;2-r?BH2  bim/v rBi?  T`iBHHv TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb `2+2Bp2/ 9yXd Ua.49yX8V +BiiBQMb M/  bim/v rBi?  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb `2+2Bp2/ 3kXk Ua.4RyeXeV +BiiBQMbX

*BiiBQM Tii2`Mb #v bim/v +i2;Q`v

qBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F- #Qi? TQbBiBp2 M/ M2;iBp2 bim/B2b b?Qr2/ T`272`2MiBH +BiiBQM Q7 TQbBiBp2 bim/B2bX Hi?Qm;? QMHv jjW Q7 HH bim/B2b r2`2 TQbBiBp2- 88W Q7 +BiiBQMb K/2 #v TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b r2`2 iQ Qi?2` TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b- b r2`2 98W Q7 +BiiBQMb K/2 #v M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX PMHv M2;iBp2 bim/B2b rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb UkkW Q7 HH bim/B2bV //BiBQMHHv b?Qr2/ BM+`2b2/ +BiiBQM Q7 Qi?2` M2;iBp2 bim/B2b rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb- HHQ+iBM; jyW Q7 +BiiBQMb iQ i?2b2 bim/B2bX

Within−network Web of Science

Studies Citations Studies Citations

0 25 50 75 100 Percentage No positive focus Partially positive focus Positive focus

6B;m`2 eXj, S2`+2Mi;2 Q7 bim/B2b Q7 2+? ivT2 UTQbBiBp2 T`iBHHv TQbBiBp2

7Q+mb-M/ MQ TQbBiBp2 7Q+mbV 7Q+mb-M/ i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 +BiiBQMb `2+2Bp2/ #v 2+? ivT2 Q7 bim/v 7Q` rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMbX

a2MbBiBpBiv MHvb2b

MHvb2b 2tKBMBM; i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 bm#b2[m2Mi bim/B2b +BiBM;  bim/v UrBi?BM@M2irQ`FV-i?2 v2`Hv q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQM `i2- Q` UrBi?BM@M2irQ`FV-i?2 K2/BM MmK#2` Q7 +BiiBQMb U`UrBi?BM@M2irQ`FV-i?2` i?M i?2 K2MV vB2H/2/ bBKBH` `2bmHib b Qm` KBM MHvb2b U/i MQi b?QrMVX

q?2M r2 `2+Q/2/ bim/B2b #b2/ mTQM i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2 `i?2` i?M i?2 p2`;2 T@pHm2-Ry M2;iBp2 bim/B2b M/ k mM+H2` bim/B2b #2+K2 TQbBiBp2X P7 i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2b 7`QK i?2b2 Rk bim/B2b- k r2`2 #2ir22M yXy9 M/ yXy8- 8 r2`2 #2ir22M yXyR M/ yXy8- 9 r2`2 H2bb i?M yXyR- M/ R rb QMHv ;Bp2M b IyXy8X 7i2` `2+Q/BM;- je bim/B2b r2`2 TQbBiBp2-k3 bim/B2b r2`2 M2;iBp2- M/ N bim/B2b r2`2 mM+H2`X h?2 T`2pH2M+2 Q7  UT`iBHHvV TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb BM i?2 `2KBMBM; M2;iBp2 bim/B2b /2+`2b2/ 7`QK 83W iQ 9jW URk Qmi Q7 k3VX _2+Q/BM; /B/ MQi K`F2/Hv z2+i +BiiBQM Tii2`Mb U/i MQi b?QrMVX

.Bb+mbbBQM

S`BM+BTH }M/BM;b

q2 2tKBM2/ +BiiBQM Tii2`Mb rBi?BM i?2 HBi2`im`2 QM 8@>hhGS_- HB72 bi`2bb- M/ /2@ T`2bbBQMX AM HBM2 rBi? T`2pBQmb `2b2`+? (98- jRj)- r2 7QmM/ i?i TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ KQ`2 +BiiBQMb i?M M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX h?Bb 2z2+i rb T`2b2Mi #Qi? rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F Q7 T`BK`v bim/B2b M/ rBi?BM i?2 #`Q/2` HBi2`im`2 Ub `2T`2b2Mi2/ #v q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +Bi@ iBQMbV- #mi Bi rb KQ`2 T`QMQmM+2/ rBi?BM i?2 #`Q/2` HBi2`im`2X h?Bb KQ`2 T`QMQmM+2/

3e

/Bz2`2M+2 TT2`2/ iQ #2 H`;2Hv /`Bp2M #v i?2 bim/v Q7 *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9)-r?B+? rb +Bi2/ 2bT2+BHHv 7`2[m2MiHv- BHHmbi`iBM; ?Qr bm+?  T`2KB2` }M/BM; Kv +QM@ iBMm2 iQ 2t2`i +QMbB/2`#H2 BM~m2M+2 2p2M b Qi?2` bim/B2b ++mKmHi2X 1t+Hm/BM; i?Bb bim/v `2/m+2/- #mi /B/ MQi 2HBKBMi2- +BiiBQM /Bz2`2M+2b #2ir22M TQbBiBp2 M/ M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX

6m`i?2`KQ`2- r2 7QmM/ i?i  UT`iBHHvV TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb rb T`2b2Mi BM i?2 #bi`+i Q7 Qp2` ?H7 Q7 i?2 M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX *QMb2[m2MiHv- Hi?Qm;? i?2 KDQ`Biv Q7 bim/B2b U8kWV r2`2 M2;iBp2- i?2b2 TT2`2/ iQ 7Q`K  7B`Hv bKHH KBMQ`Biv UkkWV- Dm/;BM; #v i?2 #bi`+ibX  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb /B/ MQi z2+i +BiiBQM `i2b rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F- #mi Bi BM+`2b2/ +BiiBQM `i2b rBi?BM i?2 #`Q/2` HBi2`im`2X

h?Bb bm;;2bib i?i mi?Q`b Q7 Qi?2` T`BK`v bim/B2b `2 MQi z2+i2/ #v  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb BM #bi`+ibX >Qr2p2`- mTQM 2tKBMBM; rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb iQ M2;iBp2 bim/B2b-r2 7QmM/ i?i bim/B2b rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb bim/B2b-r2`2 Qp2`r?2HKBM;Hv +Bi2/ b M2;iBp2 UN8WV- r?BH2 bim/B2b rBi?  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb r2`2 mbmHHv +Bi2/ b TQbBiBp2 U8eWV Q` T`iBHHv bmTTQ`iBp2 Uj3WV- M/ QMHv ``2Hv b M2;iBp2 UeWVX h?mb- i?2 TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb rb biBHH T`QT;i2/ i?`Qm;? i?2b2 +BiiBQMbX aim/B2b rBi?  T`iBHHv TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb r2`2 +imHHv +Bi2/ H2bb 7`2[m2MiHv i?M bim/B2b rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb- T`iB+mH`Hv rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`FX h?Bb Kv #2 #2+mb2 i?2b2 bim/B2b- r?B+? Q7i2M 7Q+mb2/ QM i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQMb- TT2` H2bb `2H2pMi iQ i?2 mi?Q`b Q7 T`BK`v bim/B2b QM i?2 irQ@rv BMi2`+iBQM Bib2H7X

Pm` `2bmHib `2b2K#H2 i?Qb2 7QmM/ T`2pBQmbHv 7Q` i?2 HBi2`im`2 QM 8@>hhGS_ M/ Kv;@ /H +iBpiBQM (jR8)- Hi?Qm;? +BiiBQM #Bb iQr`/ TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b M/ BM T`iB+mH` TQbBiBp2 #bi`+ib rb KQ`2 T`QMQmM+2/ BM i?2 Kv;/H +iBpiBQM HBi2`im`2X h?Bb /B7@ 72`2M+2 Kv #2 /m2 iQ i?2 +QMi`Qp2`bv bm``QmM/BM; ;2M2@2MpB`QMK2Mi BMi2`+iBQMb, #Qi? QTTQM2Mib M/ T`QTQM2Mib Kv #2 KQ`2 HBF2Hv iQ +Bi2 M2;iBp2 bim/B2b r?2M i?2`2 Bb +QMi`Qp2`bv- i?2 7Q`K2` iQ +bi /Qm#i mTQM i?2 pHm2 Q7 ;2M2@2MpB`QMK2Mi `2b2`+?- i?2 Hii2` iQ TQBMi Qmi TQi2MiBH ~rb BM i?2b2 M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX >Qr2p2`- r?2M r2 2tKBM2/ 2`Hv +BiiBQMb UT`BQ` iQ kyRyV M/ Hi2 +BiiBQMb b2T`i2Hv- i?2`2 rb HBiiH2 2pB/2M+2 i?i +BiiBQM #Bb iQr`/ TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b ?b +?M;2/ bBM+2 i?2 Tm#HB+iBQM Q7 +`BiB+H K2i@ MHvb2b BM kyyN (jyd- jy3)- Hi?Qm;? i?2`2 /B/ b22K iQ #2  /2+`2b2 BM +BiiBQM #Bb iQr`/ M2;iBp2 bim/B2b rBi?  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mbX

AM i?Bb bim/v- r2 2ti2M/2/ i?2 +QM+2Ti Q7 bTBM- r?B+? Q`B;BMi2/ rBi?BM i?2 +HBMB+H i`BH HBi2`im`2- iQ Q#b2`piBQMH bim/B2bX :Bp2M i?2 /Bz2`2M+2b #2ir22M Q#b2`piBQMH bim/B2b M/ +HBMB+H r2 mb2 i?2 i2`K dzTQbBiBp2 7Q+mbǴ BMbi2/ Q7 bTBMX lMHBF2 +HBMB+H i`BHb-r?B+? `2 mbmHHv M``QrHv 7Q+mb2/ QM i?2 2{++v Q7 M BMi2`p2MiBQM- Q#b2`piBQMH bim/B2b i2M/ iQ ?p2 KQ`2 rB/2@`M;BM; iQTB+b M/ Q7i2M H+F  +H2`Hv /2}M2/-  T`BQ`B T`BK`v Qmi+QK2X

AM i?Bb bim/v- r2 bT2+B}+HHv 2tKBM2/ r?2i?2` #bi`+ib bm;;2bi2/ i?i i?2 `2bmHib bmT@ TQ`i2/ i?2 8@>hhGS_- HB72 bi`2bb- M/ /2T`2bbBQM ?vTQi?2bBb- Hi?Qm;? bQK2 bim/B2b ?/ Qi?2` UT`BK`vV ?vTQi?2b2b U2X;X- i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQMbVX >Qr2p2`- HH bim/B2b r2`2

6

Within−network Web of Science

Studies Citations Studies Citations

0 25 50 75 100 Percentage No positive focus Partially positive focus Positive focus

6B;m`2 eXj, S2`+2Mi;2 Q7 bim/B2b Q7 2+? ivT2 UTQbBiBp2 T`iBHHv TQbBiBp2

7Q+mb-M/ MQ TQbBiBp2 7Q+mbV 7Q+mb-M/ i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 +BiiBQMb `2+2Bp2/ #v 2+? ivT2 Q7 bim/v 7Q` rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb M/ q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQMbX

a2MbBiBpBiv MHvb2b

MHvb2b 2tKBMBM; i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 bm#b2[m2Mi bim/B2b +BiBM;  bim/v UrBi?BM@M2irQ`FV-i?2 v2`Hv q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +BiiBQM `i2- Q` UrBi?BM@M2irQ`FV-i?2 K2/BM MmK#2` Q7 +BiiBQMb U`UrBi?BM@M2irQ`FV-i?2` i?M i?2 K2MV vB2H/2/ bBKBH` `2bmHib b Qm` KBM MHvb2b U/i MQi b?QrMVX

q?2M r2 `2+Q/2/ bim/B2b #b2/ mTQM i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2 `i?2` i?M i?2 p2`;2 T@pHm2-Ry M2;iBp2 bim/B2b M/ k mM+H2` bim/B2b #2+K2 TQbBiBp2X P7 i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2b 7`QK i?2b2 Rk bim/B2b- k r2`2 #2ir22M yXy9 M/ yXy8- 8 r2`2 #2ir22M yXyR M/ yXy8- 9 r2`2 H2bb i?M yXyR- M/ R rb QMHv ;Bp2M b IyXy8X 7i2` `2+Q/BM;- je bim/B2b r2`2 TQbBiBp2-k3 bim/B2b r2`2 M2;iBp2- M/ N bim/B2b r2`2 mM+H2`X h?2 T`2pH2M+2 Q7  UT`iBHHvV TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb BM i?2 `2KBMBM; M2;iBp2 bim/B2b /2+`2b2/ 7`QK 83W iQ 9jW URk Qmi Q7 k3VX _2+Q/BM; /B/ MQi K`F2/Hv z2+i +BiiBQM Tii2`Mb U/i MQi b?QrMVX

.Bb+mbbBQM

S`BM+BTH }M/BM;b

q2 2tKBM2/ +BiiBQM Tii2`Mb rBi?BM i?2 HBi2`im`2 QM 8@>hhGS_- HB72 bi`2bb- M/ /2@ T`2bbBQMX AM HBM2 rBi? T`2pBQmb `2b2`+? (98- jRj)- r2 7QmM/ i?i TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b `2+2Bp2/ KQ`2 +BiiBQMb i?M M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX h?Bb 2z2+i rb T`2b2Mi #Qi? rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F Q7 T`BK`v bim/B2b M/ rBi?BM i?2 #`Q/2` HBi2`im`2 Ub `2T`2b2Mi2/ #v q2# Q7 a+B2M+2 +Bi@ iBQMbV- #mi Bi rb KQ`2 T`QMQmM+2/ rBi?BM i?2 #`Q/2` HBi2`im`2X h?Bb KQ`2 T`QMQmM+2/

3e

/Bz2`2M+2 TT2`2/ iQ #2 H`;2Hv /`Bp2M #v i?2 bim/v Q7 *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9)-r?B+? rb +Bi2/ 2bT2+BHHv 7`2[m2MiHv- BHHmbi`iBM; ?Qr bm+?  T`2KB2` }M/BM; Kv +QM@ iBMm2 iQ 2t2`i +QMbB/2`#H2 BM~m2M+2 2p2M b Qi?2` bim/B2b ++mKmHi2X 1t+Hm/BM; i?Bb bim/v `2/m+2/- #mi /B/ MQi 2HBKBMi2- +BiiBQM /Bz2`2M+2b #2ir22M TQbBiBp2 M/ M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX

6m`i?2`KQ`2- r2 7QmM/ i?i  UT`iBHHvV TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb rb T`2b2Mi BM i?2 #bi`+i Q7 Qp2` ?H7 Q7 i?2 M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX *QMb2[m2MiHv- Hi?Qm;? i?2 KDQ`Biv Q7 bim/B2b U8kWV r2`2 M2;iBp2- i?2b2 TT2`2/ iQ 7Q`K  7B`Hv bKHH KBMQ`Biv UkkWV- Dm/;BM; #v i?2 #bi`+ibX  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb /B/ MQi z2+i +BiiBQM `i2b rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F- #mi Bi BM+`2b2/ +BiiBQM `i2b rBi?BM i?2 #`Q/2` HBi2`im`2X

h?Bb bm;;2bib i?i mi?Q`b Q7 Qi?2` T`BK`v bim/B2b `2 MQi z2+i2/ #v  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb BM #bi`+ibX >Qr2p2`- mTQM 2tKBMBM; rBi?BM@M2irQ`F +BiiBQMb iQ M2;iBp2 bim/B2b-r2 7QmM/ i?i bim/B2b rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb bim/B2b-r2`2 Qp2`r?2HKBM;Hv +Bi2/ b M2;iBp2 UN8WV- r?BH2 bim/B2b rBi?  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb r2`2 mbmHHv +Bi2/ b TQbBiBp2 U8eWV Q` T`iBHHv bmTTQ`iBp2 Uj3WV- M/ QMHv ``2Hv b M2;iBp2 UeWVX h?mb- i?2 TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb rb biBHH T`QT;i2/ i?`Qm;? i?2b2 +BiiBQMbX aim/B2b rBi?  T`iBHHv TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb r2`2 +imHHv +Bi2/ H2bb 7`2[m2MiHv i?M bim/B2b rBi?Qmi  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb- T`iB+mH`Hv rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`FX h?Bb Kv #2 #2+mb2 i?2b2 bim/B2b- r?B+? Q7i2M 7Q+mb2/ QM i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQMb- TT2` H2bb `2H2pMi iQ i?2 mi?Q`b Q7 T`BK`v bim/B2b QM i?2 irQ@rv BMi2`+iBQM Bib2H7X

Pm` `2bmHib `2b2K#H2 i?Qb2 7QmM/ T`2pBQmbHv 7Q` i?2 HBi2`im`2 QM 8@>hhGS_ M/ Kv;@ /H +iBpiBQM (jR8)- Hi?Qm;? +BiiBQM #Bb iQr`/ TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b M/ BM T`iB+mH` TQbBiBp2 #bi`+ib rb KQ`2 T`QMQmM+2/ BM i?2 Kv;/H +iBpiBQM HBi2`im`2X h?Bb /B7@ 72`2M+2 Kv #2 /m2 iQ i?2 +QMi`Qp2`bv bm``QmM/BM; ;2M2@2MpB`QMK2Mi BMi2`+iBQMb, #Qi? QTTQM2Mib M/ T`QTQM2Mib Kv #2 KQ`2 HBF2Hv iQ +Bi2 M2;iBp2 bim/B2b r?2M i?2`2 Bb +QMi`Qp2`bv- i?2 7Q`K2` iQ +bi /Qm#i mTQM i?2 pHm2 Q7 ;2M2@2MpB`QMK2Mi `2b2`+?- i?2 Hii2` iQ TQBMi Qmi TQi2MiBH ~rb BM i?2b2 M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX >Qr2p2`- r?2M r2 2tKBM2/ 2`Hv +BiiBQMb UT`BQ` iQ kyRyV M/ Hi2 +BiiBQMb b2T`i2Hv- i?2`2 rb HBiiH2 2pB/2M+2 i?i +BiiBQM #Bb iQr`/ TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b ?b +?M;2/ bBM+2 i?2 Tm#HB+iBQM Q7 +`BiB+H K2i@ MHvb2b BM kyyN (jyd- jy3)- Hi?Qm;? i?2`2 /B/ b22K iQ #2  /2+`2b2 BM +BiiBQM #Bb iQr`/ M2;iBp2 bim/B2b rBi?  TQbBiBp2 7Q+mbX

AM i?Bb bim/v- r2 2ti2M/2/ i?2 +QM+2Ti Q7 bTBM- r?B+? Q`B;BMi2/ rBi?BM i?2 +HBMB+H i`BH HBi2`im`2- iQ Q#b2`piBQMH bim/B2bX :Bp2M i?2 /Bz2`2M+2b #2ir22M Q#b2`piBQMH bim/B2b M/ +HBMB+H r2 mb2 i?2 i2`K dzTQbBiBp2 7Q+mbǴ BMbi2/ Q7 bTBMX lMHBF2 +HBMB+H i`BHb-r?B+? `2 mbmHHv M``QrHv 7Q+mb2/ QM i?2 2{++v Q7 M BMi2`p2MiBQM- Q#b2`piBQMH bim/B2b i2M/ iQ ?p2 KQ`2 rB/2@`M;BM; iQTB+b M/ Q7i2M H+F  +H2`Hv /2}M2/-  T`BQ`B T`BK`v Qmi+QK2X

AM i?Bb bim/v- r2 bT2+B}+HHv 2tKBM2/ r?2i?2` #bi`+ib bm;;2bi2/ i?i i?2 `2bmHib bmT@ TQ`i2/ i?2 8@>hhGS_- HB72 bi`2bb- M/ /2T`2bbBQM ?vTQi?2bBb- Hi?Qm;? bQK2 bim/B2b ?/ Qi?2` UT`BK`vV ?vTQi?2b2b U2X;X- i?`22@rv BMi2`+iBQMbVX >Qr2p2`- HH bim/B2b r2`2

+H2`Hv BMbTB`2/ #v *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9) M/ ?p2  #2`BM; QM i?2 Q`B;BMH }M/BM;X b /Bb+mbb2/ #v ETm` M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyRkV (ed)- MQp2H }M/BM;b BM #BQHQ;B+H Tbv+?Bi`v Q7i2M #2+QK2 bm``QmM/2/ #v  T2MmK#` Q7 bm#b2[m2Mi bim/B2b rBi?  KmHiB@ THB+Biv Q7 K2bm`2b M/ bB;MB}+Mi }M/BM;b i?i `2- i #2bi- dzTT`QtBKi2 `2THB+iBQMbǴX  }M/BM; i?mb TT2`b iQ #2 bmTTQ`i2/- 2p2M i?Qm;? Bi ?b MQi #22M /2+BbBp2Hv `2THB+i2/ UQ` `27mi2/V M/ 2p2M i?Qm;? bQK2 bmTTQ`iBp2 }M/BM;b Kv ?p2 #22M ++QKTMB2/ #v M2;iBp2 }M/BM;b QM  KQ`2 T`2+Bb2 `2THB+iBQM Q7 i?2 Q`B;BMH }M/BM;X q2 i?2`27Q`2 /22K2/ Bi BKTQ`iMi iQ bT2+B}+HHv BMp2biB;i2 ?Qr TT2`b `2TQ`i QM i?2B` }M/BM;b rBi? `2bT2+i iQ i?2 Q`B;BMH }M/BM; #v *bTB M/ +QHH2;m2b UkyyjV (jy9)X

.mM+M M/ E2HH2` UkyRRV ?p2 T`2pBQmbHv b?QrM i?i M2;iBp2 `2THB+iBQMb Q7 :Ɠ1 }M/@ BM;b r2`2 Q7i2M Tm#HBb?2/ HQM;bB/2 TQbBiBp2 }M/BM;b (jyN)X h?Bb i2M/2M+v- r?B+? Bb /BbiBM+i 7`QK- Hi?Qm;? `2Hi2/ iQ  7Q+mb QM TQbBiBp2 }M/BM;b BM i?2 #bi`+i- 7m`i?2` BHHmbi`i2b i?i mi?Q`b `2 BM+HBM2/ iQ T`2b2Mi  TQbBiBp2 K2bb;2X h?2 i2M/2M+v 7Q` i?2 ?vTQi?2bBb iQ 2tTM/- b `2~2+i2/ BM i?2 bim/v Q7 i?`22@ Q` 2p2M 7Qm`@rv BMi2`+iBQMb #2ir22M 8@>hhGS_- HB72 bi`2bb- M/ ;2M/2`- Qi?2` ;2M2b Q` 2MpB`QMK2MiH 7+iQ`b- Kv HbQ #2 `QQi2/- BM T`i- BM i?2 b2`+? 7Q` TQbBiBp2 }M/BM;bX

h?2`2 Bb  +QMb2Mbmb i?i M2;iBp2 `2bmHib `2 /B{+mHi iQ Tm#HBb?- r?B+? Bb bmTTQ`i2/ #v i?2 }M/BM; i?i i?2 bKTH2 bBx2 Q7 Tm`2Hv M2;iBp2 :Ɠ1 bim/B2b rb bBt iBK2b ;`2i2` i?M i?i Q7 TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b (jyN)X Hi?Qm;? +Q?Q`i bim/B2b ?p2 MQi 7QmM/  ;`2i2` DQm`MH ++2TiM+2 `i2 7Q` TQbBiBp2 TT2`b +QKT`2/ iQ M2;iBp2 TT2`b (jky)- i?2b2 bim/B2b Q7i2M 2tKBM2/ ?B;?@BKT+i ;2M2`H K2/B+H DQm`MHb- M/ mi?Q`b Kv MQi bm#KBi M2;iBp2 bim/B2b i?i i?2v Dm/;2 iQ ?p2 HBiiH2 +?M+2 Q7 ++2TiM+2 iQ bm+? DQm`MHbX h?2 T2`+2TiBQM i?i M2;iBp2 bim/B2b `2 mMTm#HBb?#H2- b r2HH b i?2 +QMpB+iBQM i?i i?2 2z2+i Bb `2H- Kv H2/ `2b2`+?2`b iQ mb2 KQiBpi2/ `2bQMBM; iQ DmbiB7v T`2b2MiBM; i?2B` }M/BM;b BM  TQbBiBp2 HB;?i UrBi?Qmi M2+2bb`BHv Mv +QMb+BQmb BMi2MiBQMb Q7 /QBM; bQV (jkR)X

ai`2M;i?b M/ HBKBiiBQMb

PM2 Q7 i?2 bi`2M;i?b Q7 Qm` bim/v Bb Qm` 2tKBMiBQM Q7 TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb BM #bi`+ib M/ Bib BM~m2M+2 QM +BiiBQM Tii2`Mb- b i?2 /2+BbBQM iQ +Bi2  bim/v M/ i?2 KMM2` Q7 +BiiBQM Kv #2 #b2/ QM i?2 #bi`+i QMHvX M //BiBQMH bi`2M;i? Bb i?i r2 2tKBM2/ +BiiBQMb rBi?BM i?2 M2irQ`F Q7 T`BK`v bim/B2b b r2HH b BM i?2 #`Q/2` HBi2`im`2- bBM+2 mi?Q`b Q7 Qi?2` T`BK`v bim/B2b `2 HBF2Hv iQ ?p2 /Bz2`2Mi +BiiBQM KQiBp2b i?M mi?Q`b r`BiBM; QM  #`Q/2` Q` /Bz2`2Mi iQTB+X q2 HbQ +Q``2+i2/ 7Q` /Bz2`2M+2b BM QTTQ`imMBiv iQ #2 +Bi2/ #v HQQFBM; i v2`Hv `i2b M/ i?2 T2`+2Mi;2 Q7 bim/B2b +BiBM;  ;Bp2M bim/v- r?B+? vB2H/2/ bBKBH` `2bmHibX

6BMHHv- r2 T2`7Q`K2/  b2MbBiBpBiv MHvbBb #b2/ mTQM i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2b- r?2M bim/@ B2b ?/ KmHiBTH2 `2H2pMi bi`2bbQ`b Q` Qmi+QK2bX lbBM; QMHv i?2 bKHH2bi T@pHm2 ++QmMib 7Q` bim/B2b BM r?B+? i?2 MHvbBb +QMbB/2`2/ KQbi BKTQ`iMi #v i?2 mi?Q`b Bb biiBbiB+HHv bB;MB}+Mi- r?2`2b Qi?2` MHvb2b `2 MQiX h?Bb H2MB2Mi TT`Q+? /Q2b MQi ++QmMi 7Q`

33

KmHiBTH2 i2biBM;- Hi?Qm;? KMv T@pHm2b r2`2 MQi ?B;?Hv bB;MB}+Mi UQMHv 9 Qmi Q7 Rk r2`2 bKHH2` i?M yXyRVX q?BH2 i?Bb TT`Q+? BM+`2b2/ i?2 T`QTQ`iBQM Q7 TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b-9jW Q7 i?2 `2KBMBM; M2;iBp2 bim/B2b biBHH ?/  UT`iBHHvV TQbBiBp2 7Q+mb BM i?2 #bi`+i-M/ +BiiBQM Tii2`Mb r2`2 +QKT`#H2- b?QrBM; i?i i?2 Qp2`HH Tii2`M `2KBMb i?2 bK2 2p2M b bQK2 BM/BpB/mH bim/B2b b?B7i +i2;Q`B2bX

 HBKBiiBQM Q7 Qm` bim/v Bb i?i i?2 BMi2`@`i2` ;`22K2Mi 7Q` +Q/BM; bim/v Qmi+QK2b rb QMHv KQ/2`i2X Hi?Qm;? bQK2 /Bb;`22K2Mib r2`2 2bBHv `2bQHp2/- Qi?2`b `2~2+i i?2 QT+Biv Q7 bQK2 Q7 i?2 bim/B2b r2 BM+Hm/2/- r?B+? Q7i2M BM+Hm/2/  KmHiBim/2 Q7 bi`2bbQ`b- Qmi+QK2b- MHvb2b- M/ T@pHm2bX lM7Q`imMi2Hv- i?2 :Ɠ1 }2H/ Bb +?`+i2`Bx2/ #v  T`QHB72`iBQM Q7 TT`Q+?2b- ?KT2`BM; 2bv BMi2`T`2i#BHBiv M/ +QKT`#BHBivX S`2@ bT2+B}+iBQM Q7  T`BK`v Qmi+QK2 M/ MHviB+H TT`Q+?- bm+? b T`QTQb2/ BM i?2 T`QiQ+QH Q7  +QHH#Q`iBp2 K2i@MHvbBb (jkk)- Kv ?2HT +m`# i?Bb T`QHB72`iBQM M/ vB2H/ +H2` `2bmHibX

 b2+QM/ HBKBiiBQM Bb i?i r2 /B/ MQi BM+Q`TQ`i2 K2i@MHvb2b- Hi?Qm;? +BiiBQMb `2 T`Q##Hv /Bp2`i2/ 7`QK T`BK`v bim/B2b iQ K2i@MHvb2b QM+2 i?2b2 `2 Tm#HBb?2/X >Qr@ 2p2`- #Qi? i?2 M2;iBp2 M/ TQbBiBp2 K2i@MHvb2b BM i?Bb }2H/ (jye- jyd- jy3) ?p2 #22M ?B;?Hv +Bi2/- bm;;2biBM; i?i BM+HmbBQM Q7 K2i@MHvb2b rQmH/ MQi mM/Q i?2 T`272`2MiBH +BiiBQM Q7 TQbBiBp2 bim/B2bX 6BMHHv- r2 /B/ MQi bb2bb bim/v [mHBivX `;m#Hv- ?B;?@ [mHBiv bim/B2b b?QmH/ `2+2Bp2 KQ`2 +BiiBQMb- M/ Bi Bb TQbbB#H2- Hi?Qm;? MQi p2`v HBF2Hv (jyN)- i?i TQbBiBp2 bim/B2b r2`2 Q7 ?B;?2` [mHBiv i?M M2;iBp2 bim/B2bX

*QM+HmbBQMb

Hi?Qm;? r2 ?p2 2tKBM2/  bT2+B}+- ?B;?Hv T`QKBM2Mi }M/BM;- b2H2+iBp2 7Q+mb QM TQb@ BiBp2 }M/BM;b M/ +BiiBQM #Bb `2 mMHBF2Hv iQ #2 BbQHi2/ T`Q#H2Kb- HBKBi2/ iQ i?Bb T`@ iB+mH` 2tKTH2X PM i?2 +QMi``v- HBF2 Qi?2` #Bb2b- i?2v `2 T`Q##Hv rB/2bT`2/ BM KMv b+B2MiB}+ /Bb+BTHBM2bX Pm` `2b2`+? i?2`27Q`2 BHHmbi`i2b 2pB/2M+2@#b2@/BbiQ`iBM; K2+?MBbKb i?i Kv #2 i rQ`F BM Qi?2` `2b b r2HHX

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Pm` bim/v Bb MQi  K2i@MHvbBb M/ Bb MQi BMi2M/2/ iQ T`QpB/2  /2}MBiBp2 Mbr2` iQ i?2 [m2biBQM Q7 r?2i?2` 8@>hhGS_ KQ/2`i2b i?2 bbQ+BiBQM #2ir22M HB72 bi`2bb M/ i?2 /2p2HQTK2Mi Q7 /2T`2bbBQMX AMbi2/- r2 2tKBM2/ r?2i?2` i?2`2 Bb  i2M/2M+v

6

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