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S c h o o l o f O r i e n t a l and A f r ic a n S tu d ie s U n i v e r s i t y o f London
1969
A B S T R A C T
The R g v ed ic Brahmanas and S r a u t a s u t r a s , im p o r ta n t s o u r c e s/
f o r th e s tu d y o f a n c i e n t I n d ia n r e l i g i o u s i d e a s , have r e c e i v e d t h e a t t e n t i o n o f s c h o l a r s a s e a r l y a s th e b e g in n in g o f l a s t c e n t u r y , S in c e H. T . C o leb ro o lce1 s m en tio n o f th e c o n te n ts o f th e AB i n 1805, and H. H. W ils o n 's co m p ariso n o f t h e s u b j e c t - m a t t e r o f th e R gvedic S a m h ita and Brahmanas i n 1850, fo llo w e d by R. R o t h 's o b s e r v a t i o n o f th e co n n ex io n b etw een t h e AB and t h e AS i n h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i rule t a i n 1852, even b e f o r e th e p u b l i c a t i o n o f th e t e x t - e d i t i o n s and t r a n s l a t i o n s , th e t e x t s have b een s t u d i e d i n c o n s i d e r a b le d e t a i l i n a r t i c l e s , m onographs, i n t r o d u c t o r y e s s a y s o f th e e d i t i o n s and t r a n s l a t i o n s , and c h a p te r s o f h i s t o r i e s o f l i t e r a t u r e . The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e t e x t s , h o w ev er, and th e v iew s 1 e x p re s s e d on th e r e l a t i v e d a te o f th e R gvedic Brahmanas
and S r a u t a s u t r a s a p p e a r so g r e a t l y a t v a r i a n c e t h a t th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e f o u r t e x t s re m a in s a m a t t e r o f g r e a t u n c e r t a i n t y . A d e t a i l e d and th o ro u g h i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f th e i n t e r n a l e v id e n c e on th e b a s i s
o f a r i g o r o u s t e x t u a l a n a l y s i s seems n e c e s s a r y , i n o r d e r t o j u s t i f y , r e j e c t , o r m o d ify any o f th e p a s t r e s u l t s . I n v iew o f t h i s , th e p r e s e n t d i s s e r t a t i o n aim s a t p r e s e n t i n g a c r i t i c a l a n a l y s i s o f th e A g n isto m a d ik sa s e c t i o n o f th e R gvedic Brahmanas and S r a u t a s u t r a s
1. See belo w pp,io-G f o r d e t a i l s o f th e v ie w s .
common t o th e f o u r t e x t s .
I n a s h o r t i n t r o d u c t i o n i n c h a p te r one I have o u t l i n e d th e c o n s e c r a t i o n cerem ony f o llo w in g th e Baudh^ w ith some m e n tio n o f t h e m odern works d e s c r i b i n g th e cerem ony i n g e n e r a l , w h ic h , I h o p e, w i l l h e lp u s t o u n d e r s ta n d th e e x p o s i ti o n o f th e R gvedic s o u r c e s t h a t a r e o f t e n l a c o n i c and even in c o h e r e n t a t p l a c e s a s to th e d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e a c t u a l p ro c e d u re o f th e r i t e ; a l s o an a c c o u n t i s g iv e n o f th e e d i t i o n s and t r a n s l a t i o n s o f th e R g v ed ic Brahmanas and S r a u t a s u t r a s , and o f th e o p in io n s o f s c h o l a r s c o n c e rn in g th e f o u r R gvedic t e x t s .
I n c h a p t e r two I have so u g h t to exam ine th e m eaning and etym ology o f th e c o n c e p t d l k s a on th e b a s i s o f th e m a t e r i a l o f f e r e d by th e
R gvedic and o t h e r r e l e v a n t t e x t s w ith a d i s c u s s i o n o f p a s t c o n tr o v e r s y on th e s u b j e c t .
I n c h a p t e r t h r e e , w hich g iv e s a t r a n s l a t i o n o f th e a4 c h a p te r ( o f w hich no t r a n s l a t i o n a p p e a rs t o have b e en p u b lis h e d ) and a
s c a r c e l y l e s s r e q u i s i t e r e - t r a n s l a t i o n o f th e AB, KB, and SS p a s s a g e s , an a tte m p t h a s b e en made to u n d e r s ta n d th e arg u m en ts c o n ta in e d i n th e component s e c t i o n s , and t o t r a c e th e l a r g e m easure o f u n d e r ly in g s t r u c t u r a l u n i t y w hich may be shown t o e x i s t i n th e c o m p lete c o rp u s o f th e t e x t s ( i n a c c o rd a n c e w ith th e o p in io n e x p re s s e d i n a n o th e r c o n te x t by K, Hoffmann i 'D ie nunm ehr d u r c h s i c h t ig e G lie d e ru n g d es1
1. *Die K o m p o sitio n e i n e s B ra h m a n a -A b sc h n itte s (MS I 10, 14-16)* i n M elanges d !In d ia n is m e a l a m^moire de L o u is R enou, P a r i s , 1968, JQQ.
T e x t a b s c h n i t t e s MS I 10, 14-16 z e i g t , d a s s e s s i o h n i c h t urn e in e l e d i g l i c h r i t u a l b e d i n g t e A n e in a n d e rre ih u n g d i s p a r a t e r A ussagen h a n d e l t , s o n d e rn d a s s dem Hanzen e in e e i n h e i t l i c h e ^ i t e r a r i s c h e ' K o n z e p tio n zu g ru n d e l i e g t . 1) .
The n o t e s on th e t r a n s l a t i o n i n c h a p t e r f o u r a r e i n te n d e d to
c l a r i f y p o i n t s o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and t o exam ine th e c o m p o s itio n o f th e t e x t - p o r t i o n s .
The d i s c u s s i o n i n c h a p t e r f i v e a s t o th e s t r u c t u r a l c o n n ex io n o f th e f o u r t e x t s i n o r d e r t o d e te rm in e t h e i r m u tu a l r e l a t i o n s h i p i s "based on th e s e c t i o n s o f th e t r a n s l a t i o n and t h e n o t e s .
CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT 2
ABBREVIATIONS 7
I INTRODUCTION 11
G e n e ra l ■ 12
E d i t i o n s and T r a n s l a t i o n s 14
H i s t o r y o f R e s e a rc h 20
I I THE MEANING AND ETYMOLOGY OE DIKSA 27
I I I TRANSLATION 40
AB 1 . 1-6 43
KB 7 . 1 -4 53
S3 5 - 1 -4 62
16 4 . 1-2 67
IT NOTES ON THE TRANSLATION 74
AB 1, 1-6 75
KB 7 . 1 -4 98
5 . 1 -4 121
a£ 4 . 1-2 ' 132
V THE RELATIONSHIP OP THE TEXTS IN THE
LIGHT OP THE ABOVE TRANSLATION AND NOTES 143
BIBLIOGRAPHY 168
A, T e x t - e d i t i o n s and T r a n s l a t i o n s 169 a* R g v ed ic Brahmanas and ^ r a u t a s u t r a s 169
b . O th e r T e x ts 172
Bo O th e r Works 179
A B B R E V I A T I O N S
AAr A i t a r e y a A ranyaka
AB A i t a r e y a Brahmana
AG A sv a la y a n a G r h y a s u tr a
ASS A nandasram a S a n s k r i t S e r i e s
AO A c ta O r i e n t a l i a
ApS A pastam ba S r a u t a s u t r a
aS A s v a la y a n a S r a u t a s u t r a
AV A th a rv a Veda S am h ita •
BaudhS/ _ s
B audhayana S r a u t a s u t r a
BhS /
B h a ra d v a ja S r a u t a s u t r a B ib l* I n d . B i b l i o t h e c a I n d i c a
BrUp B rh ad aran y alca U p an isad
BSL B u l l e t i n de l a S o c ie te de L in g u i s t i q u e s
G al and S ahkhayana S r a u t a s u t r a , t r a n s l a t e d by W. G aland
ChUp Chandogya U p an isad
D hatup * D h a tu p a th a
31RE E n c y c lo p a e d ia o f R e lig io n and E th i c s EWA K u r a g e f a s s te s E ty m o lo g isc h e s W o rterb u ch
de_s A 1 1 in d is c h e n , by M„ M a y rh o fer
GB G opatha Brahmana
Hang I The A i t a r ey a Brahman am o f th e R ig v ed a , v o l „ I ? t e x t ed® by M. Haug
Hang I I The Ai t a r e y a Brahmanam o f th e R ig y e d a , t r a n s l * by M. Haug
HOS H a rv ard O r i e n t a l S e r i e s I I J I n d o - I r a n i a n J o u r n a l I n d , S t „ I n d i s che S t u d i en
JA J o u r n a l A s ia tiq u e
JAOS J o u r n a l o f t h e A m erican O r i e n t a l S o c ie ty
JB J a im in iy a Brahmana,
JRAS J o u r n a l o f th e R oyal A s i a t i c S o c i e t y (London)
JUpBr J a im in iy a U p an isad Brahmana
KB K a u s lta k i Brahmana
K e ith R ig v ed a Brahmanas^ t r a n s i t by A. B„ K e ith
KS K a th ak a S a m h ita
s /
KS K a ty ay a n a S r a u t a s u t r a
Mbho M ah ab h a rata
MUUp M ahanarayana U p an isad
MG Manava G r h y a s u tr a
MS Mai t r a y a n l y a S amhi t a
/ /
MS Manava S r a u t a s u t r a
U ir « N ir u k ta
Raiio A sta d h y a y i o f P a n in i
PB P an cav im sa Brahmana
SB Sadvim ^a Brahmana
SBE S a c re d Books o f th e E a s t
£S Saxdchayana S r a u t a s u t r a
TA T a i t t i r i y a A ranyaka
TB T a i t t i r i y a Brahmana,
TS T a i t t i r i y a S am h ita
V a itS u V a ita n a S u t r a
VS V e g asan e y i S am h ita
I
I N T R O D U C T I O N
GENERAL
The r i t u a l p e r t a i n i n g t o D ik s a , th e C o n s e c r a tio n cerem ony p r e c e d in g th e Soma s a c r i f i c e , h a s b een d e s c r i b e d by W. C alan d and V. H enry i n L f Agni stom a on th e b a s i s o f th e Y a ju rv e d ic1
^ r a u t a s u t r a s i n th e m ain . Wotes b a se d on p e r s o n a l e x p e r ie n c e o f a m odern p e rfo rm a n c e a r e p ro v id e d by M. Hang i n th e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i s e d i t i o n and t r a n s l a t i o n o f th e AB; 2 m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g to p r a v a r a a r e d i s c u s s e d by J . B rough i n th e Ea r l y B ra h m a n ic al System o f G o tra and P r a v a r a . 3 A d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e c o n s e c r a t o r y r i t e s i n c o n n e x io n w ith R a ja s u y a on th e b a s i s o f th e Y a ju rv e d ic Brahmanas and S r a u t a s u t r a s i s o f f e r e d by J . C. H eesterm an i n The A n c ie n t I n d ia n R o y al C onsec r a t i o n . ^ I ) lk s a i n I n d ia n r i t u a l i n g e n e r a l — i n V ed ic and p o s t- V e d ic r e l i g i o u s s c h o o ls — i s d is c u s s e d i n d e t a i l b y J . Gonda i n Change and Co n t i n u i t y i n I n d ia n R e l i g i o n .5
1. P a r i s , 1906, 1-25o See a l s o A. W eber, I n d .S t . 10, L e ip z ig , 1868, 35811*'-, B. L in d n e r, L ie B ik sh a o d e r \£eihe PUr d a s Som anjofer, L e ip z ig , 1878 ( t r a n s l a t i o n of^§B 5"-1*1 - 3 , 2 . 2 , t h e A g n isto m a d ik sa s e c t i o n , w ith n o t e s ) .
2 . Bombay, 1863*
3 . C am bridge, 1953? 2 f f , 4 . The H ague, 1957*
5- The H ague, 1965? 315 - 462; f o r s e l e c t b i b l i o g r a p h y r e l a t i n g t o C o n s e c r a tio n r i t e s i n g e n e r a l , se e 3151*
The se q u en c e o f e v e n ts e n v is a g e d by YV S u t r a k a r a s i n so f a r a s i t i s r e l e v a n t t o th e E g v ed ic m a t e r i a l i s a s f o l l o w s :
BaudhS 2 .2 : / d e v a y a j a n a .
BauAhd 2.3f.: rtvijah, rtvijim vaianam.
BaudhS 6 . 1 : p ra c in a v a m s a .
BaudhS 6 . 2 f . : a p su d i k s a , a b h y a n ja n a and a h j a n a , d a r b h a p in ju la p a v a n a ( t h e s a c r i f i c e r a id e d by th e a d h v a ry u , h i s w ife a id e d by th e p r a t i p r a s t h a t r )♦
BaudhS 6 . 3 f . : d i k s a n ly a i s t i : a g n a v a is n a v a p u r o d a s a , p a tn is a m y a ja , d lk s a h u ta y a h o r f i v e a u d g ra h a n a o b l a t i o n s o f f e r e d by th e adhvaryu*
BaudhS 6 * 5 f .i d i k s a : s e a t on b la c k a n te lo p e s k i n i n y a ja m a n a y a ta n a , d r e s s i n g , m u s tik a r a n a , s i l e n c e , a v ed a n a ( a d h v a r y u ) , d l k s i t a v a d a = s a t y a , a d ity a - a b h y u d a y a i n d i k s i t a v i m i t a , v i c a k s a n a v a t i v a c (some s o u r c e s f u r t h e r r e s t r i c t th e s a c r i f i c e r * s c o n d u c t, p r o h i b i t i n g A g n ih o tra ,
D a rsa p u rn am asau , b a l i , a ^ a n a e t c * ) .
BaudhS 6 . 6f . : sam vesana s u r r o u n d in g a g n i ( — u p a s th a n a occurring
i n o t h e r t e x t s ) , v r a ta p a y a h s a d h a n a and m id n ig h t v r a ta n a * Borne YV S u t r a s q u e ry th e seq u en ce o f e v e n t s , p resu m ab ly th ro u g h a d o u b le i n f l u e n c e o f th e E g v ed ic and Y a ju rv e d ic s o u r c e s . The
p u ro d a s a i s d e a l t w ith a t th e o u t s e t i n th e E g v ed ic B rahm anas, and a c o n n ex io n i s i m p l i c i t i n t h e i r e x p o s i ti o n b etw een th e t r e a tm e n t o f
t h e p u ro d a s a and th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f th e s a c r i f i c e r f o r d i k s a ( c f . AB p u r o d a s a n i r - v a p - , t a n d u la h , and d lk s & ta — g a rb h a ; KB d i k s i t a = h a v i s ; a te n d e n c y i n th e mode o f p r e p a r i n g th e p u ro d a s a t o d u p l i c a t e th e p u r i f i c a t o r y p r o c e s s e s i n th e
c o n s e c r a t i o n o f t h e s a c r i f i c e r may a ls o be n o t i c e d i n M. H augTs -j
e y e - w itn e s s a c c o u n t o f th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f p u r o d a s a ) . I t may be s u g g e s te d from t h i s t h a t th e 'Y edic* m a t e r i a l , a s s o c i a t e d w ith t h e p r i e s t s r a t h e r th a n t h e s a c r i f i c e r ( i . e . th e d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e r i t u a l m a n tr a s ) , h a s b e e n s u b j e c t t o e x p a n s io n i n th e R gvedic B rahm anas. The p r e p a r a t i o n o f th e s a c r i f i c e r i s t h e m ain theme u n d e r ly in g a ls o th e Y a ju r v e d ic Brahmana a c c o u n ts o f d i k s a , and
» *•
th e i n d i c a t i o n i s t h a t b o th th e R gvedic and Y a ju rv e d ic s o u rc e s c o n f l a t e a r c h a i c , p a n - I n d ia n sy m b o lic c o n s e c r a t i o n o f th e
s a c r i f i c e r w ith p u r e l y Y ed ic l i t a n y and l i t u r g y . 2
EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS
S a t i s f a c t o r y e d i t i o n s and t o l e r a b l y u s e f u l t r a n s l a t i o n s o f th e AB, KB, and th e £dS a r e a v a i l a b l e , b u t a c a r e f u l and c r i t i c a l
— /
e d i t i o n and a co m p lete t r a n s l a t i o n o f th e AS a r e s t i l l w a n tin g .
1 . See Haug I I , 3 , n . J .
2 . See a l s o p . 1 5 4 f tb elow f o r a b r i e f co m p ariso n o f th e d i k s a m a t e r i a l o f th e R gvedic and Y a ju rv e d ic B rahm anas.
-] an
The AB was e d i t e d by M. Haug w i t h AE n g lis h t r a n s l a t i o n and an e s s a y d e a l i n g w ith th e Y ed ic l i t e r a t u r e i n g e n e r a l a s w e ll a s th e c o n te n ts o f th e AB, and t h e sym bolism o f th e r i t u a l a c t s w ith some s t r e s s on t h e im p o rta n c e o f th e c o n c e p t o f m y s tic r e g e n e r a tio n * Th* A u f r e c h t 's e d i t i o n o f t h e AB 2 w ith e x t r a c t s from S a y a n a 's com m entary and in d e x e s and u s e f u l n o te s i s th e b e s t a v a i l a b l e ; th e f u l l t e x t ' o f S ay an a i s c o n ta in e d i n K. S . A g ase! s e d i t i o n , w h ile th e r e c e n t T rivandrum e d i t i o n ^ o f f e r s S a d g u r u s is y a 1s comm entary on c h a p t e r s 1 - 3 2
( i * e . 1*1 - 7*2)* S . S am asram i' s e d i t i o n ^ and V, S . P a n a s i k a r a 's
■ 6
e d i t i o n p r o v id e no new m a t e r i a l i n th e p r e s e n t c o n t e x t .
A u f r e c h t 's t e x t i s p u n c tu a te d , and p r e s e n t s a m o d if i c a t io n o f H a u g 's m ethod o f p u n c tu a ti o n . S u b - s e c tio n s a r e num bered i n t h i s t e x t . They a r e p a ra g ra p h e d i n th e ASS e d i t i o n , w h ile o t h e r e d i t i o n s ta k e no n o t i c e o f them , Bach s e n te n c e o c c u r s i n a s e p a r a t e p a ra g r a p h ( w ith some e x c e p tio n s ) i n th e T riv an d ru m e d i t i o n .
1 . Bombay, 1863, c r i t i c a l l y re v ie w e d b y A. W eber, I n d . S t . 9>
B e r l i n , 1865, 117 - 380.
2 . Bonn, 1879*
3 . ASS, P o o n a, 1896, 4 * 1942f f * i n p r o g r e s s .
5 * B i b l . I n d . , C a l c u t t a , 1895 - 1906.
6 , N irn a y a S a g a ra P r e s s , Bombay, 1911 *
7* T h is e d i t i o n p r e s e n t s some odd s e n te n c e d i v i s i o n s ; c f . e . g . AB 1 .1 .1 O f. . . . p r a .ia n a y a ti | | : p r a .ja ty a i p r a .j a y a t e , . . ,
1 . 1 .1 5 • • . a b h i r a d h n o t i || y a evarn v e d a e t c .
The v e r t i c a l s t r o k e s ( l i k e s v a r i t a s ) i n th e B i b l . I n d . e d i t i o n do n o t r e g u l a r l y m ark th e end o f s e n te n c e s o r p h r a s e s , i and so c a n n o t b e c o n s id e r e d u s e f u l .
■>1 2
B. L i n k e r 's e d i t i o n o f th e KB c o n ta in s in d e x e s and an o u t l i n e co m p a riso n o f th e c o n te n ts o f th e AB and KB. E x t r a c t s
- 5
from V in a y a k a b h a tta 's comm entary w ere c i t e d by A. Weber i n I n d . S t ♦ 2 , and R. L obbecke^ e d i t e d th e p o r t i o n o f th e com m entary on KB c h a p t e r 10
(P a s u b a n d h a ), w ith a German t r a n s l a t i o n o f KB 10. The e d i t i o n o f th e KB by G. V. Chhaya i s i n f e r i o r .
6 7
W hile L in d n e r ’s e d i t i o n and a ls o th e Poona e d i t i o n ' p r e s e n t th e g e n e r a l l y known v e r s i o n o f th e KB, p r e s e r v e d i n V in a y a k a b h a tta fs8
1 .C f . e . g . AB 1 .5 * 8 . . . lo k e c a tu h s a s tita n a e n a p r a t i t i s t h a t i p r a t i t i s t h a t i y a evam v e d a , e t c . ; S a y a n a ’s comm entary do es n o t a g re e w ith t h e s e
p u n c tu a tio n - m a r k s * 2 . J e n a , 1887*
5 . B e r l i n , 1855» 288 - 515*
i t /
4* P b e r d a s Ve r h a l t n i s von Brahmanas und S r a u t a s u t r e n , L e ip z ig , 1908, 18 - 4 2 , 7 - 1 6 .
5 . ASS, P oona, 1911*
6 . B ased on one I n d i a O f f ic e MS ( L . ) , f o u r O xford MSS (W. ,w ., 0 . , o . ) ,
t h r e e B e r l i n MSS ( B ., b . , K . ) , one MS from M a x -M u lle r’s c o l l e c t i o n (91* ) , and one M alayalam MS (M ., 10 I n S r e e k r is h n a Sarnia* s e d i t i o n ) from
B u r n e l l ’s c o l l e c t i o n .
7* T h is e d i t i o n i s f u l l o f e r r o r s , and th u s h a s some odd v a r i a t i o n s from L in d n e r and V in a y ak a .
8 . D e s ig n a te d ’V u lg a te* by K e ith i n RV B r s . f 105, n n . 2,5*
com m entary, and fo llo w e d "by K e ith i n h i s t r a n s l a t i o n , th e r e c e n t e d i t i o n o f th e t e x t by E. ft. S r e e k r is h n a Sarma 2 ( w ith a p r e f a c e , a l i s t o f c o n t e n t s , a p p e n d ic e s , and n o te s on v a r i a n t r e a d i n g s ) ex p o se s a somewhat d i f f e r e n t K a u s ita k i MS t r a d i t i o n , on w hich i s b a s e d th e com m entary o f TJdaya.
The r e a d in g s o f th e two KB v e r s i o n s ( e d i t e d b y L in d n e r and S r e e k r i s h n a Sarm a r e s p e c t i v e l y ) v a r y f r q u e n tly * I n some p a s s a g e s th e y do n o t p r e s e n t any v i t a l d i f f e r e n c e ; i n o t h e r s , how ever, th e v a r i a t i o n s b etw een t h e two c an be a s g r e a t a s b etw een AB and KB* D e s p ite th e s u p e r i o r i t y o f some o f th e r e a d in g s o f S r e e k r i s h n a S arm a1 s t e x t , th e r e a d in g s o f
1 * Compare th e r e a d in g s o f KB 10 i n V in a y a k a 1 s com m entary ( p u b lis h e d by L obbecke, l o c . o i t *)* and i n th e L in d n e r,
Poona and S r e e k r i s h n a Sarma e d i t i o n s ; c f . a l s o L in d n e r, o p . c i t *. v i i f .
2* W iesbaden, 1968; th e e d i t i o n i s b a s e d on e i g h t M alayalam MSS (1 0 , BM , BM , BM , EM, Y I, V I I , V I I I ; th e y a r e r e p o r t e d to show n e g l i g i b l e v a r i a t i o n s from e a c h o t h e r ) , t h e a v a i l a b l e M adras MSS o f t h e com m entary o f Udaya ( t h e e d i t i o n o f w hich by t h e same a u th o r i s d e c l a r e d ( P r e f a c e , p . i x ) t o a p p e a r
i n n e a r f u t u r e ) , and th e t a p e - r e c o r d i n g o f th e r e c i t a t i o n o f th e e n t i r e KB by a K e r a la R g v ed in .
3* L in d n e r ( lo c* c i t ) fo u n d a d i f f e r e n t K a u s ita k i r e c e n s i o n , and K e ith ( o p . c i t , , 103) o b s e rv e d a d i s t i n c t MS t r a d i t i o n , i n th e M alayalam MS o f B u r n e l l ’s c o l l e c t i o n * D iv e rg e n c e s o f h i s t e x t from t h e L in d n e r and Poona e d i t i o n s a r e n o te d by S r e e k r i s h n a Sarm a i n h i s e d i t i o n .
L in d n e r ’s v e r s i o n make L e t t e r s e n s e i n m ost c a s e s . Words and p h r a s e s o c c u r r i n g o n ly in th e fo rm e r lo o k l i k e c o m m e n ta to ria l g l o s s e s ad d ed s e c o n d a r i l y <> Many im p o r ta n t p o r t i o n s a p p e a rin g i n L in d n e r 's e d i t i o n do n o t o c c u r i n S r e e k r i s h n a S a rm a 's v e r s i o n . The e n t i r e p a s s a g e s 1 6 .1 0 : S a u tra m a n i, and 26 . 3 - 6 : P r a y a s c i t t a s i n G-avamayana a r e o m itte d i n th e l a t t e r . S r e e k r i s h n a Sarm a,'s e d i t i o n p r o v id e s m a t e r i a l f o r a d e f i n i t i v e e d i t i o n o f th e KB, h u t makes no a tte m p t t o d i s c u s s th e p ro b lem s in v o lv e d .
The s e n te n c e and k h an d a d i v i s i o n s o f th e M alayalam v e r s i o n n o t r a r e l y s p l i t c o m p lete s e n te n c e s and o f t e n d e s t r o y l o g i c a l
c o n n e x io n s ; h e n c e , a lth o u g h S r e e k r is h n a Sarm a o b s e r v e s 2 t h a t th e d i v i s i o n s o f th e t e x t a g re e w ith th e p a u s e s o f h i s r e c i t e r , th e y a r e i n f e r i o r , and L in d n e r ’ s a rra n g e m e n t ( i , e . th e l i n e num bers
a _
o f e a c h o f th e f o u r k h an d as o f th e D ik s a s e c t i o n o f L in d n e r 's
» * *
e d i t i o n ) w i l l be f o llo w e d i n t h i s s tu d y . The two K a u s i t a k i v e r s i o n s p r e s e n t i n th e D ik s a c h a p t e r m in o r v a r i a t i o n s w h ich w i l l be
d i s c u s s e d i n th e n o te s b elo w .
1. O th e rw ise S r e e k r i s h n a Sarm a ( P r e f a c e , p . v ) , K e ith o b se rv e d ( o p . c i t . , 103) ' a good, b u t n o t p e r f e c t , t r a d i t i o n ' i n th e M alayalam MS, and m e n tio n e d (o p . c i t . , 103, n . 3 ) t h a t th e MS
'h a s many e r r o r s , and c o u ld n o t be u s e d a s a b a s i s f o r an e d i t i o n ' 2. P r e f a c e , p . v i i ,
3* T h ere a r e s i x k h an d as i n S r e e k r is h n a S a rm a 's D ik s a c h a p t e r ; th e f i r s t one c o n ta in s tw e lv e , th e seco n d one tw e n ty f o u r , th e
t h i r d one t w e n ty s ix , th e f o u r t h one s i x t e e n , th e f i f t h one s i x t e e n and th e s i x t h one t h i r t y s e v e n s e n te n c e d i v i s i o n s .
A. H i l l e b r a n d t e d i t e d th e SS^ w ith A n a r t l y a 's commentary on c h a p te r s 1 - 16, su p p le m e n te d by G o v in d a 's com m entary on c h a p t e r s 17 - 18.
~ / _ „ _
The AS was e d i t e d w ith th e commentary o f G a rg y an a ray a n a
2 3
by S . K. Y id y a r a tn a • G. S . G o k h a le 's e d i t i o n w ith th e same comm entary b r i n g s n o th in g new* Adhyaya 1 w ith S i d d h a n t i n 's com m entary was e d i t e d by M, D. S a s t r i . ^
r _
A. B* K e ith * s t r a n s l a t i o n o f th e two R g v ed ic Brahmanas c o n ta in s an a c c o u n t o f th e c o n te n ts o f th e AB and th e KB
t o g e t h e r w ith a d i s c u s s i o n o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e two t e x t s
to e ac h o t h e r and t o th e two R gvedic S r a u t a s u t r a s . The AB t r a n s l a t i o n d o es n o t s u p e rs e d e M. Haug*s r e n d e r i n g o f th e AB, w h ic h , d e s p i t e
e r r o r s ^ o f t r a n s l a t i o n , shows g r e a t e r f a m i l i a r i t y w ith r i t u a l p r a c t i c e s and r e l e v a n t l i t e r a t u r e , and d i s c u s s e s p o i n t s o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n g lo s s e d o v e r by K e ith , K e i t h 's v e r s i o n o f th e KB h a s b e e n c o r r e c t e d i n some p a r t i c u l a r s by W. C alan d i n AO 10.7
1 , B i b l . I n d , , C a l c u t t a , 1888 » 99*
2 . B i b l . I n d . , C a l c u t t a , 1874*
3* ASS, P o o n a, 1917* The s u t r a s a r e n o t num bered i n t h i s e d i t i o n . 4* B e n a re s , 1958,
5* R ig y ed a B rahm anas, HOS 25, C am bridge, M a s s a c h u s e tts , 1920.
6 . C f. A, W eb e r's r e v ie w , l o c . c i t . , 1865*
7* L e id e n , 1932, 305 - 2 5 .
W. C a la n d 's t r a n s l a t i o n o f th e SS (u p to 17*9) e x c lu d in g 1 5 * 1 7 -2 7 y th e S u n ah sep a le g e n d ) h a s b e en e d i t e d a f t e r h i s d e a th by L okesh C handra w ith an i n t r o d u c t i o n and o u t l i n e c o n co rd an c e b etw een t h e KB and t h e SS./ /
— * _ 2
M. P . S a b b a t h i e r 's t r a n s l a t i o n o f th e AS (a d h y a y a 5) h a s no b e a r i n g on th e p o r t i o n r e l e v a n t t o A g n isto m a d ik sa .
HISTORY OP RESEARCH
A t t e n t i o n o f s c h o l a r s was fo c u s s e d on th e R g v ed ic t e x t s lo n g b e f o r e th e a p p e a ra n c e o f e d i t i o n s and t r a n s l a t i o n s .
H. T. C o leb ro o k e % r e f e r r e d t o th e e i g h t books o f t h e Ab s t r e s s i n g th e importance o f th e l a s t two books w ith a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e i r c o n te n ts i n some d e t a i l , and m en tio n ed th e S u tr a s o f A ^ v alay an a i n 1805. P . Max M u lle r n o t i c e d q u o t a t i o n s from th e Brahmanas4
and th e A s v a la y a n a S u tr a s i n S a y a n a 's com m entary on th e Rgyeda S a m h ita i n 1849 9 and H. H. W ilsoS m e n tio n ed th e RY Brahmanas and d is c u s s e d
I . H agpur, 1955*
2 . 1 L' A gnistom a d ' a p r e s l e £ r a u t a - S u t r a d f A p v alay an a ' , JA 15?
P a r i s , 1890, 5-101*
5 . 'On th e Y ed as, o r S a c re d W ritin g s o f th e H in d u s ' from th e A s i a t i c R e s e a rc h e s 8 , C a l c u t t a , 1805, 3 6 9 f f *, i n M is c e lla n e o u s E ssa y s by H. T. C o le b ro o k e , v o l . I I , e d . by E. B. C o w ell, London, 1873 > 3 2 f f . 4* R ig -Y e d a -S a n h ita t o g e t h e r w ith th e com m entary o f S 'ay an ach ary a,
e d . b y P . Max M u lle r , London, 1849? P r e f a c e , x x v i f .
5* R ig - Y e d a - S a n h ita , t r a n s l a t e d by H. H. W ilso n , London, 1850, I n t r o d u c t i o n , x f f .
th e s u b j e c t - m a t t e r and c o m p a ra tiv e d a te o f th e R gvedic S a m h ita and Brahm anas i n 1850. The s ta n d a r d v iew o f th e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p
_ / 1
o f th e RV Brahmanas and S r a u t a s u t r a s was e s t a b l i s h e d by R. R o th ,
2 3
A. W eber, and P . Max M u lle r . R o th d e m o n s tra te d th e c lo s e
r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e AB and th e on th e b a s i s o f th e P asu b an d h a s e c t i o n o f t h e two t e x t s (AB 2 .1 -7 ? AS 3*3)? and Weber com pared b r i e f l y th e KB (u p to 1 3 -5 ) w ith c o rr e s p o n d in g AB p a s s a g e s .
Max M u lle r n o te d th e p r e s e n c e o f m a t e r i a l i n Brahmana s t y l e i n t h e SS,x 4
_ /
u n l i k e th e AS, and gave a r e n d e r i n g o f th e D ik s a s e c t i o n o f th e AB ( 1 . 1 - 6 ) w ith some comments on th e sym bolism o f th e c o n s e c r a t i o n r i t u a l . 5 Max M u l l e r fs th e o r y o f a common o r i g i n a l RY Brahmana s to c k o f t r a d i t i o n a l sy m b o lic e x p la n a t i o n s , w hich p re s u p p o s e a h ig h ly
d e v e lo p e d sy ste m o f w o rs h ip o f lo n g standing and on w hich f i r s t th e AB and l a t e r th e KB drew , r e s t s on R o t h 's p a ra p h r a s e and d i s c u s s i o n o f th e o p e n in g o f th e AB (1 .1 a g n i- v is n u - p u r o d £ s a s p e c u l a t i o n ) . The AS, l a c k i n g
'b ra h m a n a ' t e x t , he a c c o u n te d l a t e r th a n th e SS.
1 . N i r u k t a , G o ttin g e n , 1852, I n t r o d u c t i o n , x x i v - x L i i . 2* h o c , c i t . . 1853*
3* A H i s t o r y o f A n c ie n t S a n s k r i t L i t e r a t u r e , London, 1859? 1 0 8 f f . , 1 9 1 f. , 4 . The S u n ah sep a ‘brahmana* common to th e AB and th e SS i n in d e p e n d e n t
r e c e n s i o n s i s d is c u s s e d i n d e t a i l by Max M u lle r , o p . c i t . , 4 0 8 f f . and 573LL*? by K e ith , o p . c i t . , 6 2 f f . , and by P . W e lle r , D ie Legende
v on S u n a h se p a , B e r l i n , 195&? w ith l i t e r a t u r e . 5* Op. c i t . , 3 9 0 f f .
S u b se q u e n t work d e v e lo p s and emends t h e s e e a r l y t h e o r i e s , w ith o u t p r o v i d in g v e r y d e f i n i t e c o n c lu s io n s ,
P a n c ik a s 1-5 ^AB, w hich d e a l s e x c l u s i v e l y w ith th e Soma s a c r i f i c e , w ere h e ld by K e ith to be p re s u p p o s e d by th e TS, 2 b u t t o b e s e p a r a t e d by no g r e a t i n t e r v a l o f tim e fro m th e KB, w h ich i s a c c o u n te d l a t e r th a n th e TS, The KB, p r e s u p p o s in g AB 1 - 6 ,4 a c h ie v e s more p e r f e c t a rra n g e m e n t o f th e m a t e r i a l and g r e a t e r c o m p le te n e s s , i n a more co n d en sed l i t e r a r y s t y l e . U n lik e th e AB, i t p r e s e n t s i t s e l f a s a r e c a s t o f th e v iew s o f e a r l i e r a u t h o r i t i e s , P a in g y a and K a u s i t a k i ; th e te rm s p u n a rm rty u , I s a n a ,
* » t 1 " 1
and mahan d ev ah i n th e KB a r e m odern, and K e ith h e ld th e m y s tic is m5
a
o f th e KB t o b e an ad v an ce on th e r i t u a l i s t i c p r e o c c p a tio n s o f th e SB ( a lth o u g h R o th and Max M u lle r h ad e a r l y n o te d th e im p o r ta n t r o l e o f
1 . Th. G o ld s tu c k e r , 'T he V e d a ', K n i g h t 's E n c y c lo p a e d ia M e t r o p o li t a n a , s . v . , 1860, i n th e L i t e r a r y Remains o f th e l a t e P r o f e s s o r T heodore G o ld s tu c k e r , v o l . I , London, 1879> 341*» 6 0 ; A. W eber, The H is to r y o f I n d ia n L i t e r a t u r e , London, 1878, 4 4 -5 4 ; M. W in t e r n i t z ,
A H i s t o r y o f I n d ia n L i t e r a t u r e , v o l . I , p t , 1 , G a l c u t t a , 1959, 166;
A. A. M a c d o n e ll, A H is to r y o f S a n s k r i t L i t e r a t u r e , London, 1928, 2 0 5 f . , 245? L. R enou, V ed ic I n d i a , G a l c u t ta , 1957, 26 e t c .
2* The Veda o f t h e B la c k Ya.ius S c h o o l, HOS 1 8 -1 9 , C am bridge, M a s s ., 1914, I n t r o d u c t i o n , x c v i i i - c i .
3* A i t a r e y a Ar a n y a k a , O x fo rd , 1909, I n t r o d u c t i o n , 54*
4* R ig v ed a B rahm anas, I n t r o d u c t i o n , 2 2 -5 0 . 5* R ig v ed a B rahm anas, 583, n . 1.
_ ■'I
m y s tic sym bolism i n th e AB a c c o u n t o f D ik sa )* K e ith d e s c r ib e d a su b s e q u e n t g r a d u a l e x te n s io n o f AB 1.1 - 5*25 ( a n u c le u s i t s e l f
n o t f r e e from s u b s e q u e n t m o d if i c a t io n ) to form th e c o m p lete t e x t ( 1- 8 ) known t o P a n i m . * L. Renou d e n ie d th e e x is te n c e o f r i v a l s c h o o ls i n 2
/ _
th e R g v ed ic t r a d i t i o n b e f o r e th e l e v e l o f th e S r a u t a s u t r a s , and m a in ta in e d t h a t th e KB was a r e h a n d l in g o f th e AB ( 1 - 5 ) f o r th e e n la r g e d r e q u ir e m e n t o f th e r i t u a l *
if 3
I t i s , h o w ev er, n o t a b l e t h a t R* L obbecke, w h ile a g r e e in g w ith t h e s e v iew s i n a c c o u n tin g th e s p e c u l a t i v e , n o n - r i t u a l i s t i c c h a r a c t e r o f th e KB a s i g n o f l a t e n e s s , i d e n t i f i e d an a l l u s i o n t o KB 10* 5 i n AB 2 .1 2 a s a p o s t s c r i p t and i n s i s t e d on a g r e a t e r p r e c i s i o n i n r i t u a l m a t t e r s and a g r e a t e r l o g i c a l i t y o f th e AB i n th e sam ple c h o se n .
The a l l e g e d s t y l i s t i c s u p e r i o r i t y o f th e KB w as, ho w ev er, th e m ost commonly adduced argum ent i n f a v o u r o f i t s l a t e n e s s .
U n lik e th e two B rahm anas, th e R gvedic S r a u t a s u t r a s p r e s e n t th e
4 / /
c e re m o n ia l i n s i m i l a r s e q u e n c e . K e ith , , r e g a r d i n g SS 15-18 a s i n t r u s i v e ,
— / / /
became c o n v in c e d t h a t t h e AS a n te d a te d th e SS, th e l a t t e r i n t r o d u c i n g an im proved a rra n g e m e n t and a g r e a t e r m easure o f c o m p re h e n s iv e n e s s .
1• R ig v ed a Brahmanas * I n t r o d u c t i o n , l o c . c i t « 2* Les E c o le s Y e d iq u e s * P a r i s , 1947» 2 4 -2 6 , 39*
3 * Op* c i t . , 44- 4 6 .
4* R ig v ed a B rahm anas, I n t r o d u c t i o n , 3 8 -5 3 ; JRAS, 1907, 410-3?
R e li g i o n and P h ilo s o p h y . EOS 3 1 -3 2 , C am br., M a s s ., 1925, 2 8 .
H i l l e b r a n d t , 1 on th e o t h e r h a n d , h ad j u s t i f i e d th e a n t e r i o r i t y o f th e on g ro u n d s o f g r e a t e r d e t a i l i n Purusam edha, a s w e ll a s o f 'b ra h m a n a ' m a t e r i a l i n books 15- 16 .
The a rg u m e n ts , w hich a p p e a re d a ls o i n d i s c u s s i o n s o f th e R.V B rahm anas, c l e a r l y l a c k cogency* Lokesh C handra even so u g h t2
/ / / ✓
t o show t h a t th e i n t r u s i v e SS 17-18 a n te d a te d SS 1-16 on th e s l e n d e r b a s i s o f th e l e n g t h o f a m a n tra q u o t a t i o n and i n t a c i t d e f ia n c e o f K e i t h 's o p in io n on t h e s u b je c t* I n h i s t h e s i s o f a u n i t a r y RV Brahmana t r a d i t i o n ( t h e KB, r e c a s t o f th e o l d e r AB a t
a n o th e r l e v e l ) and two p a r a l l e l r i v a l RV S r a u t a s u t r a t r a d i t i o n s
(w h ile h o ld in g th e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e AS and th e SS t o be o b s c u r e ) ,^
Renou seems t o have b e en u n d u ly in f lu e n c e d by h i s p r e d e c e s s o r s 'R s u c c e s s and f a i l u r e r e s p e c t i v e l y i n a g r e e in g upon a d e f i n i t e
r e l a t i v e c h ro n o lo g y o f t h e AB and th e KB, and th e AS and th e ^S , The r e l a t i v e d a te o f th e AB and th e KB, and t h a t o f th e AS and th e SS re m a in s u n c e r t a i n . The q u e s tio n o f th e r e l a t i v e age o f th e two g e n re s i s p e rh a p s even more p u z z lin g . H i l l e b r a n d t 6 c o n tin u e d to
/ _ _ / „
1 . Sankhayana S r a u t a s u t r a , P re fac e-,' i x - x v . -
_ ✓ _
2 . Sankhayana S r a u t a s u t r a , I n t r o d u c t i o n , x i i * 3 * 4RAS» lo c* c i t *
4*V edic I n d i a , 43*
5* E c o le s V e d iq u e s , 2 4 -2 6 , 5 9 f • 6 . Loc. c i t .
a s c r i b e th e SS t o a t r a n s i t i o n a l p e r i o d ; even i n p a s s a g e s f r e e o f/ / 'brahm ana* s t y l e he n o te d -unusual f e a t u r e s o f c o n te n t and s t y l e
1 y /
w hich seem ed a r c h a i c . K e ith c o n firm e d th e SS to b e c l o s e r t o th e
~ / / /
KB th a n th e AS t o t h e AB; th e SS im proved th e e x p o s i t i o n o f th e KB w h ile th e AS g r e a t l y su p p le m e n te d th e r i t u a l c o n te n t o f th e AB.
2 -
Haug i n s i s t e d t h a t a lth o u g h th e e x i s t i n g RY Brahmanas d e f i n i t e l y a n te d a te d th e p r e s e n t RY S r a u t a s u t r a s , th e two g e n re s su p p le m e n te d e a c h o t h e r i n t h e i r a c c o u n ts o f th e r i t u a l , and m ig h t h av e o r i g i n a t e d s im u lta n e o u s ly . He d e m o n s tra te d c lo s e c o rre sp o n d e n c e and even l i t e r a l ag re em e n t b etw een th e AB and th e AS, b o th som etim es q u o tin g v e r s e s f o r e i g n t o th e a t t e s t e d RY t r a d i t i o n . L obbecke, 5 on th e o t h e r h a n d , s t r e s s e d th e lo o s e n e s s o f th e r e l a t i o n b etw een th e
/ s
KB and th e SS, a n d , ev en more s o , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e m a t t e r o f v e r s e s and f o r m u la s , b e tw ee n th e AB and th e AS; he p o s t u l a t e d , how ever, a lo n g o r a l t r a d i t i o n , p re s u p p o se d a ls o by th e B rahm anas, a s th e
y - 4
b a s i s o f t h e S r a u t a s u t r a s . Renou th o u g h t o f an o r i g i n a l
S u tra -B rih m a n a m ixed s t a t e and assum ed t h a t th e two g e n re s fo llo w e d and su p p le m e n te d e ac h o t h e r . A g ain , r a t i o n a l i z i n g t h e v iew s o f
1, R ig v ed a B rahm anas, I n t r o d u c t i o n , 50~53*
2* The. A i t a r e y a Brahman am, I , I n t r o d u c t i o n , 7—41, 71*
5 . Loc. c i t .
4. Ecoles Yediques, 35f.
h i s p r e d e c e s s o r s , he p o s t u l a t e d a s e p a r a t e p r e - e x i s t i n g RV Brahmana u n d e r ly in g th e e x p o s i t i o n o f th e AS, a s o p posed t o th e AB ( 1 - 5 )
KB S S ).
R e c e n tly , K. T s u j i 2 was a h le t o m a in ta in th e o u t r i g h t d ep en d en ce
/ 3
o f th e S r a u t a s u t r a s on th e B rahm anas, w h ile L okesh C handra , f o llo w in g
A / y
C a la n d , r e a f f i r m e d th e d i s c r e p a n c i e s b etw een th e KB and th e SS.
The l a t t e r p o in te d t o c o rre s p o n d e n c e s w hich l i n k t h e SS w ith o t h e r/ / V ed ic t e x t s , n o t a b l y th e JB , and to p a s s a g e s w here t h e KB p re s u p p o se d th e SS. / / W r itin g i n S u t r a s t y l e i n some form o r o t h e r m ust have
c o e x i s t e d w ith w r i t i n g i n Brahmana s t y l e , and t h i s seems t o be th e o n ly c o n c e iv a b le s o l u t i o n i n t h i s r e s p e c t .
1 . E c o le s V e d iq u e s , 37***
_ / —
2 . On th e R e la ti o n b e tw ee n Brahmanas and S r a u t a s u t r a s , Tokyo, 1952, 1 8 6 -9 0 .
0p« c i t . , x i i f f .
4* O f. h i s n o t e s on th e t r a n s l a t i o n o f th e SS,/ /
I I
T H E M E A I I N G A O E T Y M O L O G Y
0 E D I K S A
M. M a y rh o fe r, 1 w h ile l e a v i n g th e q u e s t io n o f etym ology o p en , p r e f e r s t o d e r i v e th e d e s i d e r a t i v e stem d i k s - from d a s - a s 1d e s i r e t o s a c r i f i c e ’ , r a t h e r th a n froni th e r o o t form d a s - ( i n v iew o f th e lo n g vow el i j d a s n o t i « d i k s a t e ^ a p n o t i , T p s a ti J o r from i t s
e x te n s io n d a k s - : f o llo w in g Renou, he c o u ld n o t r u l e o u t d e r i v a t i o n from d ah - . I p ro p o se t o show t h a t th e m odern c o n tr o v e r s y o v e r th e s u b j e c t i s n o t w e ll c o n c e iv e d , and t h a t V ed ic s o u r c e s , w here th e s e and o t h e r e ty m o lo g ie s a r e c o n s id e r e d , le n d o v erw helm ing s u p p o r t
/ / 2
f o r p o s t u l a t i n g d e r i v a t i o n from IE * d e k -, S k t. d a s - , and a b a s i c s e n s e ’d e s i r e t o s a c r i f i c e ’ * C l a s s i c a l a u th o r s o f f e r no ety m o lo g y , b u t t h e i r s e m a n tic g l o s s e s c o n firm th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and hence th e etym ology* The t e x t s p re s u p p o s e a c o r r e c t a p p r e c i a t i o n o f th e d e r i v a t i o n o f d i k s - , and t h e i r i n a b i l i t y th e m s e lv e s t o i d e n t i f y
«
th e form r u l e s o u t L. R enou1s th e o r y o f a ’p o s t - m a n t r i c ’ fo rm a tio n * 3
1 * BWA II, 1957, 44? w ith l i t e r a t u r e *
2* W hitney (R o o ts , L e ip z ig , 1885, 75) c i t e s d i d a s i s a - a s th e d e s i d e r a t i v e o f d a s - a s a t t e s t e d i n g ra m m a tic a l’w orks only?
i t w ould be a l e s s o r i g i n a l form th a n d i k s a t e * 5* Grammaire de l a la n g u e V e d iq u e , Lyon, 1952, 151-
__ _ _ 2
fu n d a m e n ta l r o l e i n D ik s a o f p u ro d a s a , d e f in e d a s a ’g r a s p i n g 1 o f th e d i v i n i t i e s (KB 7*1) who p e r s o n i f y th e s a c r i f i c e (AB 1 . 1 . 5 ) . I t i s p l a u s i b l e t o assum e t h a t th e co n cep t' o f ’g r a s p i n g 1 th e d i v i n i t i e s r e s t s on th e n o t i o n o f ’u n d e r ta lc in g ’ th e s a c r i f i c e , th e S a n s k r i t words b e in g a m b iv a le n t ( p r a g rh --, p a x ijg r h - , a l a b h - , a r a b h - ) ; p u r o d as a ,
’f o r e - o f f e r i n g 1, w ould th u s have b e e n i d e n t i f i e d w ith d i k s a , ’i n t e n t i o n t o s a c r i f i c e ’ ( c f . th e d i s c u s s i o n o f p u ro d a s a o p e n in g th e D ik sa s e c t i o n o f th e RY B rahm anas; AB p u ro la s a m d lk sa n iy a m , and an im age o f th e
0 * « t
d l k s i t a i n p u r o d a s a ; KB h a v i r e s a b h a v a ti y ad d i k s a t e ) , and r e t a i n e d th e d e f i n i t i o n when d i k s a a c q u ir e d o t h e r c o n n o t a t i o n s . The o r i g i n a l c o n n o ta tio n o f d i k s a s u r v iv e s i n KS 2 3 .6 d a n ay a v a e s a d ik s a t e , w h ich
* c «?
r e f l e c t s r e c o g n i t i o n o f d a s - ( c f . M r . 1.7*1 d a s a t e r d an akarm anah , D h a tu p . 1.931 d a s r d a n e , RY p u r o la h a s nom. s g . b e s i d e p u r o la s a m ) . KS 2 2 .1 3 devalokam p r a g r h - . . . d i k s a y a n t i , . . . yajnam a la h h a t e r e t a i n s
1, C onnexion w ith d a s - a s w e ll a s w ith dales- was f i r s t pro p o sed , by A.W eber, I n d . S t . 1*0, 1868, 358? n . 1 , fo llo w e d by H .O ld e n b erg , D ie R e lig io n d e s Y eda, S t u t t g a r t , 1923? 3 9 7 ft’*? and A .B .K e ith , Yeda o f t h e B 1. Y. Sch.m, c x i i i , R e l , and P h i l . t 3 0 C f f .; A .M inard c o n s id e r e d b o th d a ^ - T d ^ r " and dales- i n T ro i s S i g m e s s u r l e s Ge n t Chemins I I , P a r i s , 1956, 363f*? w h ile L.Renou a c c e p te d d a s - i n Gram m aire, l o c . c i t . 2. E o r th e c o n n e x io n o f d a s - and p u ro d a s a , c f . S t . P e t . D i e t . 4 ? 802;
s e e a l s o t h e e ty m o lo g ic a l e x p la n a tio n i n &B 1 . 6 . 2 . 5 ( p u ro ’d as ay a t —>
p u ro d a s a - p u r o d a s a ; s e e b elo w p . 102 f o r th e f u l l q u o t a t i o n ) .
^ p u ro d a t i s p r o b a b ly t o be a s s o c i a t e d w ith s a t , -^ an ad u t e t c . , i . e . , th e d e n t a l d i s changed i n t o c e r e b r a l d th r o u g h th e i n f l u e n c e o f th e f o llo w in g c e r e b r a l ( c f , J . W a c k e rn a g e l, * A lt i n d i s c h e Grammatik I ,
G d ttin g e n , new e d . , 1957? 1741*? H I ? 1930, 2 4 6 f ,; o th e r w is e J .E g g e li n g i n SBE X I I , O x fo rd , 1882, 162, n .2 on SB i b i d. 1 th e c e r e b r a l d I s t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e p r e c e d in g r ) .
d i k s a ) * MS 1*9*8 i n & p a s s a g e c o n f l a t i n g th e c o n c e p ts p u ro d a s a and
9 «
d i k s a s t a t e s t h a t s a c r i f i c e i s th e s t a r t i n g p o i n t o f d i k s a : e t a i r e v a
— / _ - 1 — JL / s J.
ju h u y a t p u r a s t a d d l k s a y a , e s a v a i p ra ty a k sa m d i k s a * 'h e s h o u ld s a c r i f i c e
* t # « >L"“ '
w ith th e s e ( y a j u r b h i h , s to m a ih , u k th a m a d a ih , c h an d o b h ih ) b e f o r e D ik s a ; t h i s i s t h e t a n g i b l e a s p e c t o f D ik s a * 1
'G ra s p in g t h e s a c r i f i c e ' , r e f l e c t i n g 'i n t e n t i o n t o s a c r i f i c e ' p r o v id e s th e l e i t m o t i v u n d e r ly in g th e V ed ic a c c o u n t o f D ik s a .
S p i r i t u a l r e g e n e r a t i o n was e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d a s th e c e n t r a l them e o f th e AB a c c o u n t; -| th e p r o c e s s h a s b een w e ll d e s c r i b e d i n a w id e r
/ 2 3
c o n te x t by S . L e v i, and m ost r e c e n t l y by J . Gonda, I t in v o lv e s th e s im u lta n e o u s g r a s p in g o f d i v in e g ra c e d e s c e n t o f th e d i v i n e ) th ro u g h s a c r i f i c i a l communion and o f s a c r i f i c i a l communion th ro u g h d i v in e g r a c e , th e d u a l p r o c e s s b e in g e x p la in e d a s a r e b i r t h and a s an a s c e n t o f th e ' g r a s p e r ' ( g a r b h a ^ u d g r b h - ) :
1. Max M u lle r , o£* c i t . , 390*
2* La doc t r i n e du s a c r i f i c e d an s l e s B rahm anas* P a r i s , 1898, 1 0 2 f f * io c* c i t ,
4* P o r th e c o n n e x io n o f g r a s p in g and g a rb h a c f . a l s o N i r . 10,23 g a rb h o g r b h e h *
AB a ra b d h a y a j n a > .. a r a b d h a d e v a ta , p a r i g r h - y a j n a h . . .d e v a ta h ,
* * * 9 *JT ' *
KB d e v a ta h p a r i g r h - , TS y a .in a sy a d h r t y a i , d e v a ta ya.inaml u » .MM 1p ^ » p p iTy i| « ■ * gfcrttma.TC* ■■ h i i ih m/T« W W U J W t f l i i * tnJHfiM ' — ^ ■ i . - . ^ tmm m .n »H «»■ ■ W i m t M M i , , . „ ^ i . r - r
/
* g r a c e , d e s c e n t , and communion’ - M Spriyd devanam , TS s a r v af . H« ■ I 11 IIBlJ f i ilWJ * — I »l I llPn^ w I P * I I L tlP W fcH I— I>w
d e v a ta h p r l n a t i , AB a g n i h . . . v i s n u h , . . p r i t a u ;
§ 9 0 p...0-
AB d e v a a y a n t i , a d i t y a a b h y u d iy a t, y a jn a u p a n a m a ti, KB pranam agnim an t a r a d h a - , h iran m ay a h sa k u n a a p a t - ,
• f
b h u ta n i sa m p rn k te ;
" * 4
£ _ / ^ _
^ sa y n tiy a , KB s a l o k a t a , KB AB SB s a y u j y a , s a l o k a t a ,
(2 ) 'g r a s p e r * - KB d e v a g a rb h a , AB g a r b h a , KS g a rb h o devatam u p a i t i , SB a g n i r y o n ih , g arb h o d i k s i t a h .
'a s c e n t* - MS a b h y a r o h a t i , AB r o h a t i . . , s v a rg e lo k e p r a t i t i s t h a t i ,y
_ — x / / — S. s
sv a rg a y a n a h , KS g a c c h a t i , SB u d g r b h n ite 's m a l l o k a t ,
* 1 ~ 0 e *
KB a u d g ra b h a n a n i .j u h o t i , ag n im , etam a b h i d i k s - ,
p 1 #
T h is e le g a n t p r o p o s i t i o n h a s b een s u b j e c t t o c o n s id e r a b le
d i s t o r t i o n i n t h e e x t a n t t e x t s . I t h a s b e en s e e n above t h a t some o f th e i d e a s became a s s o c i a t e d w ith p u ro d a s a (KB p u ro d a s a ^ p a r i g r h - ) ,
o *
and with more restricted topics still (parigrh- — purvo diks- (KB),
1. (1) KS 22.13, AB 1.1.12, 1.3.21, KB 7.1, line 4 , TS 6.1.4 .3, 6 .2.5.5.
MS 3.6.9, TS 6 .1.1.5, AB 1.4.10; AB 1.2.4, 1.3.14, 1.4.7 + 1.5.15, KB 7 .3 , line 13f., 7 .4 , line 2, line 22f.; MS 3.7.10, KB 7 .1 , line 6 , line 11, AB 1.6.3, £b 12.1.3.1.
(2) KB 7.2, line 12,"
h
1.3.1, KS 19.10,grf>j^a.» SB 3.1.3.28.MS 3 .6 .1 , AB 1.5.8, 1 .2 .4 , KS 2 g.1 3 , & 3 .1 .4 .1 , KB 7 .4 , l i n e 8 , 7 *3 > l i n e 7 - 4 > l i n e 2 4 *
was w id e n ed , and c o m p lic a tio n a r o s e w i t h in p u r o d a s a . I t seems p ro b a b le t h a t an a l t e r n a t i v e etym ology from d a k s - h a s b een
r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e subm ergence o f i d e a s c o n n e c te d w ith th e e a r l i e r ety m o lo g y from d a s - . Thus p u ro d a s a h a s b e e n e x p la in e d i n th e AB
p r i m a r i l y w ith r d h n u v a n ti (AB devan rd h n u v a n ti ~ ICB a v a r a r d h y a , p a r a r d h y a . b e s id e p a r i g r h - ; c f . a ls o AB s a m a r d h a y a n ti, y a jn a s y a samrddham, . . f . i KB —tr ih s a m r d d h e n a ) , and t h i s i s a s t a n d a r d e x p la n a tio nT — ' o f d a k s - , c f . K i r . 1.7*1 d a k s a te h sa m a rd h a y a tik a rm a n a h .
The ety m o lo g y from d a k s - , i . e . th e s ig m a tic stem o f *delc-, d a s -
« 1
i s n o t a s e r i o u s c o n te n d e r . B o h tlin g k and R o th is s p e c i f i c a s s o c i a t i o n o f d i k s - w ith t h e b a s e d a le s-, fo llo w e d by a l l m odern d i c t i o n a r i e s
9
w hich o f f e r an o p in io n and r e c e n t l y by A. M inard 2 ( a lo n g w ith d a s - / d a s '- ) , i s m o r p h o lo g ic a lly u n a t t r a c t i v e and c an b e j u s t i f i e d o n ly on th e b a s i s o f a s p e c i a l se m a n tic a c c o r d . I t h a s now b e en r e c o g n iz e d , h o w ev er, t h a t th e s e n s e o f d a k s- i n t h e RY i s b e s t conveyed by t h e r e n d e r i n g ’g r a t i f y 1 i n a c c o rd a n c e w ith th e
N ir u k ta g l o s s ( c f . G e ld n e r: ’ (ein em ) zu Dank m achen’ (RY 7 . 1 6 . 6 ) ,
»
!e s (ein e m ) r e c h t m achen’ (RY 7 * 3 2 .9 ) ; M ay rh o fer? ’m acht e s einem r e c h t , w i r k t z u r Z u f r i e d e n h e i t ’ ) . The se n se o f th e s ig m a tic stem was th u s
1 , S a n s k r it- W o r te r b u c h , 3 , 1861, 6 4 2 f.
n o t s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t from t h a t o f d a s - , a lth o u g h d e f i n i t e c o n n o ta tio n s o f f i t n e s s p e r t a i n e d to th e s ig m a tic form s d a k s - and d i k s - , Gonda a g a in p r e f e r r i n g t o m a in ta in a b a s i c s e n s e o f f i t n e s s , gave s u p p o r t t o th e d e r i v a t i o n o f d i k s a from
IE * d elc-, b u t th e im p lie d s p e c i a l i z a t i o n o f *delc“ 'c o n s e c r a te * and *-delo- 's a c r i f i c e * i n IE c a n n o t be u p h e ld , f o r RV d a s a s y a t i i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i s t i n c t i n s e n s e from d a s - o r d a k s - ,
«
A r i g i d d i s t i n c t i o n b etw een 'c o n s e c r a tio n * and 's a c r i f i c e * a p p e a rs t o have b e e n r u l e d o u t , p resu m ab ly by a p r e l i t e r a r y
a w are n ess o f t h e i r i d e n t i t y , th e t r a c e o f w hich re m a in s i n KB 7*3»
l i n e 1o : h a v i r e s a b h a v a t i y ad d i k s a t e , 'h e becom es t h e o f f e r i n g when he i s c o n s e c r a te d / u n d e r ta k e s s a c r i f i c e ' , YV p a s s im ;
h a v i r v a i d ik s i t a h , SB 1 2 .8 ,2 ,4 'd i k s a = atm an o f y a jr ia , e t c .
* »
The c o n te n ti o n t h a t 'g r a s p i n g ', 'u n d e r t a k i n g ' r e f l e c t s a r e c o g n i t i o n o f th e d e s i d e r a t i v e e le m e n t i n d i k s - r e c e i v e s s u p p o r t
1 *
fro m th e l i t e r a t u r e . S a d g u ru s is y a o n / 1 . 1 . 2 g iv e s t h e g l o s s d i k s a t e h s a m k a lp a n a r th a t, 'd i k s - s i g n i f i e s r e s o l v e ( t o u n d e r ta k e a r e l i g i o u s
* c*
o b s e r v a n c e ) ', and D hatup. 1. 6 40 p r e s e r v e s th e r o o t m eaning ( i tj y a )
— / 2 —
a s w e l l a s th e d e s i d e r a t i v e e le m e n t ( a d e s a ) : maundya- i.jy a -
1 , Op. c i t . , 341f •» n . 122.
2 . a d e s a i n t h i s s e n s e i s n o t o th e r w is e a t t e s t e d (RV a dis''- , 'i n t e n t i o n * , Mbh. a d i s - 't o u n d e r t a k e ', c f . M o n ie r-W illia m s , s .v .,_ _ b u t Manu 4 -8 0 v ra ta m a d i s - 'im p o se an o b s e r v a n c e ', c f . P . Thiem e, ' A d e sa ' , M elanges d* I n d ia n is m e , P a r i s , 19^8, 7 1 \ B o h tlin g k and R oth ( s . v . d i k s - ] c o n s tr u e . . . niyam e v r a t a d e s 'e , p resu m ab ly f o l lo w in g Manu i b i d . , b u t " th e g l o s s r e f l e c t s an etym ology from d i s - a p p li e d t o D ik s a a s a w hole
( i . e . i n c l u d i n g maundya e t c . a l l th e e le m e n ts ) .
u p a n a y a n a -n iy a m a -v ra t a -a d e s e s u d i k s - , ’r e s o l v e t o u n d e rta k e maundya
- ' i {T • *
e tc * ( t h e v a r i o u s e le m e n ts o f D i k s a ) ’ * S i m i l a r l y G arbha Up 20
’D ik sa i s r e s o l v e ( d h r t i ) and g r a t i f i c a t i o n ( o f th e g o d s: s a m to s a ) ’
* r- « »
and Say a n a on AB 1 . 1 . 2 somay ag e p r a v r t t a s y a y a ja m a h a sy a s am skaro
9 *
di k s a n a m, p r e s e r v i n g ro o t-m e a n in g and d e s i d e r a t i v e , ’c o n s e c r a t i o n
*r • "*
o f th e s a c r i f i c e r u n d e r ta k in g Soma s a c r i f i c e ’ . ab h i d i k s - i s a s s o c i a t e d w ith k a m a p ti i n KB (7*4 end)* .An e x p l i c i t r e c o g n i t i o n o f th e d e s i d e r a t i v e may b e fo u n d i n GhUp 3*17*1 s a y a d a s i s i s a t i y a t p ip a s ^ a ti y a n n a ram a t e t a , ... a s y a d i k s a b , ’h i s D ik s a s c o n s i s t i n~ * r » a b s te n tio n s from fo o d , d r i n k and c o m f o r t’ .
O th e r s p e c u l a t i v e e ty m o lo g ie s a r e o f f e r e d , w hich te n d to r e l y upon s e m a n tic g l o s s e s in v o lv i n g y a .i- t o c o m p le te th e s e n s e , t h u s i n d i r e c t l y c o n fir m in g th e etym ology from d a s - » ^
/ /" ^ / / / /
MS 3 .6 ,1 dev atam e s a a p a r t ! yo d ik s a t e , devanam e v a disam
jC r /
u p a v a r t a t e * . . d e v a lo k a m a b h y a r o h a ti i n tr o d u c e s th e ety m o lo g y from d i s - w hich s u r v i v e s i n th e D h atu p . . . . a d e s e s u d i k s - * S i m i l a r l y TB 3 * 7 * 7 * 6 ff.
’one becom es d i k s i t a th ro u g h ( o r by e n t e r i n g up o n ) th e di s a h , i d e n t i f i e d w ith d i k s a ’ . I t may be assum ed t h a t some e ty m o lo g iz in g s e n s e o f
d i v in e ’o r d i n a n c e ’ i s im p lie d b y d i s - f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . The f a l s e
etym ology may be shown t o h av e b e e n su p e rim p o sed on o th e r w is e e q u iv a le n t s ta te m e n ts o f w id e r c u r r e n c y , e . g . MS 3*7*10 d e v a t ab h i r v a e s a sayu.jyam
* *>
s ~ / jC — y ^ ~
g a c c h a t i yo d ik s a t e , SB 3 * 2 .2 ,1 0 devan v a e s a u p a v a r t a t e yo d ik s a t e ,
1. O f. e . g . JB 3*358 (q u o te d b e lo w ), ^B11 . 1 . 8 .4 s a e te n a y a j n e n a . * * dev eb h y a a tmanam p r a y a c c h a t i , e t c .
JB 2 .5 2 p r o v id e s th e r e f in e m e n t d i g b h i r j k s i t a s , tasm ad d i k s i t a h , s a d i k sisy a m a n a a d ity a m u p a t i s t h e t a , i . e . an ety m o lo g y from d i s - + i k s -
c o » * " w o
JB 3° 358 g oes on t o o f f e r d i v - + k s i - ; t a d y a d d i v i k s a y am a k ir r u ta , tasm ad d i k s i t a h ; d i v i h a v a e s a ksayam k u ru t e y q y a .i a t e .
* W {t ^ * ^ ^ wt WW *mr B. *rriT..»t+(
GB 1 .3*19 s u g g e s ts d h i + k s i - : k a s y a s v i d d h e t o r d i k s i t a i t y a c a k s a t e , s re s th a m dhiyam k s i y a t T t i , tarn v a etam d h ik s ita m san tam d l k s i t a i t y a c a k s a t e , F o r th e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f dhiyam k s l - i n th e c o n te x t o f D ik s a , c f . AB 1 .1 3 .29 ( e x p l a n a t i o n o f TS 1 . 2 . 2 , 2 imam
ei s i ksam anasy a e t c , ) : d h i = su ta rm a n n a u = y a .jn a , k r s n a j i n a , v a c . 1
1, ’He i s r a i s e d up from t h i s w o rld who i s c o n s e c r a te d i n t o th e w o rld o f t h e gods ’ . The same se n se o f u d g r b h - ( p a tim y a d lh ;
c f . a l s o v ,4 0 m angalT p a tilo k a m a^„yisa) i s p r o b a b ly i m p l i c i t i n
x / / _/ 4 / ^ / 4
AY 1 4 .2 .5 2 i u s a t i h k a n y a la im ah p i t r l o k a t p a tim y a t i h , a y a d ik s am a q rk s a t a sy a h a , ’th e s e young g i r l s g o in g e a g e r l y t o th e Husband
_
( i . e . B rh a ,s p a ti, c f . b r h a s pa ti n a v a s r s ta m i n v . 5 3 ^ 4 . ) from th e f a t h e r ’s w o rld , h av e sh ap ed D ik s a ’ ; th e v e r s e i s a l s o s u g g e s tiv e o f th e
c o n c e p t o f p r a ja n a n a ( c f . v . 5 7 f * Pay all, r a s a h , p r a v i s - , av a s r .j - , sam s r . n - ) •
• "i1 *
2 . P r e o c c u p a tio n w ith d h i - v a c + k s i - ( i . e . th e GB ety m o lo g y + th e AB e x p la n a t i o n ) may b e o b s e rv e d i n th e JB ( 2 .5 4 ) i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s v a g v a v a d i k s i t o - , v a g d i k s a , v a g i d am sarvam k s i y a t i , v a c i vavedam
W J 'M:4 * l i - A -LL-.L_ —Jl "eT"’ -M m — - TI - " ■
sarvam k s i t a r n . The S ab d ak alp ad ru m a d e f i n i t i o n (q u o te d i n S t . P e t . D i e t . , s . v . d i k s a ) d i y a t e inanajn a ty a n ta m , k s l y a t e papasam cayah, tasm ad
d i k s e t i s a p r o k t a a p p a r e n t l y p re s u p p o s e s a s s o c i a t i o n o f d i k s a w ith d a s - a s w e ll a s w ith k s i - .
