An analysis of Qur'anic themes in five Persian poets of the 5th/11th-6th/12th centuries, with comparative reference to Arabic `Abbasid poetry.

An analysis of Qur'anic themes in five Persian poets of the 5th/llth - 6th/12th centuries,

with comparative reference to Arabic cAbbasid Poetry-

BY

SAFA* Mf*STAFA ABU TALIB

In Fulfilment of the requirements For the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

School of Oriental and African Studies University of London

APRIL 1988

ProQuest Number: 10731405

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H O PI NG

TO THE FOND M E M OR Y OF M Y P A RENTS

HAVE F U L F I L L E D ONE OF T H E IR D E A R E S T WISHES

A B S T R A C T

The p r e s e nt thesis ana l y s e s the e x t e n s i v e u t i l i s a t i o n of Qur'anic m a t e r i a l s b y cUnsuri, FarrukhI, M a nuchehrl, Ab u ' 1 - F a r a j - i R u n ! a n d A n v a r l , a n d s e e k s to d e t e r m i n e the d e g r e e to w h i c h it m a y b e s e e n as a p a r t i c u l a r t h e m a t i c d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h i n P e r s i a n p o e t r y ■ r a t h e r t h a n as p a r t o f a

li t e r a r y t r a d i t io n d ev e l o p e d fr o m A r a b i c models.

T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n is f o l l o w e d b y a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t a t i s t i c a l s u r v e y of Q u r ' a n i c r e f e r e n c e s in the, P e r s i a n poets, with, for comparison, a s i m i l a r su r v e y c o v e r i n g the w o r k of f i v e A r a b p o e t s : A b u N u w a s , A b u a l - c A t a h i y a , A b u T a m m a m , a l- Bu h t u r T and a l - M u t a n a b b i .

E a c h o f t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r s c o v e r s a p a r t i c u l a r t h e m a t i c a r e a and, w h e r e a p p r o p r i a t e , is i n t e r n a l l y s u b ­ d i v i d e d a c c o r d i n g to t h e i n d i v i d u a l e p i s o d e s . T h e f i r s t m a j o r t h e m a t i c a r e a to b e t r e a t e d is t h a t of P a r a d i s e . T h i s is f o l l o w e d b y a n e x t e n s i v e s u r v e y o f t h e m a t e r i a l s r e l a t i n g to t h e p r o p h e t s , p r i n c i p a l l y M o s e s , J e s u s a n d S o l o m o n . A t h i r d c h a p t e r c o n s i d e r s m i s c e l l a n e o u s o t h e r Qur'anic r e f e r e n c e s .

Each of these three c h apters is o r g a n i s e d along s i m i l a r lines: an initial s t a t i stical survey g iv in g a c o m p r e h e n s i v e listing of the i ndividual c i t ations is f o l l o w e d by general

r e m a r k s o n t h e c o n t e x t o f u s e a n d a m o r e d e t a i l e d c o m m e n t a r y on v e r s e s of p a r t i c u l a r l i t e r a r y a n d t h e m a t i c i n t e r e s t . A r a b a n d P e r s i a n u s a g e is c o m p a r e d , a n d at t e nt io n d r a w n to aspects of rhetorical technique.

T h e i m p l i c a t i o n o f t he f i n d i n g s y i e l d e d b y t h e a b o v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n is d i s c u s s e d in th e f i n a l s u m m a r y . T h i s s e e k s t o e v a l u a t e h o w f a r t h e t h e m e s a n d t e c h n i q u e s o b s e r v e d in t h e P e r s i a n p o e t s ar e a l s o p r e s e n t in the d l w a n s of f i v e m a j o r c A b b a s i d p o e t s w h o , o n t h e o n e hand, w e r e c l ea r l y k n o w n to the P e r s i a n poets u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n

(and h e n c e a m o d e l f o r them), and, o n t h e o t h e r , r e p r e s e n t a p e r i o d w h e n I s l a m i c cu l t u r e and, specifically, k n o w l e d g e of t h e Q u r ' a n i c text, h a d b e c o m e a s t a n d a r d i n g r e d i e n t o f l i t e r a r y t r a i n i n g , a n d h e n c e a v a i l a b l e f o r e x p l o i t a t i o n a l o n gside m o r e tra d i t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s of p o e t i c discourse.

C O N T E N T S

A b s t r a c t C o n te nt s

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s I n t r o d u c t i o n C h a p t e r 1 C h a p t e r 2

C h a p t e r 3

C h ap te r 4

C h a pt er 5

C h a p t e r 6

C h a p te r 7 C h a p t e r 8 B i b l i o g r a p h y

page 3 4 6

7

Statistical Survey 14

The T r e a t m e n t of P a r adise 59 M at e r i a l in the Q u r ’an

The Poets' T r e a t m e n t of the 108 Pro p h e t i c Material in the

Q u r ' a n (1) Moses

The P o e t s ’ T r e a tm en t of the 145 P r o p h e t i c M a terial in the

Q u r ' a n (2) Jesus

The Poets' T r e a t m e n t of the 181 P ro p h e t i c Material in the

Q u r 'an

(3) Sol o m o n

The Poets' T r e a t m e n t of the 210 Q u r ' a n i c N a r r a t i v e of

D hu - l- Qa rn ay n

M i s c e l l a n eo us 224

C o n c lu si on 237

251

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S

I w o u l d l i k e to e x p r e s s m y p r o f o u n d a n d d e e p g r a t i t u d e to b o t h the E g yp t i a n g o v e r n m e n t and cAyn S h a m s U n i v e rs it y f o r a w a r d i n g m e a s c h o l a r s h i p to s t u d y in t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m . I a m e s p e c i a l l y i n d e b t e d to m y s u p e r v i s o r s , P r o f e s s o r G a n d j e i a n d Dr. W r i g h t , f o r t h e a d v i c e a nd g u i d a n c e they have g i v e n m e m o s t w i l l i n g l y t h r o u g h o u t the p e r i o d of m y study. W i t h o u t their enco u r a g e m e n t , s u pport a n d n u m e r o u s s t i m u l a t i n g c o m m e n t s a n d a d v i c e , t h i s s t u d y w o u l d n e v e r have b e e n completed.

I N T R O DU C T I O N

I t is a w e l l k n o w n f a c t t h a t e a r l y P e r s i a n p o e t r y r e m a i n s i n d e b t e d to A r a b i c p o e t r y , n o t m e r e l y in s u c h t e c h n i c a l a r e a s as f o r m a n d p r o s o d y b u t a l s o f o r its p r i n c i p a l t h e m e s a n d f o r the s t y l i s t i c a n d r h e t o r i c a l tec h n i q u e s t h rough w h i c h these are elaborated. However, it is a l s o r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t he P e r s i a n p o e t s w e r e , a t t he s a m e t i m e , i n n o v a t o r s , d e v e l o p i n g i n h e r i t e d m a t e r i a l s i n n e w w a y s .

T h e p r e s e n t t h e s i s is, in part, a c o m p a r a t i v e study, c o n t r a s t i n g in a g i v e n t h e m a t i c a r e a t h e d i f f e r e n t t e c h n i q u e s e m p l o y e d b y A r a b a n d P e r s i a n p o e t s a n d e n d e a v o u r i n g to d e t e r m i n e the extent to w h i c h A r a b m o d e l s w e r e o r w e r e n o t f o l l o w e d b y t h e P e r s i a n s a n d , c o n s e q u e n t l y , a l s o t h e e x t e n t to w h i c h t h e l a t t e r m a y be j u d g e d to h a v e e i t h e r d e v e l o p e d in a n e w d i r e c t i o n o r to h a v e s t r e s s e d , w i t h i n t he r a n g e o f c o m m o n e l e m e n t s , o n e p ar ti c u l a r area o v er another. At the s a m e time, it m a y be v i e w e d as a st u d y of inn o v a t i o n w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e rence to P e rs ia n poetry, tr a c i n g the w a y s in w h i c h n e w t h e m at ic e l e m e n t s w e r e i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t he t r a d i t i o n a l p o e t i c f ab r i c . T h e f i r s t i m p u l s e t o w a r d s a n e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e s p e c i f i c s u b j e c t m a t t e r t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e s e v a r i o u s d e v e l o p m e n t s are a s s es se d wa s given by an e a r l i e r study b y t he p r e s e n t w r i t e r o n A b u ' 1 - F a r a j - i R u n I , w h o s e d i w a n

e x h i b i t e d an u n e x p e c t e d l y h i g h i n c i d e n c e o f Q u r ' a n i c r e f e r e n c e . It s e e m e d r e a s o n a b l e , t h e r e f o r e , to c o m p a r e A bu 'l-Faraj-i Run! in the first instance w i t h other m a j o r P e r s i a n p o e t s of t he s a m e p e r i o d to s e e w h e t h e r t he s a m e f e a t u r e w a s to b e f o u n d a m o n g th e m , too. In all, f i v e P e r s i a n p o e t s a r e e x a m i n e d h e r e in c h r o n o l o g i c a l o rd er , c U n s u r I , F a r r u k h I , M a n u c h e h r l , A b u ' l - F a r a j - i R u n I a n d A n v a r i . T h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e s e f i v e w a s d i c t a t e d b y b o t h h i s t o r i c a l a n d a e s t h e t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . A l l a r e m a j o r f i g u r e s , a n d t h e c l o s e s i m i l a r i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e d i w a n s e n s u r e a b r o a d i d e n t i t y o f a p p r o a c h in b o t h s t y l e a n d s u b j e c t m a t t e r . C h r o n o l o g i c a l l y t h e y ar e close, but w e r e ch o s e n to p r ovide even c o v e ra ge of a p e r io d ( f r o m c._4££ to c . 5 0 0 A. H .) ^ ^ r a t h e r t h a n t h e m o r e i n t e n s i v e s t u d y o f a s i n g l e g e n e r a t i o n t h a t a d i f f e r e n t s e le c t i o n c o u l d have provided.

A s a f u r t h e r step, b o t h t h e s t a t i s t i c a l i n c i d e n c e of Q u r ' a n i c r e f e r e n c e s a n d t h e s t u d y of th e s t y l i s t i c s of their e m p l o y m e n t are e x t en de d in a b r oa d c o m p a r a t i v e sur v e y a l l o w i n g s i m i l a r i t i e s and differ e n c e s to be n o t e d b e t w e e n t h e a b o v e P e r s i a n p o e t s a n d a c e n t r a l g r o u p o f A r a b p o e t s c h o s e n f r o m a m o n g t h e i r m o s t p r o m i n e n t c A b b a s i d p r e d e c e s s o r s : A b u T a m m a m , A b u N u w S s , a 1 - M u t a n a b b I , a l - B u h t u r i a n d A b u a l - cA t a h i y a . T h e w o r k s o f t h e f i r s t f o u r p ro vi d e d m o d e l s for t heir Per s i a n c o u n t er pa rt s to e m u l a t e in t h e i r m a j o r s u b j e c t area, m adTfr. A b u a l - c A t a h i y a , on t h e o t h e r hand, w a s d e l i b e r a t e l y c h o s e n f o r c o n t r a s t : h i s

religious p o e t r y c o ns ti t u t e s a t o tally d i f f e r e n t f o r u m for t h e l i t e r a r y u t i l i z a t i o n of Q u r ' a n i c m o t i f s , a n d t h u s s t a n d s n o t o n l y as a m o d e l o f a n o t h e r p o s s i b l e a p p r o a c h , b u t as a c o n t r o l c o r p u s a g a i n s t w h i c h s o m e o f t h e u s a g e s of th e m a d l fr p o e t s c a n b e ju d g e d . G i v e n t h a t t h e s e g r e a t c A b b a s i d p o e t s w e r e c l e a r l y , a n d s p e c i a l l y in t h e i r p a n eg yr ic odes, m o d e l s for the P e rsian poets to e m u l a t e and s t r i v e to s u r p a s s , it w o u l d s e e m a p r i o r i l i k e l y t h a t m a t c h i n g p a t t e r n s of i n c i dence and u sage w o u l d s u ggest that t h e P e r s i a n p o e t s w e r e i m i t a t i n g a n d p r o l o n g i n g a p r e ­ e x i s t i n g A r a b practice, w h i l e s i g n i f i c a n t d e v i a t i o n w o u l d s u g g e s t s t r o n g l y further d e v e l o p m e n t and inn o v a t i o n on the p a r t of the P e r s i a n s u c c e s s o r poets.

A further m a j o r a t t r a c t i o n of the Qur'anic m a t e r i a l s on all these poets w as the s im pl e fact of the r e lative n e g le ct they had s u f fe re d in p r e v i o us critical literature, d e spite the v o l u m i n o u s a m o u n t of p u b l i s h ed r es e a r c h on the Pe r s i a n as we l l as the A r a b poets. Indeed, no single w o r k appears to have be e n d e v o t e d s p e c i f ic al ly to this subject.

U.M. D a u d p o t a ' s s e m i n a l w o r k e n t i t l e d "The I n f l u e n c e Of A r a b i c P o e t r y On The D e v e l o p m e n t Of P e r s i a n Poetry" surveys t h e e v o l u t i o n o f A r a b i c p o e t r y , a n d t h e n d i s c u s s e s s u c h topics as the ve r s e forms b o r r o w e d by the P e r s i a n s f r o m the Arabs, the P e r s i a n q a g i d a c o m p o s e d in the m e t r e a n d r h y m e of s o m e w e l l k n o w n A r a b i c g a g I d a s , a n d c o n c l u d e s w i t h an e x a m i n a t i o n o f P e r s i a n e l e m e n t s in A r a b i c p o e t r y . B u t it

p a y s l i t t l e o r n o a t t e n t i o n to t he poets' t r e a t m e n t of t h e p a r t i c u l a r t h e m a t i c a r e a s p r o v i d e d b y p r o p h e t i c , p a ra di s a i c a l and o t h e r Q u r ' a n i c material.

S u c h a l s o p r o v e s to b e l a r g e l y t h e c a s e w i t h t h e o t h e r w o r k s c o v er in g the lives, culture and d l w ans of the P e rsian p o e t s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . J.W. C l i n t o n , f o r e x a m p l e , w r i t i n g o n t h e t r a d i t i o n o f c o u r t p o e t r y , t e n d s to c o n c e n t r a t e on the t e c h n i c a l a s p e c t s a n d s t y l e of the

( ^ )

poet. V i c t o r A l - K i k , in hi s w o r k o n t h e i n f l u e n c e of A r a b i c c u l t u r e o n M a n u c h e h r i ' s p o e t r y , e n t i t l e d T a 1t h T r -i F a r h a n g - i Arab Par A s h car-i M a n u ch eh rl D a m g h a n i d r aw s a t t ­ e n t i o n to t h e p o e t ' s u s e o f Q u r ' a n i c r e f e r e n c e s on 42 oc c a s i o n s w i t h o u t go i n g into any analysis of the imagery, a n d M.A. H u s e i n in h i s M.A. e n t i t l e d "T h e I n f l u e n ce Of A r a b i c C u l t u re On T h e P e r s i a n Poet M a n u c h e h r l " refers but f le e t i n g l y to the poet's t r e a t m e n t of Qur'anic material.

T w o t h e s e s b y °Afaf a l - S a y y i d Z Idan, an M.A. o n c U n s u r X and a PhD on FarrukhI, deal in the m a i n w i t h the t w o poets' lives, t h e i r c u l t u r e , a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e p a t r o n s , w h i l s t p r o v i d i n g a p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c b a c k g r o u n d a g a i n s t w h i c h t h e w r i t e r ' s d i s c u s s i o n s take p l a c e . ^

A m o n g o t he r individual studies of the P e r s i a n po e t s m a y be m e n t i o n e d those b y M u h a m m a d N u r al-Din cA b d a l - M u n c i m on M a n u c h e h r l , A h m a d K a m a l a l - D i n M u h a m m a d H i l m T on

A n v a r T , ^ a n d t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r o n A b u ’l - F a r a j - i Runi, all of w h i c h p a y b u t s c a n t y a t t e n t i o n to t h e Q u r ' a n i c m a t e r i a l .

I s l a m i c t h e m e s a n d t h e u s e of Q u r ' a n i c r e f e r e n c e s are also only r a rely t o u c h e d upon in the critical lit e r a t u r e on t h e A r a b poe t s . O n e o b v i o u s e x c e p t i o n is t h e c h a p t e r e n t i t l e d "The I m p a c t Of T h e Q u r ' a n A n d H a d i t h O n M e d i e v a l A r a b i c L i t e r a t u r e " in t h e C a m b r i d g e H i s t o r y O f A r a b i c L i t e r a t u r e in w h i c h r e f e r e n c e is m a d e to w o r k s of A b u T a m m a m , A b u N u w a s , A b u a l - c A t a h i y a , a l - M u t a n a b b l a n d al- Buhturi and their usage of Qur'anic material. This survey c e r t a i n l y g i v e s a g e n e r a l i d e a of t h e e x t e n t to w h i c h Q u r ' a n i c t h e m e s a n d v o c a b u l a r y o c c u r in c A b b a s i d p o e t r y , b u t d o e s n o t a t t e m p t a n y a n a l y s i s of t h e p o e t i c u s e to w h i c h t h e s e a re put. A l s o r e l e v a n t is t he a r t i c l e on I s l a m i c K i n g s h i p a n d A r a b i c P a n e g y r i c p o e t r y ^ w h i c h dis c u s s e s the e x t e n t to w h i c h m a d T h m a t e r i a l a d d re ss ed to p r o m i n e n t p e r s o n a g e s r e f l e c t s I s l a m i c c o n c e p t s o f a u t h o r i t y , b u t d o e s n o t a d d r e s s i t s e l f to t h e q u e s t i o n of h o w f a r I s l a m i c v o c a b u l a r y is e m p l o y e d , a n d to w h a t s t yl i s t i c effect.

O f t h e r e m a i n i n g s c h o l a r l y l i t e r a t u r e , i t m a y r e a s o n a b l y b e s a i d t hat, f o r all t h e a n a l y t i c a l a c u m e n displayed, little c on tr ib ut io n is m a d e to d i s c u s s i o n of the p a r t i c u l a r issues w i t h w h i c h this thesis is concerned. It,

t h e r e f o r e , r e l i e s f a r le s s o n p u r s u i n g a c r i t i q u e of p r e v i o u s s c h o l ar s h ip than on d i rect c o n f r o n ta ti on w i t h the d i w ans of the ten poets in question. It is in this sense a p r o l o n g a t i o n and, at the s am e time, a w i d e n i n g in scope of a p r e v i o us s tudy b y the p r e s en t w r i t e r w h i c h w a s c o n c e r n e d w i t h just one poet, A b u 'l-Faraj-i Runi, in w h o s e d l w a n the i n c i dence of Qur'anic references s e e m e d u n e x p e c t e d l y high.

Perusal of the ot h e r d i w a n s reveals, however, that Abtt '1- Faraj-i Run! w a s by no m e a n s exceptional in this regard and the general r i c hness of the m a t e r i a l justifies not only an a t t e m p t to q u a l i f y the incidence for c o m p a r a t i v e purposes, but also an e x a m i n a t i o n of the attitudes r e v e a l e d therein t o w a r d s the literary p o t e ntial of the s ac re d text, and the p a r t i c u l a r rhetorical t echniques through w h i c h r e f e rence to it w as articulated.

F O O T N O T E S TO THE I N T R O D U C T I O N

(1) Safa M u s t a f a Abu Talib, Ab u 11 Faraj al R u n i , cagruh wa b i ' a t u h * w a shi cruh mat- tar j a m a t

m u k h t a r a t m in d i w a n i h , M.A. thesis, Cairo, 1978.

(2) E dw a r d G. Browne, A L i t e r a r y H i s t o r y of P e r s i a , Vol.II, London, 1906, p p . 120, 360.

(3) J er o m e W. Clinton, The Divan of M a n u c h e h r l Damghani, A C r i tical S t u d y , Minneap o l i s , 1972.

(4} cAf a f a l - S a y y i d Zidan, d irasa can s h a Cir al-Furs

Ab u 11-Qasim gasan b. A h m a d a l - cU n g u r I , M.A. t h e s i s , Cairo, 1967, and Fa r r u k h i a l - S i s t a n l , casruh wa

bi'atuh w a shi cr u h , Ph.D. t h e s i s , C a i r o , 1972.

(5) M u h a m m a d N u r al- D i n cA b d a l - M u n c im, M a n u ch eh ri

a l - D a m g h a n l , c a$ruh, hayatuh, d i w a n u h , Ph.D thesis, Cairo, 1967.

(6 ) A h m a d Kamal al - D i n M u h a m m a d Hilmi, A w h a d al-Dln al-Anwari, ca sruh w a bi'atuh w a shi cr u h , Ph.D.

thesis, Cairo, 1970.

(7) S. Sperl, "Islamic Kingship", J o urnal of Arabic L i t e r a t u r e , Vol.VIII, Leiden, 1977, p p . 20-35.

(8 ) M. Bedawi, "Abu T a mmam's Ode on cA m o r i u m " ,

J o urnal of A r a b i c L i t e r a t u r e , V o l . 9-10, 1978-79.

A. Badawi, A b u T am m a m w a g a d iy ya t a l - t a j di d fl a l - s h i cr , Cairo, 1975, p p . 38, 39 .

Zuhdi Sa b r T al-Khaja, m u w a z a n a ba y n a l - h i k m a fi s h i cr a l - M u t a n a b b l w a - T l-frikma fl s h i cr Abi al~

*Ala* a l - M a ca r r i , al-Riyad, 1982.

Ahl"am a l - Z a c im, A b u Nuwas bayn al- ca b a th wa ' 1- i g h tirab w a - '1 - t a m a r r u d , Beirut, 1981.

cAli Shalaq, A b u Nuwas bayn a l - t a k h a t tl w a - ' l - i l t i z a m , Beirut, 1982.

Mawhtib Mustafay, a l - r a m z i y y a Cind a l - B u b t u r l , Algiers, 1982.

C H A P T E R ONE

S TA TI ST IC AL SURVEY

T h e P e r s i a n p o e t s , i n c o m m o n w i t h t h e i r A r a b c o u n t e r p a r t s o f an e a r l i e r age, u s e d Q u r ' a n i c r e f e r e n c e s l e s s f o r a n y o v e r t r e l i g i o u s p u r p o s e t h a n to s e r v e or rei n f o r c e a p a r t i c u l a r p oetic concept. Such r ef e r e n c e s m a y t a k e t h e f o r m of a d i r e c t q u o t a t i o n of a p h r a s e o r k e y word; a dir e c t caique or t r a n s l a t i o n of the Qur'anic A r a b i c i n t o P e r s i a n ; o r m a y t a k e t h e i n d i r e c t f o r m o f p a r a p h r a s e and allusion. M e n t i o n sh o u l d further be m a d e of the use of w o r d s a n d e x p r e s s i o n s w h i c h o c c u r in t h e Q u r ' a n b u t - w h e t h e r th r o u g h prior usage or sub s e q u e n t g e n e r a l i z a t i o n - ar e at t he s a m e t i m e so m u c h a p a r t of o r d i n a r y l a n g u a g e that their a p p e a r a nc e cannot n e c e s sa ri ly be c o n s t r u e d as a d el i b e r a t e ref e r e n c e to a p a r t i c u l a r Qur'anic context: such m a t e r i a l p r e s e n t s o b v i o u s p r o b l e m s f o r a n y a t t e m p t at q u a n t i f i c a t i o n .

A f u rther m e t h o d o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m is rai s e d by the b r o a d d if fe re n c e s of a p p r o a c h b e t w e e n the P e r s i a n a n d A r a b poets to t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f Q u r ' a n i c m a t e r i a l s . T h e A r a b s , f o r e x a m p l e , w e r e le s s w i l l i n g t h a n t h e P e r s i a n s to q u o t e Q u r ' a n i c p h r a s e o l o g y d i r e c t l y , p r e f e r r i n g a l l u s i o n a n d o b l i q u e r e f e r e n c e . In s o m e ca s e s , c o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e f i g u r e s g i v e n i n d i c a t e n o t so m u c h t h e e x a c t i n c i d e n c e o f a

spe c i f i c w o r d as the level of a c o m p l e x of re l a t e d phrases a n d e x p r e s s i o n s a n d s o m e t i m e s , i n d e e d , o f a g e n e r a l c o n c e p t . Thus, in the t a b l e f o r A b u N u w a s , f o r e x a m p l e , a l - g a s a m b i l l a h s u b s u m e s b i r a b b y a s in, w h i l e u n d e r 5 a 1 ah are i n c l u de d r eferences to rukuC and s u j u d .

A b u N u w a s m a y a l s o s e r v e to e x e m p l i f y a l l u s i o n or, in h i s case, p a r o d i c d i s t o r t i o n . On n u m e r o u s o c c a s i o n s , he t a k e s a d i r e c t Q u r ' a n i c r e f e r e n c e b u t c h a n g e s or, r a t h e r , p a r a p h r a s e s it in s u c h a w a y t h a t the o r i g i n a l Q u r ' a n i c t e x t is no l o n g e r i m m e d i a t e l y p r e s e n t , s u c h i n s t a n c e s n e a r l y a l l i n v o l v i n g p a r o d y o r d e l i b e r a t e l y i m p i o u s inversion, e.g. the Qur'anic verse:

'You d o n o t w i s h f o r a n y t h i n g u n l e s s G o d w i s h e s i t . '

is c l e a r l y i m p l i e d by its inverted form in:

'j'j 1 s t

(2) i;U L. 'VI u

'The w i n e is p a s s e d a r o u n d t he y o u n g m e n w h o s e se r v a n t time is -

(God) o n l y b e s t o w s on t h e m w h a t they d e s i r e .'

E lsewhere, the poet apes or reflects the str u c t u r e of a

Qur'anic verse, s u bs ti t u t i n g cer t a i n key words, bu t retains t h e s t r u c t u r e to c r e a t e a n e w v e r s e o f h i s ow n , as w i t h the Q u r ' a n i c verse:

(3) l VJi aJ V

w hi ch is e c h o ed in:

(4) ^i" • . - t - " • . •** • "i*". i -* "

>"

W h a t is largely true of Abu N u w a s 1 c o n t r i b u t i o n applies to a lesser e xt e n t to al-Mutannabi's and A b u T a m m a m ' s w i t h a l - B u h t u r i s h o w i n g a d i s t i n c t p r e f e r e n c e f o r d i r e c t Q u r ' a n i c r e f e r e n c e in h i s d l w a n (Abu a l - c A t a h i y a w i l l be d is cu ss ed below). This p re di le ct io n for i n d ir ec t al l u s i o n in t h e d i w a n s o f t h e A r a b p o e t s m a k e s f o r a m o r e d i f f i c u l t , l e s s p r e c i s e q u a n t i f i c a t i o n o f v e r s e s i n t o t a b l e s a n d it has, in t h a t case, b e e n d e c i d e d to g i v e s e p a r a t e e n t r i e s for d i r e ct and i n d irect references, the former, therefore, p r o v i d i n g m o r e c l e a r - c u t and o b j e c t i v e l y r e l i a b l e data on th e b a s i s of w h i c h p e r c e n t a g e f i g u r e s c a n b e c o m p u t e d f o r the o c cu rr en ce of a given w o r d or motif.

A lso, g i v e n t h a t i n d i r e c t r e f e r e n c e is c a p a b l e of a s s u m i n g such v a r i e d forms, allusion, p a raphrase, s y n o n o m y a n d p a r o d y , w e h a v e t a k e n t h e f u r t h e r p r e c a u t i o n o f

o m i t t i n g i n d i v i d u a l p e r c e n t a g e s f o r t h e t a b l e s a n a l y s i n g t h e i n c i d e n c e of t h i s f e a t u r e a m o n g t h e A r a b p o e t s : the e l e m e n t o f s u b j e c t i v e j u d g e m e n t is h e r e t o o g r e a t to be r e l i e d o n f o r c o m p a r a t i v e s t a t i s t i c s f r o m o n e p o e t to th e next. It was, however, c o n s i d e r e d w o r t h w h i l e p r o v i d i n g an o v e r a l l p e r c e n t a g e f i g u r e r e l a t i n g th e t o t a l of t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e d i w a n s t o t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f Q u r ' a n i c r e f e r e n c e s in o r d e r to f a c i l i t a t e g l o b a l c o m p a r i s o n w i t h the e q u i v a l e n t figures for the Persian poets.

A p r o b l e m of a d i f f e r e n t n a t u r e is r a i s e d b y t h e d l w 5 n of A b u a l - cAtahiya. No t on l y is his p i e t i s t i c or h o m i l e t i c ve r s e s a t u r a t e d w i t h Qur'anic references, but there is also a n e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y h i g h i n c i d e n c e of w h a t m a y b e t e r m e d g e n e r a l v o c a b u l a r y n o t r e a d i l y r e l a t a b l e to a p a r t i c u l a r Q u r ' a n i c locus. T h e s h e e r m a s s of m a t e r i a l , in s hort, ve r g e s on the unma n a g e a b l e , and since his p o e t r y is, in any case, t h e m a t i c a l l y and t e c h n i c a l l y so far r e m o v e d f r om the o t h e r m a t e r i a l s b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d here, it w a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t n o u s e f u l c o m p a r a t i v e p u r p o s e w o u l d b e s e r v e d b y an a t t e m p t at p r o v i d i n g a total q u a n t i f i c a t i o n of the Qur'anic c itations and r e f lexes in his verse.

The P e r s i a n poets {for their part) s h o w a hi g h degree of d i r e c t r e f e r e n c e to t h e Q u r ' a n in t h e i r d i w ans a t t h e e x p e n s e o f a l l u s i o n a n d o t h e r m e t h o d s o f i n d i r e c t r e f e r e n c e , t h i s g e n e r a l u n i t y o f a p p r o a c h j u s t i f y i n g t h e

c o n f l a t i on of dir e c t and indirect r e f e rence w h i c h m a k e s for a m o r e p r e c i s e q u a n t i f i c a t i o n of the P e r s i a n s t a t i s t i c s . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , it b e c o m e s m o r e m e a n i n g f u l f o r c o m p a r a t i v e p u r poses to supply the i n d i vidual p e rcentages f o r e a c h poet. T h e o v e r a l l p e r c e n t a g e f i g u r e s r e l a t e the total n u m b e r of Q u r ’anic references to the total ou t p u t of t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e d i w a n s (i.e. to t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of lines). T h e s e s e r v e t h e d u a l p u r p o s e of p r o v i d i n g g l o b a l c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n the Per s i a n and the A r a b poets' di w a n s c al cu l a t e d on the s a m e basis, and s u p pl yi ng o bj ec ti ve data i n d i c a t i n g d i f f e r i n g p a t t e r n s of u t i l i z a t i o n b e t w e e n individual P er s i a n poets.

S T A T I S T I C A L T A B L E S

P E R S I A N P O E T S 1) ^CJnguri

Su b j e c t

N o . of R e p e t ­ ition

P e r ­ c e ntage

1. M u s a (Moses) 9 8.56

2 . S a d d a l - ' I s k an da r wa Ya'juj 8 7.61

3. Q a w m c£d w a al - r l h a l - s arsar_{• • •} 6 5.71 4. a l - M a s Ih wa m u c jizatuh

(Jesus C hr i s t & His miracles)

5 4.76

5. S u l a y ma n (Solomon) 4 3.8

6 . I ram 3 2.85

7. I b r a h i m (Abraham) 3 2.85

8 . a l - K h i d r 3 2.85

9. N u h (Noah) 2 1.90

1 0 . Q a r u n 2 1.90

1 1 . D a w u d (David) 2 1. 90

1 2 . Y u s u f (Joseph) 1 0.95

13. H a r u t 1 0.95

14. a l - J a n n a w a m a tahwlh 16 15.21

15. Asma' A l l a h al- h u s n a _• 6 5.71

16. a l - H a s a d 5 4.76

17 . a l - Q u r ' a n w a 1-Furqan 4 3.80

18. L a y u m k i n a l - m a f a r r m i n qada' A l l a h 3 2.85

19. a l - H a d l d 2 1.90

2 0 . La y a k h f a c ala A l l a h shay' 2 1.90

2 1 . a l ~ L a w h al-mahfuz 2 1. 90

2 2 . H u s n m a 'ab 2 1.90

23. Mi thqal 2 1.90

24. ulu '1-al b a b 2 1.90

25. A t l cu A l l a h wa 1a t l cu al-Rasul w a 'uli al - 'amri m i n k u m

1 0.95

26. W a j a c alna m i n al-ma'i kulla sh ay 'I n hayy

1 0.95

27. Sundus ak h d a r 1 0.95

28 . Na s r A l l ah 2 1.90

29. A s a b i c cAzra'Il 1 0.95

30. A l l a h yujzi a l- mu hs i n l n 1 0.95

31. Inna A l l a h ’ishtara m in al-mu' m i n l n

’a n f u s a hu m wa 'amwalahum b i ' a n na lahum a l -Janna

1 0.95

32. K a d h i b a a l- mu n a j j i m u n a w a l a w sadafu 1 0.95 ,33 . Zilzal a l-ard

T o t a l : 105

2) F a r rukhi

S u b j e c t

No .of R e p e t ­ ition

P e r ­ centage

1 . Ya'juj w a Ma'juj w a sadd al-'Iskandar■ 17 9.43

2 . M u s a (Moses) 12 6.66

3. c Isa (Jesus) 9 5.0

4. 1 A a m 7 3.88

5. ' I ram 6 3.33

6

.

7. Qa r u n 4 2 . 22

8 . N u h (Noah) 2 1.11

9. D aw u d (David) 2 1.11

1 0 . a l- K h i d r 2 1.11

1 1 . 1Iblls (Satan) 2 1.11

1 2 . 1 I b ra hi m (Abraham) 2 1.11

13. a l - Ja nn a w a m a tahwlh 22 12.21

14. a l- Qu r' an w a a l - furqan 11 6.11

15. a l - Ha sa d w a c ayn al-su' 10 5.55

16. 'A s m a ' A l l a h al-husna 9 4.99

17. M a n ja'a b i l - h a sa na ti falahu c a shrat amt h a l i h a

4 2.22

18. Habl m a t i n 3 1.66

19. Sh i h a b 3 1.66

2 0 . 'Istijabat A l l a h li l - d u c a' 3 1.66

2 1 . c Ilm A l l a h bi a l - s i r r 3 1.66

2 2 . N a s r A l l a h 3 1 . 66

23. a l - S a l a h 3 1.66

24. a l - ' A b t a r 2

25. Hu s n m a ’ab 2

26. F as u b h a n A l l a h c amma y a sifun 2

• •

27. T h u m m a y u n b i ' h u m b i m a c amilu y a w m a 2 a l - Q iyamah

28. M a t h a l u 'alladhlna y un fi qu na 2 a mw al ah um fisablli Al l a h k a m a t h a l i

h a b b at in a nb a t a t s a b c a sanabil

29. I q t a ra ba t a l - s a c a 1

30. al- M a n n 1

31. Qul 'ac ud h 1

32. Inna r a b b ak um huwa a l ladhl k ha l a q a 1 a l - s a ma wa t w a l-'ard fisattat 1a yy a m

33. TUlu 11-albab 1

34. S urat a l- I k h l a s 1

35. S urat y as l n 1

36. A l a m tara ila lladhlna baddalu n i cm a t a 1 A l l ah k ufran w a ' a ha ll u q aw m a h u m

dara a l - ba wa r

37. a l- W a h y 1

38. a l - F a t i h a 1

39. Qul bifadl A l l a h w a b ir ah ma t i h i 1 f a bi dh al ik f a l y afrahu

40. Qul in t ukhfu m a f i s ud ur ik um aw 1 tu b d u h y a c lamuhu A l l ah

41. M a n y a cmal m i t h q a l a dha r r a t i n k h a y r a n 1 y ar a w a m a n yacmal m i t h q a l a

d h a r r a t i n s h arran ya r a

42. Inna A l l a h la y a z l i m u m i t h q a l a 1 d h a r r a t i n wa 'in taku h a s a n a t a n

y u d a c ifha * 1

43. Y a c i duhum w a y u m a n n i h u m w am a 1 y a c iduhumu a l - s ha yt an u "ilia gh u r u r a

1.11 1.11 1.11 1.11

1.11

0 . 5 5 0 . 5 5 0 . 5 5 0 . 5 5

0. 55 0 . 5 5 0 . 5 5 0. 55

0 . 5 5 0 . 5 5 0 . 55

0 . 5 5

0 . 5 5

0 . 5 5 0 . 5 5 0. 55

44. La ’ilaha 'ilia A l l a h 1 0.55 45. Y a w ma t ab y a d w u j u h w a taswadd w u j u h 1 0.55 46. a l - B a t i n ghayr a l - z a h i r _{• •} 1 0.55

47. a l - N a d a m 1 0.55

Total: 17 9

3) M a n u c h e h r T

Su b j e c t

No .of R e p e t ­ ition

P e r ­ centage

1 . c Isa (Jesus) 21 8.48

2 . M u s a (Moses) 14 5.22

3. S u l a y ma n (Solomon) 11 4.41

4 . M u h a m m a d 7 2.81

5. 11 ram 5 2.0

6 . Y a cqub (Jacob) and Yusuf (Joseph) 5 2.0

7. D a w u d (David) 2 0.8

8 . Qa r u n 2 0.8

9. '&dhar and 'Ibrahim (Abraham) 2 0.8

1 0 . 'Ayyub (Job) 1 0.4

1 1 . Yunus (Jonah) 1 0.4

1 2 . N u h (Noah) 1 0.4

13 . 'Ishaq (Isaac) 1 0.4

14 . al - J a nn a w a m a tahwlh 45 18.7

15. Asma' A l l a h al- h u s n a 19 7 .63

16. Qul a l l a hu m ma m a l i k al-mulk 8 3.21

17. a l - Sh ay ta n (Satan) w a 'l-c isyan 7 2.81

18. a l -N ar wa 'asma'uha 7 2.81

19. a l- Sa la h (prayer) w a 'l-'adhan 5 2 . 0

20 . Tuba 4 1.6

2 1 . B i s m A l l a h 3 1.2

2 2 . Ma' M a c in 3 1.2

23. J ibril w a R u h al-Qudus 3 1.2

24. Sab° S am a w a t 3 1.2 25. a l - K a z im ln al-Ghayz

• « 3 1.2

26. a l - F u r q a n w a al- Q u r ' a n 3 1.2

27. T a ' y l d A l l a h 3 1.2

28. S u b h a n A l l a d h I 1 asra w a l-mic raj 3 1.2

29. A l l a h la yuh i b b a l - z u l m 2 0.8

30. S a rs a r

• • 2 0.8

31. M a l i k a l - carsh 2 0.8

32. La ha w l a w a la q u w w a ta 2 0.8

33. cAzr a ' I l w a raalak a l -mawt 2 0.8

34. a l - m in na h lillah 2 0.8

35. a l - F a t i h a h 2 0.8

36. a 1- Sh u k r 2 0.8

37 . K h u ld 2 0.8

38. J a r a d m u n t a s h i r 1 0.4

39. w a ma y a ° l a m t a ' w llahu 'ilia 1-lah 1 0.4

40. a l- yu s r w a l-cusr 1 0.4

41. a l -H as ad 1 0.4

42. Ku n fayakun 1 0.4

43. A s a m m

• 1 0.4

44. cA fw A l l a h 1 0.4

45. L a yl a t al - Q a d r 1 0.4

46. Inna s h a n i 'a ka huwa l-'abtar 1 0.4

47. cA y n u l-yaqln 1 0.4

48. Habl m a t i n 1 0.4

49. a l - cu r w at u l -w ut hq a 1 0.

50. Da r u l - q a r a r 1 0.

51. W a ma k u n n a c ani 1-khalqi g h a filln 1 0.

52. H aq q u 1-yaqin 1 0.

53. Y u c tl m a n y a s h a 1 w a y a m n a c man yasha' 1 0.

54. a l - Ha dl d 1 0.

55. al- S i r a t 1 0.

56. K at a y i al-sijil 1 0.

57. W i r d m a w r u d 1 0.

58. al Safa w a 1-marwa 1 0.

59. Shihab 1 0.

60. N u j z i y a 1-muhs i n i n 1 0 .

61. Ma' z amzam 1 0.

62. c Idu a l -Adha 1 0.

63 . A y a t a l - k u r si yy 1 0.

64. al- R i b a 1 0.

65. al - T a l a q 1 0.

6 6 . S ub h a n A l l ah 1 0.

67. Inna k a y d a h un na c azlm 1 0.

00 Qul huwa A l l a h 'a h a d* 1 0.

69. R a m a d a n• 1 0.

70. a l - c Id wa a l - sa wm 1 0.

71. K a fi r 1 0.

72. a l - H a r a m wa al-halal 1 0.

73 . a l ~ F a s a d fi a l - ' a r d 1 0.

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

74. A l l a h 'akbar 1 0.4

75. Y a w m a l- h a s h r 1 0.4

76. In s h a 1 A l l a h 1 0.4

Total: 249

4) A b u 11-Faraj-i Runi

S u b j e c t

No .of R e p e t ­ ition

P er ­ centage

1. ‘A d a m w a H a w w a 1 14 5.03

2 . S ul a y m a n (Solomon) 8 2.87

3 . c Isa (Jesus) 8 2.87

4. N u h (Noah) w a l - t u f a n _{• •} 7 2. 51

5. M u h a m m a d w a l - m i c raj 7 2.51

6 . M u s a (Moses) 6 2.15

7 . 'I b r a h i m (Abraham) 5 1.79

8 . a l - ' Is ka nd ar wa Ya'juj wa Ma'juj 5 1.79

9. Y usuf (Joseph) 3 1.07

1 0 . ' Iram 3 1.07

1 1 . Y unus (Jonah) 2 0.71

1 2 . a l - Kh id r 2 0.71

13 . Q a r un 2 0.71

14. D a wu d 2 0.71

15. L ug ma n 2 0.71

16. a l -S ha yt an w as h - s h i h a b 25 8.99

17. Jibril w a a l-ruh a l - 1 Amin w a M lkal 5 1.79 )-■ 00 a l - J a n n a h w a mi tahwlh

m 16 5.75

19. A s m a A l la hi a l ~h u s n a 15 5.39

to o a l - H a s a d 12 4.31

2 1 . al-Qada' w a l - q a d a r 12 4.31

2 2 . a l - I s l a m w a l - m u s l i m u n 11 3.95

23. Ya rabb 9 3.23

24. T a k b i r 8 2.87

25. S a rs a r • • 7 2.51

26. a n - N a fk h fi a l-sur w a y a w m a a l - h a s h r

hal al-nas 6 2.15

27 . L a w h m a s t u r m ahfuz• • • • ^m 6 2.15

00 a l - c Iqab 5 1.79

29. M u b i n 3 1.07

30. a l - T a c a w wudh bi l l a h 3 1. 07

31. A l l a h d amin al-rizq 3 1. 07

32. T a 'y l d A l la h 3 1.07

33. Daru 1-qarar 3 1.07

34. a l - T h a w a b 3 1. 07

35. Kull m a n c a laiha fani 2 0.71

36. H u w a lladhi j a c ala al- d i y a ' a n w al -q a m a r a

-shamsa nuran

2 0.71

37 . T a b a r a k 2 0.71

38. Y a - s l n 2 0.71

39. c Idu 1-adha 2 0.71

40. a l - R i h l-c aqlm 2 0.71

41. C I 1 liyyln 2 0.71

42. Si rat 2 0.71

43. A l l a h u 'akbar 2 0.71

44. M a ' ab 2 0.71

45. A s h h a d u 'an la 'ilaha 'ilia Al l a h 2 0.71

46. Salsal 2 0.71

47. cA d h a b ' alim 1 0.35

00■^r W a h d a n i y y a t A l l a h 1 0.35

49. a l - c I lm b i l - g h a i b 1 0.35

50. H a m d a lillah 1 0.35

51. a l - R a h m at u 'ayatu A l l a h 1 0.35

52. Inna a l - m ul uk a *idha dakhalu q a r i y a t a n 1 0.35 afsaduha

53. Ba s t a 1 0.35

54. I j tinab qawl al-zur 1 0.35

55. A l a m y a j id ak a y a tl m an fa'awa 1 0.35

56. a l ” CA f w 1 0.35

57. W a t a r a a l -j ib al a tahsabha jamida 1 0.35

58. W a - l l a d h i n a kafaru 'acm a l u h u m k a sa ra b in b i q a y c ah

1 0.35

59. Khardal 1 0.35

60. a l - S h a c ra 1 0.35

61. K i r a m a n k a t i bi n 1 0.35

62. W a a l -saqf a l - m a r f u c 1 0.35

63. A ll ah 'llahdhi r a f a c a a l - s a mawati b i g h a i r i ca madin

1 0.35

64. H a d i t h a t u 1-fil 1 0.35

65. M a l i k u al-nas 1 0.35

6 6 . G h a l a b a t a l -r u m 1 0.35

67. F a t a z a w w a d u fa'inna k h aira al-zadi al- t a q w a

1 0.35

6 8 . Inna A l l a h y a' mu r b i l - c adl 1 0.35

69. Hal tastawl hu w a wa m a n ya' m u r b i l - cadl

1 0.35

70. N u r u n c ala nur 1 0.35

T o t a l : 278

5) A nv a r i

Sub j e c t

N o . of R e p e t ­ ition

P e r ­ centage

1 . M u s a (Moses) 53 8.5'

2 . S u l a y m a n (Solomon) 49 7.44

3. c Isa (Jesus) 36 5.47

4. a l - S ha yt an w al -s h i h a b 33 5.01

5. a l- I s k a n d a r (Dhu-l-Qarnayn) w a Ya' wa Ma'juj

juj 22 3.34

6 . Yu s u f (Joseph) 20 3.03

7 . M u h a m m a d 18 2.73

8 . Jibril w a l - w a h y 17 2.58

9. Q a r un 12 1.82

1 0 . A d a m 10 1. 51

1 1 . Yunus 7 1 . 06

1 2 . Ib ra hi m (Abraham) 5 0.75

13. L uq m a n 5 0.75

14 . I ram 4 0.60

15. Sa h i b a l- J a n n a 4 0.60

16. Zak a r i y y a 1 0.15

17 . Y ah y a 1 0.15

18. I lyas 1 0.15

19. a l - Ja nn a wa m a tahwlh 56 8.51

2 0 . a l- Ha s h r w a n - n a f k h fl 'al-sur wahal al-nas fI yawmifi

51 7.75

2 1 . Asrna' A l l a h a l - hu sn a 38 5.77

2 2

.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43 .

La ilaha 'ilia A l l a h 15

N a r J a h a n n a m w a ' a s m a ' u h a 13

al -L aw h 1-mahfuz 10

• • •

a l -R lh a l -s ar s ar 10

a l - Q u r ' an 9

a l - H a s a d 8

S um m u n b uk mu n c u myun 8

M u b i n 7

T a b a r a k A l l ah 6

c l l l iy yl n 5

M al ak i 1-mawt w a cAzra'Il 4

Hu wa lladhl y u s a w w i r u k u m fil- 5 'arhami ka y f a yasha* thumma

jac alnahu n u t fa ta n fi q a rarin m a k l n

T a h y a t u 1-islam 4

a l - H a m d lillah 4

M a l i k u al-nas 4

a l - c I ti s a m bihabl A ll a h 4 A l l a h u la 'ilaha ilia huwa 1 - hayyu 3

1- q ay ya m la ta' k h u d h h u sinatun w a l a nawm

W u j u b a l - t a ' aw wu dh bi A l l ah 3 I st ij a b a t u A l la h li a l - d u c a' 3

Husn m a 'ab 3

S h a ca'ir al-hajj 3

cIdu l-'adha 3

2.27 1.97 1.51 1.51 1.36 1.21 1.21 1.06 0.91 0.75 0.64 0.75

0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.45

0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45

4 4.

45.' 46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53 . 54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.

64.

65.

6 6

.

Idha j a ’a n a s ru A l l a h w a l - f a t h _{• «} 2 0.30

a l- Ma n n w a s - s a l w a 2 0.30

cA d h a b u n *al i m 2 0.3 0

M a n y u h i l - c izama w a h y a ramlm 2 0.30

A l l a t u w a a l - cUz z a 2 0.30

W a ki t a b m a s t u r _* ² 0.30

In lam yazal w a su b h a n 2 0.30

A l l a h u a k b ar 2 0.30

La yus'al c amma y a f c a luna w a h u m 2 0.30 y u s 'alun

H a d i t h a t al-fll 1 0.15

Fala 'uqsim bi a l - s h a f a q 1 0.15

Sifat a l - z a wj a t a l- m u s l i m a t 1 0.15 A n z i r u n a naq t a b i s m i n n u r i k u m 1 0.15

H at t a taw a r a t b i l - h i j a b 1 0.15

J a r a d u n m u n t a s h i r 1 0.15

cA la 'amrin qa d q u d ir 1 0.15

'Ummu a l- k i t a b 1 0.15

cA l l a m a a l -' in sa na m a lam y a c lam 1 0.15 W a al-tlni w a a l - z a y tu n w a t u ri slnin 1 0.15

Nu r un c ala nur 1 0.15

W a l a ' i n s ha k a r t u m l a 'a z l d a n n ak um 1 0.15 M a 'arsalnaka 'ila m u b a s h s h i r a n w a 1 0.15

n ad h i r a n

T ab ba t yada 'Abi L a h ab w at a b 1 0.15

67.

6 8

.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

8 6

.

87.

Inna A ll a h a c ala kulli shay'in 1 0.15

shahidun

D h a l i k a fadl A ll a h i y u 'tlhi m an 1 0.15 yasha'

a l- Ru s h d m i n a a l - g h a y y i 0.15

Ya w m a natwl a l - s a m a ' a katayi al- 1 0.15 sijilli li al - k u t u b

W a law shi ' n a 1 0.15

W a k a f a A l l a h a l - m u ' m i nl na al-qital 1 0.15

Fa l i q a l - ' i s b a h 1 0.15

A l l a h y u bs it al-rizq liman yasha' 1 0.15 w a y a q d i r

a l - A n c am 1 0.15

Y a - S l n 1 0.15

B i l - C as h i y y w a l - i b k a r 1 0.15

F a s t a q i m 1 0.15

A l l a d h I k ha l a g a s a b c samawatin 1 0.15 tibaqan

W a l - b a h r i 1-m a s j u r 1 0.15

Y uhyi 1-lahu 1-mawta 1 0.15

W a k h a s h a c at u l - a s wa t lir-rahman 1 0.15 fala t a s m a c ilia h amsan

H u w a lladhi k h a l a q a k u m m i n tin 1 0.15 M a n ka n a c adu A l l a h a wa m a l a ' i k a t i h 1 0.15

Q u d y a a l - a m r 1 0.15

a l - cUr w a t i 1-wathqa 1 0.15

A t i cu ' A l l a h . . . w a 'ullil amri 1 0.15 m i n k u m

8 8 . U l u a l - a l b ab 1 0.15

89. R a m a d a n 1 0.15

Total: 658

1) A b u Nuwas

A R A B P O E T S

N o . of

Sub j e c t R e p e t ­

ition

i) D ir ec t r e f e r e n c e :

- a l - ja nn a w a m u h t a w a h a 15

- d h i k r a s m a 1 suwar a l - Q u r ’an (Taha, al-tur, sad, 11 qaf, al-dhariyat, al-Hashr, al-Mursalat,

Hud, yasln, al-Nur, al-Nazilat)

- asma' A l l a h (dhu 11-tawl dhu '1 - k i b r i y a 1 wa 10 'l-minan, al-Rahira, al-Ghafur, al-Wahid,

al-Qahhar)

- a l - Qa sa m bi A l l a h w a ’ayatih (birabb yasln, w a 6 Taha, w a '1-dhikr al-haklm)

- So l o m o n and Bi l q l s 6

- M o s es 5

- N oa h 3

- D av i d 3

- M u h a m m a d 3

- Yunus 2

- Y usuf 2

- Jesus 2

- Q ar u n 1

- Dhu a l- Qa r n a y n 1

- A b r a h a m 1

- d h i kr h uruf a l- Qu r' an (alif, lam, ra') 1 - 'ara'ayt all a d h i y u k a d h d h i b bi 'l-din 1

ii) I nd i r e c t r e f e r e n c e :

- Iblls w a '1-r a j m w a '1-s h i h a b 6

- a l -h is ab w a j a ha n n a m w a a l - h a s h r 6

- kh a l q a l -i ns an 5

- inna A l l a h y ag h f i r a l - d hunub jamic a 5

- y a n s u r m a n y a s h a 1 3

- la y a k h fa c ala A l l a h s h a y 1 3

- i ttaqa A l l a h haqq t uq a t i h 3

- kull nafs d h a 'iqat a l -mawt 2

- kull m a n c a l a y ha fanl 2

- A l l a h c alim a l- g h a y b 2

- c abus q a n t a r i r 1

- w a s l q a al - l a d h l n ittaqaw r a b bahum ila a l - ja nn a 1 zumara

- w a m a tas h a ' u n ilia an yasha' A l l a h 1

- y a f i r r u n ila A ll a 1

- b i d h ik r Al l a i q s h a c arrat q ul u b u k u m 1 - in t u c a d h d h i b h u m fahum c ibaduk w a in t a g hf i r 1

lahum fahum c ibaduk

- w a in t u c idd n i cm a t A l l a h la tuhsuha 1 - innak la m a y y i t w a in n a h u m lamayyitun 1

- wa y a b qa w a j h rabbik 1

- al-halal b ay y i n w a '1- ha ra m b a y y in 1

- yumhil w al a yuhmil 1

- ma k h u l iq at al - j i n n w a '1-ins ilia liyacbu d u 1

- al- ' a m r bi a l - m a c ruf 1

- w a k ha l a q n a m i n al-ma' kull shay' hayy 1

- l a k u m ' d l n u k um w a ll din 1

- marij m i n nar 1

- th a m u d 1

iii) C o m m o n usage

- a l- s a l a h 15

- a l - h a m d lillah 12

- c afw A l l a h 8

- subhan A l l a h 4

*

- a s t a g h f i r A l l a h 4

- a l - s i y a m 4

- rahmat A l l a h 3

- al-hajj 3

- k h a s h y a t A l l a h 3

- t a barak A l l a h 3

- a l - s a l a m c alaykum, c a la y k u m a l - salam 3

- a l - i s t i c ana bi A l l a h 3

- m a c adh A l l a h 2

- hasbl A l l a h 2

- hasbl A l l a h w a n i cm a al-wakll 1

Total: 198

2) a l - B u h tu r l

S u bject

N o . of R e p e t ­ ition

i) D ir ec t reference:

- M u h a m m a d 10

- Sol o m o n and Bilqls 3

- a l- J a n n a w a m u h t a w a h a 2

- A l l a h y ar zu q m a n yasha' w a yaqdir 1

- A l la h y u c tl m a n yasha' w a ya q d i r 1

- Fasl a l - k hi ta b 1

ii) I n d ir ec t reference

- a l - s aw m w a a l- f i t r 8

- y u c tl A l l a h b as ta n wa qa b d a 1

- w a jac alna b a G da k u m fawqa b a c d darajat - inna a kr am ak um c inda A l l ah a t qakum

1

iii) Co m m o n usage

- 1amin A l l a h 5

- a 1- Is lam 5

- din A l l a h 4

- t a 'yld A l l a h 3

- a l - qa sa m bi A l l ah 3

- din M u h a m m a d 3

- a l- h a m d lillah 3

- hasha li A l l a h 2

- kan s a c y a k u m m a s h ku ra n 1

T o t a l : 58

3) A bu T a m m a m

N o . of

S u b j e c t R e p e t ­

ition

i) D i r e c t r e f e rence

- a l - j a n na w a m u h t a w a h a 17

- a s m a 1 A l l a h (dhu '1 - J a l a l r dhu ,l-cA r s h / Ra'uf, 9 Rahman, al-Wahid)

- a l - Q u r ' a n 6

- s h a y t a n r a j im 6

- R a m a d a n w a a l - s a w m 4

- d h i k r asma' b a c d suwar al-Qur'an (al-'anfal, 3 a l - ' a n c am)*

- qa r u n 2

- a l - s i r a t a l - m u s ta q l m 2

- s h ihab thaqib 2

- m a t h a l n u r i h k a m i s h k a t i n 1

- m i n wara' hi j a b 1

- ka tayy al-sijill 1

- a l - m u ' l a f a t a l - q u l u b 1

- kafa A l l a h a l - m u ' m i n l n al-qital 1

- kun f a yakun 1

- a l - b a h r a l - m a s j u r 1

- rabb a l - cA l a m i n 1

- s a l a q u k u m bi alsina h i d a d 1

- kh u l i q a a l - i n s a n m i n c ajal 1

ii) I n d i r ec t reference

- M o s es 7

- dhu a l - Nu n 4

- J o s e p h 3

- J a c o b 3

- M u h a m m a d 3

- a l - s a l a h 3

- S ol o m o n 2

- Je s u s 2

- a l - ha sh r 2

- w a A l l a h cala m a ' aqu 1 sftahid 1

- a s h h a d 'anna lal ilafr Alla A l l a h 1

- inna al- d l n c inda A l l a h a.l— lslam 1

- k a ' a n n a h u m 'a c jaz ⁿ a M x 1 tjil m u n q a i r 1

- t a t t a l i c c ala a d - ^ a f ‘'tda _{• *} 1

- a l- t a l a q 1

- innahu kina c ahda.rr sh-.ak.ur art 1

- inna a l -i ns a na l.a ya±aj!SttL 1

- al- l a w h 1

- 11ram 1

- a l - z a q q u m 1

- w a 1 a c ti dha al-qu:rfoi h a q qa h wa a l - m is kl n w a 1 Ibn al-sabll w a la t u b a d h d h i r t a b d h l r a

- l u ' l u ’ m ak n u n 1

- luqman 1

wa ic lamu 'anna m a g h a n i m t u m m i n shayy' fa 1 inna li A l l a h k h u ms uh

iii) C om m o n usage

al - q as am bi A l l a h 8

a l - ha md lillah 7

a l- i s l a m 6

a l - h a s a d 6

salam A l l a h 4

t a c ala A l l a h 3

r a cak A l l a h 2

b u k r a t a n w a 'aslla 1

jaza A l l a h 1

jaza A l l a sa c yak 1

Total: 143

4) a l- Mu t a n ab b i

Subject

N o . of R e p e t ­ ition

i) Di r e c t reference:

-

- a s m a 1 A l l ah 7

- a l - Q u r' a n 4

- y u c tl m a n yasha' w a y a m n a c 1

- habl a l - w a r l d 1

ii) I n d i r e c t reference

- Jesus 5

- Solomon 3

_ Moses 2

- Dhu al -Q ar na yn 2

- J os e p h 2

- T ha m ud wa salih 2

- a 1- s awm 2

- c alim al-ghayb 2

- al -janna w a m u h t aw a ha 2

- w a ' a l a n n a lahu al-hadld 2

- kull n af si n d h a ’iqat al-mawt 2

- shakhs a l - ' a b s a r

• m 1

- A l la h y ag h fi r a l-dhunub 2

- k h arru l ik ha li q h i m sujjada 1