A critical analysis of Islamic studies in Malay on contemporary issues : Malaysia approximately 1975 to the present day.

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A C R I T I C A L A N A L Y S I S O F I S L A M I C S T U D I E S IN M A L A Y O N C O N T E M P O R A R Y ISSUES; M A L A Y S I A * . A P P R O X I M A T E L Y 1975 TO TH E

P R E S E N T D A Y

B y

M d . Z a k i b i n A b d M a n a n

A T h e s i s p r e s e n t e d for the d e g r e e of D O C T O R O F P H I L O S O P H Y

F a c u l t y of A r t

at the

S c h o o l of O r i e n t a l an d A f r i c a n S t u d i e s U n i v e r s i t y of L o n d o n

D e p a r t m e n t of L a n g u a g e a n d C u l t u r e of S o u t h E a s t A s i a a n d t h e I s l a n d s

1994

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ABSTRACT

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Abstract

M y t h e s i s is d i v i d e d into six c h a p t e r s w h i c h i n c l u d e a g e n e r a l o v e r v i e w of t h e s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l an d e c o n o m i c b a c k g r o u n d of the M a l a y M u s l i m society, a d e f i n i t i o n of t h e t e r m M a l a y a n d M u s l i m a n d t h e v a r i o u s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s that a r i s e f r o m t h e s e d e f i n i t i o n s , the c h a n g e s e x p e r i e n c e d b y th e M u s l i m s o c i e t y b e f o r e a n d a f t e r M a l a y s i a ' s I n d e p e n d e n c e , t h e i m p o r t a n c e of I s l a m in th e e v e r y d a y life of the M u s l i m s , the s u b s e q u e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s of the M a l a y t e x t u a l t r a d i t i o n s t a r t i n g f r o m t h e c o m i n g of Isl"am to M a l a y s i a u n t i l th e p r e s e n t day.

C h a p t e r two d e a l s (briefly) w i t h 'Sastra K i t a b ’ a n d d i s c u s s the e f f o r t s to r e - i n t e r p r e t e the m e a n i n g of th e t e r m 'Islamic l i t e r a t u r e ' as a re s u l t of t h e I s l a m i c r e s u r g e n c e in M a l a y s i a th a t b e g a n in t h e e a r l y 1970's.

T h e t e x t u a l a n a l y s i s in C h a p t e r T h r e e is the m a i n p a r t of m y study. It f o c u s e s o n l y on I s l a m i c b o o k s w r i t t e n in M a l a y f r o m 1975 to t h e p r e s e n t d a y (1992) a n d i n c l u d e s d i s c u s s i o n of w o r k s o n Theology, 'Akida', I s l a m i c law, ' F i k h 1, I s l a m i c J u r i s p r u d e n c e , d e v o t i o n s e r v ices, 'ibadiTt1, 1 m u'"amalat' , mar r i a g e ,

' m u n a k a h a t 1, c r i m i n a l 'jinayah' a n d moral, 'a k h l a k '.

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C o n t r o v e r s i a l is s u e s s u c h as al-Arqam, anti Hadith, the p o s i t i o n of women, m a r r i a g e , I s l a m i c rule a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( I s lamic d e m o c r a c y , I s l a m i c p o l i t i c s , S y u r a system, I s l a m i c state) a n d S u f i s m are d i s c u s s e d in det a i l in c h a p t e r four. C h a p t e r five a n a l y s e c r i t i c a l l y th e I s l a m i c b o o k s in Malay, as m i r r o r s of s o c i e t y p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e i r app r o a c h , n a t u r e a n d a c a d e m i c s t a n d a r d s w i t h i n th e t e r m s of I s l a m i c t e a c h i n g gen e r a l l y .

In con c l u s i o n , I p r e s e n t g e n e r a l v i e w on the f u t u r e role of I s l a m i c w r i t i n g in t h e c o n t e x t of the d e v e l o p m e n t of M u s l i m s s o c i e t y in M a l a y s i a .

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

M y g r a t i t u d e to A l l a h a l m i g h t y for w i t h Hi s h e l p an d g r a c e I a m ab l e to c o m p l e t e w r i t i n g t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n s u c c e s f u l l y . I al s o b e l i e v e that w i t h o u t t h e c o n t i n u o u s e n c o u r a g e m e n t , g u i d a n c e an d a s s i s t a n c e f r o m m y s u p e r v i s o r Dr. E . U K r a t z it is d o u b t f u l th a t m y s t u d i e s will p r o g r e s s a c c o r d i n g to p l a n a n d be c o m p l e t e d on t i m e an d w i t h i n the p e r i o d s t i p u l a t e d . M y d e e p e s t g r a t i t u d e a l s o to Dr. N. Philips, J o h n Ok e l l and s taff in the S o u t h Ea s t A s i a D e p a r t m e n t for t h e i r ass i s t a n c e .

M y t h a n k s ar e e x t e n d e d to t h e s t a f f at s e veral a c a d e m i c i n s t i t u t i o n s , g o v e r n m e n t d e p a r t m e n t s , p u b l i s h e r s a n d l i b r a r i a n s w h o are d i r e c t l y a n d i n d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d w i t h m y research.

M y s i n c e r e t h a n k s to M r J. Adams, M r s K i r s t y S t a l k e r a n d M r s Jill H e a l e s for r e a d i n g a n d c o r r e c t i n g m y E n g lish.

I a m g r a t e f u l to th e I s l a m i c A f f a i r s D i v i s i o n of th e P r i m e M i n i s t e r ' s D e p a r t m e n t a n d t h e G o v e r n m e n t of M a l a y s i a for a w a r d i n g m e a s c h o l a r s h i p a n d f u l l y p a i d s t u d y l e a v e to e n a b l e m e to p u r s u e m y g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s at th e S c h o o l of O r i e n t a l a n d A f r i c a n Studies, U n i v e r s i t y of

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►

L o n d o n .

F i n a l l y s p e c i a l a p p r e c i a t i o n a n d t h a n k s a l s o du e to m y wife, m y daughter, m y son a n d p a r e n t s for t h e i r u n f a i l i n g love, sac r i f i c e , patience, s u p p o r t a n d prayers.

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n

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TRANS LITERATION

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G L O S S A R Y O F T E R M S C O M M O N L Y U S E D B Y M A L A Y S I A N M U S L I M S (The m e a n i n g s a n d s p e l l i n g s of t h e A r a b i c w o r d s a c c o r d i n g to E n c y c l o p e d i a of I s l a m a n d for t h e M a l a y w o r d s a c c o r d i n g to K a m u s I n g g e r i s M e l a y u D ewan)

'AD AT A D - D E E N A H L

A H L - I HAKK__

A H L AL-HADIJEH A H L A L - & U N N A A H L A L - K I T A B

’A I D A L - F I T R T

’A I D A L - A D H H A AKAL_

A K H I R A T , _ (HARI A K H I R A T H A R I P E N G A D I L A N _ H A R I K E B A N G K I T A N A K H L A K

A K H I R A A K I D A

'AKIKA

* *

’A K L , M A ’KUL

’A L A M *

’A L A M A L - G H A Y B 'ALIM

A D A L A W [ see ’ADA] ’A D A Custom, c u s t o m a r y law

s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t w a y of life t h o s e w h o o c c u p y w i t h o n e the s a m e tent. It m a y c o m e to m e a n

" s h a r i n g in a thing, b e l o n g i n g to it" or o w n e r of t h e s a m e

"Men of God"

[q.v.] T r a d i t i o n i s t s

the "Sunnites", i.e. t h e o r t h o d o x [ see SUNNA] S U N N A

( " p o s s e s s o r s of t h e S c r i p t u r e " or

"P e o p l e of t h e Bo o k " )

F e s t i v a l of t h e f a s t i n g m o n t h of R a m a d h a n

F e s t i v a l of S a c r i f i c e or h adjdj p i l g r i m a g e

i n t e l l i g e n c e

D a y H e r e a f t e r , D a y of J u d g ement, L i f e a f t e r death, R e s u r r e c t i o n

n o b l e c h a r a c t e r , vir t u e , m o r a l i t y ,

ethics. ___

fern, of akhir, "the last"

creed; but s o m e t i m e s a l s o do c t r i n e , d o g m a or a r t i c l e of f a i t h

is t h e n a m e of th e s a c r i f i c e

o n the s e v e n t h d a y a f t e r t h e b i r t h of a c h i l d

s y s t e m a t i c legal t h o u g h t ( p l . ’alamun, ’aw a l i m ) w o r l d t h e w o r l d _ o f m y s t e r y

[see ’U L AMA'] 'U L A M A

r e l i g i o u s learned; t h e o l o g i a n

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V I I

A L - I M A M

A L - K A D A ' W A ' L K A D A R

* *

A L - K H A L I Q A L - K U R 1 £ N

*

A L - S A H A B A , A M A L

'AMAL S A L I H

• «

A M A N A

A M A R M A ' A R U F

NAHI~ m u n g k a r

'A Q I D A H 1a qTq a h

A R Q A M , A L - A R Q A M

’A R I F __

1A S A B I Y Y A I

m o n t h l y n e w s p a p e r f i r s t p u b l i s h e d in S i n g a p o r e in 1906

t h e D e c r e e of God, b o t h th e e t e r n a l D e c r e e (the m o s t

f r e q u e n t m e a n i n g of kad a ' ) and t h e D e c r e e g i v e n e x i s t e n c e in t i m e (the m o s t f r e q u e n t s e n s e of Kadar) P r e d e s t i n a t i o n ,

t h e C r e a t o r

t h e M u s l i m s c r i p t u r e ,

c o n t a i n i n g t h e r e v e l a t i o n s r e c i t e d b y M u h a m m a d a n d

p r e s e r v e d in a fixed, w r i t t e n

form. _

[see A S H A B ] , C o m p a n i o n s (of P r o p h e t M u h a m m a d )

1. 'Amal, p e r f o r m a n c e , a c t i o n is u s u a l l y d i s c u s s e d b y t h e s p e c u l a t i v e t h e o l o g i a n s a n d p h i l o s o p h e r s o n l y in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h belief. 2. (the pi. a'mal),

"that w h i c h is p r a c t i s e d " and f o l l o w i n g the u s a g e of K u r 1 an and H a d i t h "the w o r k s "

a m o r a l l y g o o d a c t i o n s y n o n y m o u s w i t h m a 1ruf

c o m m i s s i o n , f r o m A r a b i c w o r d araanah

e n j o i n w h a t is g o o d or l e a d i n g the p e o p l e in t h e r i g h t p a t h t o h i n d e r t h e m f r o m f o l l o w i n g t h e w r o n g p a t h belief; f a i t h or w o r l d - v i e w /

ideology,

s l a u g h t e r i n g of a g o a t to e x p r e s s t h a n k f u l n e s s to A l l a h for g i v i n g a c h i l d

D a r u l - A r q a m o r J e m a ^ a h M u h a m m a d i a h

"one w h o k nows"

Ar. w o r d m e a n i n g o r i g i n a l l y

"s p i r i t of k i n s h i p " (the 'a s a b a a r e m a l e r e l a t i o n s in t h e m a l e line)

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V I 11

A S H A B

'A S Y U R A 1

A ’Y A N

’A U R A T A W R A D

AYN, A ' Y A N

A 1Y A N T H A B I T A

A Z A N 1A Z I M A H

e

B A H A G I A N HA L _ E H W A L I S L A M BALA'

B A R A K A B A T I N __

B A Y T A L - M A L

(sing: Sahib) or § a h a b a (a s i n g l e one: s a habi)

" C o m p a n i o n s

n a m e of a v o l u n t a r y f a s t - d a y w h i c h is o b s e r v e d o n t h e 10th M u h a r r a m

p l u r a l of 'Ayn t h e p a r t i c u l a r t h i n g t h a t are p e r c e i v e d in th e e x t e r i o r w o r l d 1

l i m i t a t i o n of u n c o v e r e d p a r t s of t h e body, g e n i t a l

a r o u t i n e p r o g r a m m e of d h i k r a n d r e a d i n g the A l - K u r ' a h .

F r o m s i n g u l a r A r a b i c w o r d w i r d essances, the t h i n g itself, th e r e a l , c o n c r e t e t h i n g

r a t h e r t h a n its d e s c r i p t i o n or idea; in a way, q u i t e

contrary, th e id e a of a t h i n g in G o d ' s mind, p r i o r to its e x i s t e n c e in t h e w o r l d

m e a n s the s t a b l e o r e t e r n a l t h i n g that are p e r c e i v e d in t h e e x t e r i o r w o r l d

(Ar. A d h a n ) call to p r a y c o n j u r a t i o n , s t r i c t or

u n m o d i f i e d l a w _ w h i c h r e m a i n s in its. o r i g i n a l r i g o u r d u e to the a b s e n c e of m i t i g a t i n g f a c t o r s

I s l a m i c A f f a i r s D i v i s i o n , c a l a m i t y

b l e s s i n g in t e r n a l

in its c o n c r e t e m e a n i n g "the H o u s e of w e a l t h " , bu t

p a r t i c u l a r l y , in an a b s t r a c t s e n s e th e "fiscals" or

"treasury", of t h e M u s l i m S t a t e

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ix

t

B E R S A N D I N G

B I D A D A R I B I D A N B I D 1 A"

B I D V A H J A H A T B I L A L

B I S M I L L A H B O M O H , P A W A N G B U M I P U T R A

C I N T A D U N I A C l N T A P A N G K A T

(GILA P A N G K A T ) D A L I L

D A ' W A

D A R A L - I S L A M

D E W A N N E G A R A D E W A N R A K Y A T D H A L A L A H D H I K R D J A M A ’A

H i n d u - s t y l e s i t t i n g of the br i d a l p a i r o n an e m b e l l i s h e d d a i s or a t r a d i t i o n a l M a l a y w e d d i n g d u r i n g w h i c h t h e b r i d e a n d g r o o m are i n s t a l l e d in br i d a l t h r o n e c a l l e d "pelamin"

h o u r i s

t r a d i t i o n a l M a l a y M u s l i m m i d w i f e

r e p r e h e n s i b l e i n n o v a t i o n f a l s e i n n o v a t i o n

m u e z z i n - m a n w h o s u m m o n s M u s l i m s to prayers,

t r a d i t i o n a l l y f r o m t h e m i n a r e t of a m o s q u e

in G o d ' s n a m e

t r a d i t i o n a l m e d i c i n e m a n indigenous, or s o n of the soil

w o r l d l y d e s i r e c r a z y for p o w e r

it c a n m e a n s i g n or i n d i c a t i o n f i n a l l y it is u s e d as

s y n o n y m o u s w i t h proof, g e n e r a l l y

p i ._ d a 'a w a t , f r o m t h e root da'a, to call, i n v i t e has the p r i m a r y m e a n i n g call or

invitation, " s u m mons" to th e tr u e f a i t h

'the L a n d of Islam' or, m o r e simply, in M u s l i m authors,

'd a r u n a 'o u r c o u n t r y is the w h o l e t e r r i t o r y in w h i c h the

law of I s l a m p r e v a i l s Senate; U p p e r H o u s e of P a r l i a m e n t

H o u s e of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ; L o w e r H o u s e of P a r l i a m e n t a s t r a y

r e m i n d i n g o n e s e l f p o s t p o n e p r a y

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X

D U ' A

D Z A N N I

ESA, K E E S A A N F A L A K

t *

F A L A K I A H FARD*

F A R D K I F A Y A H

FAS IK l

F A T W A F I K H

F I K R F I R A S A

F U K A H A '

FURIT

G H A N I M A G H A Y B

appeal, i n v o c a t i o n

( a d d r e s s e d to God), e i t h e r on b e h a l f of a n o t h e r o r for

o n e s e l f or e l s e a g a i n s t s o m e o n e

doubt, f r o m A r a b i c w o r d z a n n e x i s t e n c e

sphere, in p a r t i c u l a r t h e c e l e s t i a l s p h e r e

a s t r o n o m i c a l ,

a l s o f a r i d a l i t e r a l l y

" s o m e t h i n g w h i c h ha s b e e n

a p p o r t i o n e d , or m a d e o b l i g a t o r y it is an o b l i g a t i o n w h i c h f a l l s o n l y on the c o m m u n i t y in general, p r o v i d e d that t h e r e a r e e n o u g h v o l u n t e e r s

u n j u s t man, g u i l t y of f i s k - t h a t is to say, o n e w h o h a s c o m m i t t e d on e or se v e r a l " g reat sins"

o p i n i o n o n a p o i n t of law o r i g i n a l l y " u n d e r s t a n d i n g ,

k n o w l e d g e , i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d a p p l i e d to a n y b r a n c h of k n o w l e d g e s has b e c o m e the t e c h n i c a l t e r m for j u r i s p r u d e n c e t h e s c i e n c e of r e l i g i o u s law in I s l a m

pl. a f k a r , thought, r e f l e c t i o n a t e c h n i q u e of i n d u c t i v e

d i v i n a t i o n w h i c h p e r m i t s t h e f o r e t e l l i n g of m o r a l c o n d i t i o n s a n d p h y s i o l o g i c a l

b e h a v i o u r f r o m e x t e r n a l i n d i c a t i o n s s c h o l a r s of o r e x p e r t s o n I s l a m i c j u r i s p r u d e n c e ; s i n g u l a r f o r m is

fakih _

[see Fikh, Usui] t h e b o d y of p o s i t i v e r ules d e r i v e d f r o m th e usul, th e roots or s o u r c e s

a n d p h y s i c a l s t a t e s or cjhunm, b o o t y

(Ar. G H A Y B A ( m a s d a r of g h a b a ) m e a n s

"absence"

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x i

G I L A H A R T A G O T O N G - R O Y O N G H A D D

& A D I T H

H A D J D J

« - H A $ _ gAICA' I § H A K E K A T H A L A L

g A R A K A H A R A M ft

H A R I _ Q I A M A T H I D J A B

ft

HI SA B H U D U D

$

H U K M

H U K U M T A K L I F I , AL-HUKM__

A L - T A K L I F I

m a t e r i a l i s t i c m u t u a l self h e l p

f i x e d p e n a l t y

(narrative, talk) w i t h t h e d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e (hadith) is u s e d for

T r a d i t i o n s , b e i n g a n a c c o u n t of w h a t the P r o p h e t s a i d o r d i d or of his t a c i t a p p r o v a l of s o m e t h i n g s a i d o r d o n e in his p r e s e n c e p i l g r i m a g e to M e cca), 'Arafat a n d M i n a T t h e f i f t h of t h e five

" pillars" (ark*ah) of Islam,

t r u t h _

p l u r a l of h a k i k a - t r u t h e s s e n c e * '

p e r m i s s i b l e a c c o r d i n g to M u s l i m laws, u s u a l l y c o n c e r n i n g or

(rel i g i o u s l y ) p e r m i s s i b l e m o t i o n _

[see S H A R I 7A]

f o r b i d d e n b y M u s l i m laws or

(rel i g i o u s l y ) no t p e r m i s s i b l e or c o n t r a v e n i n g r e l i g i o u s law or p r e c e p t

Last D a y

(from t h e v e r b h a d,j ab a "to h i d e f r o m view, c o n c e a l " ) is u s e d of a n y veil p l a c e d in f r o n t of a person, or an o b j e c t in o r d e r to c o n c e a l it f r o m v i e w or to i s o l a t e it

" a c count to be r e n d e r e d to God"

pi. of H A D D [q.v.] s e e also, for f r o n t i e r zones and f r o n t i e r -

w a r f a r e ; and for th e d e l i m i t a t i o n of f rontiers.

(pi. a h k a m ) , v e r b a l n o u n of hakama, w h i c h o r i g i n a l l y m e a n s

sto wit h h o l d , r e s train, p r event, is u s e d in a n u m b e r of t e c h n i c a l

m e a n i n g s in t h e f i e l d of r e l i g i o u s law. [see AHKAM]

d e f i n i n g law, l a w w h i c h

d e f i n e s r i g h t s an d o b l i g a t i o n s

(17)

X l l

H U K U M W A D 'I , A L - H U K M A L - W A D 'I

I B A D A T

I B A D A H K H U S U S I I B A D A H U M U M IBLIS_

I D J M A 1_

I D J T I H A D

’IFRIT

I J A Z A H IKHLA'S

I K H T I Y A R I ' L A M IL H A D I L H A M

ILMU

d e c l a r a t o r y law, th a t is law w h i c h r e g u l a t e s th e p r o p e r

i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of a l - h u k m al- t a k l l f i s u c h as b y e x p o u n d i n g the c o n d i t i o n s , e x c e p t i o n s an d q u a l i f i c a t i o n s t h e r e o f

(pi. of 'ibada) s u b m i s s i v e o b e d i e n c e to a m a s t e r , a n d t h e r e f o r e r e l i g i o u s practice, c o r r e s p o n d s t o g e t h e r w i t h its s y n o n y m ta'a, in t h e w o r k s of fikh, a p p r o x i m a t e l y to the ritual of M u s l i m law

s p e c i f i e d d e v o t i o n g e n e r a l d e v o t i o n

p r o p e r n a m e of t h e d evil c o n s e n s u s of o p i n i o n

[q.v.] to i n d e p e n d e n t r e a s o n i n g in law

s o m e t i m e s c o n n e c t e d w i t h wicked, is a n e p i t h e t

e x p r e s s i n g power, c u n n i n g a n d i n s u b o r d i n a t i o n

certi f ic a t e

T h e IV t h f o r m a d d s

to th e d o u b l e i d e a of the r o o t - p u r i t y a n d s a l v a t i o n - that of "dedica t i n g , d e v o t i n g or c o n s e c r a t i n g o n e s e l f " to s o m e t h i n g

c h o i c e

i n f o r m a t i o n

[see MULIJID] heresy, d e v i a t i o n f r o m ri g h t b e l i e f

m e a n s l i t e r a l l y "to c a u s e to s w a l l o w or g u l p down" B u t b y far t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t u s e of I l h a m is in c o n n e x i o n w i t h the d o c t r i n e of saints. A l l a h re v e a l s h i m s e l f to m e n

i n d i v i d u a l l y b y k n o w l e d g e c a s t into t h e i r m i n d s

s c i e n c e

(18)

ILMU L A D U N I L T I Z A M IMAM

I M A N

I M A N H A Q I N S A N K A M I L I S R A 1 M l ' R A j I S T I H S A N

«• I S T I S H A B I S T I Q A M A H I S T I N B A T

J A B A T A N P E R D A N A M E N T E R I

J A W I _ J A B A R I A H J A M I 'A H

J A M A 7 A H __

J I H A D FI S A B I L I L L A H J I N A Y A H

J I W A _ J U M H U R

r a dA'

m

K A D A R , K A D H F

• — -

$ADI

KADI B E S A R

i n v i s i b l e k n o w l e d g e , k n o w l e d g e d i r e c t l y f r o m God, i n s p i r a t i o n

w o r k h a r d _

[see I MAMA, M A S I U I D ] I MAMA, the i m a m a t e in t h e m e a n i n g of

" s u p r e m e l e a d e r s h i p " of the M u s l i m c o m m u n i t y a f t e r the d e a t h of t h e Pr o p h e t ,

belief, f a i t h T r u e f a i t h

a p e r f e c t or u n i v e r s a l m a n Th e N i g h t J o u r n e y of the P r o p h e t M u h a m m a d

to d e e m s o m e t h i n g good, j u r i s t i c p r e f e r e n c e

p r e s u m p t i o n of c o n t i n u a t i o n of th e s t a t u s q u o a n t e

rectitude, c o n s t a n t l y

inference, d e d u c i n g a s o m e w h a t h i d d e n m e a n i n g f r o m a g i v e n t e x t .

P r i m e M i n i s t e r D e p a r t m e n t M a l a y s c r i p t

a sect

c o n g r e g a t i o n , s o m e t i m e s p e l t as j a m a 1 a

c o m m u n i t y

the s t r u g g l e in t h e p a t h of A l l a h

c r i m i n a l soul

d o m i n a n t m a j o r i t y

o r i g i n a l l y m e a n i n g "decis i o n "

G o d ' s "eternal d e c i s i o n or de cree" c o n c e r n i n g all b e i n g s

[see AL - K A D A ' W A 1L-KADAR]

s l a n d e r o u s a c c u s a t i o n of f o r n i c a t i o n (z i n a 1[ q .v .], or i l l e g i t i m a t e d e s c e n t

" j u d g e " ,

C h i e f M u s l i m J u d g e

(19)

x i v

K A D I R I Y Y A

K A F A N K A M A L K A M P U N G

k a rA^m

K A S I H K A S Y A F

K A U M T U A K E M E N T E R I A N

P E L A J A R A N ( K E M E N T E R I A N P E N D I D I K A N ) K E R A M A T

K H A D I M

K H A L I F A _

A L - K H U L A F A f A L R A S H I D U N

JKHALg _ K H A R I D J I T E S

K H A S I A T K H A T A M K H A T A N K H A W A R I D J K H U N S A K H U R A F A T KHUSYIJ' K I S A S

3 r »

o r d e r (tarikat) of d e r v i s h e s c a l l e d a f t e r 'Abd A L - K a d i r AL- Dj i 1 ani"

s h r o u d e d p e r f e c t i o n v i l l a g e

g e n e r o s i t y [see s u p p l e m e n t ] it s e e m s p r e f e r a b l e - t a k i n g into a c c o u n t the d i f f e r e n c e of the r e s p e c t i v e A r a b i c r o o t s - t o

t r a n s l a t e k a r a m a b y " m arvel of a s a i n t "

b e n e v o l e n t

vision, f r o m A r a b i c w o r d k a s h f , reveal, un c o v e r ; k n o w l e d g e t h r o u g h m y s t i c a l m e a n s

o l d ( c o n s e r v a t i v e ) g e n e r a t i o n - as o p p o s e d to K a u m M u d a

M i n i s t r y of E d u c a t i o n

h o l y place, s a c r e d spot s e r v a n t

C a l i p h a t e

deputy, v i c e r e g e n t , s u c c e s s o r , the r i g h t l y g u i d e d C a l iphs, t h e f irst F o u r C a l i p h s of I s l a m

c r e a t i o n

(al - k h a w a r i d j , sing, k h a r a d j i ), the m e m b e r s of t h e e a r l i e s t of t h e

r e l i g i o u s s e c t s of Islcim s p e c i a l i t i e s

c o m p l e t i o n of t h e A l - K u r ' a n re c i t a l c i r c u m c i s i o n . In M a l a y c a l l e d

b e r s u n a t or m a s u k jawi [see K H A R I D J I T E S

h e r m a p h r o d i t e s

fiction, mystic, f a b l e of myth, i n v e n t i v e r e l i g i o u s a c t i v i t i e s a t t e n t i v e

s y n o n y m o u s w i t h Kawad,

r e t a l i a t i o n ( " s e t t l e m e n t " , n o t

" c u t t i n g off" or " p r o s e c u t i o n " )

(20)

X V

K I T A B __

K I T A B I Y A H K I T A B JAWI K I T A B K U N I N G K I Y A S

*

$ U B U R KUFR__

$URBAN_

L ADUNI

M A D R A S A H

M A D H H A B M A F A S I D M A H M U D A H

M A & S Y A R _ M A J L I S A G A M A I S L A M M A K H L U K H A L U S

M A K R U H * M A L _

M A L A I K A T

M A L A Y L A N G U A G E

M A L A Y S I A N L A N G U A G E M A N A K I B

M A N D U B M A N S U K H M A Q A M M A ' R I F A H M A ’RTTF

(Pl.KUTUB) "book"

f e m a l e f o l l o w e r of a n o n I s l a m i c r e v e l a t i o n

I s l a m i c b o o k w r i t t e n in Jawi I s l a m i c b o o k w r i t t e n in A r a b i c (Ar.), r e a s o n i n g b y an a l o g y , the f o u r t h s o u r c e of M u s l i m law

g r a v e u n - b e l i e f

s ac r i f i c e , s a c r i f i c i a l v i c t i m

m a n o u g h t t h e r e f o r e to c l i n g to the u n k n o w a b l e m y s t e r y " f r o m w h e r e Go d

is"

r e l i g i o u s sc h o o l w h i c h u s u a l l y a l s o t e a c h e s s e c u l a r s u b j e c t s or I s l a m i c s c h o o l ( s m a l l e r b o a r d i n g s c h o o l s a r e c a l l e d p o ndok)

s c h o o l of law or s c h o o l of t h o u g h t

d i s u t i l i t i e s g o o d m o r a l s

p l a c e of a s s e m b l y

I s l a m i c R e l i g i o u s C o u n c i l r e f i n e d c r e a t u r e s

a b o m i n a b l e , r e p r e h e n s i b l e f i n a n c e

A n g e l

c o l l o q u i a l l a n g u a g e s p o k e n b y M a l a y p e o p l e s in M a l a y s i a a n d in

I n d o n e s i a

o f f i c i a l M a l a y s i a n n a t i o n a l 1a n g u a g e

p l u r a l s u b s t a n t i v e (sing.

m a n a k a b a ) f e a t u r i n g in the t i t l e s of a q u i t e c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r of b i o g r a p h i c a l w o r k s of a

l a u d a t o r y n a t u r e w h i c h h a v e e v e n t u a l l y b e c o m e a p a r t of h a g i o g r a p h i c a l l i t e r a t u r e in Arabic, in P e r s i a n a n d in T u r k i s h

c o m m e n d a b l e

abr o g a t e d , r e p e a l e d m y s t i c a l s t a t i o n

(Ar. m a ' r i f a ) , k n o w l e d g e , r i g h t c o n d u c t

(21)

x v i

M A S A L I H

* %

M A S B U K M A S D J I D

M A § H A F

M A S L A H A H , I S T I S L A H — ^ % M A S U K M E L A Y U

M A T A HATI M A T N

M A 1 U N A

M A U L I D M A U L U D

M A ’U N A H M A W D U ”' M E L A Y U

M E N T E R I B E S A R

M E N U R U N M I S B A ^ M U ' A M A L A T

u t i l i t i e s . F r o m A r a b i c w o r d m a s l a h a h

p r e c e d e n t e d

mosque, the n o u n of p l a c e f r o m sadLjada "to p r o s t r a t e

oneself", h e n c e " p l a c e w h e r e one p r o s t r a t e s o n e s e l f [in w o r s h i p ] "

A l - K u r !an

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of p u b l i c i n t e r e s t s

t o b e c o m e a Malay, c o m m o n l y u s e d in M a l a y s i a to r e f e r to the act of c o n v e r t i n g t o Isl'am

i n t u i t i o n

a t e r m w i t h v a r i o u s

meanings__of w h i c h t h a t of text of a h a d i t h [q.v.] is to be

n o t e d r _

(pi. maunat, m a ' a w i n ) ,

" a s s i s t a n c e " an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e t e r m of e a r l y I s l a m i c h i s t o r y w i t h se v e r a l m e a n i n g s

b i r t h d a y

c e l e b r a t i o n of th e b i r t h d a y of t h e P r o p h e t M u h a m m a d s.a.w. or c o l l e c t i v e r i tual in t h e f o r m of a g a t h e r i n g to c e l e b r a t e the b i r t h of M u h a m m a d ,

p ro v i s i o n , ^ r o m A r a b i c w o r d m a 'u n a

f abricated, f o r g e d M a l a y s

C h i e f M i n i s t e r or H e a d of

g o v e r n m e n t of a S t a t e w i t h i n the F e d e r a t i o n w h i c h ha s a _

h e r e d i t a r y R u l e r or S u l t a n t r a n c e

[SEE SIRADJ] lamp

a t e r m w h i c h d e s i g n a t e s in w o r k s of f i k h t h e b i l a t e r a l c o n t r a c t s as o p p o s e d to the

1i b a d a t [q.v.] w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e th e "ritual of I s l a m i c law"

(22)

X V I I

M U B A H

M U B A L L I G H M U D J T A H I D

m u f t i"

M U K A L L A F MUKALLID^

M U N A F I K U N _ _ A L M U N A F I K U N

m

M U N A K A H A T M U N G K A R M U Q A T T A 'A T M U Q A R R A B l N

M U R S H I D

M U R T A D D M U S L I M M U Z A K A R A H N A B A W T Y A T N A B T

N A F S

"licit, a u t h o r i s e d " o n e of t h e f i v e J u r i d i c a l _

q u a l i f i c a t i o n s [see AgK A M ] of h u m a n acts [see S H A R I ' A ]

[see DIKKA, M A S D J I D ] denotes, in c o n t e m p o r a r y usage, on e w h o p o s s e s s e s the a p t i t u d e to f o r m hi s o w n j u d g e m e n t on q u e s t i o n s

c o n c e r n i n g th e S h a r p a, u s i n g p e r s o n a l e f f o r t (i d j t i h a d [q.v.]

in th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the f u n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s (usul

[q.v.] of_jthe s h a r p a

(see FATWA) t h e s c h o l a r w h o g i v e s a f a t w a

a c o m p e t e n t p e r s o n w h o is in full p o s s e s s i o n of hi s f a c u l t i e s

[see TAKLID, a l s o KASS; M A DDAH]

H e r e it*is u s u a l l y

t r a n s l a t e d into E n g l i s h an d F r e n c h as " h y p o c r i t e s "

m a r r i a g e

d i s o b e d i e n t , i n d e c e n c y s h o r t f o r m l e t t e r s

t h e n e a r e s t to Allah, a l s o d e s c r i b e d as th e S a b i q o o n m e a n i n g o u t s t r i p t h e rest,

literally, "one w h o g i v e s right ^ g u i dance, rushd, irshad, in s u f T m y s t i c a l p a r l a n c e t h e s p i r i t u a l d i r e c t o r an d i n i t i a t o r in t o the o r d e r (tarikat) of th e n o v i c e or m u r i d [q.v.] w h o is f o l l o w i n g t h e S u f i p a t h

fion e w h o t u r n s b ack" e s p e c i a l l y f r o m Islam, an a p o s t a s y

t h e p e r s o n w h o p r o f e s s e s I s 1a m [q.v.]

e x c h a n g e of v i e w s P r o p h e t i c a l

P r o p h e t soul

(23)

X V I 11

N A F S f N A F S U _ N A F S U L A W A M A H N A F S U M A R D I A H N A F S U M U L H A M A H N A F S U M U T M A 1 I N N A H

NAHI *

N A S S

NI1KMAT _

N I S F U S H A 1 B A N N f Y Y A

P A D A N G M A H S Y A R

* — P A N D U A N B A T I N P A N T U N

P E N G H U L U P E M U T U S U B A T P E R A W A T

P O N D O K

P R A Y E R OF T A R A W E H P U S A T I S L A M

Q A D Y A N P R A D J M RAJA__

R A K ' A

R A K A ’AT RAKYAT__

R A M A D H A N

R A S U K R A S U L

self, c a rnal

lust, i nner se l f d e s i r e s e l f - a c c u s i n g s o l e

a p p r o v e s o u l , i n s p i r e d s o l e soul at rest p r o h i b i t e d

a r e l i g i o n legal t e r m b l e s s i n g

Th e M i d d l e of t h e S h a 1 b a n m o n t h the i n t e n t i o n of t h e h e a r t

T h e D a y of R e c k o n i n g a n d J u d g e m e n t

s p i r i t u a l g u i d e p o e t r y

l e a d e r

c o m p l e t i o n of t h e c u r i n g p r o c e s s m e d i c a l m e n

t r a d i t i o n a l l e a r n i n g c e n t r e ( t r a d i t i o n a l r e l i g i o u s b o a r d i n g school) or I s l a m i c b o a r d i n g school ( u s u a l l y in rural ar e a s a n d s m a l l e r t h a n m a d r a s a h ) n i g h t p r a y e r s d u r i n g the m o n t h of R a m a d h a n

I s l a m i c C e n t r e

A h m a d i a h S c h o o l of T h o u g h t th e c a s t i n g of s t o n e s

K i n g or R u l e r of a State.

(the c e r e m o n i e s f r o m th e

r e c i t a t i o n of t h e fatiha, to the s e c o n d sutjiud __ 9

(Ar. RAK'A) [See SALAT] p a r t of

prayer, *

s u b j e c t s of a ruler,

(Ar. R A M A D A N ) n a m e of the

n i n t h m o n t h in t h e M u h a m m a d a n c a l e n d a r

d i s t u r b e d

(Ar. RASUL) (plur. r u s u l ), me s s e n g e r , a p o s t l e

(24)

x i x

R A T IB

R E D H A RIBA"

R I J A L U L - G H A I B R I W A Y A H

r i yA R R O H __

RSHANI

R U K S S A H

R U K N _ R U K U N I M A N R U K U N I S L A M RUMI

R U 'Y A H

s a bT^l S A B R

0

SADJ ’

SALAF, A S - S A L A F I Y E E N A S - S A L I H E E N

• < «

(plur. raw a t i b ) a w o r d

m e a n i n g w h a t is f i x e d a n d h e n c e a p p l i e d to c e r t a i n n o n

o b l i g a t o r y s a l a t s o r c e r t a i n l i t a n i e s

g r a t i f i e d

lit. increase, as a

t e c h n i c a l term, u s u r y a n d i n t e r e s t ___

(Ar. ridial a l - g h a y b ) t h e m e n of th e m y s t e r y

n a r r a t i o n , t r a n s m i s s i o n pride, h y p o c r i s y

spirit, soul s p i r i t u a l

c o n c e s s i o n or c o n c e s s i o n a i r e law, that is law w h i c h is

m o d i f i e d d u e t o th e p r e s e n c e of m i t i g a t i n g f a c t o r s

pillar, e s s e n t i a l i n g r e d i e n t C a r d i n a l A r t i c l e s of F a i t h I s l a m i c Pillars, I s l a m i c P r i n c i p l e s

Roman, L a t i n

s i g h t i n g t h e m o o n to c o n f i r m th e f irst d a y of t h e f a s t i n g m o n t h of R a m a d h a n

a way, road, or p a t h

in t h e fi r s t p l a c e w i t h the

g e n e r a l m e a n i n g of b e i n g p a t i e n t a p e c u l i a r m o d e of r h e t o r i c in w h i c h at s h o r t i n t e r v a l s w o r d s o c c u r w h i c h rhyme. T h o u g h it is d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m p o e t r y

(shi'r) b y n o t b e i n g b o u n d b y a r e g u l a r r h y t h m o r m e t r e

t h e e a r l y years. S o m e t i m e u s e d g e n e r a l l y to d e s c r i b e t h e e a r l y g e n e r a t i o n s of t h e M u s l i m s

p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e C o m p a n i o n s of th e M e s s e n g e r of A l l a h a n d t h o s e w h o f o l l o w i n g them, w h o c l o s e l y f o l l o w s t h e S u n n a a n d th e H o l y P r o p h e t M u h a m m a d , t h e r i g h t e o u s c o m p a n i o n s * o f M u h a m m a d

(25)

X X

S A L A T 3

S A L A T H A J A T 1~>ANTAU * S E L A W A T

t

" S E T I N G G A N " A R E A

S H A H I D SHAR'

s hP T s m

S H U R A _

S I A S S A S H A R R I A SI F A T ' _

S I L A T G H A I B S O M B O N G SIT’

S U D J U D S U F T _ Su l t a n

Q

S U M A 'A H S U N N A S U N N A

J U R A S U R A U

S Y A F A 1 AT S Y A H A D A S Y A I R

the usual n a m e in A r a b i c for t h e r itual p r a y e r o r d i v i n e s e r v i c e p r a y i n g for s p e c i f i c i n t e n s i o n p o i s o n i n g

p r a i s e s for t h e P r o p h e t M u h a m m a d , ri t u a l p r a y e r

z o n e of i l l e g a l i t y ; t e r m u s e d by M a l a y s i a n u r b a n p l a n n e r s a n d g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c i a l s to r e f e r to a s q u a t t e r s e t t l e m e n t

witness, m a r t y r s ( p i .s h u h a d a -1)

the d i s c r e t i o n a r y p u n i s h m e n t of c r i m e s

a sect

c o n s u l t a t i o n

p o l i c y of d i v i n e o r i g i n b y s t a t e a ttribute, q u a l i t y

i n v i s i b l e art of s e l f - d e f e n c e p r o u d

w i c k e d

p r o s t r a t i o n s

[See T a s a w w u f ] a M u s l i m m y s t i c t h e M a l a y M u s l i m r u l e r of a.

M a l a y s i a n s t a t e s (Ar. SULTAN)

b o a s t f u l *

m u s t a h a b a n d t a t a w w u ' , r e c o m m e n d a b l e

custom, u s e a n d wont,

statue. In Hadith, b y s u n n a is u s u a l l y u n d e r s t o o d M u h a m m a d ’s

S u n n a *_

C h a p t e r of the A l - K u r ' a n

small M u s l i m p l a c e ^ o f w o r s h i p or b u i l d i n g in M a l a y v i l l a g e u s e d for c o n g r e g a t i o n a l p r a yers;

small, n e i g h b o u r h o o d m o s q u e i n t e r c e s s i o n o n t h e D a y of J u d g e m e n t

d e c l a r a t i o n of faith; t h e f irst p r i n c i p l e or p i l l a r of IslcOn a P e r s i a n p o e t i c f o r m as a k i n d of M a l a y c l a s s i c a l lit e r a t u r e .

(26)

x x i

S Y A J R A H S Y A R I 'A H

_S Y A T A H A T , SYAT

^

y e

I

kh S Y I R I K

S Y U 1 B A H S Y U K U R S Y U M U L J A B I J A T T A B L I G H

T A F A K U R _ TAFS_IR A L - K U R ' A N TAHL_IL

T A H R I M

T A J D l D I S L A M f _ T A J W I D A L - K U R ’A N

T A K A B B U R T A K F I R

t a k l i d

*

T A K L I F T A L F I Q T A L K I N

t r e e __

(Ar. SHARI*1 A), a l s o S H A R 1 ( o r i g i n a l l y i n f i n i t i v e ) , the p a t h w h i c h th e b e l i e v e r ha s to tread, the r e l i g i o n of IslcTm as a t e c h n i c a l term, t h e c a n o n law of Islam, (also u s e d as t h e t e r m for a s i n g l e c o m m a n d m e n t

= hukm, t h e p l u r a l s h a r a 1= a h k a m e c s t a t i c u t t e r a n c e of t h e S u f i s

(Ar. SYAY&H) " s p i r i t u a l di r e c t o r "

(Ar. S H I R K ) (also ishrak)

a s s o c i a t i n g a c o m p a n i o n to Go d - h o n o u r i n g a n o t h e r b e s i d e

God, p o l y t h e i s m c o m m i t t e e

t h a n k s u n d i v i d e d n a t u r e

I n d i a n M u s l i m s "da'wa" m o v e m e n t to m e d i t a t e

c o m m e n t a r y , e x e g e s i s a t i o n a d h i k r

p r o h i b i t i o n or r e n d e r i n g s o m e t h i n g into h a r a m I s l a m i c r e f o r m

r e c i t a t i o n of th e H o l y A l - K u r ’an w i t h p r e c i s e a r t i c u l a t i o n an d ex a c t i n t o n a t i o n

a r r o g a n c e

a c c u s a t i o n or b r a n d i n g of inf i dels

C o n f i n e to t h e e x p l a n a t i o n , a p p l i c a t i o n a n d at the m o s t

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e d o c t r i n e as it h a d b e e n l a i d d o w n on c e a n d for all, to b e an

u n r e a s o n i n g i m i t a t i o n a n d a p a s s i v e a c c e p t a n c e ,

liability, o b l i g a t i o n

T h e c o m b i n a t i o n a n d f u s i o n of J u r i s t i c o p i n i o n s

i n s t r u c t i o n to t h e dying, the final e x h o r t a t i o n at a funeral,

(27)

X X I I

T A M R I N T A Q I Y Y A H T A Q W A T A R A Q Q I T A R B j A H

t a r i r a t t a s b t h

T A S H R l '

t a s lTm

T A S A W W U F

9

T A U B A T

t a u hTd

T A W A D H U K T A W A K K A L T A W A S S U L T A Y A M M U M

T A ' Z I R

TI J ARAH, A L - T I J A R A H U G A M A

U G U T 'UJUB U K H U A H

'ULAMA'

'ULAMA' L A H I R 'U L A M A ' S U K or

' ULAMA_^ D U N I A 'ULAMA' A K H I R A T

t r a i n i n g

c o n c e a l m e n t of o n e ' s v i e w s to e s c a p e p e r s e c u t i o n

piety, d e v o t i o n s e l f - r e c o g n i t i on

e d u c a t i o n a n d b r i n g i n g u p M u s l i m b r o t h e r h o o d

rosary, g l o r i f i c a t i o n of God (Allah)

l e g i s l a t i o n

sal u t a t i o n , s u r r e n d e r

I s l a m i c m e t a p h y s i c s , sufTsm, s o m e t i m e s s p e l t as tasawuf, r e p e n t a n c e

u n i t y of e x i s t e n c e a n d o n e n e s s of G o d

humble, h u m i l i t y

a b s o l u t e t r u s t in God, i n d i r e c t l y s u r r e n d e r i n g or s u b m i t t i n g to A l l a h

a b l u t i o n s w i t h c l e a n earth, sa n d in t h e e v e n t n o w a t e r m a y be f o u n d

(Ar. ta'zTr) d e t e r r e n c e ,

d i s c r e t i o n a r y p e n a l t y d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e Kadi

b u s i n e s s

religion, c o m m o n l y u s e d to r e f e r to t h e I s l a m i c r e l i g i o n

i n t i m i d a t i o n pride, c o n c e i t e d b r o t h e r h o o d

(plural of 'alim) t h e r e l i g i o u s learned; p i o u s m a n t h e o l o g i a n o r I s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s s c h o l a r s ;

M u s l i m scholars.

I s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s s c h o l a r w h o p r a c t i c e I s l a m s u p e r f i c i a l l y w i c k e d or w o r l d l y I s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s s c h o l a r

h e r e a f t e r I s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s s c h o l a r

(28)

X X I 11

’ULAMA' M U J A D D I D U L U A L - A M R

U M M A H

U N D A N G - U N D A N G US R A H

UStfL

USUL__UD-DIN W A H Y U

WSJIB

w^Lr

w a lTTj l l a h

WARA' W A S L A T W A S T L A H WARA' W A R ID W I R D

W U D U 1 YAIJIN

Y A N G D I - P E R T U A N A G O N G

YAQZAH_

Y U N A N I Z A H I R Ja k a t

Z A L I M

ZAHID, ZUHD, Z U H U D Z A I T U N

r e f o r m e r s I s l a m i c r e l i g i o u s s c h o l a r

p e r s o n s in a u t h o r i t y a n d in c h a r g e of c o m m u n i t y a f f a i r s c o m m u n i t y of M u s l i m s or c o m m u n i t y of b e l i e v e r s ;

c o m m u n i t y b o n d e d b y r e l i g i o u s / i d e o l o g i c a l a f f i l i a t i o n

law, rule

g r o u p d i s c u s s i o n in f a m i l y s e n s e t h e "roots" or s o u r c e s of legal kno w l e d g e , t h e f u n d a m e n t a l

p r i n c i p l e T h e o l o g y

d i v i n e i n s p i r a t i o n o b i i g a t i o n

o n e c l o s e to G o d a p i o u s p e r s o n

s c r u p u l o u s a b s t e n t i o n , s o m e t i m e spelt as w a r a k

wi 11

c o n n e c t i o n

s c r u p u l o u s a b s t e n t i o n m y s t i c a l i l l u m i n a t i o n

[q q , v . ] h i z b or th e w i r d [qg.v]

o f t e n a c c o m p a n i e d b y the

" s p i ritual o r a t o r i o " ( s a m a 1) wudu' [q.v.] a b l u t i o n

c e r t a i n t y _

" K i n g " . A S u l t a n c h o s e n b y th e o t h e r S u l t a n s e v e r y five y e a r s to a s s u m e t h i s p o s i t i o n of P a r a m o u n t R u l e r of M a l a y s i a in life

G r e e k

literal m e a n i n g , e x t e r n a l

I s l a m i c p r o p e r t y t a x or tithe, al m s tax

t y r a n n y

ascetic, a s c e t i c i s m , a u s t e r i t y ol ive

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x x i v

Z I N A _

Z I N D I Q , Z A N A D I Q A

ZIRiT'AH, A L - Z I R A ' X H

a d u l t e r y

heretic, c o m p l e t e a n d u t t e r u n b e l i e v e r s in All"ah an d the Last Day, A t h e i s t

a g r i c u l t u r a l

(30)

ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

(31)

A B B R E V I A T I O N S A N D A C R O N Y M

Ab., Abd. A b d u l

Ar. A r a b i c

A B I M A n g k a t a n B e l i a I s l a m M a l a y s i a

( M a l a y s i a n M u s l i m Y o u t h O r g a n i z a t i o n ) A I D S A c q u i r e d I m m u n e D e f i c i e n c y S y n d r o m e A L H U N A F A T h e N e w C o n v e r t s A s s o c i a t i o n

A L I R A N P e r s a t u a n A l i r a n K e s e d a r a n N e g a r a (The A s s o c i a t i o n of t h e I d e o l o g y of t h e N a t i o n ' s A w a r e n e s s

A R A n n u a l R e p o r t

A r . A r a b i c

A R Q A M A l - A r q a m , D a r a l - A r q a m

A S E A N A s s o c i a t i o n of S o u t h Ea s t A s i a n N a t i o n s B A H E I S B a h a g i a n Hal Eh w a l I s l a m ( J a b a t a n P e r d a n a

M e n t e r i )

( I s l a m i c A f f a i r s Div i s i o n , P r i m e M i n i s t e r D e p a r t m e n t )

C l . C o l u m n

C o . C o m p a n y

Dec. D e c e m b e r

D B P D e w a n B a h a s a d a n P u s t a k a

Dr. D o k t o r (Doctor)

ed. e d i t e d

e.g. for e x a m p l e

Exco. E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e

fern. f e m i n i n e

H., Hj Hadjdi,

H I V H u m a n I m m u n o - d e f i c i e n c y V i r u s i.e. that is to say; in o t h e r w o r d s intro. I n t r o d u c t i o n

JI M J a m a ' a h I s l a m i a h M a l a y s i a

( M a l a y s i a n M u s l i m O r g a n i z a t i o n )

J M B R A S J o u r n a l of th e M a l a y s i a n B r a n c h of the Royal A s i a t i c S o c i e t y

J . M . C . L . I J o u r n a l of M a l a y C u l t u r e a n d L a n g u a g e I n s t i t u t e

J O S A J o u r n a l of S o u t h - E a s t A s i a

JRAS J o u r n a l of Ro y a l A s i a t i c S o c i e t y L A W A S I A L a w of A s i a

(32)

x x v i

lit. l i t e r a r y

M a s c . M a s c u l i n e M d . ,M o h d ., M u h a m m a d

M B R A S M a l a y s i a n B r a n c h of A s i a t i c S o c i e t y

n . d . no d a t e

No N u m b e r

p . b . u . H . p e a c e be u p o n H i m

PAS P arti I s l S m S e m a l a y a (Pan of M a l a y a n Islar Party)

P E R K I M P e r t u b u h a n K e b a j i k a n I s l a m M a l a y s i a ( M u s l i m W e l f a r e O r g a n i s a t i o n )

P I . P l u r . P l u r a l

PMIP P a n M a l a y s i a n I s l a m i c P a r t y

PT, p t . PART, part.

P U M P e r s a t u a n Ulama" M a l a y s i a

( M a l a y s i a n M u s l i m S c h o l a r s O r g a n i z a t i o n ) q.v. (L a t i n q u o d vide) eg s h o w i n g a c r o s s -

r e f e r e n c e

R I M A R e v i e w of I n d o n e s i a n a n d M a l a y s i a n A f f a i r s

Sch. S c h e d u l e

S d n . B h d . S e n d i r i a n B e r h a d ( C o m p a n y l i m ited) s i n g . s i n g u l a r

S k r . S a n s k r i t .

S.W.T. Subljanahu W a T a ”' a la T A B L I G H J a m a ' a t T a b l i g h t r l . trans. t r a n s l a t o r

U K M U n i v e r s i t i K e b a n g s a a n M a l a y s i a (National U n i v e r s i t y of M a l a y s i a .

U M N O U n i t e d M a l a y N a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n Us . U s t a z or A l - U s t a z

U S A U n i t e d S t a t e of A m e r i c a

U s t . U s t a z a h

Y A D I M Y a y a s a n D a k w a h I s l a m f y a h M a l a y s i a

( M a l a y s i a n I s l a m i c M i s s i o n a r y F o u n d a t i o n )

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INTRODUCTION

(38)

(39)

Int r o d u c t i on

R e s u r g e n c e of I s l a m a m o n g t h e M u s l i m s o c i e t y in M a l a y s i a , p a r t i c u l a r l y a m o n g t h e y o u t h in u r b a n a r e a s b e g a n in th e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 's. T h r o u g h t h i s m o v e m e n t , M u s l i m s w e r e c a l l e d u p o n in sem i n a r s , forums, s p e e c h e s o r a r t i c l e s in n e w s p a p e r s , m a g a z i n e s a n d p e r i o d i c a l b u l l e t i n s , to p r a c t i c e a c o m p l e t e I s l a m i c w a y of life in e v e r y aspect. I s l a m i c r e s u r g e n t s d e m a n d e d a n e w s o c i a l order, t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of an I s l a m i c e d u c a t i o n system, economy, p o l i t i c a l o r d e r an d legal f r a m e w o r k . A b o v e all t h e y w a n t e d c r e a t i o n of a n I s l a m i c s t a t e w i t h A l - K u r ' a n a n d S u n n a as the s o l e c o n s t i t u t i o n of t h e c o u ntry. T h e p a s s i o n of t h e d e m a n d f o r change, f o r t i f i e d b y th e e n t h u s i a s t i c s u p p o r t of a g r o w i n g n u m b e r of y o u n g adh e r e n t s , i n d u c e d t h e g o v e r n m e n t to r e s pond.

In 1974, th e I s l a m i c A f f a i r s D i v i s i o n of t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r ' s D e p a r t m e n t w a s e s t a b l i s h e d . Its a i m w a s to c o - o r d i n a t e n a t i o n a l I s l a m i c a c t i v i t i e s b y s t a n d a r d i z i n g a n d e n c o u r a g i n g u n i f o r m i t y in I s l a m i c