Jaarboek voor Nederlandse boekgeschiedenis. Jaargang 21 · dbnl

Jaarboek voor Nederlandse boekgeschiedenis.

Jaargang 21

bron

Jaarboek voor Nederlandse boekgeschiedenis. Jaargang 21. Uitgeverij Vantilt, Nijmegen / Nederlandse Boekhistorische Vereniging, Leiden 2014

Zie voor verantwoording: https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_jaa008201401_01/colofon.php

Let op: werken die korter dan 140 jaar geleden verschenen zijn, kunnen auteursrechtelijk beschermd zijn.

i.s.m.

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[Nummer 21]

Redactioneel

Voor u ligt het Jaarboek 2014 van de Nederlandse Boekhistorische Vereniging. Zoals u zult merken ziet het er iets anders uit dan u gewend bent. In het vorige

jubileumjaarboek schreef Hans Mulder, toenmalig voorzitter, dat het bestuur en de redactie van de

samen hadden besloten om de opzet van het Jaarboek te herzien.

In de eerste plaats werd de behoefte gevoeld om het Jaarboek duidelijker te profileren te midden van de boekhistorische periodieken die er op dit moment op de markt zijn.

De opfrisbeurt was eveneens noodzakelijk om te kunnen garanderen dat ook in de toekomst een gevarieerde bundel met bijdragen van hoge kwaliteit kan worden aangeboden. Het afgelopen jaar heeft de gehele redactie hard gewerkt aan de invulling van het ‘Jaarboek nieuwe stijl’ en met plezier presenteren wij u hier het resultaat.

Wat is er allemaal veranderd? In de eerste plaats zal het Jaarboek vanaf deze jaargang niet meer uitsluitend Nederlandstalige artikelen bevatten, maar ook meerdere bijdragen in het Engels. Om zowel Nederlandstalige als Engelstalige lezers te bedienen, gaan alle artikelen gepaard met uitgebreide samenvattingen in de ‘andere’

taal. Op deze wijze zijn alle artikelen in het Jaarboek toegankelijk voor zowel Nederlands als Engels lezende lezers. Tevens heeft de redactie een begin gemaakt met peer review. Een deel van de artikelen in dit Jaarboek is al door experts

beoordeeld en binnen enkele jaren hopen we te kunnen mededelen dat alle bijdragen worden geëvalueerd. Met deze maatregelen hopen we niet alleen een groter

lezerspubliek te bereiken, maar het Jaarboek ook aantrekkelijker te maken voor potentiële auteurs.

Centraal in het Jaarboek staat dit keer het thema ‘papier’. Daniel Bellingradt behandelt het belang van de papierhandel tussen Amsterdam en Hamburg in de achttiende eeuw, een onderwerp waar tot dusver nog weinig aandacht voor is geweest.

De bijdrage van Steven van Impe biedt ons een inkijk in de winkel van een Antwerpse

kleinhandelaar in papier aan het einde van de achttiende eeuw. Paul van Capelleveen

beschrijft het gebruik van luxe papier bij de productie van bibliofiele uitgaven en

laat daarbij vooral zien hoe de praktijk afweek van de verheven idealen van de private

presses. De themaartikelen worden afgewisseld met korte bijdragen van de hand van

Henk Porck over enkele facetten van materiaaltechnisch onderzoek aan papier.

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Een laatste verandering is dat het onderscheid tussen ‘gewone’ en ‘themanummers’

is losgelaten. Het Jaarboek bevat voortaan ook altijd een of meer algemeen

boekhistorische bijdragen. Zo schrijft Mart van Duijn dit keer over gebruikssporen in overgeleverde exemplaren van de Delftse Bijbel en Ed van der Vlist over de lotgevallen van de bibliotheek van het kapittel van Naaldwijk. De bijdrage van Goran Proot over het drukken van programma's voor jezuïetentoneel werpt nieuw licht op het belang van gelegenheidsdrukwerk voor het voortbestaan van drukkerijen in de handpersperiode. Ad Leerintveld toont in zijn onderzoek naar vroeg

zeventiende-eeuwse liedhandschriften duidelijk aan dat materiaalkeuze nooit een selectiecriterium mag zijn bij historisch bronnenonderzoek. Sylvia van Zanen, ten slotte, laat zien waarom Carolus Clusius zoveel problemen ondervond bij het verkrijgen van betrouwbaar illustratiemateriaal.

In de teruggekeerde rubriek ‘Boekbesprekingen’ of, beter nog, ‘Stand van zaken’, wordt het spits afgebeten door Sandra van Voorst. Zij inventariseert de stand van het onderzoek naar (twintigste-eeuwse) literaire uitgeverijen, door een aantal Belgische en Nederlandse publicaties uit het afgelopen decennium in samenhang te bespreken.

Wat niet is veranderd, is de variatie aan bijdragen die u in het Jaarboek kunt aantreffen, en de toegankelijke en aantrekkelijke manier van presenteren, voor een breed geïnteresseerd publiek; eigentijds, toegankelijk en vol kwaliteit. De redactie is inmiddels alweer druk bezig met de voorbereiding van het volgende Jaarboek.

Wij kijken nu al uit naar het resultaat!

9

Ed van der Vlist Books for the chapter

Donations in the ‘Registrum capituli Naeldwicensis’

A chapter without books is like a book without chapters. Willem van Naaldwijk (†1345), knight in the service of the count of Holland, must have thought along these lines when he founded the chapter of Naaldwijk in 1307. On the day of Saint Lucy of that year he, as a ‘collator’ of the church of Naaldwijk, installed six canons to be paid from the revenues of his church. The chapter was named after Saint Adrian.

There was a lot of money involved in the foundation; there were enough means to support the college of canons, presided over by a dean, and maybe there would be some money left. From the outset Willem ordained that in case of a surplus, half of it would be used to augment the common revenues, the remaining part would be spent on the reinforcement of books or church ornaments. The foundation charter states: ‘Si vero aliquid superfuerit, una pars sit pro augmentatione communis proventus, reliqua vero pars pro librorum seu ecclesiae ornamentorum supplemento.’

Books belonging to the chapter of Naaldwijk will be the subject of the present contribution.

Of course every church and every chapel had its own liturgical equipment. Here books were of primary importance. For instance, an inventory of the comital chapel at the court in The Hague, where in 1307 three altars were in use, lists two missals, two graduals, an antiphonary, a breviary and a psalter.

Besides, a decent bible and at least the gospels seem indispensable. But individual canons sometimes also had their own non-liturgical books, if only one or two precious memories that reminded them of their study abroad, and in the face of death they often disposed of their earthly goods in favour of the chapters they were members of. As a result chapter libraries accumulated all kinds of books, predominantly on Roman and canon law, since quite many canons had a legal background.

1 The original foundation charter of 13 December 1307 is lost. A copy after the original is in Brussels, National Archives of Belgium, family archive Reynegom de Buzet, inv. no. 1074 (henceforth: Register Arenberghe), fols. 4r-4v (dated 19 October 1596). Of the (outdated) printed editions and translations I only mention: A. Miraeus, Opera diplomatica, et historica.

Editio secunda, tomus primus. Bruxellis, typis Francisci Foppens, 1723, 321-322; H. van R[ijn], Oudheden en gestichten van Delft en Delfland, mitsgaders van 'sGravenhage. Utrecht, by Hermannus Besseling, 1744, 318-321.

2 Inventory of the count of Hainault-Holland's chapel at The Hague, probably June-July 1307;

cited by M. Vale, The princely court. Medieval courts and culture in North-West Europe 1270-1380. Oxford/New York 2001, appendix

(a), 375.

3 K.O. Meinsma, Middeleeuwsche bibliotheken. Zutphen 1903, 182.

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This also applies to Saint Adrian's chapter in Naaldwijk, where in 1369 the number of canons was increased with another six.

Over the centuries canons, deans and other beneficiaries have bequeathed books to the chapter library. Who did so, and what books were involved? We are granted a glimpse of the library holdings thanks to a list of books recorded in a fifteenth-century register of the chapter. This medieval snapshot will be our point of departure. Other evidence on the library holdings will be presented in addition.

The book list in the Naaldwijk register

The ‘Registrum capituli Naeldwicensis’ is a thick (270 fols.) parchment codex containing lists and copies of archival documents relating to the chapter of Naaldwijk.

Strangely enough it is not kept in the chapter archive, now in the Historisch Archief Westland at Naaldwijk, but in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek at The Hague, which it entered in 1809 as part of the collection of Jacob Visser (†1804), Grand Pensionary, a collector of old books and a pioneer in Dutch bibliography. It is not known how, where and when Visser obtained the register. Somewhere at the end of the register is the following list of books owned by the chapter of Naaldwijk:

¶ Registrum bibliothece capituli in Naeldwijc

[1] Speculum ecclesie a nativitate Christi usque ad inventionem Sancte Crucis inclusive

[2] Item opusculum domini Innocentii pape de officio altaris [3] Item compendium theologye, vel veritas theologye

[4] Item quidam liber metricus et estimo quod sit scolastica metrice, vel pars eiusdem [5] Item summa pauperum sive summula Ramundi

[6] Item sermones de sanctis

[7] Item Gemma anime de divino officio [8] Item sermones Jacobi de Voragine [9] Item breviloquium casuum confessorum [10] Item passionale bene ligatum de toto anno

[11] Item passionale ab adventu Domini usque ad passionem eius inclusive [12] Item passionale

[13] Item textus Sexti libri Decretalium [14] Item commentum sentenciarum

4 Confirmation by Jan van Virneburg, bishop of Utrecht: Miraeus, Opera diplomatica, 322 (8 May 1369).

5 The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek (henceforth:

), ms. 73 E 38, ‘Registrum capituli Naeldwicensis’ (henceforth: Registrum).

6 Ibidem, fol. 267r. Abbreviated text is here printed in full; the letters between [] are not in the manuscript, but should have been there; I have also put in some punctuation and capitals.

The numbering of the items, also between [], is derived from the previous edition by Meinsma, Middeleeuwse bibliotheken, 262-263; items [15]-[22] were edited by R. Crespo, J.P. Gumbert,

‘Guido Faba nel catalogo della biblioteca capitolare di Naaldwijk’, in: Studi medievali, 25

(1984), 745-751: 747-748.

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[15] [I]tem compendiu[m] libri sentenciarum

[16] [I]tem liber in quo diverse bone materie habentur, scilicet casus circa penitenciam, miracula, statuta et situs Terre Sancte

[17] [I]tem een boec in Duutsch et vocatur bestiarius

[18] [I]tem summa Gwidonis Fabe et sompnium morale Pharaonis

[19] [I]tem meditaciones beati Bernardi, regula beati Benedicti, regula beati Augustini [20] [I]tem tractatus de articulis fidei

[21] [I]tem quidam formularius in papiro [22] [I]tem horologium eterne sapiencie

[23] [I]tem pastorale Gregorii et legavit dominus Henricus die Wielmaker, sed pecit fieri festum compositum de sancto Adriano secundo die marcii, sed adhuc non est hoc completum nomine suo sed alieno, scilicet per Ermengaerdi relictam Hugonis Nicolai

[24] [I]tem diversos libros legavit capitulo magister Theodoricus filius Walteri satis bonos competenter et illos eius executores posuerunt in cista capituli et quia multi fuerunt et parva volumina, non sunt sub nominibus posita quibus nuncupantur, eo quod modici valoris in pecunia fuerunt.

Figure 1. ‘Registrum bibliothece capituli in Naeldwijc’: the book list of the chapter of Naaldwijk.

The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, ms. 73 E 38, fol. 267r

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Figure 2. List of the deans of the chapter of Naaldwijk. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, ms. 73 E 38, fol. 24v

The book list raises some questions we have to deal with. How old is this list?

How did the books arrive at the chapter library? Does the list contain all the books donated to the chapter? Are there any printed books in it? And what has become of the books?

The date of the book list

The first thing that strikes is that the list is not written outright. Several scribes can be discerned, who wrote on different occasions.

The first scribe, scribe A, used a formal littera textualis. He wrote the heading and items [1]-[12], and afterwards rather clumsily added item [13]. As will become clear, this scribe did not care about the chronological sequence of the legacies. He was responsible for the compilation of the register, during the first and second decades of the fifteenth century.

Elsewhere in the codex, on fol. 24v,

7 On the scribes of the book list also Crespo, Gumbert, ‘Guido Faba’, 748-749 nts. 10-13.

8 Cf. the remark, added by scribe A, below the text of a charter dated 1362 he registered

himself, that the original charter reached the chapter only in 1409; Registrum, fol. 54v. The

youngest charters copied by scribe A are dated 1414; ibidem, fol. 73v.

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the same scribe gave details on the deans of the chapter up to 1384 (figure 2). If we hypothesise that it were the deans themselves who recorded these data, scribe A must be identical to Johannes Arnoldi or Jan Aarndsz., who headed the chapter for nearly forty years, from 1384 until his death on 27 November 1422.

Scribe B added item [14] to the list, in a less formal littera cursiva. The same hand was active in the register around 1415-1420. This might have been written by Jan Aarndsz. as well, albeit using another script at a later time.

By all means the lower part of the book list is written by one penman using different scripts. Scribe C wrote items [16]-[21] in a littera textualis, while scribe D used a littera cursiva (a script with loops) to set down items [15], [22]-[23] and [24] in two stages. On fol. 24v scribe D recorded the election and death of dean Jan Aarndsz.

and subsequently the election of the next dean, Heynricus filius Robberti or Hendrik Robbechtsz., in 1422, leaving open the date of resignation or death. We may assume that scribe D was dean Hendrik Robbrechtsz. himself, who died on 29 April 1460.

His hand is found throughout the register, copying and summarizing testaments of canons and other benefactors of the chapter from 1423-1458.

Frequently the headings above his texts - and his texts exclusively - are supplied in the littera textualis of scribe C.

Scribes C and D therefore are manifestations of the same person, who wrote items [15]-[24] of the book list in three stages. The ‘Registrum bibliothece capituli in Naeldwijc’ was an initiative of a few, maybe not more than two, individuals, possibly deans of the chapter.

Having established a date ante quem for the book list of 1460, we do not have to allow for printed books; all books mentioned are manuscripts. How did these books arrive at the chapter library?

The acquisition of the books

Concerning the external features of the book list another observation has to be made.

Several items on the list are connected by means of drawn ink lines to clarify the

9 Ibidem, fol. 24v: ‘Et obiit eodem anno [1422] vicesima septima die mensis novembris.’ On the consecutive deans: A. van Lommel, ‘Volglijst der kapittel-dekens in de St. Adriaanskerk te Naaldwijk’, in: Bijdragen voor de geschiedenis van het bisdom van Haarlem 2 (1874), 150-152.

10 Registrum, fol. 24v: ‘Et obiit eodem anno [1460] penultima die mensis aprilis’; ibidem, fol.

36r: ‘Int jair ons Heren

ende

des daichs voir meye avondt starff heren Heynric Robbrechts zoen, priester, canonick ende deken des capittels tot Nayldwijck’. For Hendrik's testament, the original of which was written by himself: ibidem, fols. 36v-37r (24 June 1446).

A charter of 27 February 1435, sealed by patron Willem van Naaldwijk and once carefully kept ‘in cista capituli’ (but now lost), was written by the dean according to a somewhat later copy; Naaldwijk, Historisch Archief Westland, archive of the chapter of Saint Adrian's (P.A.

Smit, Inventaris van het archief van het kapittel van Sint Adriaan te Naaldwijk (1295) 1320-1572 (1627). [Naaldwijk 1982]; henceforth:

, Chapter archive), inv. no. 3: ‘manu magistri Henrici Roberti tunc temporis decani scripta’.

11 Registrum, fols. 75r-77v, 79r, 120r-120v, 166r-175v, 210v-214v and elsewhere; he started his work in the register with the testament of his predecessor (ibidem, fol. 35r).

12 Ibidem, for instance fols. 35r, 72r (addition, datable in or after 1434), 75r, 77r, 79r, 172v-175r.

acquisition of the books. Scribe A united items [7] and [8] with a note ‘Testamentum

domini

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Nycolai de Poel curati’, and items [9]-[10] with ‘Testamentum domini Kerstantii canonici’. Scribe C wrote ‘Testamentum domini Jhoannis Arnoldi decani’ in the inner margin, connecting items [15]-[22]. So these benefactors were a curate, a canon and a dean of the chapter. We will introduce them and their books before turning to the other items on the list.

The books of Claas van den Poel (†1409)

The priest Nicolaus de Poel or Claas Claasz. van den Poel junior was a canon of the chapter and a curate of the church, charged with pastoral care in the parish.

He died on 15 March 1409.

Five months earlier, still of sound mind and reason but already in feeble physical condition, he had his last will drawn up, in which he left a certain book of sermons to the chapter: ‘Item capitulo quemdam librum sermonum qui vocatur Vorago’.

Without any doubt we can identify this with item [8] of the

‘Registrum bibliothece’, the sermons by the Dominican Jacobus de Voragine (†1298).

The author was named after Vorago, nowadays Varazze, the place of origin of his family, near Genoa. He composed three large collections of model sermons: the Sermones de sanctis et festis relating to saints and liturgical feasts; the Sermones dominicales or Sermones de tempore for Sundays and Christ feasts; and a collection of sermons for Lent, the Sermones quadragesimales. All three collections were successful instantly. Over a thousand extant medieval manuscripts contain preachings by Voragine, which is more than of any other sermon author.

It is impossible to determine which of the three collections Claas van den Poel bequeathed to his chapter.

The other book donated by Claas van den Poel according to the book list, item [7], is the Gemma animae by Honorius Augustodunensis, a productive writer active in the first half of the twelfth century traditionally connected with Autun in Burgundy, though this connection is nowadays generally rejected. It comprises an allegorical view of the liturgy and its practices, which is preserved in more than two hundred manuscripts.

The book is not mentioned in Van den Poel's testament of 1408, so he presumably acquired it in his final months of life.

13 Register Arenberghe, fols. 12r (17 October 1396), 12v (24 February 1402).

14 Registrum, fol. 68r: ‘Et obiit anno Domini millesimo quadringentesimo nono XVta die martii.’

15 Ibidem, fols. 68r-69r (16 October 1408).

16 Th. Kaeppeli, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum medii aevi. 4 vols., Romae 1970-1993,

(1975), 359-367, nos. 2155-2157; J.B. Schneyer, Repertorium der lateinischen Sermones des Mittelalters für die Zeit von 1150-1350 (Autoren). 5 vols., Münster 1969-1974,

, 221-273. All sermons are expected to be edited electronically in due course in Sermones.net.

Édition électronique d'un corpus de sermons latins médiévaux at www.sermones.net.

17 M.-O. Garrigues, ‘L'oeuvre d'Honorius Augustodunensis: Inventaire critique’, in:

Abhandlungen der Braunschweigischen Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 38 (1986), 7-136:

84. Edition: J.-P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus, sive bibliotheca universalis,

series secunda (henceforth:

), vol. 172. [Parisiis] 1854, col. 541-738.

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The books of Kerstant Hendriksz. (†1406)

Kerstant Hendriksz. was a priest as early as 1372 and 1376.

He made his last will as a canon of Naaldwijk in 1404 and then bequeathed two books to the chapter:

‘Item lego capitulo antedicto ad opus canonicorum studere volentium Summa Johannis Monachi et meum passionale, tali conditione apposita, quod capitulum concedet domino Johanne filio meo dictum passionale ad vitam suam.’ Both books were recorded in the book list in or shortly after 1409.

At first sight it looks like canon Kerstant left his studious colleagues in Naaldwijk a work by the French canonist and cardinal Johannes Monachus or Jean Lemoine (†1313). Lemoine's best-known fruit of labor, the Glossa aurea on the Liber sextus, however, does not qualify as a manual or ‘summa’, nor did he write another text that earns this epithet. ‘Summa Johannis Monachi’ rather refers to the Summa confessorum by a ‘real’ monk, the Dominican Johannes Rumsik, prior of Freiburg (†1314). As a matter of fact, this work is described in exactly these words in the prologue of a copy of the early fifteenth century.

An exemplary manual for confessors, the Summa confessorum is both a synthesis of canon law and a book on moral theology. Around two hundred manuscripts with the text have as yet been traced, but a modern printed edition is lacking.

Having identified the first book in Kerstant Hendriksz.'s testament, there is no difficulty in linking it with item [9] of the book list; moreover, Freiburg's Summa was occasionally called ‘Breviloquium casuum confessorum’, for instance in a fourteenth-century manuscript later in Kaliningrad.

The second book in the testament, the canon's ‘passionale’, certainly was a collection of saints' lives. And the best known ‘liber passionalis’ is the Legenda aurea by Jacobus de Voragine, the Ligurian we have already met, one of the most popular works of the later Middle Ages. His legends have survived in a stupendous number of manuscripts that are found in almost every European library.

In it the hagiographies are arranged chronologically by their feast day and divided into parts that together cover a full cycle of a year. Although we can not be absolutely sure about the identification, Kerstant Hendriksz.'s ‘passionale’ was arranged in the same way, as demonstrated by the addition ‘de toto anno’, meaning for the whole year, at item [10] of the book list, a ‘book well bound’. The canon bequeathed his book under the condition that the chapter would grant it to

18 Register Arenberghe, fols. 83r (25 June 1372), 9v-10r (5 May 1376).

19 Registrum, fols. 66r-66v (6 May 1404, with a modification of 30 April 1406).

20 Tübingen, Universitätsbibliothek, ms. Mc 56, fol. 26r; H. Röckelein, Die lateinischen Handschriften der Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen. Teil 1: Signaturen Mc 1 bis Mc 150.

Wiesbaden 1991, 152.

21 Kaeppeli, Scriptores,

, 430-433, no. 2344.

22 Ae.I.H. Steffenhagen, Catalogus codicum manuscriptorum Bibliothecae Regiae et universitatis Regimontanae. Fasciculus II: Codices historici. Regimonti 1867/1872, 81, no.

: a manuscript with Freiburg's Summa confessorum and the accompanying tables with the subscription ‘Explicit tabula sive registrum huius opusculi, quod potest dici breviloquium casuum confessorum’.

23 Kaeppeli, Scriptores,

, 350-359, no. 2154. The latest edition is G.P. Maggioni (ed.), Iacopo

da Varazze. Legenda aurea. Con le miniature del codice Ambrosiano C 240 inf. 2 vols.,

Firenze/Milano 2007, based on the former edition by idem, Iacopo da Varazze. Legenda

aurea. 2 vols., Firenze 1998.

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his son Jan during his lifetime. But this is not what happened. After Kerstant's death on 22 September 1406,

the heir and the chapter mutually agreed that the ‘passionael’

would remain in the chapter and that the canons in return would annually accomplish services in memory of Jan's soul.

Furthermore, Kerstant Hendriksz. left his breviary, a liturgical book containing texts for everyday use in the Divine Office, to his relative Hendrik Robbrechtsz., whom we have already met as a later dean of the chapter and one of the scribes of the book list.

The books of Jan Aarndsz. (†1422)

Dean Jan Aarndsz. was the donor of eight items ([15]-[22]) on the book list, all noted down by his successor. Before Jan became a dean, he was a canon and a curate.

His first testament dates from 1414.

In it he bequeathed six books to his chapter (here preceded by the corresponding numbers from the book list in advance):

Item legat sepedicto capitulo istos subscriptos libros [15] Compendium sentenciarum

[18] Summam Gwidonis Fabe [22] Horologium eterne sapientie

- Compendium theologie scriptum in parvo volumine papireo [16] Questiones de diversis casibus circa penitentiam in papiro

[19] Et quendam librum continentem in se expositionem de advocacia beate virginis Marie, necnon Salve regina, Pater noster, Ave Maria, Miserere mei Deus. In eodem meditaciones beati Barnardi, regulam Benedicti, necnon Augustini.

The ‘Compendium (librorum) sentenciarum’ must be a summary of (books on) sentences of some kind. Maybe it is equal to a further unidentified compendium by the leading theologian in Paris, Hugo of Saint-Victor (†1141), attested twice in

24 Registrum, fol. 66r: ‘obiit ipso die Mauritii sub anno Domini millesimo quadringentesimo sexto.’

25 So ibidem, fol. 67r: ‘Nota haer Kerstant voirs. besprac den capittel sijn passionael op een voirwaerde, als dat capittel dat passionael voirs. voert lienen souden haren Jan sinen soen tot sinen live. Dit wort ghedadinct, ende dat passionael bleef inden capittel, mar men soude sine memorie jaerlix doen met sinen heer onder een presenti te samen.’

26 Ibidem, fols. 66r-66v (6 May 1404): ‘Item lego Heynrico filio Roberti, meo cognato, decem libras semel solvendas et meum breviarium.’

27

, Chapter archive, inv. no. 21 (4 January 1381); Register Arenberghe, fols. 21v-22r (21 January 1381), 15r (5 June 1382), Registrum, fols. 59v-60r (18 July 1382); ibidem, fols.

32r-33r (9 May 1384); cf. A. Driessen, ‘Hontselersdijk en Naaldwijk vóór de Hervorming’, in: Bijdragen voor de geschiedenis van het bisdom van Haarlem 25 (1900), 62-128: 109; H.

Groenewegen Bzn., ‘De pastoors en de pastoorshuizen van Naaldwijk tot aan de Reformatie’, in: Historisch jaarboek Westland 4 (1991), 83-96: 91 and nt. 61. The ‘rector scolarium in Naeldwijc’ mentioned on 9 November 1346 (

, Chapter archive, inv. no. 16) refers to a namesake, or Jan must have died as a centenarian.

28 Registrum, fols. 35r-35v (15 August 1414).

fourteenth-century English catalogues.

A twelfth-century Summa sententiarum is usually ascribed

29 The early fourteenth-century ‘Registrum Anglie’, R.H. Rouse, M.A. Rouse (eds.), Registrum

Anglie de libris doctorum et auctorum veterum. London 1991, 236, no. 97.46: ‘Compendium

eiusdem’, sub ‘Hugh of St. Victor’; and the late fourteenth-century ‘Matricularium librarie

Monasterii Burgi sancti Petri’, published in K. Friis-Jensen, J.M.W. Willoughby (eds.),

Peterborough abbey. London 2001, 78, no. 59n: ‘Compendium sentenciarum secundum

magistrum Hugonem’, with the identification of the author (as doubtful) on 206.

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to Hugo of Saint-Victor, but this attribution is questionable, and moreover this seems to be a completely different work.

The dean of Naaldwijk can impossibly have bequeathed the commentary by the French Franciscan theologian Nicolas d'Orbellis (†1475) that circulated as Compendium super sententias, because this work was written long after Jan Aarndsz. had deceased. The author of Jan Aarndsz.'s compendium remains unknown.

No problem is posed by the author of the next book mentioned in Jan's testament.

It is Guido Fava or Faba, a rhetorician from Bologna who died around 1240. His most important treatises - and the only ‘summae’ he wrote - are the Summa dictaminis and the Summa de vitiis et virtutibus,

and it is hard to choose which of the two was present at Naaldwijk in 1414. A slight preference for the former might be expressed because item [18] of the book list clarifies that Jan Aarndsz.'s copy of Faba's Summa was accompanied by the Morale somnium Pharaonis, a thirteenth-century

‘Fürstenspiegel’ in twenty model letters by the Paris master Jean de Limoges.

Both works concern the art of letter writing, a central part of the medieval study of rhetoric for the teaching of which both Bologna and Paris were important centers. Quite surprisingly, texts of Guido Faba and Jean de Limoges are almost never preserved in the same manuscript.

The ‘Horologium eterne sapientie’, equal to item [22] of the book list, is of course the treatise by the Rhineland mystic Heinrich Seuse or Suso (†1366).

It received great popularity in Suso's homeland, Germany, but also in the Netherlands, France, England and Italy. If one can judge a book's impact by the number of its extant manuscripts, the Horologium sapientiae was surpassed in popularity in the later Middle Ages only by Thomas a Kempis' Imitatione Christi.

A good candidate for the ‘Questiones de diversis casibus circa penitentiam’, a manuscript on paper, is the Summa de poenitentia, also known as Questiones ac varii casus circa

30 R. Goy, Die Uberlieferung der Werke Hugos von St. Viktor. Ein Beitrag zur Kommunikationsgeschichte des Mittelalters. Stuttgart 1976, 486-487.

31 Both works are available in obsolete printed editions: A. Gaudenzi, ‘Guidonis Fabe Summa dictaminis’, Il propugnatore, nuova serie 3 (1890),

, 287-338 and

, 345-393; V. Pini, ‘La Summa de vitiis et virtutibus di Guido Faba’, Quadrivium. Revista di filologia e musicologia medievale 1 (1956), 41-152: 97-152. The editions are available electronically at Archivio della Latinita Italiana del Medioevo (

): alim.dfll.univr.it.

32 On the author and his work: P. Glorieux, Répertoire des maitres en théologie de Paris au XIIIe siècle. 2 vols., Paris 1933-1934,

, 252-254, no. 361 (d). The Somnium was published by C. Horváth (ed.), Johannis Lemovicensis. Opera omnia. 3 vols., Veszprém 1932,

, 71-126.

33 So for instance in Sevilla, Biblioteca Capitular y Colombina, ms. 7-3-17 (second half fifteenth century); E.J. Polak, Medieval and Renaissance letter treatises and form letters. [2:] A census of manuscripts found in part of Western Europe, Japan, and the United States of America.

Leiden/New York/Köln 1994, 148-149 and passim.

34 Kaeppeli, Scriptores,

, 219, no. 1852. Edition: Pius Künzle (ed.), Heinrich Seuses Horologium sapientiae. Freiburg Schweiz 1977, with reference to 233 extant and 88 lost manuscripts, among the latter the codex from Naaldwijk (207, no. 42).

35 Thus F. Tobin (ed.), Henry Suso. The Exemplar, with two German sermons. New York 1989,

34, citing Künzle's edition, vii.

18

penitenciam, attributed to the scholastic philosopher Hendrik van Gent (†1293).

It is obviously the same manuscript as item [16] in the register, where the codex is more extensively defined as a book on several useful matters, namely a tract on penitence, miracles, statutes, and something called ‘situs Terre Sancte’. The miracles and statutes can not be identified properly; the last words relate to a description of the Holy Land. It is impossible to make out what text in particular is meant here. We could think of De situ Terrae Sanctae by Theodosius (sixth century), but equally of a work by Oliver of Paderborn (†1227), and many others.

Next in Jan Aarndsz.'s last will is his ‘Compendium theologie’, written in a small paper volume. It immediately recalls item [3] of the book list, ‘Compendium theologye, vel veritas theologye’, but it can not be identified with this item for two reasons. First because it is not in the range of the testament of Jan Aarndsz., indicated by the ink lines in the margin of [15]-[22]. And second because scribe A, who wrote down the third item of the book list, supposedly was Jan Aarndsz. himself, whom we can hardly suspect to have anticipated his legacy. It is plausible, however, that in both cases it concerns the same work, the Compendium theologicae veritatis, also known as Veritas summarum theologiae, a widespread manual of practical theology, often ascribed to Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura and many others.

Nowadays the Dominican Hugo Ripelin of Strasbourg (†1268) is considered to be its author. Again we are dealing with one of the most popular theological works of the later Middle Ages in western Europe. At least eight hundred manuscripts with this text survive.

The text was a main source for Dirc van Delf's Tafel van den kersten ghelove.

Maybe the chapter of Naaldwijk received a double at the death of the dean in 1422, which was rejected or removed because the work was already available. On the other hand, one can argue that the dean could have known in 1414 that his post mortem present was already at hand in the chapter library.

36 See for instance Ulrike Spyra's description of Darmstadt, Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, ms. 79, fols. 22r-52v

(www.manuscripta-mediaevalia.de/hs/projekt-Darmstadt-pdfs/0079-mm.pdf), a paper manuscript of c. 1400. The autorship of Henry of Ghent is controversial. On the author:

Glorieux, Répertoire,

, 387-391, no. 192 (c). On his text: R. Macken, Bibliotheca manuscripta Henrici de Gandavo.

: Catalogue Q-Z. Répertoire. Leuven/Leiden 1979, 1116-1117, no.

33. Edition (partial): R. Macken, ‘Le “De poenitentia” d'Henri de Gand retrouvé?’, in:

Recherches de théologie ancienne et médiévale 36 (1969), 184-194, with complementary notes ibidem 37 (1970), 150.

37 P. Geyer (ed.), ‘Theodosii De situ Terrae Sanctae’, in: Itineraria et alia geographica. Turnholti 1965,

, 113-125; [Hermann] Hoogeweg (ed.), Die Schriften des Kölner Domscholasters, späteren Bischofs von Paderborn und Kardinalbischofs von S. Sabina Oliverus. Tübingen 1894.

38 Kaeppeli, Scriptores,

, 261-269, no. 1982; M.W. Bloomfield [e.a.], Incipits of Latin works on the virtues and vices, 1100-1500 A.D.: including a section of incipits of works on the Pater Noster. Cambridge, Mass. 1979, 550-553, no. 6399; G. Steer, Hugo Ripelin von Straßburg. Zur Rezeptions- und Wirkungsgeschichte des ‘Compendium theologicae veritatis’

im deutschen Spätmittelalter. Tübingen 1981, 47-146 (469 manuscripts in Latin), 147-166 (an additional 174 items mentioned in medieval book lists), and 167-172 (59 printed editions, of which sixteen incunabula). Latest edition: Sancti Thomae Aquinatis doctoris angelici opera omnia, vol. 42. Roma 1979, 5-205.

39 L.M.Fr. Daniëls (ed.), Meester Dirc van Delf, O.P. Tafel van den kersten ghelove. I: Inleiding

en registers. Antwerpen/Nijmegen/Utrecht 1939, 30-33.

Instantly identifiable is a book with meditations by Saint Bernard and the rules of

both Benedict and Augustine; the same texts are mentioned in the book list. The

Meditationes de interiori homine circulated widely in the later Middle Ages as a

work of the Cis-

19

tercian abbot Bernard of Clairvaux (†1153).

Its deals with self-knowledge as the beginning of true wisdom, as is revealed by its opening words: ‘Multi multa sciunt, et se ipsos nesciunt’ - Many who know many things do not know themselves. The rule of Benedict of Nursia (†547) was the leading guide with precepts for communal monastic life, while the rule of Augustine of Hippo (†430) became the standard rule by which secular, non-monastic clerics such as canons regular ordered their lives.

It is very uncommon to find both rules bound together. According to Jan's last will, the same codex also held some other works. It allegedly opened with an exposition on the Advocacia beatae Mariae, which might just be the Processus Satanae ascribed to Guy de Collemède (†1309), bishop of Cambrai.

This curious text reports on a lawsuit started by the devil, wherein the virgin Mary acts as a lawyer on behalf of the human race. Strikingly, at the end of this story, after Mary has won her case, the angels sing the Salve Regina - and this hymn happens to follow immediately in the codex bequeathed to the chapter of Naaldwijk. Together with the following Pater Noster, Ave Maria and Miserere mei Deus it belongs to the best-known songs and prayers in christianity.

Three items from the book list in the range of Jan Aarndsz.'s bequests, items [17]

and [20]-[21], are not mentioned in his testament of 1414 at all - the legator likely acquired them after he made his last will. Of these the ‘boec in Duutsch et vocatur bestiarius’, the Dutch book called bestiarius, is the most spectacular. Bestiaria, or Books of beasts, are manuscripts with didactic-moralistic expositions on animals, especially on their name, nature and behaviour. They are often richly illuminated and were translated into various vernaculars. As early as the thirteenth century a priest in Aardenburg, Willem Utenhove, adapted a French version into Dutch verses, as we know from Jacob van Maerlant.

Leaving aside Maerlant's own Der naturen bloeme - which is not a proper bestiary according to modern scholarship, but was nonetheless denoted so by the author himself - as a possible candidate, only a fragment of such a rhymed work in Dutch has come down to us, called Die beestearis.

It is

40 The attribution is however questioned. Edition: Migne,

, vol. 184, cols. 485-508.

41 Editions: Migne,

, vol. 66, cols. 215-932 (with comment); vol. 32, cols. 1377-1384.

42 Also known as Advocacia beatae Mariae virginis contra diabolum (daemonem) pro genere humano: Carmen Cardelle de Hartmann, Lateinische Dialoge 1200-1400. Literaturhistorische Studie und Repertorium. Leiden 2007, 308-313, no. R5A, with reference to 22 manuscripts.

Edition: I. Friedlaender, ‘Processus Satanae contra genus humanum. En förbisedd litterär text i en formulärbok från Vadstena kloster’, in [N. Ahnlund e.a.], Archivistica et medioevistica Ernesto Nygren oblata. Stockholm 1956, 123-157: 142-157.

43 The author is introduced by Jacob van Maerlant in his Der naturen bloeme, where he unfolds his own intent ‘Te dichene enen bestiaris’: ‘Nochtan wetic wel dat waer is / Dat daer Willem uten Hove / Een priester van goeden love / Van Ardenburch hevet enen gemaect / Maer hi wasser in ontraect / Want hine uten Valsche dichte’ (

, ms.

16, fol. 38v).

44 Paul Wackers, ‘The Middle Dutch bestiary tradition’, in: B. Van den Abeele (ed.), Bestiaires médiévaux. Nouvelles perspectives sur les manuscrits et les traditions textuelles.

Communications présentées au XVe Colloque de la Société Internationale Renardienne (Louvain-la-Neuve, 19-22.8.2003). Louvain-la-Neuve 2005, 249-264. On Die beestearis:

W.P. Gerritsen, ‘Waar is “Die beestearis”?’, in: idem [e.a.] (eds.), Een school spierinkjes.

Kleine opstellen over Middelnederlandse artes-literatuur. Hilversum 1991, 68-71; G.

Dambrink, ‘De beestearis. Een opmerkelijke bewerking van Richard de Fournivals Bestiaire d'amour’, in: Nederlandse letterkunde 4 (1999), 48-66; and the literature mentioned in A.

Willeboordse, ‘“Willem Utenhove die Van den Vos Reynaerde maecte?” De Reynaerttraditie

van Aardenburg, 1812/13-2000’, in: Tiecelijn. Nieuwsbrief voor Reynaerdofielen 18 (2005),

closely related to Richard de Fournival's Bestiaire d'amour, but we cannot even be certain that this is the text

19-31: 21 nt. 5. The fragments Amsterdam, Universiteitsbibliotheek, ms. I A 24 f(Flanders,

mid-fourteenth century) are published by [J.H.] Bormans, ‘Notice sur deux fragments

manuscrits de poésies thyoises de la fin du

e siècle (le Bestiaire d'amours et l'Art d'aimer

d'Ovide)’, in: Bulletins de l'Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de

Belgique 38, 2me série 27 (1869), 488-505: 495-505; and [N. de Pauw], ‘Het leven en de

werken van Diederic van Assenede en Willem Uten Hove’, in: Verslagen en mededeelingen

der Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie voor taal- en letterkunde (1901), 22-53: 43-50.

20

authored by Utenhove, nor can we be sure that this is the text available in Naaldwijk at the death of the dean in 1422.

The ‘Tractatus de articulis fidei’ cannot be anything else than Thomas Aquinas (†1274), Summa de articulis fidei et ecclesiae sacramentis; a short work on the articles of faith, with an explanation of the sacraments.

The presumption that Jan Aarndsz. purchased more books after he made his testament is confirmed by an addition to his last will he made five years later. On this occasion he withdrew a sum of sixty pounds in hard ‘Holland’ cash he had destined for the augmentation of prebends in 1414, in exchange for an even higher value due to books he had bought in the meantime.

The books dean Jan could have had in mind were the Dutch Bestiarius and Aquinas' treatise, and finally item [21]

of the book list, of which not much more can be said than that this was a kind of paper formulary.

The books of Hendrik de Wielmaker (†1434) and Dirk Woutersz. (†1445) Of two more items in the book list the provenance is known. Hendrik de Wielmaker, a priest who died on 27 July 1434 and was buried at the convent of Mary Magdalene near 's-Gravenzande,

left the Regula pastoralis, pope Gregory the Great's (†604) work on leadership and pastoral practice (item [23]).

In return the chapter was asked to install a special feast in honour of saint Adrian, the church's patron saint.

Various books united under [24] came into the possession of the chapter via master Dirk Woutersz., a canon who died on 27 February 1445.

Though his books were good enough, they were of little monetary value and were put in a chest (which implies that the other books were not kept in the same way). The registrator did not endeavour to write down their contents.

45 Edition: Sancti Thomae Aquinatis doctoris angelici opera omnia, vol. 42. Roma 1979, 207-257. On the author and his works: Glorieux, Répertoire,

, 85-104, no. 14 (h); see also Corpus Thomisticum at www.corpusthomisticum.org.

46 Registrum, fols. 35v-36r (24 May 1419): ‘quia illam summam pecunie ymo maiorem commutavi in empcione librorum’.

47 Ibidem, fol. 77r: ‘Int jaer ons Heeren

XXXIIIIo

ipso die Pantaleonis doe starf heer Heynric die Wielmaker, presbiter, sepultus in monasterio regularium extra tsGravenzande’.

48 Edition: B. Judic [e.a.] (eds.), Grégoire le Grand. Règle pastorale. 2 vols., Paris 1992.

49 Registrum, fol. 77v: ‘Int jaer ons Heeren

penultimo die mensis februarii obiit

magister Theodoricus predictus’ (sc. filius Walterus). He wrote his testament on 25 August

1439 (

, Chapter archive, inv. no. 23, in his own hand), but no books are mentioned in

it.

21

Books of unknown provenance

With this not all books on the list are accounted for yet. Ten items, [1]-[6] and [11-14], reached the chapter in an unknown way. Most of them can be identified as known texts.

The first item on the book list is the twelfth-century Speculum ecclesiae by Honorius Augustodunensis, the enigmatic author whom we have already met. It is a prolific complementary guide to the liturgy, providing relevant sermons for practicing priests, but with a huge impact on the lay public. It survives in over two hundred manuscripts, half of them still from the twelfth century.

The identification is consolidated by the additional information about the content of the Naaldwijk codex: Honorius' first topic - after some short preliminary texts - is ‘De nativitate Domini’ and nearly halfway he treats ‘De inventione Sancte Crucis’. So this must be the first of a two-volume set.

The second item is a small work by cardinal Lotario di Segni (†1216), who in 1198 was to become pope Innocent

: De missarum mysteriis, a commentary on the mass often incorrectly called De officio altaris vel missae.

The third item, the Compendium theologiae, has already been dealt with; and the fourth is a book with some kind of metrical text. The registrar thought it might be a

‘scolastica metrice’ or part of it. Presumably he was thinking of a Vita scolastica in metrical verses. The Milanese teacher Bonvesin de la Riva (†c. 1315) wrote such a text, De vita scholastica, a poem on good behaviour for students at school and elsewhere, with several inserted ‘exempla’ in prose. It is otherwise known as De discipulorum preceptorumque moribus and Scolastica moralis.

It is a short text, not even a thousand verses, which might be the reason it was presumed incomplete.

Maybe one of the canons brought this book to Holland after studying in northern Italy.

The fifth item of unknown origin is Magister Adam (‘Teutonicus’), Summa pauperum or Summula de summa, a shortened metrical version of Raimundus de Peñaforte's (†1275) Summa Raymundiana, composed around the middle of the thirteenth century by the Bavarian Cistercian Adam von Aldersbach, though

sometimes erroneously circulating as a work of the Dominican Adam von Gladbach (†1408) from Cologne.

The Summa Raymundiana, a practical manual for confessors, is a combination of Peñaforte's Summa de poenitentia or Summa de casibus

conscientiae and his Summa de matrimonio;

hence it is also known as Summa de poenitentia et matrimonio. Magister Adam's metrical

50 Schneyer, Repertorium,

, 720-733 sums up 216 manuscripts; Garrigues, ‘L'oeuvre d'Honorius Augustodunensis’, 100. Edition: Migne,

, vol. 172, cols. 807-1108.

51 Edition: Migne,

, vol. 217, cols. 773-916. Preserved manuscripts: M. Maccarrone, Studi su Innocenzo III. Padova 1972, 425-431; D.F. Wright, ‘I manoscritti del De missarum mysteriis di Innocenzo

’, in: Rivista di storia della chiesa in Italia 29 (1975), 444-452.

52 Edition: A. Vidmanová-Schmidtová, ‘Bonvicini de Ripa, Vita scholastica’, in: idem, Liber quinque clavium sapientiae. Leipzig 1969, 41-101. I have not been able to consult this edition.

53 Kaeppeli, Scriptores,

, 4, no. 3; Bloomfield, Incipits, 233, no. 2668. For exstant manuscripts and printed editions: F. Valls Taberner, ‘La “Summula Pauperum” de Adam de Aldersbach’, in: Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Kulturgeschichte Spaniens / Spanische Forschungen der Görresgesellschaft, 1. Reihe 7 (1938), 69-83: 75-83.

54 C. Van de Wiel, History of canon law. Louvain 1991, 129.

22

composition was succesful as a mnemonic guide to morality for a long time and was printed several times before 1500.

A description like ‘Sermones de sanctis’ (item [6]) is too general to ascertain the nature of the book any better than as a collection of sermons on saints. The same holds true for the ‘passionale’ (item [12]). Both can refer to works by Jacobus de Voragine, discussed with items [8] and [10], or to any other compilation. The other passionale of unknown origin (item [11]) comprises saints lives from Advent to Passion Sunday, the winter part (did the other passionale then contain the summer part?).

This might likewise be a part of the Legenda aurea or of any other collection of chronologically arranged hagiographies.

Two more items on the book list have to be dealt with. Item [13] is the Liber sextus decretalium, a collection of canonical legislation in five books issued by pope Boniface

in 1298.

It is a continuation of the five books with Decretales promulgated by Gregory

in 1234. Apparently the Naaldwijk manuscript did not have any glosses.

Item [14], finally, in all likelihood is a commentary on Petrus Lombardus'

mid-twelfth-century systematic compilation Libri quatuor sententiarum, the standard textbook of theology at medieval universities. Except for the Bible itself, no work of Christian literature was commented upon more frequently; writing a commentary on the Sentences was required of every master of theology. Best known are the commentaries by Thomas Aquinas

and Bonaventura.

There is no way to tell who was the author of the Naaldwijk ‘commentum’.

Other donations of books

The ‘Registrum bibliothece capituli in Naeldwijc’ does not record all books owned by the chapter.

Books donated to the chapter appear in its archives early and quite often, most of them however without leaving any other trace, despite explicit attempts to preserve them for posterity. Mostly these concern liturgical books, especially breviaries, but now and then theological and juridical books come to light.

In 1340, four days before his death, canon Jan van Noortich or Jan Allart bequeathed the chapter with his missal and his passionale, to remain forever in the

55 One of the items [11] or [12] might well be the passionale bequeathed by Jan van Noortich in 1340, on whom more below.

56 Edition: Ae. Friedberg (ed.), Corpus iuris canonici. 2 vols., Lipsiae 1879-1881 (repr. Graz 1959),

: Decretalium collectiones, cols. 929-1124.

57 Glorieux, Répertoire,

, 87 (f). Editions: Sancti Thomae Aquinatis doctoris angelici opera omnia, vols. 6-7. Parmae 1856-1858 (repr. New York 1948); P. Mandonnet, M.F. Moos (eds.), S. Thomae Aquinatis [...] Scriptum super libros sententiarum magistri Petri Lombardi episcopi Parisiensis. 4 vols., Parisiis 1929-1947 (more at Corpus Thomisticum).

58 Edition: Doctoris seraphici S. Bonaventurae S.R.E. episcopi cardinalis Opera omnia. Vols.

1-4, Quaracchi 1882-1889.

59 T. Hage, ‘Tussen Naaldwijk en Den Haag. De lotgevallen van een handschrift van de

“Rijmkroniek van Holland”’, in: Madoc. Tijdschrift over de middeleeuwen 10 (1996), 77-87:

81 already questioned the completeness of the list; he was mistaken though in asserting that

the list included only theological works.

church (figure 3); he left his sermons, breviary, and his decretales to the executors of his testament.

60

, Chapter archive, inv. no. 17 (15 March 1340; in vidimus 14 August 1347), copied in Registrum, fols. 51r-51v: ‘Item do et lego capitulo sepedicto meum missale ac meum passionale in ecclesia semper permanendo. [...] Item terram meam [...] cum sermonibus meis et breviario sive meas decretales, ac omnibus bonis meis mobilibus vel immobilibus et cum anno meo gracie do, lego et dispono in potestate meorum executorum.’ In the vidimus the words ‘sive meas decretales’ are misplaced, i.c. written in a wrong line. Jan Allartsz. van Noortich died on 19 March 1340; for him: C. Hoek, ‘Register van de Heilige Geest te Naaldwijk’, in: Jaarboek van de Zuid-Hollandse Vereniging voor genealogie Ons

Voorgeslacht 4 (1961), 9-59: 33. His passionale might well be one of the items [11] or [12]

of the booklist.

23

Martin van Zomeren, from 1320 until his death in 1365 the second dean of Naaldwijk, assigned his large breviary to the church, for the benefit of the chapter, with the restriction that it was never to be sold.

Figure 3. Testament of Jan van Noortich (†1340), in vidimus 1347. Naaldwijk, Historisch Archief Westland, Chapter archive, inv. no. 17

61 Registrum, fol. 25r (22 March 1365): ‘Item do, lego et assigno ecclesie mee Naeldwicensis

decem scudatos et magnum meum breviarium, ad opus communis capituli, ut semper

numquam vendatur.’ Martinus died on 9 April 1365; ibidem, fol. 24v. He was also called

Martinus de Herenthals and previously was a canon in the church of Brielle;

, Chapter

archive, inv. no. 4 (15 November 1320).

24

A little more complicated is the fate of another dean's breviary. Gerrit van der Burch lead the chapter of Naaldwijk from 1382 to his death in 1384.

At least three testaments of him are known, none of them mentioning any books. In his last testament, drawn up the day before he died, he appointed his relative Jan Spruut to be both his true heir and one of the executors. Among the other executors was Willem van der Haer, canon of the chapter.

After Gerrit had died, ‘outsider’ Jan Spruut wanted to dispose in favor of the chapter of a breviary he inherited from dean Van der Burch, but this book was withheld by Van der Haer, who claimed to be in his right as an executor of the testament. The controversial breviary caused some friction between the canon and his chapter. The dispute was finally settled in 1388-1389, after Van der Haer had indemnified the chapter with a sum of five pounds.

Obviously at that time there were sufficient breviaries available in the chapter. For the same reason the small breviary once owned by the priest Harbaren de Coster was sold around the turn of the century.

Of course canons more often bequeathed books to relatives. Priest Jan Bartholomeusz. in 1396 left his breviary to his cognate Willem Jacobsz.

and a century later Dirk van Poelgeest left his ‘best books and clothing’, among other things, to his nieces and nephews.

It also happened more often that an executor received a book from a testator. Master Jacob Storm (†1474), himself a canon of Naaldwijk, inherited a book with sermons in accordance with the last will of his colleague priest Bartholomeus Pietersz. (†1454), who had appointed him as an

62 Registrum, fol. 24v, with his date of death: 10 May 1384. He also was a chaplain at the court in The Hague; A. Driessen, ‘Schipluiden, 't Woud en Terheiden vóór de Reformatie’, in:

Bijdragen voor de geschiedenis van het bisdom van Haarlem 24 (1899), 217-242: 234 nt. 1.

63 Registrum, fols. 32r-33r (9 May 1384). The previous testaments of Gerrit van der Burch:

ibidem, fols. 29r-30r (Delft, 22 January 1373); and

, Chapter archive, inv. no. 21 (4 Januari 1381).

64 Registrum, fol. 145v: ‘Item Jan Spruut gaf den capittel een brevier ende hem ane starf van haren Gherijt vander Burch, deken tot Naeldwijc, ende haer Willaem vander Haer sijn testamentoer onder hadde ende hi menede dat hi daer recht toe hadde, so dat capittel twijst hadde jeghens haren Willaem voirseit om dat brevier. Ende dit wort te lesten ghesceiden, ende haer Willaem gaf den capittel

lb. an ghelde [...]’. See further ibidem, fols. 135v-136r.

65 Ibidem, fol. 62v: ‘Sequitur testamentum domini Harbarni dicti Coster, canonici in Naeldwijc, qui legavit capitulo quemdam parvum breviarium ad vendendum, ut de precio illius emerentur certi redditus qui deputarentur in presentia anniversarii illius. Nota vanden brevier quam een coninx nobel [...]’, with reference to ibidem, fol. 205r (5 February 1400).

66 Ibidem, fols. 64r-64v (5 December 1396): ‘Item lego Wilhelmo filio Jacobi, meo cognato, breviarium meum.’ Jan died the next week, 13 December. He is mentioned as a priest and canon in 1374; Register Arenberghe, fol. 161r (12 November 1374).

67

, Chapter archive, inv. no. 25 (3 December 1492): ‘Item bespreec ic Otte van Slingelants kinderen voirs. die een helft van al mijn huysraet ende van mijn sulverwerck ende van mijn lindegewade, uutgesondert twee die beste coerclederen, mit mijn beste boeken ende clederen, die welke beste boeken ende clederen mijns broeders Otte van Slingelants kinderen voirs.

half hebben sellen. Ende ic besprac Truen mijns susters kinderen ende Aechten mijn susters

kinderen te samen die ander helft van al mijn huysraet ende van mijn sulverwerck, van mijn

lindegewade, van mijn beste boeken ende clederen.’ Four years later Dirk had died and his

heirs acquitted the chapter for the legacy;

, Chapter archive, inv. no. 13 (24 November

1496).

executor of his testament.

At the same time Bartholomeus left all his other books - except for one - to his two nephews Dirk Gerritsz.

68

, Chapter archive, inv. no. 26 (undated, but probably early 1454, and likely in his own hand). Bartholomeus Pietersz. died on 14 April 1454; Registrum, fol. 77v. Master Jacob Storm(sz.) died in 1474; Driessen, ‘Hontselersdijk en Naaldwijk vóór de Hervorming’, 109.

He is mentioned as a curate and a canon of Naaldwijk in 1461; Register Arenberghe, fol.

179r (14 February 1461).

25

and Pieter Jansz., along with the returns of his ‘diurnale’, a book with the texts for the office read during the day, that had to be sold without delay. The book that Bartholomeus excluded was his copy of the Gnotosolitos by ‘doctor decretorum’

Arnold Geilhoven of Rotterdam (†1442): this was intended to go to the chapter library.

The Gnotosolitos (or Speculum conscientiae, as it was also known) is a massive work on canon law and morals.

A short version of this text, known as Gnotosolitos parvus, was intended to serve students in Louvain and Deventer, and is preserved in only one manuscript.

Figure 4. Last will of Bartholomeus Pietersz. (†1454). Naaldwijk, Historisch Archief Westland, Chapter archive, inv. no. 26

69

, Chapter archive, inv. no. 26: ‘Item soe bespreec ic den capittel een boyck ghehieten gnothos olytos. Item meester Jacob Storm een sermoen boyck. Item soe bespreec ic Dirc Gherijts z. ende Pieter Jans z., minen neven, alle mijn ander boeken, beyde cleyn ende groot, ende soe veel ghelts als mijn diurnayl costen sel up te reyden ende dat sonder vertrec te doen.’ The Gnotosolitos is also referred to in a resume of the testament, Registrum, fol. 77v:

‘Et eidem capitulo legavit quedam librum vocatum gnothos olitos’.

70 For manuscripts and printed editions: A.G. Weiler (ed.), Arnoldi Gheyloven Roterodami Gnotosolitos Parvus e codice Seminarii Leodiensis 6 F 18 editus. Turnhout 2008,

-

. 71 Liège, Bibliothèque du Grand Séminaire, 6 F 18 (1421); edited by Weiler, Arnoldi Gheyloven

Roterodami Gnotosolitos Parvus.

26

It is noteworthy that Bartholomeus Pietersz.'s present did not make it into the

‘Registrum bibliothece’; we can move the date ante quem for the book list back a little further to 1454.

Early printed books?

As concluded earlier, the book list only refers to manuscripts. But very likely the chapter library also received printed books. The bequest of master Frank Willemsz.

de Bruin of Leiden (†1480), a doctor of canon law and dean of the chapter since 1460, is not recorded in the list, even though his testament is summarised in the register.

Frank enriched the chapter library with the Postilla super totam Bibliam, the major work of the Franciscan scholar Nicolaus de Lyra (†1349).

The Postilla is a vast commentary on the entire Bible and the most-consulted manual of exegesis until deep in the sixteenth century. It influenced generations of theologians, including Martin Luther. The saying ‘Si Lyra non lyrasset, Lutherus non saltasset’ - if Lyra had not played his lyre, Luther would not have danced - expresses the indebtedness of the Reformation to one of the foremost exegetes of all times. The dean could have owned the Postilla super totam Bibliam printed in five volumes in Rome and Strasbourg by 1472, or another edition printed in Strasbourg before 1477 in three volumes.

The chapter also acquired Thomas Aquinas' Secunda secundae, a section of his famous Summa theologiae, one of the most influential works of western literature.

Aquinas' Summa explains the Christian faith to beginning theology students. The second part deals with general principles of morality, the second part of the second part treats with morality in particular, including individual virtues and vices. The Secunda secundae circulated separately and was printed before 1464.

Similarly no later donations show up in the book list, not even if they consisted of more than just one or two books. Master Martijn Jansz. van Delft (†1494), canon of Naaldwijk and ‘bacalarius’ in theology, bequeathed the chapter with:

72 Registrum, fols. 37r-37v: ‘Inden eersten tot die liberarie dess capittels heeft hy gegeven Nycolaum de Lyra supra totam bibliam et secundam secunde beati Thome de Aquino.’ Frank died 5 February 1480; ibidem.

73 Glorieux, Répertoire,

, 215-231, no. 345 (f, k). There is no modern edition of the Postilla.

74 Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke at www.gesamtkatalogderwiegendrucke.de (henceforth:

GW

) M26523 (Rome, 1471-1472; there is a perfect set in The Hague, Museum Meermanno:

4 A 15),

M26538 ([Strasbourg], not after 1472),

M26532 ([Strasbourg], before 1477).

We can not rule out the possibillity that Frank possessed a completely different work, in one volume: Moralia super totam Bibliam,

M26484 (Cologne, 1478) or

M26489 ([Strasbourg], c. 1479).

75 Glorieux, Répertoire, I, 92 (ax

). Some dated or datable early prints:

M46490

([Strasbourg], not after 1463),

M46483 (Mainz, 1467; available in The Hague,

, 168 A 3, printed on parchment),

M46480 ([Basel], c. 1470),

M46481 ([Strasbourg], 1472),

M46488 (Rome, 1474),

M46498 (Venice, 1479). Most recent edition: John Mortensen, Enrique Alarcón (eds.), St. Thomas Aquinas. Summa theologiae. Secunda secundae. 2 vols., Lander 2012.

76 Registrum, fol. 85v. Magister Martinus died 20 September 1494; ibidem. More about him:

Register Arenberghe, fols. 175v-176r (23 March 1486), 237v (24 November 1493).

27

Decretum, Decretales, Sextum, Clementinas et Instituta in uno volumine Quinque volumina Panormitani

Tres partes cronice Anthonini Et quatuor volumina Jo. Gerson.

Considering that Martijn had studied theology, the presence of important legal books in his legacy is remarkable. The Corpus iuris canonici - the great collection of sources of canon law - is represented by the Decretum or Concordantia discordantium canonum compiled by Gratian around the middle of the twelfth century, the Decretales or Liber extra of Gregory ix (†1241), the Liber sextus of Boniface

(†1303; cf.

item [13] on the book list), and the Constitutiones Clementinae of Clement v (†1314), promulgated by John

(†1334).

The Institutiones Justiniani do not belong to the canonical sources, but to the Corpus iuris civilis, the collection of Roman law instigated by emperor Justinian in the sixth century. The Institutiones or Institutes form a student textbook on the fundamental principles of the law.

The Benedictine canonist Nicolò de' Tudeschi (†1445), better known as

‘Panormitanus’ since he became archbishop of Palermo, commented extensively on the five books with Decretales of Gregory

and other parts of the Corpus iuris canonici in his Lectura super libros decretalium. Panormitanus' commentary was one of the most momentous works of late medieval canon law. It has been printed many times in the fifteenth and sixteenth century.

Like the set in Naaldwijk, the 1481-1482 Piedmontese edition and the 1480 edition printed in Rome both consist of five volumes.

The Chronicon sive Summa historialis by the Dominican friar Antonio Pierozzi or Antonino de' Forciglioni (†1459), archbishop of Florence and therefore known as Antoninus Florentinus, is a general history of the world.

The three parts owned by canon Martijn Jansz. van Delft might well be any of the tripartite editions of the Chronicon printed in Nuremberg in 1484 and 1491, or in Basel in 1491.

The four volumes of Jean Gerson (†1429), chancellor of the university in Paris, possibly represent his Opera printed in Strasbourg, Basel and Nuremberg in 1488 and 1489.

77 Editions: of the Decretum: Friedberg, Corpus iuris canonici, I: Decretum magistri Gratiani;

the Decretales: ibidem,

, cols. 1-928; the Liber sextus: ibidem, ii, cols. 929-1124; the Clementinae: ibidem,

, cols. 1125-1200.

78 For an edition, see The Latin Library at www.thelatinlibrary.com/justinian.html.

79 A modern edition is wanting. On the early editions: K. Pennington, ‘Panormitanus's Lectura on the Decretals of Gregory

’, in: Fälschungen im Mittelalter. Internationaler Kongreß der Monumenta Germaniae Historica. München, 16.-19. September 1986. II: Gefälschte Rechtstexte. Der bestrafte Fälscher. Hannover 1988, 363-373: 363-368; idem, ‘Nicolaus de Tudeschis (Panormitanus)’, in: Orazio Condorelli (ed.), Niccolò Tedeschi (Abbas

Panormitanus) e i suoi Commentaria in Decretales. Roma 2000, 9-36.

80

M4783510 ([Pinerolo], 1481-1482),

M47836 (Rome, 1480);

M47951 ([Venice], 1472-1473) is also in five volumes, but only comments on Decretals

-

.

81 Kaeppeli, Scriptores,

, 82-83, no. 240, with references to an autograph, a few manuscripts and early prints.

82

2072 (Nürnberg, 1484),

2073 (Nürnberg, 1491),

2074 (Basel, 1491).

83

10714([Strasbourg], 1488),

10715 (Basel, 1489),

10716 ([Nürnberg], 1489).

Magister Martinus' books acquired by the chapter in 1494 may all have been printed books, but the time to say goodbye to the manuscript book had not yet come.

The

28

executors of Van Delft's testament destined a sum of sixty pounds for the chapter

‘ad usum antiphonalium novorum scribendorum’, for the writing of new antiphonaries.

It was not uncommon to earmark money for the future production of books. As late as 1506 the noble lady Wilhelmina van Naaldwijk, wife of Jan van Montfoort, reserved a sum of hundred guilders for the church of Montfoort, ‘waer voir men boecken coepen of scryven sal diemen alre meest behoeft’, to buy or write books that are needed most.

Figure 5. Portrait of ‘Willeme van Naldwijc heer Henrics dochter’ (†1506), wife of Jan van Montfoort.

Naaldwijk, Historisch Archief Westland

Not every canon or dean left his books to the chapter. There is scant information on the private library of Jacobus de Angulo or Jacob Willemsz. (van den) Hoek (†1509), dean of Saint Adrian's chapter from 1483 on (and of the chapter of Saint Pancras in Leiden, 1489-1493).

Jacob Hoek was already a professor in theology when he became a dean of Naaldwijk.

Even though the evidence on his books is second-hand, it is worth mentioning here. A volume with minor works of saint Augustine - ‘opuscula beati Augusti-

84 Registrum, fols. 106r-107r (31 January 1506); Van R[ijn], Oudheden en gestichten van Delft en Delfland, 324. Wilhelmina van Naaldwijk died within two weeks, on 10 February 1506.

85 Registrum, fol. 24v. He died on 11 November 1509: ‘obiit eodem anno [1509]

novembris, scilicet in media nocte Sancti Martini’; ibidem. More on him: B.N. Leverland, St. Pancras op het Hogeland. Kerk en kapittel in Leiden tot aan de Reformatie. Hilversum 2000, 291-292.

86

, Chapter archive, inv. no. 6 (8 November 1483). According to Leverland, St. Pancras,

291, Jacob already was a ‘doctor theologie’ in 1480 (refering to Leiden, Regionaal Archief,

Leiden, archief stadsbestuur Leiden (

), inv. no. 1561 (12 February 1480).