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To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety Peer, J.M. van

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(1)To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety Peer, J.M. van. Citation Peer, J. M. van. (2009, December 8). To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14486 Version:. Not Applicable (or Unknown). License:. Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden. Downloaded from:. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14486. Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable)..

(2) Chapter 2. The effects of cortisol administration on approach-avoidance behavior: An event-related potential study..  Š‡ ‘–‡–•‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ƒ”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ͹͸ǡͳ͵ͷǦͳͶ͸ǡ †‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͲͳ͸ȀŒǤ„‹‘’•› Š‘ǤʹͲͲ͹ǤͲ͹ǤͲͲ͵ ǤǤ˜ƒ‡‡”ǡǤ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•ǡǤ‘––‡˜‡‡Žǡ Ǥ Ǥ˜ƒ‹ŒǡŠǤ’‹Š‘˜‡ǡƬǤǤ‹††‡”‹Š‘ˆ.

(3) Chapter2. Abstract  ‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ȋͷͲ ‰Ȍ ‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –‡†‡ ‹‡• ‹ Ž‘™ ƒ† Š‹‰Š –”ƒ‹– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ– Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ›‘—‰ ‡Ǥ ˜‡–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† „”ƒ‹ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ• ȋ•Ȍ ™‡”‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† †—”‹‰ ƒ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡ –ƒ•ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š• ‘ˆ Šƒ’’› ƒ† ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• „› ƒ‹‰ ƒ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰ ȋˆŽ‡š‹‘Ȍ ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ ȋ‡š–‡•‹‘Ȍ ƒ” ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ Š‡ –ƒ• ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆƒƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡–ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠŠƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•Ȍƒ† ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ȋ”‡˜‡”•‡† ‹•–”— –‹‘Ȍ ‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ ‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ƒ†  ƒƒŽ›•‡• •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‡Šƒ ‡† ‘‰”—‡ › ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ‹ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ– ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‘Ž›ǣŠ‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ„‘–Š‡ƒ”Ž›ȋͳͷͲȌƒ†Žƒ–‡ȋ͵Ȍ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ‹ Š‹‰Š ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ–•—„Œ‡ –•ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡•‡”‡•—Ž–••—‰‰‡•–ƒ ‘–‡š– •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆǡ ƒ† ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ǡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ––Š”‡ƒ–•–‹—Ž‹ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Š‹‰ŠŽ›•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘–Š”‡ƒ–•‹‰ƒŽ•Ǥ . ʹͲ.

(4) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. Introduction  –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ›’‘–ŠƒŽƒ—•Ǧ‹–—‹–ƒ”›Ǧ†”‡ƒŽȋ Ȍƒš‹•‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–‹–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡ •–”‡•• ”‡•’‘•‡• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ –‹˜‡ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘• ȋ•‡‡ ƒ’‘Ž•› ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ –”‡•• Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡  •›•–‡ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ‡†‘‰‡‘—• ‰Ž— ‘ ‘”–‹ ‘‹†• •— Š ƒ• ‘”–‹•‘ŽǤ ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ™Š‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ž‡˜‡Ž• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ „‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •—„‹••‹˜‡‡•• ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋƒ’‘Ž•›ǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǤ ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ Ǧƒš‹•ƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡŽ‹––Ž‡‹•‘™ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž‹–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ

(5) –Š‹••–—†›ǡ™‡‡šƒ‹‡†–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‘–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ•–‹—Ž‹ȋƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•Ȍ‹Š—ƒ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ

(6)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –‘ ‰ƒ‹ ‘”‡ ‹•‹‰Š– ‹ –Š‡ „”ƒ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‡• —†‡”Ž›‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘•ǡ ™‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ‡˜‡–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† „”ƒ‹ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ• ȋ•Ȍ †—”‹‰ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –ƒ•ǡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘ —•‹‰ ‘ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘’‘‡–• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥ Š‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ –‹˜‡ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡•’‘•‡•†‡’‡†•‘ƒ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–™‘” –Šƒ–‹˜‘Ž˜‡•˜ƒ”‹‘—•„”ƒ‹”‡‰‹‘•ȋ•‡‡‡‘—šǡʹͲͲʹǢ‘ŽŽ•ǡʹͲͲͲȌǤŠ‡–Š”‡ƒ–•–‹—Ž‹ ƒ”‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ›‰†ƒŽƒǡ †‹”‡ – ƒ—–‘‘‹  ”‡•’‘•‡• ƒ† ’”‹ƒ”› ‘–‘” ”‡ƒ –‹‘• •— Š ƒ• ˆ”‡‡œ‹‰ ƒ”‡ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡† ˜‹ƒ ‘‡ –‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ „”ƒ‹•–‡Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •›•–‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ‰—‹†‡ ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ’ƒ•– Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘”‹•–ƒ–ƒ‡‘—•†‡ ‹•‹‘•ǤŠ‡Š‹’’‘ ƒ’—•ƒ†’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ‘”–‡šȋ Ȍ’Žƒ› ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡•‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •›•–‡•Ǥ Š‡   ‹• –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ƒ”‘—•ƒŽ ȋˆ”‘ „”ƒ‹•–‡ ‡–‡”•Ȍ ™‹–Š ‘–‡š–Ǧ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ȋˆ”‘ –Š‡ Š‹’’‘ ƒ’—•Ȍ ƒ† ™‹–Š –‡’‘”ƒ”› ‘–‡–• ‘ˆ ™‘”‹‰ ‡‘”› ȋˆ”‘   ƒ”‡ƒ•Ȍ ‹ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ ‘–‘” ”‡•’‘•‡• ȋ˜‹ƒ ‘‡ –‹‘• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘–‘” ‘”–‡šȌǤ Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹‘” ‹‰—Žƒ–‡ ȋȌ ƒ† ‘”„‹–‘ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ȋ Ȍ ”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡   ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡•‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•›•–‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š‡ƒ„Ž‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡ƒ –‹‘• –‘‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•–‹—Ž‹ȋ•‡‡‡‘—šǡʹͲͲʹǢ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻ„Ǣ‘ŽŽ•ǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ ‘ŽŽ•ȋʹͲͲͲȌ•–”‡••‡†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆˆƒ ‹ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘•„›–Š‡•‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •›•–‡•Ǥ ‘–‹‘ Šƒ• ƒ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘ǡ ƒ† ˆƒ ‡• ‘•–‹–—–‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– •‹‰ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –Š”‡ƒ– ‘” ƒ’’‡ƒ•‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ

(7)  ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ Ž‡•‹‘•–—†‹‡•ǡ ‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–‹Š—ƒ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•„‘–Š–Š‡ ƒ† ʹͳ.

(8) Chapter2. –Š‡  ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ‡‘–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡƒ†•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡Ǥ ‰”› ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘‘Ž› —•‡† ƒ• •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ– •–‹—Ž‹ ‹ Š—ƒ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘ –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥ ‡—”‘‹ƒ‰‹‰ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ˜‹‡™‹‰ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡•Žƒ”‰‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‡–‹‘‡†‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–™‘”ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡ǡ  ǡ ƒ† ƒ›‰†ƒŽƒ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ȋˆ‘” ƒ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ •‡‡ †‘Ž’Š•ǡ ʹͲͲʹǢ  Ž—”‡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ–”ƒ—••‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ

(9) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–”ƒ• ”ƒ‹ƒŽƒ‰‡–‹ •–‹—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‹ƒŽ  ȀŠƒ•„‡‡ˆ‘—†–‘†‹•”—’––Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘•ȋ ƒ”‡”ǡ Š‹Ž‘ǡ ‘–Š™‡ŽŽǡ Ƭ ‘‘†™‹ǡ ʹͲͲͳȌǤ †‘Ž’Š• ȋʹͲͲʹȌ ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ›‰†ƒŽƒ ƒ’’‡ƒ”• –‘ †‡’‡† ‘ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ’ƒ••‹˜‡ ‘” ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ ȋ•— Š ƒ• ‹ ’ƒ••‹˜‡ ˜‹‡™‹‰ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Ȍǡ ’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘• ƒ› „‡ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡† ‘”‡™Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ”‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹ƒ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡–ƒ•”‡“—‹”‹‰‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‹–—”ƒ›‹Š‹„‹––Š‡ƒ›‰†ƒŽƒǯ•ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–™‘”• ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘•Ǥ  ‡Šƒ ‡† ’‘•‹–‹˜‹–› ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘‡—–”ƒŽˆƒ ‡•Šƒ•„‡‡ˆ‘—†‘˜‡”’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ•ͳʹͲ • ƒˆ–‡” •–‹—Ž—• ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‹‡” Ƭ ‘Ž‡•ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌ ‘” „‡–™‡‡ ͳ͸Ͳ ƒ† ʹͳͷ • ȋ‹‡”ǡ ‘Ž‡•ǡ Ƭ  Ž‘‡ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ Š‹• •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– ‘”–‹ ƒŽ ‹” —‹–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ †‡–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡˜‡–• ƒ„‡–”‹‰‰‡”‡†”ƒ’‹†Ž›„›‡‘–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘•ȋ‹‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ‹œœƒ‰ƒŽŽ‹ǡ‡‰ƒ”†ǡƬ‡ŠƒǡͳͻͻͻǢƒ–‘ǡ‘ Š‹›ƒƒǡ ‘•Š‹ƒ™ƒǡƬƒ–•——”ƒǡʹͲͲͳȌǤ

(10) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒ‘”‡„”‘ƒ†Ž›†‹•–”‹„—–‡†’‘•‹–‹˜‹–›ȋ‘˜‡” ’ƒ”‹‡–ƒŽƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ˆ”‘–ƒŽƒ† ‡–”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ȌŠƒ•„‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†„‡›‘†͵ͲͲ•ȋ‹‡” ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

(11) ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆƒ ‡••‹‰ƒŽ‹‰–Š”‡ƒ–ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘ Šƒ’’› ‘” ‡—–”ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡•Ȍ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ •Š‘™ –Š‡•‡ ‡Šƒ ‡† ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ‹ „‘–Š ‡ƒ”Ž›ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡͷͲǦʹͷͲ•ǣ•ŠŽ‡›ǡ—‹ŽŽ‡—‹‡”ǡƬ™‹ ǡʹͲͲͶǢƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹ǡƒ›ǡƬ Ž‹ ƒǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ  Š—’’ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ ƒŽ‡”ǡ ‹††‡ŽŽǡ ‘‰ǡ Ƭ ‘”†‘ǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ƒ† Žƒ–‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘’‘‡–• ȋ͵ͲͲǦͷͲͲ •ǣ  Š—’’ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ

(12) –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ ”‡ ‡– •–—†‹‡• ”‡’‘”–‡† –Š‡  ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• –‘ „‡ ƒ––‡–‹‘†‡’‡†‡–ȋ‹‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ”‘ŽƒǦƒŽ‘ǡ ‹• Š‡”ǡ‹‰Š‡––‘ǡƬƒ—‰—‹°”‡ǡ ʹͲͲͳȌǡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ –Š‡› ƒ› ”‡ˆŽ‡ – ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹’—–ȋ—–Š„‡”–ǡ Š—’’ǡ”ƒ†Ž‡›ǡ‹”„ƒ—‡”ǡƬƒ‰ǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ

(13)  •—ǡ ƒ ˆ”‘–‘Ž‹„‹  ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–™‘” ‹• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ– •–‹—Ž‹ ƒ† –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ

(14)  –Š‡ ‡š– •‡ –‹‘ ™‡. ʹʹ.

(15) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. ‡š’Ž‘”‡ Š‘™ –Š‡ •–”‡•• Š‘”‘‡ ‘”–‹•‘Žǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ „‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡ •–”‡•• ”‡•’‘•‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ’‘Ž•› ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǡ ƒ› ƒˆˆ‡ – –Š‹• ‡–™‘”ƒ†ǡ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ

(16) –‹•™‡ŽŽ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Šƒ– ‘–‘Ž›–Š‡Š‹’’‘ ƒ’—•„—–ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ ‹•ƒ–ƒ”‰‡–•–”— –—”‡ˆ‘” ‘”–‹•‘Žȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡ƒ‡› Ƭ‹–‡ǡͳͻͺͷǢƒ†Ž‡›‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͶȌǤš‘‰‡‘—•Ž›ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† ‘”–‹•‘ŽŠƒ•„‡‡•Š‘™ –‘ ƒˆˆ‡ – ’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ™‘”‹‰ ‡‘”›ǡ ‹ Š—ƒ• ȋˆ‘” ƒ ”‡˜‹‡™ •‡‡ ‘Žˆǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

(17)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ‹ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• –Šƒ–   ‡†‹ƒ–‡† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ† ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž –‡’‡”ƒ‡– ƒ”‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž› ‘””‡Žƒ–‡† ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ȋ•‡‡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒŽ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͺƒǡ ʹͲͲͲǢ ƒŽ‹ǡ Š‡Ž–‘ǡ ‹ ƒǡ Ƭ ƒ˜‹†•‘ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǤ ‡ Ž‘‡– ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋͳͻͻͻȌ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† –Šƒ– ‰Ž— ‘ ‘”–‹ ‘‹†• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ •›•–‡• ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ •‘ –Šƒ– •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‹–‡”ƒŽ ƒ† ‡š–‡”ƒŽ •–‹—Ž‹ ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ‡Ž‹ ‹– ”‡•’‘•‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‘–‡š–Ǥ

(18)  –Š‹• ™ƒ›ǡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‹‰‹•„‹ƒ•‡†–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”–Šƒ–‹•‘•–”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘–Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —ƒ •–—†‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‘”–‹•‘Žǡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ– •–‹—Ž‹ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ”‡• ƒ” ‡ǡ„—–ƒ”‡ ‡–•–—†›„›—–ƒǡ ‡”ƒ•ƒ† ƒ ‘ ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ƒ —–‡ ȋʹͷ ‰Ȍ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‡Šƒ ‡† ’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ›‘—‰ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› •Š‘™‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ‡‘”› „‹ƒ• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‡Šƒ ‡† •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ ™‘”‹‰‡‘”›’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‡—–”ƒŽˆƒ ‡•Ȍƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ’Žƒ ‡„‘Ǥ ‘ •— Š ‡‘”› „‹ƒ• ™ƒ• ˆ‘—† ˆ‘” Šƒ’’› ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ

(19)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ •–—†›„›ƒ ‘‡–ƒŽǤȋͳͻͻͺȌ‹™Š‹ Šƒ‰”›ƒ†‡—–”ƒŽˆƒ ‡•™‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ –”‘‘’ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† „ƒ•ƒŽ ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ž‡˜‡Ž• ™‡”‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ˆƒ•–‡” ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ ȋƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡Ȍ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘ •–—†‹‡• •‘ ˆƒ” Šƒ˜‡ ƒ††”‡••‡† –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘‘˜‡”–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ  •›•–‡ƒ–‹  ƒ† ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘† –‘ •–—†› Š—ƒ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ™ƒ• ’”‘˜‹†‡†„›‘Žƒ”œȋͳͻ͸ͲȌƒ†Š‡ƒ†ƒ”‰ŠȋͳͻͻͻȌǡ ‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆƒ”‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡–ƒ• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ™‘”† •–‹—Ž‹„›ƒ‹‰ƒ”‘˜‡‡–•ȋƒ”ˆŽ‡š‹‘‘”‡š–‡•‹‘Ȍ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡‹–Š‡” ‘‰”—‡– ‘” ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ‹–—‹–‹˜‡ ƒ –‹‘ –‡†‡ ‹‡•Ǥ ‘––‡˜‡‡Ž ƒ† Šƒˆ ȋʹͲͲͶȌ ‡š–‡†‡† –Š‹• ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”„ƒŽ †‘ƒ‹ǡ —•‹‰ ’‹ –—”‡• ‘ˆ Šƒ’’› ƒ† ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ȋ–Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ȋȌ –ƒ•ȌǤ ˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ‘˜‡‡–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ƒ”. ʹ͵.

(20) Chapter2. ˆŽ‡š‹‘ ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠȌ ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ •–‹—Ž—• ȋŠƒ’’› ˆƒ ‡Ȍ ƒ† ƒ” ‡š–‡•‹‘ ȋƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ȍ ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ƒ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ •–‹—Ž—• ȋƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡ȌǤ ˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ‘˜‡‡–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ”‡˜‡”•‡† ƒ’’‹‰ ‹•–”— –‹‘• ȋˆ”‘ •–‹—Ž—• ˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ –‘ ƒ” ‘˜‡‡–Ȍ–Šƒ– ‘ˆŽ‹ –™‹–Š’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯ‹–—‹–‹˜‡ƒ –‹‘–‡†‡ ‹‡•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡•–‹—Ž‹ȌǤ‹–Š–Š‹•’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ ‘‰”—‡ ›‡ˆˆ‡ –‹•–›’‹ ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘—†ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ ˆƒ•–‡” ”‡•’‘•‡• ˆ‘” ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ƒ” ‘˜‡‡–• ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡–ƒ”‘˜‡‡–•ȋ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘Š‡Ƭƒ”‰ŠǡͳͻͻͻǢƒ”ƒƬ”‡†Žǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ‘Žƒ”œǡͳͻ͸ͲȌǤ •‹‰–Š‹•–ƒ•ǡ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲͷȌˆ‘—†ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ•–”‡••Ǧ‹†— ‡† ‘”–‹•‘Ž ”‡•’‘•‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‘‰”—‡ › ‡ˆˆ‡ –•Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‹–Š ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‹‰Š •–”‡••Ǧ‹†— ‡† ‘”–‹•‘Ž ”‡•’‘•‡• ȋŠ‹‰Š Ȍ •Š‘™‡† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†  ‘‰”—‡ › ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ™Š‡ –‡•–‡† ‹ „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ„—–‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘‰”—‡ ›‡ˆˆ‡ –•†—”‹‰•–”‡••Ǥ

(21)  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡˆ‘” Ž‘™’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–Š‡ ‘‰”—‡ ›‡ˆˆ‡ –•™‡”‡‘Ž›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†—”‹‰ƒ†‘–„‡ˆ‘”‡ •–”‡••Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› •Š‘™‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ”‡•’‘•‡ ƒ† •–”‡•• ‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –‡†‡ ‹‡• ƒ• ‡ƒ•—”‡† „› –Š‡  –ƒ•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š •–”‡••Ǧ‹†— ‡† ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ †‹•‡–ƒ‰Ž‡† ˆ”‘–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹•–”‡••Ǧ”‡•’‘•‹˜‡‡••‘”–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–”‡•• ‘–‡š–Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› ƒ‹‡† –‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š ‘”–‹•‘ŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡–‡†‡ ‹‡•ǡ„›•–—†›‹‰–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žadministration‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•ȋ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š”‡ƒ–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ȍ‹–Š‡ –ƒ•Ǥ

(22) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–Š”‡ƒ–•‡•‹–‹˜‹–› ‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘–Š‡–Š”‡ƒ–•‹‰ƒŽ‹‰ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•‹–Š‡–ƒ•ǡ™‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š• ‘”‡•–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‹–ŠŽ‘™• ‘”‡•‘ƒ•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ –Š”‡ƒ– •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› ȋ–Š‡ ‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ

(23) Š‹„‹–‹‘  ƒŽ‡ ȏ

(24) Ȑǣ ƒ”˜‡” Ƭ Š‹–‡ǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ

(25) †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š• ‘”‡•‘–Š‹•• ƒŽ‡ȋŠ‹‰Š

(26) ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ȍ ƒ„‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†ƒ• ƒš‹‡–› ’”‘‡ǡ ƒ† –‡† –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† –Š”‡ƒ– ȋƒ”˜‡” Ƭ Š‹–‡ǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ Ž‘™ 

(27)  ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ ™‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† Š‹‰Š 

(28)  ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –‘ „‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ”‡•’‘•‹˜‡ –‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ– —‡•ƒ†–‘•Š‘™”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡–‡†‡ ‹‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ ‘–‡•––Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž‘–Š‡•‡ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡ƒ –‹‘•ǡ™‡ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†–Š‡  –ƒ• –‘ „‘–Š ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ– ‰”‘—’• ƒˆ–‡” ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Ž ȋŠ›†”‘ ‘”–‹•‘‡Ȍ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡Š‹‰Š ‘”–‹•‘ŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š ‘–‡š–Ǧ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‡• ȋ‡ Ž‘‡– ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͻǢ ƒ’‘Ž•› ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǡ „‹ƒ•‡† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ. ʹͶ.

(29) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ȋ—–ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹ƒȌǡƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡•’‘•‡•–‘–Š”‡ƒ–ȋ—••‡– ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵ǢƒŽ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻͺƒǡͳͻͻͺ„ǡʹͲͲͲǢƒ ‘‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻͺȌǡ™‡‡š’‡ –‡† ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘–‘”‡•—Ž–‹”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‘ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•‘–Š‡  –ƒ•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ™‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ – ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› •–”‘‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡Š‹‰Š

(30) •—„Œ‡ –•ǡ‰‹˜‡–Š‡‹”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†•‡•‹–‹˜‹–›–‘–Š‡•‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ– —‡•Ǥ— Š ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–Š”‡ƒ–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡‹–Š‡–ƒ• ƒ„‡‡‹–Š‡”ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‡†„›ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆƒ”‘˜‡‡–ȋˆƒ•–‡”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡–Šƒƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘˜‡‡–•Ȍˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ǡ‘” ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘• ȋˆƒ•–‡” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ‰”›–ŠƒŠƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•ȌǤ Š‡ •‡ ‘† ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› ™ƒ• –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ „”ƒ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•—•‹‰•ǡ™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ˆ‘ —•‘ ‘’‘‡–•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†ƒ –‹‘‘‹–‘”‹‰Ǥ ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹–‡”‡•–™‡”‡–Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‡–‹‘‡† ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ™ƒ˜‡• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˆ‘—† ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ‘”–‡š „‡–™‡‡ͳʹͲƒ†ʹͷͲ•’‘•–Ǧ•–‹—Ž—•ǡƒ†–Š‡‘”‡„”‘ƒ†Ž›†‹•–”‹„—–‡†’‘•‹–‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†„‡›‘†͵ͲͲ•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‹‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ Š—’’‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ

(31) Ž‹‡™‹–Š‘—” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘’‘‡–•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡Š‹‰Šƒ˜‘‹†ƒ–ȋŠ‹‰Š

(32) Ȍ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• †—”‹‰ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ–”‡ƒ –‹‘•–‘ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•Ǥͳ ˆ‹ƒŽ ‘’‘‡–‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–™ƒ•–Š‡ʹǡƒˆ”‘–‘ ‡–”ƒŽ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡ƒ”‹•‹‰ ʹͲͲǦ͵ͷͲ • ’‘•–Ǧ•–‹—Ž—•Ǥ Š‡ ʹ Šƒ• „‡‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ „‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‹ Š‹‰Š ‘ˆŽ‹ – ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ™Š‡‹ ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡”‡•’‘•‡–‡†‡ ‹‡•ƒ”‡•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡†ǡƒ†‹• •—‰‰‡•–‡†–‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –ƒ –‹‘‘‹–‘”‹‰ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ‡‡Ƭƒ”–‡”ǡʹͲͲʹȌǡƒˆ— –‹‘•‡”˜‡† „›–Š‡‡†‹ƒŽ’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ‘”–‡šȋ‹††‡”‹Š‘ˆǡŽŽ•’‡”‰‡”ǡ”‘‡ǡƬ‹‡—™‡Š—‹•ǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ

(33) –Š‡–ƒ••— Š”‡•’‘•‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –ƒ›„‡‡Ž‹ ‹–‡†„›ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡––”‹ƒŽ•™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‡† ”‡•’‘•‡ ‹• Š›’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –‘ „‡ ‹ ‘ˆŽ‹ – ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯ ‹–—‹–‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‡†‡ › ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š Šƒ’’› ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹† ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•Ȍ ȋ•‡‡ Š‡ Ƭ ƒ”‰Šǡ ͳͻͻͻǢ‘––‡˜‡‡ŽƬŠƒˆǡʹͲͲͶȌǤŠ‹••–—†›ƒŽŽ‘™•‡š’Ž‘”‹‰™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡–ƒ•‹†‡‡† ‡Ž‹ ‹–• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ʹ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ƒ† ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ› ƒˆˆ‡ – ƒ –‹‘ ‘‹–‘”‹‰†—”‹‰–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ ‘•—ƒ”‹œ‡‘—”ƒŒ‘”’”‡†‹ –‹‘•ǡ™‡‡š’‡ –‡†–Šƒ– ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ . ͳ

(34)  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ ‡Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ͳ͹Ͳ ‘’‘‡–ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡”‡ ‘”†‡†‘˜‡”’‘•–‡”‹‘”–‡’‘”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ǡŠƒ•. „‡‡ ˆ‘—† –‘ „‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‹•‡•‹–‹˜‡ –‘ ‡‘–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ† ‹• ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž› ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š •–”— –—”ƒŽ‡ ‘†‹‰‘ˆˆƒ ‡•ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ•ŠŽ‡›‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ†‘’”‡†‹ –‹‘•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‹• ‘’‘‡–™‹–Š”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ. ʹͷ.

(35) Chapter2. ™‘—Ž† ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ƒ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š”‡ƒ– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‹ Š‹‰Š 

(36)  ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ

(37)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡•‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ™‡”‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡† „› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ  ‘’‘‡–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ȋ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ–ȌǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‡ ‡š’Ž‘”‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ™‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ƒ –‹‘ ‘‹–‘”‹‰‹Š‹‰Š

(38) ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ. Methods  Participants ‘”–› ƒŽ‡ •–—†‡–• ”‡ ”—‹–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ‡‹†‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ˆ‘”ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽȋ‹Ǥ‡ǤǡͶͲ‡—”‘•Ȍ‘” ‘—”•‡ ”‡†‹–Ǥ‘ ”‡ƒ–‡–™‘‡š–”‡‡‰”‘—’• –Šƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡†‹–Š”‡ƒ–•‡•‹–‹˜‹–›ǡ™‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ’”‹‘”‹ʹͲ•–—†‡–•™‹–ŠŽ‘™• ‘”‡•ȋζͳ͸Ȍ ƒ†ʹͲ•–—†‡–•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š• ‘”‡•ȋηʹͳȌ‘–Š‡‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ

(39) Š‹„‹–‹‘ ƒŽ‡ȋ

(40) ǣƒ”˜‡” Ƭ Š‹–‡ǡ ͳͻͻͶǡ •‡‡ –”ƒ‹– ‡ƒ•—”‡•ȌǤ —–‘ˆˆ • ‘”‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡ ‰”‘—’• ™‡”‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡”–Š‹”†ƒ†–Š‡—’’‡”–Š‹”†‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ

(41) • ‘”‡•ȋ”ƒ‰‡ͻǦʹͺǡMαͳͺǤͷǡ SDα͵Ǥ͸Ȍ‹ƒ•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆͳͷ͵ƒŽ‡•–—†‡–•Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ™‡”‡ • ”‡‡‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‡ƒŽ–Š —‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ ȋ Ǧͳʹǣ MαͳǤͶͷǡSDαͳǤ͸ͻȌǢ ‘Ž†„‡”‰ǡͳͻ͹ͺǢ—– Š ˜‡”•‹‘ǣ‘‡–‡”Ƭ”‡ŽǡͳͻͻͳȌ ƒ† ƒ „‹‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ –‘ ‡š Ž—†‡ ƒ› ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹  †‹•‘”†‡”ǡ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡†‹ ƒŽ †‹•‡ƒ•‡ǡ ’ƒ•– Š‡ƒ† ‹Œ—”› ™‹–Š Ž‘•• ‘ˆ ‘• ‹‘—•‡•• ε ͷ ‹ǡ ƒ† —•‡ ‘ˆ ‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(42)  Ž—•‹‘ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ ™‡”‡ ”‹‰Š–ǦŠƒ†‡†‡••ǡ ‘”ƒŽ ‘” ‘””‡ –‡†Ǧ–‘Ǧ‘”ƒŽ ˜‹•‹‘ǡ ƒ‰‡ ͳͺǦ͵Ͳǡ ƒ† „‘†›™‡‹‰Š– ͸ͲǦͺͷ ‰Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ‹•–”— –‡† –‘ ‹‹‹œ‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡š‡” ‹•‡ǡ ‘– –‘ –ƒ‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ‡ƒŽ•ǡ Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡ ‘” ƒˆˆ‡‹‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰ ’”‡ ‡†‹‰–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡƒ†‘––‘‡ƒ–ǡ†”‹Ž‘™’ †”‹•‘”•‘‡ ‹‰ƒ”‡––‡•‹–Š‡ Š‘—”„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒƒˆˆ‡ –•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•Ǥ ŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ™”‹––‡ ‹ˆ‘”‡† ‘•‡– ’”‹‘” –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡•–—†›ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„›–Š‡‡†‹ ƒŽ–Š‹ ƒŽ‘‹––‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‹†‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‡†‹ ƒŽ‡–‡”Ǥ  Materialsandprocedure ŽŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡–‡•–‡†‹ƒŠ›†”‘ ‘”–‹•‘‡ȋͷͲ‰Ȍƒ†ƒ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ ‹ ƒ †‘—„Ž‡Ǧ„Ž‹†ǡ ™‹–Š‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ – ”‘••‘˜‡” †‡•‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘” ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡƒ ƒ’•—Ž‡Ȍ™ƒ•”ƒ†‘ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡Š‹‰Šƒ†Ž‘™

(43) . ʹ͸.

(44) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance.  Figure2.1.šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆƒŠƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•–‹—Ž—•—•‡†‹–Š‡–ƒ•Ǥ.  ‰”‘—’•Ǥ Š‡ –™‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ •‡••‹‘• ™‡”‡ ‘‡ ™‡‡ ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥ  –Š‡ †ƒ›• ‘ˆ –‡•–‹‰ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ””‹˜‡† ƒ– –Š‡ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ƒ– ‡‹–Š‡” ͳʹǤͳͷ ‘” ʹǤͳͷ ’ǤǤ ˆ–‡” ƒ •Š‘”– ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǡ †”—‰ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ƒ– ͳʹǤ͵Ͳ ‘” ʹǤ͵Ͳ ’ǤǤǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ˆ–‡” ‹‰‡•–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ’•—Ž‡ǡƒ”‡•–‹‰’‡”‹‘†‘ˆͳŠˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž–‘–ƒ‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‘’Ž‡–‡†“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ †‡˜‹ ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –ƒ•ǡ ƒˆ–‡” ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ™‡”‡ ’Žƒ ‡†Ǥ —„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– •–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Šƒ•Š‘”–”‡ ‘”†‹‰ȋ̱ͳͷ‹Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‡ ‡’ŠƒŽ‘‰”ƒȋ Ȍ†—”‹‰”‡•–ǡƒˆ–‡” ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –ƒ• ™ƒ• ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†ǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ –‡•–• ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ —”‹‰ –ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–••ƒ–‹ƒƒ‹”Ǧ ‘†‹–‹‘‡†ƒ†•‘—†Ǧƒ––‡—ƒ–‡†”‘‘‹ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ ƒ ‘’—–‡” ‘‹–‘”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–‡” •ƒ– ‹ ƒ ƒ†Œƒ ‡– ”‘‘ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡   ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•™ƒ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†Ǥ  ApproachAvoidancetask

(45)  –Š‹• ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ –ƒ• ȋ‘––‡˜‡‡Ž Ƭ Šƒˆǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ ͸Ͳ ’‹ –—”‡• ™‹–Š ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ˆ”‘ ƒ ƒ† ”‹‡•‡ ȋͳͻ͹͸Ȍǡ ƒ–•—‘–‘ ƒ† ƒ ȋͳͻͺͺȌǡ ƒ† —†“˜‹•–ǡ Ž›–ǡ ƒ† YŠƒ ȋͳͻͻͺȌ •‡”˜‡†ƒ• •–‹—Ž‹Ǥ ƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹ –—”‡• ™‡”‡ –ƒ‡ ˆ”‘ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡”ŠƒŽˆˆ”‘ƒŽ‡‘†‡Ž•ȋ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ͵Ͳ‘†‡Ž•ȌǤ‹ –—”‡• ‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ›• ƒŽ‡ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š• ’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ „Žƒ  „ƒ ‰”‘—† ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ʹǤͳȌǤ ‘ ‹‹‹œ‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹’Š›•‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•—”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘ǡ„‘–Š–Š‡ ʹ͹.

(46) Chapter2. Šƒ’’›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‰”›‡š’”‡••‹‘™‡”‡–ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ‡‘†‡ŽǤ

(47) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‡ƒ Šˆƒ ‡ ™ƒ•–”‹‡†–‘‡š Ž—†‡–Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒ†‘Ǧˆƒ ‹ƒŽ ‘–‘—”•ǡƒ†ƒ†Œ—•–‡†–‘ƒ– Šˆ‘”•‹œ‡ǡ „”‹‰Š–‡•• ƒ† ‘–”ƒ•–Ǥ ƒ Š ’‹ –—”‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ͳʹǤͶ  u ͺǤͻ  ȋh u wȌǡ ƒ† ™ƒ• ’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ––Š‡ ‡–‡”‘ˆƒͳͷ‹Ǥ ‘’—–‡”• ”‡‡ƒ–͹Ͳ ˜‹‡™‹‰†‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ƒͳͲǤͳqu͹Ǥ͵q˜‹•—ƒŽƒ‰Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ •–ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ –”‹ƒŽ ™ƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘’‘‹–ȋŽƒ•–‹‰ͳͲͲ•ȌǤˆ–‡”ƒ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ‘ˆ͵ͲͲ•–Š‡•–‹—Ž—•™ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡† ˆ‘” ͳͲͲ •Ǥ Š‡ –‹‡ ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ „‡–™‡‡ •— ‡••‹˜‡ •–‹—Ž‹ ™ƒ• ”ƒ†‘‹œ‡† „‡–™‡‡ ͳͷͲͲƒ†ʹͷͲͲ•Ǥ‹ –—”‡•™‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†—•‹‰–Š‡‡•’š’‡”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘–‹—Ž—• ”‘‰”ƒȋ˜‡”•‹‘ͳǤͻͺǡ‘Ž‡ƒ’ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ•–‡”†ƒǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ ‡•’‘•‡•™‡”‡”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡„—––‘•ȋ‘ˆͳ͸ ;Ȍ–Šƒ–™‡”‡ˆ‹š‡† –‘ƒ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ†ȋ•‡‡‘––‡˜‡‡ŽƬŠƒˆǡʹͲͲͶǡ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–••ƒ––‘–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ†ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ ”‡•’‘† ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ”‹‰Š– Šƒ†Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ ”‡•–‹‰ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡‹•–”— –‡†–‘’—•Š–Š‡Š‘‡„—––‘ȋˆ‹š‡†‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡ȌŽ‘‘•‡Ž›™‹–Š –Š‡„ƒ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‹‰Š–Šƒ†ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•‘”‡•’‘•‡™ƒ•‰‹˜‡ǤŠ‡Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‹•„—––‘ ™ƒ••‡–ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ›ǡ•— Š–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‰Ž‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹”ˆ‘”‡ƒ”ƒ† —’’‡” ƒ” ™ƒ• ͳͳͲq ‹ –Š‡ ”‡•–‹‰ ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ

(48)  –Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘ „‘–Š –Š‡ „‹ ‡’• ƒ† –Š‡ –”‹ ‡’•™‡”‡‡“—ƒŽŽ›–‡•‡†ǤŠ‡”‡•’‘•‡„—––‘•™‡”‡’‘•‹–‹‘‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ†„‡Ž‘™–Š‡ Š‘‡ „—––‘ ȋƒ– ƒ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ͳͲǤ͵ ȌǤ Š‹• ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –‘ •‹’Ž› ˆŽ‡š ‘” ‡š–‡†–Š‡‹””‹‰Š–ƒ”‹”‡•’‘†‹‰™‹–Š‘—––Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”’”‡ ‹•‡ƒ‹‹‰ƒ––Š‡”‡•’‘•‡ „—––‘•Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ˜‡”„ƒŽŽ› ‹•–”— –‡† –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ Šƒ’’› ‘” ƒ‰”›Ȍǡ ƒ† –‘ ”‡•’‘† ƒ• ˆƒ•– ƒ† ƒ —”ƒ–‡ ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ •–‹—Ž‹ „› ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡Š‘‡„—––‘ƒ†’”‡••‹‰‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡„—––‘•Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ† –‘ ”‡–—” –Š‡‹” Šƒ† –‘ –Š‡ Š‘‡ „—––‘Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡Ž› ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ‘” ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ‹•–”— –‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ‹•–”— –‹‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†’”‡••‹‰–Š‡—’’‡””‡•’‘•‡„—––‘ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡƒ”ˆŽ‡š‹‘Ȍˆ‘”Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•ƒ†–Š‡ Ž‘™‡”„—––‘ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡƒ”‡š–‡•‹‘Ȍˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ

(49) –Š‡ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ‘†‹–‹‘–Š‡ ƒ’’‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ „—––‘• ™ƒ• ”‡˜‡”•‡†Ǥ ‘ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ™ƒ•ƒ†‡‹–Š‡‹•–”— –‹‘•–‘ ‘‰”—‡ ‡ƒ†‹ ‘‰”—‡ ‡ǡƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ǡ ‘”ƒ”ˆŽ‡š‹‘ƒ†‡š–‡•‹‘Ǥ Š‡–ƒ• ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆˆ‘—”•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ͸Ͳ–”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ‹–Š‹‡ƒ Š•‡”‹‡•ƒŽŽ•–‹—Ž‹™‡”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡†‘ ‡‹ƒ•‡‹”ƒ†‘‹œ‡†‘”†‡”ȋ™‹–Šƒƒš‹—‘ˆ͵Šƒ’’›‘”ƒ‰”›ƒ†͵ ʹͺ.

(50) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. ƒŽ‡‘”ˆ‡ƒŽ‡’‹ –—”‡•‹•— ‡••‹‘ȌǤ ƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–••–ƒ”–‡†™‹–Šƒ•‡”‹‡•™‹–Š ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ‹•–”— –‹‘ǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ƒ •‡”‹‡• ™‹–Š ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ‹•–”— –‹‘ǡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ‹•–”— –‹‘ •‡”‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ƒ ˆ‹ƒŽ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ‹•–”— –‹‘ •‡”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† –Š‡ ”‡˜‡”•‡† ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ‹•–”— –‹‘•Ǥ‡–™‡‡‡ƒ Š•‡”‹‡•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ—”‡Žƒ–‡†™‘”‹‰‡‘”› –ƒ• ȋ†‹‰‹– •’ƒ ‘” •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ ‡‘”›Ȍ –Šƒ– •‡”˜‡† –‘ ‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– –‘ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ‹•–”— –‹‘ ‘” ˜‹ ‡ ˜‡”•ƒǤ ƒ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘—” •‡”‹‡• ™ƒ• †‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š”‡‡„Ž‘ •‘ˆʹͲ–”‹ƒŽ•ǡ™‹–Šƒ•Š‘”–„”‡ƒȋ̱͵Ͳ•Ȍ„‡–™‡‡„Ž‘ •ǡƒ† ™ƒ•’”‡ ‡†‡†„›ʹͲ’”ƒ –‹ ‡–”‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ•–‹—Ž‹–Šƒ–™‡”‡‘–‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ •‡”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡–ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š”‡‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡•ǣ‡””‘””ƒ–‡•ȋ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‹ ‘””‡ – ”‡•’‘•‡•Ȍ ƒ† –™‘ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡ ȋȌ ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ –‹‡ ȋ

(51) Ȍ ‹• –Š‡ –‹‡ „‡–™‡‡•–‹—Ž—•‘•‡–ƒ†–Š‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘‡Ǧ„—––‘ǤŠ‡‘˜‡‡––‹‡ȋȌ‹• –Š‡–‹‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘‡„—––‘ƒ†–Š‡’—•Š‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡„—––‘Ǥ

(52)  ‘•–‹–—–‡• ƒ ‹†‡š ‘ˆ ‡–”ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ •–‹—Ž—• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡•’‘•‡ •‡Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ†’”‘‰”ƒ‹‰–Š‡‡š‡ —–‹‘‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–•ǡƒ†‹•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹†‡’‡†‡– ‘ˆǡ™Š‹ Š”‡ˆŽ‡ –•–Š‡ƒ‰‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡—”‘Ǧ—• —Žƒ””‡•’‘•‡ȋ ‹––•ǡͳͻͷͶȌǤŠ‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆƒˆˆ‡ –‘–Š‡”‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡•‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‡š’‡ –‡†‹

(53) ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ  ȋ•‡‡ ‘––‡˜‡‡Ž Ƭ Šƒˆǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ‘Žƒ”œǡ ͳͻ͸ͲȌǤ

(54)  ‘””‡ – ”‡•’‘•‡• ƒ† • –Šƒ– †‡˜‹ƒ–‡† ‘”‡ –Šƒ ʹǤͷ SD ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ  ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡• ’‡” ‡ŽŽ ȋ ‡ŽŽ• †‡ˆ‹‡† „› ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘†‹–‹‘u‡‘–‹‘uƒ”‘˜‡‡–Ȍ™‡”‡‡š Ž—†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•Ǥ  Electrophysiologicalrecordingandanalysis Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‡ ‡’ŠƒŽ‘‰”ƒȋ Ȍ™ƒ•”‡ ‘”†‡†ˆ”‘ͳͻ• ƒŽ’Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ͳͲǦʹͲ •›•–‡ ƒ† ”‡ˆ‡””‡† ‘ǦŽ‹‡ –‘ ͵ȀͶǤ  ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‘„‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡™ƒ•†‡”‹˜‡†‘ˆˆǦŽ‹‡Ǥ‡”–‹ ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –”‘Ǧ‘ —Ž‘‰”ƒȋ Ȍ™ƒ•”‡ ‘”†‡†„‹’‘Žƒ”Ž› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •—’”ƒ‘”„‹–ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹ˆ”ƒ‘”„‹–ƒŽ ”‹†‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ‡›‡ǡ ƒ† Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ   ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘—–‡” ƒ–Š‹ ‘ˆ „‘–Š ‡›‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‰”‘—† ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡ ™ƒ• Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ƒ– ’œǤ   ‹’‡†ƒ ‡•™‡”‡‡’–„‡Ž‘™ͷ:ǤŠ‡ ƒ† •‹‰ƒŽ•™‡”‡†‹‰‹–‹œ‡†ƒ–ͷͲͲ œǤ ‹‰ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡† ‘ˆˆǦŽ‹‡ —•‹‰ ”ƒ‹ ‹•‹‘ ƒŽ›œ‡” •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ȋ˜‡”•‹‘ ͳǤͲͷǡ ”ƒ‹ ”‘†— –• „ ǡ ͳͻͻͺǦʹͲͲͶȌǤ ‘†‡• •› Š”‘‹œ‡† –‘ •–‹—Ž—• ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”‡•’‘•‡ ™‡”‡ —•‡† –‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ ‘ˆˆŽ‹‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡’‘ Š• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  •–‹—Ž—• ƒ† ”‡•’‘•‡ –›’‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‡’‘ Š ”ƒ ˆ‘” ͳͲͲͲ •ǡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ʹͲͲ • ’”‹‘” –‘ ʹͻ.

(55) Chapter2. •–‹—Ž—•‘•‡–ǡƒŽ‹‰‡†–‘ƒͳͲͲ•’”‡•–‹—Ž—•„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡Ǥ‹‰Ž‡–”‹ƒŽ•™‡”‡ ‘””‡ –‡†ˆ‘” –Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‡›‡„Ž‹•ƒ†‡›‡‘˜‡‡–•—•‹‰ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†’”‘ ‡†—”‡ȋ ”ƒ––‘ǡ‘Ž‡•ǡ Ƭ ‘ Š‹ǡ ͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› ˆ‹Ž–‡”‡† †‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š ƒ ͲǤͳ œ Š‹‰ŠǦ’ƒ•• ˆ‹Ž–‡”ǡƒ͵ͷ œŽ‘™Ǧ’ƒ••ˆ‹Ž–‡”ȋ„‘–Š™‹–Šƒ”‘ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆ‘ˆͳʹ†Ȁ‘ –Ȍƒ†ƒͷͲ œ‘– Šˆ‹Ž–‡”Ǥ ˆ–‡” „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ‘””‡ –‹‘ǡ –”‹ƒŽ• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡• Žƒ”‰‡” –Šƒ ά͹ͷPǡ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡εͳͲͲP„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ž‘™‡•–ƒ†–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡•‡‰‡–ǡƒ ’‡”‹‘†εͳͲͲ•™‹–Šƒ –‹˜‹–›δͲǤͷͲPǡ‘”ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡εͷͲP„‡–™‡‡–™‘•—„•‡“—‡– •ƒ’Ž‹‰’‘‹–•™‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•ƒ†™‡”‡‡š Ž—†‡†ˆ”‘ƒƒŽ›•‡•ȋͻΨ‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒ•‡–ȌǤ‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†•–‹—Ž—•ǦŽ‘ ‡††ƒ–ƒ‘Ž›ˆ‘”–”‹ƒŽ•™‹–Š ‘””‡ –”‡•’‘•‡•™‹–Š ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡• „‡–™‡‡ ͳͷͲ ƒ† ͳͲͲͲ •ǡ ‘’—–‹‰ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡• ˆ‘” ‡ƒ Š ƒ–‡‰‘”› ȋ†‡ˆ‹‡† „› ‡‘–‹‘ u ƒ” ‘˜‡‡–ȌǤ ˆ–‡” ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –• ƒ† ‹ ‘””‡ – ”‡•’‘•‡• ƒ ‡ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ͶͻǤ͹ –”‹ƒŽ• ȋSD α ͻǤͶȌ ’‡” ƒ–‡‰‘”› ™ƒ• Ž‡ˆ– ˆ‘” ‡ƒ Š ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ– ‹ ‡ƒ Š ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘†‹–‹‘ ˆ‘” ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ ‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ’‡ƒ †‡–‡ –‹‘ǡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡• ’‡” ƒ–‡‰‘”› ™‡”‡ Ž‘™ ’ƒ•• ˆ‹Ž–‡”‡† ƒ– ͳʹ œ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ’‡ƒ• ™‡”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ† ‡ƒ•—”‡†Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •–‹—Ž—•ǦŽ‘ ‡†  ‘’‘‡–• ȋ’‡ƒ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡Ȍ™‡”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ–‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡• ͵ǡ œǡ Ͷǡ͵ǡœǡͶǡ͵ǡ œǡ ƒ† Ͷǣ ͳ ȋ–Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒŒ‘” ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ™ƒ˜‡ ‘ —””‹‰ ͵ͲǦͳ͵Ͳ • ’‘•–Ǧ•–‹—Ž—•Ȍǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ͳͷͲ ȋ–Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒŒ‘” ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ™ƒ˜‡ ‘ —””‹‰ ͳʹͲǦʹͲͲ• ’‘•–Ǧ•–‹—Ž—•Ȍǡ ʹȋͳͺͲǦ͵ͲͲ•Ȍǡƒ†͵ȋʹ͹ͲǦͶͲͲ•ȌǤ‹‡™‹†‘™•ˆ‘”’‡ƒ†‡–‡ –‹‘™‡”‡„ƒ•‡† ‘ ˜‹•—ƒŽ ‹•’‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ† ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ •ǡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡† ƒ ”‘•• ƒŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ† ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•Ǥ  Traitmeasures • †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ƒ••‹‰‡† –‘ –™‘ ‰”‘—’• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡‹” • ‘”‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ

(56) Š‹„‹–‹‘  ƒŽ‡ ȋ

(57) ȌǤʹ Š‹• ͹Ǧ‹–‡ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”– • ƒŽ‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• •‡•‹–‹˜‹–›–‘•‹‰ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ–ƒ†™ƒ••Š‘™–‘Šƒ˜‡‰‘‘†”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ȋ

(58) Ȁǣƒ”˜‡” ƬŠ‹–‡ǡͳͻͻͶȌǤ

(59) –‡•ƒ”‡•–ƒ–‡‡–•–Šƒ–”‡ˆŽ‡ –ƒ ‘ ‡”‘˜‡”–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ„ƒ† ‘ —””‡ ‡‘”ƒ•‡•‹–‹˜‹–›–‘•— Š‡˜‡–•™Š‡–Š‡›†‘‘ —”ǡƒ†‡ƒ Š‹–‡‹•”ƒ–‡†‘ ƒ ˆ‘—”Ǧ’‘‹– • ƒŽ‡ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ƒš‹— –‘–ƒŽ • ‘”‡ ‘ˆ ʹͺǤ Š‡ ‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ  –‹˜ƒ–‹‘  ƒŽ‡ ȋȌ ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ƒ –‘–ƒŽ ‘ˆ ͳ͵ ‹–‡• ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› –‘ ”‡™ƒ”†Ǥ

(60)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ™‡ . ʹ Š‡ 

(61) Ȁ • ƒŽ‡• ‘ˆ ƒ”˜‡” ƒ† Š‹–‡ ȋͳͻͻͶȌ ™‡”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡–. ‡•‹–‹˜‹–› Š‡‘”› ȋǣ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ”ƒ›ǡ ͳͻͺʹȌǤ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– †—‡ –‘ ƒ ”‡ ‡– ”‡˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• –Š‡‘”› ȋ ”ƒ› Ƭ  ƒ—‰Š–‘ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌ –Š‡ 

(62)  • ƒŽ‡ǡ †‡•‹‰‡† –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ –Š”‡ƒ– •‡•‹–‹˜‹–›ǡ ‹• Ž‹‡Ž› ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹‰Š– Ž‹‰Š–ƒ† ”‡‡œ‹‰›•–‡‹–Š‡”‡˜‹•‡†ȋ‹ŽŽ‹‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ. ͵Ͳ.

(63) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡• ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ –”ƒ‹– ƒš‹‡–› ȋ–ƒ–‡ ”ƒ‹– š‹‡–›

(64) ˜‡–‘”› ȏ

(65) Ȑǣ’‹‡Ž„‡”‰‡”ǡͳͻͺ͵Ǣ—– Š˜‡”•‹‘ǣƒ†‡”Ž‘‡‰ǡʹͲͲͲȌƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ȋ‘ ‹ƒŽ Š‘„‹ƒ ƒ† š‹‡–›

(66) ˜‡–‘”› ȏ

(67) Ȑǣ —”‡”ǡ ‡‹†‡Žǡ ƒ —ǡ Ƭ –ƒŽ‡›ǡ ͳͻͺͻǢ —– Š ˜‡”•‹‘ǣ ډ‡Ž• Ƭ ‡‹–Šǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ‡– •—„• ƒŽ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡’‡”ƒ‡– ƒ† Šƒ”ƒ –‡”

(68) ˜‡–‘”› ȋ

(69) Ȍǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘–ƒ‹• ƒ ‘˜‡Ž–› ‡‡‹‰ ƒ† ƒ”˜‘‹†ƒ ‡•—„• ƒŽ‡–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ȋŽ‘‹‰‡”ǡ”œ›„‡ ǡ˜”ƒ‹ ǡƬ‡–œ‡ŽǡͳͻͻͶǢ—– Š˜‡”•‹‘ǣ‡ Žƒ‹‡ǡ—‹Œ•‡•ǡƬŽ‘‹‰‡”ǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ  Cortisolandsubjectivemeasures ƒŽ‹˜ƒ •ƒ’Ž‡• ™‡”‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† —•‹‰ ƒŽ‹˜‡––‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ †‡˜‹ ‡• ȋƒ”•–‡†–ǡ ‘‡Ž•†‘”ˆǡ ‡”ƒ›ȌǤƒ’Ž‡•™‡”‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ˆ‘—”ƒ••‡••‡–’‘‹–•‘˜‡”ƒͳ͸ͷ ‹’‡”‹‘†ǡƒ–”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǧͷ‹ȋͲȌǡΪ͸Ͳ‹ȋͳȌǡΪͳʹͲ‹ȋʹȌǡƒ†Ϊͳ͸Ͳ‹ȋ͵Ȍ ™‹–Š ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ ƒ’•—Ž‡ ‹‰‡•–‹‘Ǥ ‹‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‹ •ƒŽ‹˜ƒ ™ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†—•‹‰ƒ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡Ž‡ –”‘ Š‡‹Ž—‹‡• ‡ ‡‹—‘ƒ••ƒ›ȋ

(70) ǡŽ‡ •›• ʹͲͳͲǡ ‘ Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ •Ȍǡ ƒ• †‡• ”‹„‡† ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ ȋƒ ‡ǡ ‘‹Œǡ ‹Ž–‡„—”‰ǡ Ƭ ‡–Œ‡•ǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ . ‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† ‘‘† ȋ–‡•‹‘ǡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ǡ †‡’”‡••‹‘ǡ ƒš‹‡–›ǡ ƒ† ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– Ͳǡ. ͳǡ ƒ† ͵Ȍ ƒ† ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ†‹”‡ –Ž› „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ Ǧ–ƒ•Ȍ ™‡”‡”ƒ–‡†‘ͳͲ ˜‹•—ƒŽƒƒŽ‘‰—‡• ƒŽ‡•ȋȌǤ

(71) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ•–ƒ–‡ƒš‹‡–›ȋ

(72) Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ǣ ’‹‡Ž„‡”‰‡”ǡͳͻͺ͵Ȍ™ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†ƒ–Ͳƒ†͵Ǥ  Statisticalanalyses Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› ‘”–‹•‘Žǡ Ǧ–ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ†  ’‡ƒ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ™‡”‡ –‡•–‡† ™‹–Š ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡• ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ ȋ• ”Ȍ —•‹‰ –Š‡ –ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ƒ ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘ ‹ƒŽ  ‹‡ ‡• ȋ ͳͶǤͲǡ 

(73)  Ǥǡ ͳͻͺͻǦʹͲͲͷȌǤ ŽŽ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‡• †‡• ”‹„‡† ‡’Ž‘›‡† ƒ –™‘Ǧ –ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒŽ’Šƒ‘ˆǤͲͷǤˆˆ‡ –•‹œ‡•ƒ”‡”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ•’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ȋ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ ‡–ƒ•“—ƒ”‡†ȏ²ȐȌǤ‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡•‘ˆ–™‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȋ„‘–Šˆ”‘–Š‡Ž‘™

(74) ‰”‘—’Ȍ™‡”‡ ‘– ”‡‰‹•–‡”‡† †—‡ –‘ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ‡š Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ ƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆͳͺ•—„Œ‡ –•‹–Š‡Ž‘™

(75) ‰”‘—’Ǥ  . ͵ͳ.

(76) Chapter2. Table2.1.”ƒ‹–• ‘”‡•ˆ‘”Ž‘™

(77) ƒ†Š‹‰Š

(78) ‰”‘—’•.  ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‰‡ 

(79)  

(80) ȗȗȗ –‘–ƒŽ 

(81) Ǧ–”ƒ‹–ȗȗȗ 

(82) ‘–ƒŽȗȗ  

(83)   ƒ”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ȗȗȗ ‘˜‡Ž–›•‡‡‹‰ ‡™ƒ”††‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‡”•‹•–‡ ‡. ‘™

(84)  M SD ʹͲǤͶ ͳǤ͹ ʹͳǤͶ ͳǤ͸ ͳͶǤͲ ʹǤͳ ͵͹Ǥͻ ͶǤͶ ʹͻǤ͸ ͶǤͻ ͶͲǤͶ ͳ͹Ǥͷ     ͶǤͳ ͵ǤͶ ͻǤͷ ͶǤʹ ͺǤ͹ ʹǤͷ ͳǤͺ ͳǤ͸.              . ‹‰Š

(85)  M SD ͳͻǤͻ ͳǤͶ ʹͳǤ͸ ͳǤ͹ ʹʹǤͳ ͳǤ͹ ͵͹Ǥͻ ͵ǤͶ ͵͹Ǥ͸ ͶǤͳ ͷ͹Ǥͺ ͳ͵ǤͲ     ͻǤͶ ͵ǤͲ ͺǤͻ ͵ǤͶ ͳͲǤͲ ʹǤ͹ ʹǤʹ ͳǤʹ. Note:

(86) ᑆ›ƒ••

(87) †‡šǢ

(88) α‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ

(89) Š‹„‹–‹‘ ƒŽ‡Ǣα‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‡Ǣ

(90) α –ƒ–‡”ƒ‹–š‹‡–›

(91) ˜‡–‘”›Ǣ

(92) α‘ ‹ƒŽŠ‘„‹ƒƒ†š‹‡–›

(93) ˜‡–‘”›Ǣ

(94) ᇏ’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ† Šƒ”ƒ –‡”

(95) ˜‡–‘”›ǤȗȗpδǤͲͳȗȗȗpδǤͲͲͳǤ. Results  Traitmeasures ƒ„Ž‡ ʹǤͳ ’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ ‡ƒ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ž‘™ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹‰Š 

(96)  ‰”‘—’• ‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ‹– ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ • ‡š’‡ –‡†ǡ ƒ† †—‡ –‘ ‘—” •‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ǡ ‰”‘—’• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‘

(97) Ǧ• ‘”‡•ȋFȋͳǡ͵͸Ȍαͳ͹͹Ǥͺ͹ǡpδǤͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͺ͵ȌǤ

(98) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡Š‹‰Š 

(99) ‰”‘—’• ‘”‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›Š‹‰Š‡”‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽƒš‹‡–›‡ƒ•—”‡•ǣ–”ƒ‹–ƒš‹‡–›ȋ

(100) Ǧǣ Fȋͳǡ͵͸Ȍα͵ͲǤͳͺǡpδǤͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͶ͸Ȍǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ȋ

(101) –‘–ƒŽǣFȋͳǡ͵ͷȌαͳͳǤ͵ͳǡpδǤͲͳǡ; αͲǤʹ͸Ȍƒ†Šƒ”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ȋ

(102) Ǧ ǣFȋͳǡ͵͸Ȍαʹ͸ǤͲͳǡpδǤͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͶʹȌǤŠ‡‰”‘—’• †‹†‘–†‹ˆˆ‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹ƒ‰‡ǡ„‘†›ƒ••‹†‡š‘”ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”–”ƒ‹–‡ƒ•—”‡•ȋƒŽŽ pεǤͳͲȌǤ  Cortisolandsubjectivemeasures Salivarycortisol ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› ‘”–‹•‘Žȋ‘ŽȀȌ‡ƒ•—”‡•ȋ•‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ʹǤʹȌ™‡”‡•‡™‡†ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ Ž‘‰–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆƒʹȋ‰”‘—’ǣŽ‘™

(103) ǡŠ‹‰Š

(104) Ȍu ʹȋ ‘”–‹•‘Žǣ’Žƒ ‡„‘ǡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌuͶȋ–‹‡ǣͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵Ȍ”›‹‡Ž†‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž u –‹‡ ȋFȋ͵ǡ ͳͲʹȌ α ͳͺͺǤͻʹǡ p δ ǤͲͲͲͳǡ ; α ͲǤͻͺȌǤ Š‹• ”‡•—Ž– ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ǡƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†ǡ—„‘—†Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž†‹†‘–†‹ˆˆ‡”„‡–™‡‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ’•—Ž‡‹–ƒ‡ȋͲǣFȋͳǡ͵ͷȌαͲǤͶͶǡpαǤͷͳȌǡ„—–™‡”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’Žƒ ‡„‘ˆ”‘ͳŠƒˆ–‡” ƒ’•—Ž‡‹–ƒ‡ȋͳǣFȋͳǡ͵ͷȌα ͵ʹ.

(105) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. Table2.2.‡ƒˆ”‡‡•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› ‘”–‹•‘ŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•ȋ‹‘ŽȀȌƒˆ–‡”’Žƒ ‡„‘ƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ –‘–‹‡‘ˆ ƒ’•—Ž‡‹–ƒ‡ȋtαͲȌ.  ‹‡ȋ‹Ȍ Ǧͷ Ϊ͸Ͳȗȗȗ ΪͳʹͲȗȗȗ Ϊͳ͸ͷȗȗȗ. Žƒ ‡„‘. M ͺǤͻ ͸Ǥͺ ͸Ǥ͹ ͸Ǥͷ. SD ͵Ǥʹ ͳǤ͹ ͵Ǥͷ ʹǤ͸.      . Note:Nα͵͸†—‡–‘‹••‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–™‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥȗȗȗp δǤͲͲͳ. ‘”–‹•‘Ž. M ͻǤͳ ͳ͸ͳǤ͹ ͳʹʹǤͷ ͳͳʹǤͶ. SD ʹǤͺ ͳͶͷǤͳ ͷͷǤͲ ͷͲǤʹ. . ͵ʹͲǤͶͺǡpδǤͲͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͻͲȌ—–‹Ž–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ȋʹǣFȋͳǡ͵ͶȌαͺͶ͸Ǥ͸͹ǡpδ ǤͲͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͻ͸Ǣ͵ǣFȋͳǡ͵ͷȌαͳʹ͸ͷǤ͹͹ǡpδǤͲͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͻ͹ȌǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› ‘”–‹•‘Ž˜ƒŽ—‡•„‡–™‡‡‰”‘—’•Ǥ  Subjectivemeasures ‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‰”‘—’ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘‘† †—”‹‰ –ƒ• ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘‘‘†ǡ™‡ ‘†— –‡†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•”™‹–Š ‰”‘—’ȋŽ‘™

(106) ǡŠ‹‰Š

(107) Ȍu ‘”–‹•‘Žȋ’Žƒ ‡„‘ǡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌu–‹‡ˆ‘”

(108) Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ȋͲǡ͵Ȍƒ†  ȋͲǡ ͳǡ ͵Ȍ –‡•‹‘ǡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ǡ †‡’”‡••‹‘ǡ ƒš‹‡–›ǡ ƒ† ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡•—Ž–• •Š‘™‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ‹‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‰”‘—’‘

(109) Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ƒš‹‡–›ȋFȋͳǡ͵͸ȌαͺǤͶͻǡpδǤͲͳǡ;αͲǤͳͻȌ ƒ†–‡•‹‘ȋFȋͳǡ͵͸Ȍα͹Ǥʹ͵ǡpδǤͲͷǡ;αͲǤͳ͹Ȍ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰Š‹‰Š‡”• ‘”‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‹‰Š 

(110) ‰”‘—’ȋ

(111) ǦǣMα͵͵ǤͷǢǣMαʹǤ͹Ȍ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡Ž‘™

(112) ‰”‘—’ȋ

(113) ǦǣMα ʹͺǤͺǢǣMαͳǤͻȌǤ

(114) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒš‹‡–›• ‘”‡•–‡†‡†–‘„‡Š‹‰Š‡”ˆ‘”Š‹‰Š

(115) ȋMα ͳǤ͸Ȍ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ Ž‘™ 

(116)  ȋM α ͳǤ͵Ȍ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ȋFȋͳǡ͵͸Ȍ α ͶǤͲ͸ǡ p α ǤͲͷͳǡ ; α ͲǤͳͲǤ Š‡”‡™‡”‡‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ‹‘”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž‘‘‘†Ǥ  Behavioralresults ‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –”ƒ‹– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǧ–ƒ• ™‡ ‘†— –‡† •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ʹ ȋ‰”‘—’ǣ Ž‘™ 

(117) ǡ Š‹‰Š 

(118) Ȍ u ʹ ȋ ‘”–‹•‘Žǣ’Žƒ ‡„‘ǡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌuʹȋ‡‘–‹‘ǣŠƒ’’›ǡƒ‰”›Ȍuʹȋƒ”‘˜‡‡–ǣƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ȋˆŽ‡šȌǡƒ˜‘‹†ȋ‡š–‡†Ȍ•”‘‡””‘””ƒ–‡•ƒ†”‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡•ȋƒ†

(119) ȌǤ͵ ‘”ƒŽŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡•™‡ ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‹”•– ’”‡•‡– ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ ‡”‹‰–Š‡ ‘‰”—‡ ›Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡ – ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ –Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ u ƒ” ‘˜‡‡– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ȍ ƒ† •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‰”‘—’ ƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Ž‘–Š‹• ‘‰”—‡ ›‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ . ͵‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†–™‘ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡ™‹–Š•‡••‹‘ȋˆ‹”•–†ƒ›ǡ•‡ ‘††ƒ›Ȍƒ†•–‹—Ž—•‰‡†‡”ȋƒŽ‡ǡ. ˆ‡ƒŽ‡Ȍ ƒ• ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ –‘”•Ǥ ‹ ‡ „‘–Š ƒƒŽ›•‡• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† ‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ˆƒ –‘”• ‘ –Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘uƒ”‘˜‡‡–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ™‡Šƒ˜‡ˆ—”–Š‡”Ž‡ˆ––Š‡‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•Ǥ. ͵͵.

(120) Chapter2. Errorrates • –‘ „‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† ‹ –Š‡ Ǧ–ƒ• ȋ•‡‡ ‘––‡˜‡‡Ž ƒ† Šƒˆǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡‘–‹‘ u ƒ” ‘˜‡‡– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ȋFȋͳǡ͵͸Ȍ α ͷǤ͹͹ǡ p δ ǤͲͷǡ ; α ͲǤͳͶȌ •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ†‡ ‘”‡ ‡””‘”• ȋΨȌ †—”‹‰ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ƒ” ‘˜‡‡–• ȋƒ˜‘‹† Šƒ’’›ǣ M α ͹ǤʹǢ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ‰”›ǣ M α ͺǤͺȌ –Šƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ƒ” ‘˜‡‡–• ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ Š Šƒ’’›ǣ M α ͷǤ͵Ǣ ƒ˜‘‹† ƒ‰”›ǣ M α ͹ǤͺȌǤ Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‰”‘—’ ‘” ‘”–‹•‘Ž‘–Š‡•‡ ‘‰”—‡ ›‡ˆˆ‡ –•ȋƒŽŽpεǤͳ͸ȌǤ  Initiationtimes(IT) Ž•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡

(121) ȋ‹•Ȍǡ™‡ˆ‘—†–Š‡‡š’‡ –‡† ‘‰”—‡ ›‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡‘–‹‘uƒ”‘˜‡‡–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ȋFȋͳǡ͵͸ȌαʹͳǤͲͷǡpδǤͲͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤ͵͹Ȍ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡ˆƒ•–‡”‹‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‰ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡–ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠŠƒ’’›ǣMαͶͺ͸Ǣƒ˜‘‹† ƒ‰”›ǣ M α ͷͲͲȌ –Šƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ƒ” ‘˜‡‡–• ȋƒ˜‘‹† Šƒ’’›ǣ M α ͷͲ͸Ǣ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ‰”›ǣ M α ͷͳͳȌǤ Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‰”‘—’ ‘” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ –Š‹• ‡‘–‹‘ u ƒ” ‘˜‡‡–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‡”‡‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ǥ ‡ †‹†ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ˆ‹† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– –Š”‡‡Ǧ™ƒ› ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰”‘—’ u ‘”–‹•‘Ž u ƒ”‘˜‡‡–ȋFȋͳǡ͵͸ȌαͳͷǤͲ͵ǡpδǤͲͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤʹͻȌǤ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‹‰Šƒ† Ž‘™

(122) ‰”‘—’•Š‘™‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘”–‹•‘Žuƒ”‘˜‡‡–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‹‰Š

(123)  ‰”‘—’ȋFȋͳǡͳͻȌαͳ͸ǤͳͳǡpδǤͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͶ͸Ȍǡ„—–‘–ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘™

(124) ‰”‘—’ȋFȋͳǡͳ͹ȌαʹǤʹͷǡ p α ǤͳͷȌ ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ʹǤʹȌǤ Š‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‹‰Š 

(125)  ‰”‘—’ ™‡”‡ †—‡ –‘ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘˜‡‡– ȋFȋͳǡͳͻȌ α ͷǤ͹͸ǡ p δ ǤͲͷǡ ; α ͲǤʹ͵Ȍǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ”‡ƒ –‹‘• ™‡”‡ •Ž‘™‡† ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Š‹‰Š 

(126)  ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž u emotion u ƒ” ‘˜‡‡– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘– •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹–Š‡Š‹‰Š

(127) ‰”‘—’ȋFȋͳǡͳͻȌαͲǤ͵ͺǡpαǤͷͷȌǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Žu ƒ” ‘˜‡‡– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‘” Šƒ’’› ƒ† ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ™‡ Šƒ† •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Š›’‘–Š‡•‡• ƒ„‘—– –Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ – ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•ǡ ™‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› Š‡ ‡†™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Žuƒ”‘˜‡‡–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‹‰Š

(128) ‰”‘—’™‘—Ž† Š‘Ž† ™Š‡ –‡•–‡† ˆ‘” ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ‘Ž›Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹†‡‡† •Š‘™‡† –Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž u ƒ” ‘˜‡‡– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š 

(129)  ‰”‘—’ –‘ „‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•ȋFȋͳǡͳͻȌαͳͲǤ͵ͲǡpδǤͲͳǡ;αͲǤ͵ͷȌǤ

(130) –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –™ƒ•‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆ‘” Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•ȋ ‘”–‹•‘Žuƒ”‘˜‡‡–ǣFȋͳǡͳͻȌαʹǤͳ͸ǡpαǤͳ͸ȌǤ

(131) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ†—‡–‘–Š‡ •Ž‘™‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ”‡ƒ –‹‘• ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘‰”—‡ › ‡ˆˆ‡ – ˆ‘” ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡˆƒ•–‡”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡–Šƒƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠȌ™ƒ•‘Ž›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‹‰Š

(132)  ͵Ͷ.

(133) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. . Low BIS 580 Emotional Expression. Initiation time (ms). 560. Happy Angry. 540 520 500 480 460. Approach (flex). Avoid (extend). Approach (flex). Placebo. Avoid (extend). Cortisol High BIS. 580. * Initiation time (ms). 560. *. 540 520 500 480 460. Approach (flex). Avoid (extend). Placebo. Approach (flex). Avoid (extend). Cortisol. . Figure2.2.‡ƒ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘–‹‡•ȋ‹•Ȍ‘–Š‡–ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘™

(134) ȋ—’’‡”’ƒ‡ŽȌƒ†Š‹‰Š

(135) ȋŽ‘™‡” ’ƒ‡ŽȌ ‰”‘—’ ƒˆ–‡” ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– •Ž‘™‹‰‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ„—–‘–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ǡ‘˜‡‡–•‹–Š‡Š‹‰Š

(136) ‰”‘—’‘Ž›ǤŠ‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –™ƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ǡ„—–‘–ˆ‘”Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•ǤŠ‡ ‘‰”—‡ ›‡ˆˆ‡ –ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥˆƒ•–‡”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡–Šƒ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠȌ™ƒ•‘Ž›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹–Š‡Š‹‰Š

(137) ‰”‘—’ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ””‘”„ƒ”•‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†‡””‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ•Ǥȗ’δǤͲͷǤ. . ‰”‘—’‹–Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘†‹–‹‘ȋƒ”‘˜‡‡–ǣFȋͳǡͳͻȌαͺǤͺͶǡpδͲǤͲͳǡ;αͲǤ͵ʹȌƒ† ‘––Š‡’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ȋFȋͳǡͳͻȌαͲǤͳ͹ǡpαǤ͸ͻȌȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤʹȌǤ Š—•ǡ ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š ‘—” Š›’‘–Š‡•‡•ǡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒˆˆ‡ –‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘‰”—‡ ›‡ˆˆ‡ –•‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–‘ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•‹Š‹‰Š

(138) ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –†‹†‘–†‹ˆˆ‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›„‡–™‡‡Šƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•ǡ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –™ƒ•‘Ž›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ǡƒ†‘–ˆ‘”Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ ͵ͷ.

(139) Chapter2. Movementtimes(MT) ‹‡–Š‡‡””‘””ƒ–‡•ƒ†

(140) ǡ–Š‡ȋ‹•Ȍ•Š‘™‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡‘–‹‘uƒ” ‘˜‡‡–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ȋFȋͳǡ͵͸ȌαͺǤͶͺǡpδǤͲͳǡ;αͲǤͳͻȌ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ˆƒ•–‡”‡š‡ —–‹‘‘ˆ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ Š Šƒ’’›ǣ M α ͳ͵ͺǢ ƒ˜‘‹† ƒ‰”›ǣ M α ͳ͵ͶȌ –Šƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‹ ‘‰”—‡–ƒ”‘˜‡‡–•ȋƒ˜‘‹†Šƒ’’›ǣMαͳͶͲǢƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ‰”›ǣMαͳͶʹȌǤŠ‡”‡ ™‡”‡‘‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‰”‘—’‘” ‘”–‹•‘Ž‘–Š‡•‡ ‘‰”—‡ ›‡ˆˆ‡ –•‹Ǥ  Eventrelatedpotentials Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ œ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ‘•– ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ͵ ‹†Ž‹‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ȋ œǡœǡœȌƒ†ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤ͵ǤŠ‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡ ™ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ––Š‡•‡‹†Ž‹‡‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ’”‘‹‡–ǡ‡ƒ”Ž›‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‡ƒƒ–ͳͲͲ •ȋͳȌǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡ƒ–ͳͷͲ•ȋͳͷͲȌǡƒ•‡ ‘†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡ƒ–ʹ͵Ͳ •ȋʹȌƒ†ƒˆ‹ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹˜‡™ƒ˜‡ƒ–͵ͷͲ•ȋ͵ȌǤ••Š‘™‹ ‹‰—”‡ʹǤ͵ǡ‡˜‡–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ’‡ƒ•™‡”‡’”‘‘— ‡†Ǥ ƒ•‡Ž‹‡Ǧ–‘Ǧ’‡ƒƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•™‡”‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†™‹–Š•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ʹȋ‰”‘—’ǣŽ‘™

(141) ǡŠ‹‰Š

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