To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety Peer, J.M. van
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(2) Chapter 2. The effects of cortisol administration on approach-avoidance behavior: An event-related potential study.. ȋʹͲͲȌǡǡͳ͵ͷǦͳͶǡ ǣͳͲǤͳͲͳȀǤ ǤʹͲͲǤͲǤͲͲ͵ ǤǤǡǤǡǤǡ Ǥ ǤǡǤǡƬǤǤ.
(3) Chapter2. Abstract ȋͷͲ Ȍ Ǥ Ǧ ȋȌ ǡ ȋȌ ȋȌ Ǥ Ǧ ȋ Ȍ Ǧ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǣ ȋͳͷͲȌȋ͵Ȍ ǡ Ǥǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ . ʹͲ.
(4) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. Introduction ǦǦȋ Ȍ ȋ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǤ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ
(5) ǡ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ
(6) ǡ ǡ Ǧ ȋȌ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ȋǡʹͲͲʹǢǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǧ ȋ Ȍ ȋ Ȍ ȋ ȌǤ ȋȌ ȋ Ȍ ǡ ȋǡʹͲͲʹǢǤǡʹͲͲͻǢǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ ȋʹͲͲͲȌ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ
(7) ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ʹͳ.
(8) Chapter2. ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ǡǡ ǡ ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲʹǢ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲͶǢǤǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ
(9) ǡ Ȁ ȋ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲͳȌǤ ȋʹͲͲʹȌ ȋ Ȍǡ ǡ ǯ Ǥ Ǥ ͳʹͲ ȋ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌ ͳͲ ʹͳͷ ȋǡ ǡ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ȋǤǡʹͲͲ͵ǢǡǡƬǡͳͻͻͻǢǡ ǡ ǡƬǡʹͲͲͳȌǤ
(10) ǡȋ Ȍ͵ͲͲȋ ǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
(11) ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ ȋǤǤǡͷͲǦʹͷͲǣǡǡƬ ǡʹͲͲͶǢǦ ǡǡƬ ǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲȌ ȋ͵ͲͲǦͷͲͲ ǣ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲȌǤ
(12) ǡ ȋǤǡʹͲͲ͵ǢǦǡ ǡǡƬ°ǡ ʹͲͲͳȌǡ ȋǡ ǡǡǡƬǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ
(13) ǡ Ǥ
(14) . ʹʹ.
(15) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. ǡ ȋǤǤǡ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ
(16) ȋǤǤǡ ƬǡͳͻͺͷǢǤǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ ǡ ǡ ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
(17) ǡ ȋ ǤǤǡ Ǥǡ ͳͻͻͺǡ ʹͲͲͲǢ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǤ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͻȌ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ
(18) ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ȋʹͲͲȌ ȋʹͷ Ȍ Ǥ ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ Ǥ Ǥ
(19) ǡ ǤȋͳͻͻͺȌ ǡ ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ȋͳͻͲȌȋͳͻͻͻȌǡ ȋȌ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͶȌ ǡ ȋ Ǧ ȋȌ ȌǤ Ǧ . ʹ͵.
(20) Chapter2. ȋ Ȍ ȋ Ȍ ȋ Ȍ ȋ ȌǤ Ǧ ȋ Ȍ ǯ ȋǤǤǡ ȌǤ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ȋƬǡͳͻͻͻǢƬǡ ʹͲͲͷǢǡͳͻͲȌǤ ǡǤȋʹͲͲͷȌ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ ȋ Ȍ ǡ Ǥ
(21) ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ ǡ administrationȋ Ȍ Ǥ
(22) ǡ ǡ Ǧ ȋ
(23) ȏ
(24) Ȑǣ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ
(25) ȋ
(26) Ȍ ǡ ȋ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ
(27) ǡ
(28) Ǥ ǡ ȋ Ȍ Ǥ Ǧ ȋ Ǥǡ ͳͻͻͻǢ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǡ . ʹͶ.
(29) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. ȋǤǡʹͲͲȌǡ ȋ ǤǡʹͲͲ͵ǢǤǡͳͻͻͺǡͳͻͻͺǡʹͲͲͲǢ ǤǡͳͻͻͺȌǡ Ǥ ǡ
(30) ǡ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ ǡ ȋ ȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ͳʹͲʹͷͲǦǡ ͵ͲͲȋǤǤǡǤǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ǤǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ
(31) ǡ ȋ
(32) Ȍ Ǥͳ ʹǡ ʹͲͲǦ͵ͷͲ ǦǤ ʹ ǡ ǡ ȋǤǤǡƬǡʹͲͲʹȌǡ ȋǡǡǡƬǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ
(33) Ǧ ǯ ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ ȋ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͻͻǢƬǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ ʹ Ǧ Ǥ ǡ . ͳ
(34) ǡ Ǧ ͳͲ ǡ ǡ. ȋǤǤǡǤǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ Ǥ. ʹͷ.
(35) Chapter2.
(36) Ǥ
(37) ǡ ȋ ȌǤ ǡ
(38) Ǥ. Methods Participants ȋǤǤǡͶͲȌ Ǥ ǡ ʹͲ ȋζͳȌ ʹͲ ȋηʹͳȌ
(39) ȋ
(40) ǣ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͻͶǡ ȌǤ
(41) ȋͻǦʹͺǡMαͳͺǤͷǡ SDα͵ǤȌͳͷ͵Ǥ ȋ Ǧͳʹǣ MαͳǤͶͷǡSDαͳǤͻȌǢ ǡͳͻͺǢ ǣƬǡͳͻͻͳȌ ǡ ǡ ε ͷ ǡ Ǥ
(42) Ǧǡ ǦǦ ǡ ͳͺǦ͵Ͳǡ ͲǦͺͷ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǥ Materialsandprocedure ȋͷͲȌ Ǧǡ Ǧ Ǥ ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ
(43) . ʹ.
(44) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. Figure2.1. Ǥ. Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ͳʹǤͳͷ ʹǤͳͷ ǤǤ ǡ ͳʹǤ͵Ͳ ʹǤ͵Ͳ ǤǤǡ Ǥ ǡͳ Ǥǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ȋ̱ͳͷȌ ȋ Ȍǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ǧ Ǧ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ApproachAvoidancetask
(45) Ǧ ȋ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ Ͳ ȋͳͻȌǡ ȋͳͻͺͺȌǡ ǡ ǡ Y ȋͳͻͻͺȌ Ǥ ȋ͵ͲȌǤ ȋ ʹǤͳȌǤ ǡ ʹ.
(46) Chapter2. Ǥ
(47) ǡ Ǧ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͳʹǤͶ u ͺǤͻ ȋh u wȌǡ ͳͷǤ Ͳ ǡ ͳͲǤͳquǤ͵qǤ ȋͳͲͲȌǤ͵ͲͲ ͳͲͲ Ǥ ͳͷͲͲʹͷͲͲǤ ȋͳǤͻͺǡǡǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ ȋͳ ;Ȍ ȋƬǡʹͲͲͶǡ ͳȌǤ ǡ Ǥ ȋȌ Ǥ ǡ ͳͳͲq Ǥ
(48) Ǥ ȋ ͳͲǤ͵ ȌǤ Ǥ ȋǤǤǡ Ȍǡ Ǥǡ Ǥ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ Ǧ ȋǤǤǡȌ ȋǤǤǡȌ Ǥ
(49) Ǧ Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͲǤ ȋ͵͵ ʹͺ.
(50) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. ȌǤ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ ǡ Ǧ Ǥ Ǥ ȋ Ȍ Ǧ Ǧ Ǥ ʹͲǡȋ̱͵ͲȌ ǡ ʹͲ Ǥ ǣȋ Ȍ ȋȌ Ǥ ȋ
(51) Ȍ ǦǤȋȌ Ǥ
(52) ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǧ ȋ ǡͳͻͷͶȌǤ
(53) ǡ ȋ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ǡ ͳͻͲȌǤ
(54) ʹǤͷ SD ȋ uuȌ Ǥ Electrophysiologicalrecordingandanalysis ȋ Ȍ ͳͻ ͳͲǦʹͲ Ǧ ͵ȀͶǤ ǦǤ Ǧ ȋ Ȍ ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ͷ:Ǥ ͷͲͲ Ǥ Ǧ ȋ ͳǤͲͷǡ ǡ ͳͻͻͺǦʹͲͲͶȌǤ Ǥ ͳͲͲͲ ǡ ʹͲͲ ʹͻ.
(55) Chapter2. ǡͳͲͲǤ ȋ ǡǡ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ ͲǤͳ Ǧ ǡ͵ͷ ǦȋǦͳʹȀ ȌͷͲ Ǥ ǡ άͷPǡ εͳͲͲPǡ εͳͲͲ δͲǤͷͲPǡ εͷͲP ȋͻΨ ȌǤǦ ͳͷͲ ͳͲͲͲ ǡ ȋ u ȌǤ ͶͻǤ ȋSD α ͻǤͶȌ Ǥ ǡ ͳʹ Ǥ Ǧ ȋ Ȍ ͵ǡ ǡ Ͷǡ͵ǡǡͶǡ͵ǡ ǡ Ͷǣ ͳ ȋ ͵ͲǦͳ͵Ͳ ǦȌǡ ͳͷͲ ȋ ͳʹͲǦʹͲͲ ǦȌǡ ʹȋͳͺͲǦ͵ͲͲȌǡ͵ȋʹͲǦͶͲͲȌǤ ǡ Ǥ Traitmeasures ǡ
(56) ȋ
(57) ȌǤʹ Ǧ Ǧ ȋ
(58) Ȁǣ ƬǡͳͻͻͶȌǤ
(59) ǡ Ǧ ǡ ʹͺǤ ȋȌ ͳ͵ Ǥ
(60) ǡ . ʹ
(61) Ȁ ȋͳͻͻͶȌ . ȋǣ ǤǤǡ ǡ ͳͻͺʹȌǤ ȋ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌ
(62) ǡ ǡ ȋǤǡʹͲͲȌǤ. ͵Ͳ.
(63) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. ȋ
(64) ȏ
(65) Ȑǣǡͳͻͺ͵Ǣ ǣǡʹͲͲͲȌ ȋ
(66) ȏ
(67) Ȑǣ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͺͻǢ ǣ Ú Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǡ
(68) ȋ
(69) Ȍǡ ǡ ȋǡ ǡ ǡƬǡͳͻͻͶǢ ǣ ǡǡƬǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ Cortisolandsubjectivemeasures ȋǡ ǡ ȌǤͳͷ ǡ ǦͷȋͲȌǡΪͲȋͳȌǡΪͳʹͲȋʹȌǡΪͳͲȋ͵Ȍ Ǥ ȋ
(70) ǡ ʹͲͳͲǡ Ȍǡ ȋ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ƭ ǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ . Ǧ ȋǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ͳǡ. ͳǡ ͵Ȍ ȋ ǦȌ ͳͲ ȋȌǤ
(71) ǡȋ
(72) Ǧǣ ǡͳͻͺ͵ȌͲ͵Ǥ Statisticalanalyses ǡ ǡ Ǧ ǡ ȋ Ȍ ȋ ͳͶǤͲǡ
(73) Ǥǡ ͳͻͺͻǦʹͲͲͷȌǤ Ǧ ǤͲͷǤ ȋ ȏ²ȐȌǤ ȋ
(74) Ȍ Ǥ ǡͳͺ
(75) Ǥ . ͵ͳ.
(76) Chapter2. Table2.1.
(77)
(78) .
(79)
(80) ȗȗȗ
(81) Ǧȗȗȗ
(82) ȗȗ
(83) ȗȗȗ .
(84) M SD ʹͲǤͶ ͳǤ ʹͳǤͶ ͳǤ ͳͶǤͲ ʹǤͳ ͵Ǥͻ ͶǤͶ ʹͻǤ ͶǤͻ ͶͲǤͶ ͳǤͷ ͶǤͳ ͵ǤͶ ͻǤͷ ͶǤʹ ͺǤ ʹǤͷ ͳǤͺ ͳǤ. .
(85) M SD ͳͻǤͻ ͳǤͶ ʹͳǤ ͳǤ ʹʹǤͳ ͳǤ ͵Ǥͻ ͵ǤͶ ͵Ǥ ͶǤͳ ͷǤͺ ͳ͵ǤͲ ͻǤͶ ͵ǤͲ ͺǤͻ ͵ǤͶ ͳͲǤͲ ʹǤ ʹǤʹ ͳǤʹ. Note:
(86) α
(87) Ǣ
(88) α
(89) Ǣα Ǣ
(90) α
(91) Ǣ
(92) α
(93) Ǣ
(94) α
(95) ǤȗȗpδǤͲͳȗȗȗpδǤͲͲͳǤ. Results Traitmeasures ʹǤͳ
(96) Ǥ ǡ ǡ
(97) Ǧ ȋFȋͳǡ͵ȌαͳǤͺǡpδǤͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͺ͵ȌǤ
(98) ǡ
(99) ǣȋ
(100) Ǧǣ Fȋͳǡ͵Ȍα͵ͲǤͳͺǡpδǤͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͶȌǡ ȋ
(101) ǣFȋͳǡ͵ͷȌαͳͳǤ͵ͳǡpδǤͲͳǡ; αͲǤʹȌ ȋ
(102) Ǧ ǣFȋͳǡ͵ȌαʹǤͲͳǡpδǤͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͶʹȌǤ ǡȋ pεǤͳͲȌǤ Cortisolandsubjectivemeasures Salivarycortisol ȋȀȌȋʹǤʹȌ Ǥʹȋǣ
(103) ǡ
(104) Ȍu ʹȋ ǣ ǡ ȌuͶȋǣͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵Ȍ u ȋFȋ͵ǡ ͳͲʹȌ α ͳͺͺǤͻʹǡ p δ ǤͲͲͲͳǡ ; α ͲǤͻͺȌǤ ǡ ǡ ȋͲǣFȋͳǡ͵ͷȌαͲǤͶͶǡpαǤͷͳȌǡ ͳ ȋͳǣFȋͳǡ͵ͷȌα ͵ʹ.
(105) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. Table2.2. ȋȀȌ ȋtαͲȌ. ȋȌ Ǧͷ ΪͲȗȗȗ ΪͳʹͲȗȗȗ Ϊͳͷȗȗȗ. . M ͺǤͻ Ǥͺ Ǥ Ǥͷ. SD ͵Ǥʹ ͳǤ ͵Ǥͷ ʹǤ. . Note:Nα͵ Ǥȗȗȗp δǤͲͲͳ. . M ͻǤͳ ͳͳǤ ͳʹʹǤͷ ͳͳʹǤͶ. SD ʹǤͺ ͳͶͷǤͳ ͷͷǤͲ ͷͲǤʹ. . ͵ʹͲǤͶͺǡpδǤͲͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͻͲȌȋʹǣFȋͳǡ͵ͶȌαͺͶǤǡpδ ǤͲͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͻǢ͵ǣFȋͳǡ͵ͷȌαͳʹͷǤǡpδǤͲͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͻȌǤ Ǥ Subjectivemeasures ǡ ȋ
(106) ǡ
(107) Ȍu ȋ ǡ Ȍu
(108) ǦȋͲǡ͵Ȍ ȋͲǡ ͳǡ ͵Ȍ ǡ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ
(109) ǦȋFȋͳǡ͵ȌαͺǤͶͻǡpδǤͲͳǡ;αͲǤͳͻȌ ȋFȋͳǡ͵ȌαǤʹ͵ǡpδǤͲͷǡ;αͲǤͳȌ
(110) ȋ
(111) ǦǣMα͵͵ǤͷǢǣMαʹǤȌ
(112) ȋ
(113) ǦǣMα ʹͺǤͺǢǣMαͳǤͻȌǤ
(114) ǡ
(115) ȋMα ͳǤȌ
(116) ȋM α ͳǤ͵Ȍ ȋFȋͳǡ͵Ȍ α ͶǤͲǡ p α ǤͲͷͳǡ ; α ͲǤͳͲǤ Ǥ Behavioralresults Ǧ ʹ ȋǣ
(117) ǡ
(118) Ȍ u ʹ ȋ ǣ ǡ ȌuʹȋǣǡȌuʹȋǣ ȋȌǡȋȌ ȋ
(119) ȌǤ͵ Ǧ ȋǤǤǡ u Ȍ Ǥ . ͵ǡȋǡ Ȍȋǡ. Ȍ Ǥ u ǡǤ. ͵͵.
(120) Chapter2. Errorrates Ǧ ȋ ǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ u ȋFȋͳǡ͵Ȍ α ͷǤǡ p δ ǤͲͷǡ ; α ͲǤͳͶȌ ȋΨȌ Ǧ ȋ ǣ M α ǤʹǢ ǣ M α ͺǤͺȌ Ǧ ȋ ǣ M α ͷǤ͵Ǣ ǣ M α ǤͺȌǤ ȋpεǤͳȌǤ Initiationtimes(IT)
(121) ȋȌǡ Ǥ u ȋFȋͳǡ͵ȌαʹͳǤͲͷǡpδǤͲͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤ͵Ȍ Ǧ ȋ ǣMαͶͺǢ ǣ M α ͷͲͲȌ Ǧ ȋ ǣ M α ͷͲǢ ǣ M α ͷͳͳȌǤ u Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǧ u u ȋFȋͳǡ͵ȌαͳͷǤͲ͵ǡpδǤͲͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤʹͻȌǤ
(122) u
(123) ȋFȋͳǡͳͻȌαͳǤͳͳǡpδǤͲͲͳǡ;αͲǤͶȌǡ
(124) ȋFȋͳǡͳȌαʹǤʹͷǡ p α ǤͳͷȌ ȋ ʹǤʹȌǤ
(125) ȋFȋͳǡͳͻȌ α ͷǤǡ p δ ǤͲͷǡ ; α ͲǤʹ͵Ȍǡ
(126) Ǥ u emotion u
(127) ȋFȋͳǡͳͻȌαͲǤ͵ͺǡpαǤͷͷȌǡ u Ǥ ǡ ǡ u
(128) Ǥ u
(129) ȋFȋͳǡͳͻȌαͳͲǤ͵ͲǡpδǤͲͳǡ;αͲǤ͵ͷȌǤ
(130) ǡ ȋ uǣFȋͳǡͳͻȌαʹǤͳǡpαǤͳȌǤ
(131) ǡ ǡ ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ
(132) ͵Ͷ.
(133) Effectsofcortisolonapproachavoidance. . Low BIS 580 Emotional Expression. Initiation time (ms). 560. Happy Angry. 540 520 500 480 460. Approach (flex). Avoid (extend). Approach (flex). Placebo. Avoid (extend). Cortisol High BIS. 580. * Initiation time (ms). 560. *. 540 520 500 480 460. Approach (flex). Avoid (extend). Placebo. Approach (flex). Avoid (extend). Cortisol. . Figure2.2.ȋȌ
(134) ȋȌ
(135) ȋ Ȍ Ǥ ǡ ǡ
(136) Ǥ ǡ Ǥ ȋǤǤ Ȍ
(137) Ǥ ǤȗδǤͲͷǤ. . ȋǣFȋͳǡͳͻȌαͺǤͺͶǡpδͲǤͲͳǡ;αͲǤ͵ʹȌ ȋFȋͳǡͳͻȌαͲǤͳǡpαǤͻȌȋ ʹǤʹȌǤ ǡ ǡ Ǧ
(138) Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ͵ͷ.
(139) Chapter2. Movementtimes(MT)
(140) ǡȋȌ u ȋFȋͳǡ͵ȌαͺǤͶͺǡpδǤͲͳǡ;αͲǤͳͻȌ Ǧ ȋ ǣ M α ͳ͵ͺǢ ǣ M α ͳ͵ͶȌ Ǧ ȋǣMαͳͶͲǢ ǣMαͳͶʹȌǤ Ǥ Eventrelatedpotentials ͵ ȋ ǡǡȌ ʹǤ͵Ǥ ǡͳͲͲ ȋͳȌǡͳͷͲȋͳͷͲȌǡ ʹ͵Ͳ ȋʹȌ͵ͷͲȋ͵ȌǤ ʹǤ͵ǡǦ Ǥ ǦǦʹȋǣ
(141) ǡ
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