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To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety Peer, J.M. van

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(1)To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety Peer, J.M. van. Citation Peer, J. M. van. (2009, December 8). To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14486 Version:. Not Applicable (or Unknown). License:. Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden. Downloaded from:. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14486. Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable)..

(2) Chapter 5. Psychophysiological evidence for cortisol-induced reduction in early bias for implicit social threat in social phobia.    Š‡ ‘–‡–•‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ƒ”‡‹’”‡••ǡ•› Š‘‡—”‘‡†‘ ”‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ †‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͲͳ͸ȀŒǤ’•›‡—‡ǤʹͲͲͻǤͲͻǤͲͳʹ ǤǤ˜ƒ‡‡”ǡŠǤ’‹Š‘˜‡ƬǤ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•.

(3) Chapter5. Abstract  Š‡ •–”‡•• Š‘”‘‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ ‹‰Š ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ž‡˜‡Ž• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ” ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ’Žƒ› ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡” ȋȌǡ ƒ• †‘‡• Š›’‡”˜‹‰‹Žƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ—•ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹  ”‡ƒ‹ — Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ

(4)  ƒ ‡˜‡–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ȋȌ •–—†› ™‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ –ƒ•Ǧ‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ȋ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ȍ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ– ‹ ǡ ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡–‡’‘”ƒŽ†›ƒ‹ •ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ•›’–‘•‡˜‡”‹–›ƒ†•–‹—Ž—• ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ‰”›ˆƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰™ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†‹’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‹–Š Ž‹‹ ƒŽƒˆ–‡” †‘—„Ž‡Ǧ„Ž‹†ǡ™‹–Š‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ –‘”ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȋͷͲ‰Ȍƒ†’Žƒ ‡„‘ǡ—•‹‰ƒ ƒ•‡† ƒ† ƒ —ƒ•‡† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ –”‘‘’ –ƒ•Ǥ ‘–Š –ƒ•• •Š‘™‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ʹ‹†Ž‹‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‰”› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‡—–”ƒŽƒ†Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ ƒ ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ––‡–‹‘ƒŽ „‹ƒ• ˆ‘” •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ– ‹ Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ˆ‘”ƒ•‡† ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘””‡Žƒ–‡† ™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–›ǡ •Š‘™‹‰ •–”‘‰‡” †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• ‹ ’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ǤŠ‡•‡”‡•—Ž–•‹†‹ ƒ–‡ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ›•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ– ƒ†ǡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š ’”‡˜‹‘—• ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘–‡š–ȋ•–‹—Ž—•Ǧ‘”–ƒ•Ǧ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡Ȍ ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ••›’–‘•‡˜‡”‹–›Ǥ . ͺͺ.

(5) Cortisolreducesearlythreatbiasinsocialphobia. Introduction  ‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡” ȋǡ ‘” •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹ƒȌ ‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› ‹–‡•‡ ˆ‡ƒ” ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‘‰‹–‹˜‡‘†‡Ž•‘ˆ•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–‹–‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š „‹ƒ•‡•‹ƒ––‡†‹‰–‘–Š”‡ƒ–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡•‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǧ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ „‹ƒ•‡• ƒ› „‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒš‹‡–› •›’–‘• ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŽƒ”Ƭ‡ŽŽ•ǡͳͻͻͷǢ‘„‹‹Ƭ ”ƒ–ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǣƒ’‡‡Ƭ ‡‹„‡”‰ǡͳͻͻ͹Ǣ Š—Ž–œƬ ‡‹„‡”‰ǡʹͲͲͺȌǤŠ‡”‡‹•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘ ‘•‡•—•ƒ„‘—––Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰•–ƒ‰‡• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡•‡ „‹ƒ•‡• ‘ —”Ǥ

(6)  –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› ™‡ ƒ‹ –‘ ‰ƒ‹ ‘”‡ ‹•‹‰Š– ‹ –Š‡ –‡’‘”ƒŽ†›ƒ‹ •‘ˆ„‹ƒ•‡†’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–‹ǡ„›‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰‡˜‡–Ǧ ”‡Žƒ–‡†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•ȋ•Ȍ†—”‹‰ƒ•‡†ƒ†—ƒ•‡†˜‡”•‹‘•‘ˆƒ’‹ –‘”‹ƒŽ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ –”‘‘’ –ƒ•Ǥ

(7)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ”‡ ‡– ‡—”‘„‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ ‘—–• ’”‘’‘•‡ –Šƒ– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ƒ•ˆ‘—†‹ƒ›„‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡•–”‡••Š‘”‘‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‘†”‡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲʹǢ ‡”ƒ• Ƭ ƒ ‘ǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ǣ ‘‡Ž‘ˆ• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͻƒȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ—•ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž‘–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰”‡ƒ‹— Ž‡ƒ”ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‘—” •‡ ‘†’—”’‘•‡™ƒ•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰‹Ǥ  Ž–Š‘—‰Šƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•–—†‹‡•Šƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ‘”„‹ƒ•‡†’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–‹ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹Ǣ‘„‹‹Ƭ ”ƒ–ǡʹͲͲ͹ˆ‘””‡˜‹‡™•Ȍǡ ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‹‰ ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ –Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• „‹ƒ•Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘—† ƒ „‹ƒ• towards –Š”‡ƒ– ȋ‘” –Š”‡ƒ– ˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡Ȍ ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒš‹‘—• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ ƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† „› Ž‘‰‡” ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡• ȋȌ ˆ‘” ‘Ž‘”Ǧƒ‹‰ –Š”‡ƒ– ˜•Ǥ ‡—–”ƒŽ •–‹—Ž‹ ‹ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ –”‘‘’ –ƒ•• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‹”ǡ ”‡•Šƒǡ Ƭ ‘ƒǡ ʹͲͲʹǢ ƒ––‹ƒǡ ‡‹„‡”‰ǡ Ƭ ‘’‡ǡ ͳͻͻ͵Ǣ’‡ –‘”ǡ‡ ‘Ž†ǡƬ‹„ƒǡʹͲͲ͵Ȍ‘”•’‡‡†‡†”‡•’‘•‡•–‘–Š”‡ƒ– —‡•‹•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ ƒ––‡–‹‘’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰••— Šƒ•†‘–Ǧ’”‘„‡‘”˜‹•—ƒŽ•‡ƒ” Š–ƒ••ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ•—†•‘Ƭ–‡‹ǡ ͳͻͻͶǢ ‹Ž„‘ƒǦ Š‡ Š–ƒǡ ‘ƒǡƬ‹”ǡͳͻͻͻǢ‘‰‰Ƭ”ƒ†Ž‡›ǡʹͲͲʹǢ‘‰‰‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͶǢ —•ƒǡ ‡’‹‡ǡ Žƒ”ǡ ƒ•‡ŽŽǡ Ƭ ŠŽ‡”•ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ –Š‡” •–—†‹‡•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ƒ „‹ƒ• awayˆ”‘–Š”‡ƒ–ȋ‘”–Š”‡ƒ–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ȍ‹•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒš‹‘—•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„› •Š‘”–‡”•ˆ‘”–Š”‡ƒ–˜•Ǥ‡—–”ƒŽ•–‹—Ž‹‹‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ–”‘‘’–ƒ••ȋ—–ƒǡ ‡”ƒ•ǡƬ ƒ ‘ǡ ʹͲͲͶȌ ‘” Ž‘‰‡” • –‘ –Š”‡ƒ– —‡• ‹ †‘–Ǧ’”‘„‡ –ƒ•• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Š‡ǡ ŠŽ‡”•ǡ Žƒ”ǡƬƒ•‡ŽŽǡʹͲͲʹǢƒ•‡ŽŽ‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻͻȌǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡†‹• ”‡’ƒ–ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ›„‡. ͺͻ.

(8) Chapter5. ‹ ’ƒ”– ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ –”‘‘’ ˜•Ǥ †‘–Ǧ’”‘„‡Ȍ ‘” •–‹—Ž—•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ȋ™‘”†•˜•Ǥˆƒ ‡’‹ –—”‡•Ȍȋ•‡‡ƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹Ǣ‘„‹‹Ƭ ”ƒ–ǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǡƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‹•–Šƒ––Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘ƒŽ„‹ƒ•‹•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ –Š‡–‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡–ƒ’’‡†„›ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡƒ††‡’‡†•‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Š›’‡”˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡Ǧƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹• ȋ‘‰‰ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻ͹Ǣ ‘‰‰ Ƭ ”ƒ†Ž‡› ʹͲͲʹȌǡ ƒš‹‘—• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ› ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘”‹‡– –‘™ƒ”†• –Š”‡ƒ–ǡ „—– •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› †‹”‡ – –Š‡‹” ƒ––‡–‹‘ ƒ™ƒ› ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ”‡†— ‡ –Š‡‹” ƒš‹‡–› Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š •‘‡ ”‡ ‡– •–—†‹‡• ’”‘˜‹†‡† •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” –Š‹• Š›’‘–Š‡•‹• ‹ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™‹–Š  ȋ‹” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͺǢ ‘‰‰ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ  †ƒ–ƒ ƒ• —•‡† ‹ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡•”‡ˆŽ‡ ––Š‡’”‘†— –‘ˆƒ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ†ƒ›–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡„‡Ž‡•• •‡•‹–‹˜‡ ˆ‘” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‰ „‡–™‡‡ „‹ƒ•‡• ‹ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‘” Žƒ–‡ •–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥ

(9)  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ‡˜‡–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•ȋ•Ȍ”‡ ‘”†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡• ƒŽ’’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ‘–‹—‘—•ƒ†Š‹‰Š–‡’‘”ƒŽ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–‡–ȋƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ȍƒ†•’‡‡† ȋŽƒ–‡ ›Ȍ ‘ˆ ‡”‡„”ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǡ ƒ† ƒ”‡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ ‘”‡ ”‡ˆ‹‡† ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‹‡ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ––‡–‹‘ ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ –‘ •–‹—Ž‹ †—”‹‰ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥ • Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ™‹†‡Ž› —•‡† –‘ •–—†› ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ ‘ˆ–‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ’‹ –—”‡• ‘ˆ ƒ‰”› ‘” ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž ˆƒ ‡• ƒ• •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ– •–‹—Ž‹Ǥ ‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• ‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ ˜‡”› ”ƒ’‹† ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ δ ʹͷͲ • ’‘•–Ǧ •–‹—Ž—•Ȍ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ ‡ƒ”Ž› ’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š”‡ƒ–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡• ȋ•ŠŽ‡› ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ  ʹͲͲͷǢ ‰‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ ‹‡” Ƭ ‘Ž‡•ǡ ʹͲͲʹǢ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘†—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ–‡”•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ȋ‹‡”Ƭ ‘Ž‡•ǡʹͲͲʹǢ Š—’’‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͶǢ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•–—†‹‡•—•‹‰•–‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰‹ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›• ƒ” ‡Ǥ

(10) –Š”‡‡”‡ ‡–•–—†‹‡•‘Žƒ••ƒ ‡–ƒŽǤȋ‘Žƒ••ƒƬ‹Ž–‡”ǡʹͲͲ͸Ǣ‘Žƒ••ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹ǡʹͲͲͻȌ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š  —•‹‰ ƒ‰”› ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‡—–”ƒŽ ƒ† Šƒ’’› ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ ™‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡•ȋ‘Žƒ••ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹ǡʹͲͲͻȌ•Š‘™‡†‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•‹ †—”‹‰‡‹–Š‡” ‘Ž‘”‘”‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‡‘–‹‘‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ• Š‡ƒ–‹ ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” •–—†› ȋ‘Žƒ••ƒ Ƭ ‹Ž–‡”ǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍ •Š‘™‡† „‹ƒ•‡† ‡ƒ”Ž› ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”› ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ˆƒ ‡• ‹ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š ǡ ƒ• ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡† „› ‡Šƒ ‡† ”‹‰Š– –‡’‘”‘Ǧ ’ƒ”‹‡–ƒŽͳ͹Ͳƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ǡ†—”‹‰‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‡‘–‹‘‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘„—–‘–™Š‡‡‘–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰™ƒ•‹’Ž‹ ‹–ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ†—”‹‰‰‡†‡”‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ••—‰‰‡•–‡†„›ƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹‡– ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ„‹ƒ•‡†’”‘ ‡••‹‰†—”‹‰‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‡‘–‹‘‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ›„‡ ‘–‹‰‡–‘. ͻͲ.

(11) Cortisolreducesearlythreatbiasinsocialphobia. –Š‡ •–‹—Ž—• „‡‹‰ –ƒ•Ǧ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǡ ™Š‹ Š Š‹†‡”• –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ •— Š ˆ‹†‹‰•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ „‘–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• ȋ‘Žƒ••ƒ Ƭ ‹Ž–‡”ǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ǣ ‘Žƒ••ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘Ž› ‘ ‘ ‹’‹–‘Ǧ–‡’‘”ƒŽ ƒ† ’ƒ”‹‡–ƒŽ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡• ƒ† †‹† ‘– ”‡’‘”– ‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ† Žƒ–‡ ‹†Ž‹‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡  ‘’‘‡–• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž› †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –•‹Š‡ƒŽ–Š›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȋ•‡‡ ‘Ž‡•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͺȌǡƒ†™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘•Š‘™–‘„‡‡Šƒ ‡††—”‹‰‹’Ž‹ ‹–ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰‹Š‹‰Šƒš‹‘—•Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȋƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͷȌǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›™ƒ•–‘‰ƒ‹ ‘”‡ ‹•‹‰Š– ‹ –Š‡ –‡’‘”ƒŽ †›ƒ‹ • ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‹ ‹– –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹  „› ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰‹†Ž‹‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡•†—”‹‰ ‘Ž‘”Ǧƒ‹‰‹ƒ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ–”‘‘’ –ƒ• ™‹–Š ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ Ž—†‡† ƒ ƒ•‡† ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• –ƒ•ǡ –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰„‹ƒ•‡•—†‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ”‡•–”‹ –‡†ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ —” •‡ ‘† ƒ‹ ™ƒ• –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‹’Ž‹ ‹––Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰‹ǤŠ‡•–”‡••Š‘”‘‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž’Žƒ›•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒŽ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͺƒǢ ‘‡Ž‘ˆ• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͷǡʹͲͲͻƒǢƒ’‘Ž•›‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͲǢƒ ‘‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻͺǡʹͲͲͲǢƒ‡‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ ƒ†Š‹‰Š ‘”–‹•‘Ž•–”‡••Ǧ”‡•’‘•‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–Š”‡ƒ–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‹  ȋ‘‡Ž‘ˆ• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͻƒȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• ”‡ ‡–Ž› „‡‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ• ƒ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –”‡ƒ–‡– ˆ‘” ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ”‡†— ‡† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† ƒš‹‡–› ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹  ’ƒ–‹‡–• †—”‹‰ ‡š’‘•—”‡ –‘ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ –Š”‡ƒ– ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ De Quervain & Margraf, 2008; ‘”ƒ˜‹ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‹––Ž‡‹•‘™ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡Ǧ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡••— Šƒ•ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š”‡ƒ–Ǥ ˆ‡™”‡ ‡–•–—†‹‡•ǡ—•‹‰‡š’Ž‹ ‹–‡‘–‹‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•ǡ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ– ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹Š‹‰Šƒš‹‘—•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ȋ—–ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹ƒǢƒ‡‡”‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ǣƒ‡‡”ǡ ’‹Š‘˜‡ǡƒ ‹Œǡ Ƭ ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•ǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ

(12) –Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›ǡ™‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡™Š‡–Š‡” ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ••‹‹Žƒ” ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘–Š‡implicitȋ–ƒ•Ǧ‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ȍ’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ–Ǥ .

(13) ’Ž‹ ‹– –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† „› ”‡ ‘”†‹‰ • †—”‹‰ ‘Ž‘”Ǧ. ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”›ǡ Šƒ’’› ƒ† ‡—–”ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡• ‹ „‘–Š ƒ •—„Ž‹‹ƒŽ ȋƒ•‡†Ȍ ƒ† ƒ •—’”ƒŽ‹‹ƒŽ ȋ—ƒ•‡†Ȍ ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‹ –‘”‹ƒŽ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ –”‘‘’ –ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ –ƒ•• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†‹„‘–Šƒ’Žƒ ‡„‘ƒ†ƒ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ—•‹‰ƒ™‹–Š‹Ǧ •—„Œ‡ – †‡•‹‰Ǥ ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ Š›’‡”˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡Ǧƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‘‰‰ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻ͹Ȍ ƒ† ’”‡˜‹‘—• ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ ‡Šƒ ‡† ‡ƒ”Ž› –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹ Š‹‰Š ƒš‹‘—• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͷǢ ‘Ž‡•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͺȌ™‡‡š’‡ ––‘ˆ‹†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›. ͻͳ.

(14) Chapter5. ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‡ƒ”Ž› ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‹†Ž‹‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –ƒ›„‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›•Š‘”–‡” ‘Ž‘”Ǧƒ‹‰Žƒ–‡ ‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ǡ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ –Š”‡ƒ– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ȋ•‡‡ —–ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ –‡•– ™Š‡–Š‡”ǡ ƒ† ƒ– ™Š‹ Š•–ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‹•–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰‹•ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„› ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ. Methods  Participants ‹‰Š–‡‡ —‡†‹ ƒ–‡† ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š  ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ˆ‘” ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”‘—’ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤͳǤƒ–‹‡–•™‡”‡ ”‡ ”—‹–‡†ƒ––Š‡‘—–’ƒ–‹‡–†‡’ƒ”–‡–•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡ ‘—‹–›‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ‡–‡”•ƒ† –Š”‘—‰Šƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–•‘‹–‡”‡–ˆ‘”—•Ǥ

(15)  Ž—•‹‘ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ™‡”‡ǣƒ’”‹ƒ”›†‹ƒ‰‘•‹• ‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ȋƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Ǧ

(16)  ”‹–‡”‹ƒȌƒ†ƒ–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡ε͸Ͳƒ––Š‡‹‡„‘™‹–œ ‘ ‹ƒŽ š‹‡–›  ƒŽ‡ ȋ‹‡„‘™‹–œǡ ͳͻͺ͹Ȍǡ ”‹‰Š–ǦŠƒ†‡†‡••ǡ ‘”ƒŽ ‘” ‘””‡ –‡†Ǧ–‘Ǧ ‘”ƒŽ˜‹•‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ‰‡ͳͺǦͷͷ›‡ƒ”•Ǥš Ž—•‹‘ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ™‡”‡ —””‡–†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•‘ˆƒŒ‘” †‡’”‡••‹˜‡ †‹•‘”†‡”ǡ ’”‡‰ƒ › ‘” „”‡ƒ•–Ǧˆ‡‡†‹‰ǡ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡†‹ ƒŽ †‹•‡ƒ•‡ǡ ’ƒ•–Š‡ƒ†‹Œ—”›™‹–ŠŽ‘••‘ˆ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••εͷ‹ǡ—•‡‘ˆ’•› Š‘–”‘’‹ ‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‘”–‹ ‘•–‡”‘‹†• ‹ –Š‡ •‹š ‘–Š• ’”‹‘” –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ƒƒ„‹• ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‘ ‡ ƒ ™‡‡ ‘” —•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ› †”—‰• ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒƒ„‹• ‹ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ‘–Š• ’”‹‘” –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† —•‡ ‘ˆ ‘”‡ –Šƒ –Š”‡‡ ‰Žƒ••‡• ‘ˆ ƒŽ ‘Š‘Ž ‘” ʹͲ ‹‰ƒ”‡––‡• ’‡” †ƒ›Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ‹•–”— –‡† –‘ ‹‹‹œ‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡š‡” ‹•‡ǡ ‘– –‘ –ƒ‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ‡ƒŽ•ǡ Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡‘” ƒˆˆ‡‹‡†—”‹‰–Š‡‘”‹‰’”‡ ‡†‹‰–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡƒ†‘––‘‡ƒ–ǡ†”‹ Ž‘™ ’  †”‹• ‘” •‘‡ ‹‰ƒ”‡––‡• ‹ –Š‡ Š‘—” „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡•‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ – •ƒŽ‹˜ƒ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ ŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ™”‹––‡‹ˆ‘”‡† ‘•‡–’”‹‘”–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡•–—†›ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„›–Š‡ ‡†‹ ƒŽ –Š‹ ƒŽ ‘‹––‡‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‹†‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‡†‹ ƒŽ ‡–‡”Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ͳͺ ’ƒ–‹‡–• –‡•–‡†ǡ ‘‡ Šƒ† –‘ „‡ ‡š Ž—†‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹••‹‰ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡ †ƒ–ƒ †—‡ –‘ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆͳ͹’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȋ͹ƒŽ‡ǡͳͲˆ‡ƒŽ‡ȌǤ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ • ”‡‡‡† —•‹‰ –Š‡ –”— –—”‡† Ž‹‹ ƒŽ

(17) –‡”˜‹‡™ ˆ‘” Ǧ

(18)  š‹•

(19)  ‹•‘”†‡”• ȋ

(20) Ǧ

(21) ǣ ‹”•– ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻ͸Ȍ „› ƒ –”ƒ‹‡† ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹•– ƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•––‡•–‹‰†ƒ›–‘ ‘ˆ‹”†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”ƒ†–‘‡š Ž—†‡ —””‡– ƒŒ‘”†‡’”‡••‹˜‡†‹•‘”†‡”Ǥƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒŽ•‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡†—– Š˜‡”•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ‹ƒŽ. ͻʹ.

(22) Cortisolreducesearlythreatbiasinsocialphobia.  Table5.1.ƒ–‹‡–Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ȋαͳ͹Ȍ. ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‰‡ȋ›‡ƒ”•Ȍ 

(23)  ˆ‡ƒ” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –‘–ƒŽ 

(24) •‘ ‹ƒŽ’Š‘„‹ƒ 

(25) ƒ‰‘”ƒ’Š‘„‹ƒ 

(26) –‘–ƒŽ  š‹•Ǧͳ ‘‘”„‹†‹–›ƒ ‘‘”„‹†ƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”„ —””‡–‘‘††‹•‘”†‡” . M ͵ͳǤͶ ͳʹǤ͹ Ͷ͵Ǥʹ ͵͸Ǥͷ ͹ͻǤ͹ ͳ͵ʹǤͶ ʹ͸ǤͶ ͳͲ͸ǤͲ . SD ͳͲǤͲ ͸Ǥͳ ͹Ǥͳ ͳͲǤͺ ͳͷǤͻ ʹͲǤͻ ͳͲǤͲ ʹͳǤ͵ . nαͲ nαͲ.  . Note: ȋ ƒŽ‡ ”ƒ‰‡ „‡–™‡‡ ’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•ȌǤ 

(27)  α ‡  ‡’”‡••‹‘

(28) ˜‡–‘”› ȋͲǦ͸͵ȌǢ  α ‹‡„‘™‹–œ ‘ ‹ƒŽš‹‡–› ƒŽ‡ȋ ‡ƒ”ͲǦ͹ʹǡ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ͲǦ͹ʹǡ‘–ƒŽͲǦͳͶͶȌǢ

(29) α‘ ‹ƒŽŠ‘„‹ƒƒ†š‹‡–›

(30) ˜‡–‘”› ȋ‘ ‹ƒŽŠ‘„‹ƒͲǦͳͻʹǡ‰‘”ƒ’Š‘„‹ƒͲǦ͹ͺǡ‘–ƒŽαǦ‰ȌǤ ƒ••‡••‡†—•‹‰–Š‡–”— –—”‡†Ž‹‹ ƒŽ

(31) –‡”˜‹‡™ˆ‘”Ǧ

(32) š‹•Ǧ

(33) ‹•‘”†‡”•ȋ

(34) Ǧ

(35) ȌǤ „

(36)  Ž—†‹‰ ’ƒ‹  †‹•‘”†‡”ǡ ƒ‰‘”ƒ’Š‘„‹ƒǡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ’Š‘„‹ƒǡ ‘„•‡••‹˜‡ ‘’—Ž•‹˜‡ †‹•‘”†‡”ǡ ’‘•–Ǧ–”ƒ—ƒ–‹  •–”‡••†‹•‘”†‡”ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ 

(37)  Ž—†‹‰ —””‡– ƒŒ‘” †‡’”‡••‹˜‡ ‡’‹•‘†‡ǡ ƒ‹ƒǡ Š›’‘ƒ‹ƒǡ †›•–Š›‹  †‹•‘”†‡”ǡ ƒ† „‹’‘Žƒ” †‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ. . Š‘„‹ƒ ƒ† š‹‡–›

(38) ˜‡–‘”› ȋ

(39) ǣ —”‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͺͻȌǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡  ‡’”‡••‹‘

(40) ˜‡–‘”›ȋ‡ ‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤͳˆ‘”“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ  Materialsandprocedure ŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ –‡•–‡† ‹ ƒ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ† ƒ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ ‹ ƒ †‘—„Ž‡Ǧ „Ž‹†ǡ™‹–Š‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ – ”‘••‘˜‡”†‡•‹‰ǤŠ‡‘”†‡”‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȋͷͲ‰Š›†”‘ ‘”–‹•‘‡Ȍ‘” ’Žƒ ‡„‘ȋ’”‹‘‰‡Ž Ȍƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•”ƒ†‘ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡†‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ Š‡–™‘‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ•‡••‹‘•™‡”‡‘‡™‡‡ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥ–Š‡†ƒ›•‘ˆ–‡•–‹‰ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ””‹˜‡†ƒ––Š‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›ƒ–ͳʹͳͷŠǤˆ–‡”ƒ•Š‘”–‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǡ†”—‰•™‡”‡ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† ‘”ƒŽŽ›ƒ–ͳʹ͵ͲŠǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ”‡•–‹‰’‡”‹‘†‘ˆͳŠ–‘ƒŽŽ‘™ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž–‘–ƒ‡‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ —”‹‰–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‘’Ž‡–‡†“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•ǡƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ Š–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ™‡”‡ ’Žƒ ‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– •–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ •Š‘”–”‡ ‘”†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•–‹‰•–ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‡ ‡’ŠƒŽ‘‰”ƒȋ Ȍǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ—„‡” ‘ˆƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡–‡•–•‘ˆ™Š‹ Š–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡’‘”–‡†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ ‡‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻȌǤŠ‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ–”‘‘’–ƒ•ȋ̱ͳͷ‹Ȍ™ƒ•ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†ƒ––Š‡‡†‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ʹǤͷŠ ƒˆ–‡” ƒ’•—Ž‡ ‹–ƒ‡Ǥ —”‹‰ –ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–••ƒ–‹ƒƒ‹”Ǧ ‘†‹–‹‘‡†ƒ†•‘—†Ǧƒ––‡—ƒ–‡†”‘‘‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆƒ ‘’—–‡”. ͻ͵.

(41) Chapter5. ‘‹–‘”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–‡” •ƒ– ‹ ƒ ƒ†Œƒ ‡– ”‘‘ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡   ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—• ™ƒ• Ž‘ ƒ–‡†Ǥ  Cortisolandsubjectivemeasures ƒŽ‹˜ƒ •ƒ’Ž‡• ™‡”‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† —•‹‰ ƒŽ‹˜‡––‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ †‡˜‹ ‡• ȋƒ”•–‡†–ǡ ‘‡Ž•†‘”ˆǡ ‡”ƒ›ȌǤƒ’Ž‡•™‡”‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ˆ‘—”ƒ••‡••‡–’‘‹–•‘˜‡”ƒͳ͸ͷ ‹’‡”‹‘†ǡƒ–”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǧͷ‹ȋͲȌǡΪ͸Ͳ‹ȋͳȌǡΪͳʹͲ‹ȋʹȌǡƒ†Ϊͳ͸Ͳ‹ȋ͵Ȍ ™‹–Š ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ ƒ’•—Ž‡ ‹‰‡•–‹‘Ǥ ‹‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‹ •ƒŽ‹˜ƒ ™ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†—•‹‰ƒ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡Ž‡ –”‘ Š‡‹Ž—‹‡• ‡ ‡‹—‘ƒ••ƒ›ȋ

(42) ǡŽ‡ •›• ʹͲͳͲǡ‘ Š‡‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ •Ȍǡƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ȋƒ‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† ‘‘† ȋ–‡•‹‘ǡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ǡ †‡’”‡••‹‘ǡ ƒš‹‡–›ǡ ƒ† ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ™ƒ• ”ƒ–‡† ‘ ͳͲͲ  ˜‹•—ƒŽ ƒƒŽ‘‰—‡ • ƒŽ‡• ȋȌ ƒ– Ͳǡ ͳǡ ƒ† ͵Ǥ

(43)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ •–ƒ–‡ ƒš‹‡–›ȋ

(44) Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ǣ’‹‡Ž„‡”‰‡”ǡͳͻͺ͵Ȍ™ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†ƒ–Ͳƒ†͵Ǥ  EmotionalStrooptask –‹—Ž‹ ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•‘ˆ‡‹‰Š–ƒ –‘”•ȋˆ‘—”ˆ‡ƒŽ‡Ȍǡ‡ƒ Š†‹•’Žƒ›‹‰ƒ Šƒ’’›ǡ ƒ ‡—–”ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ ƒ‰”› ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ȋƒ Ƭ ”‹‡•‡ǡ ͳͻ͹͸Ǣ —†“˜‹•– ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǤ‘˜ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ ‡–‡”‡†‘–Š‡ˆƒ ‡™ƒ•‡š–”ƒ –‡†–‘”‡‘˜‡–Š‡Šƒ‹”ƒ†‘Ǧˆƒ ‹ƒŽ ‘–‘—”•Ǥ Š‡ ’‹ –—”‡• ™‡”‡ ‡“—ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹ Ž—‹ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ† ‘Ž‘”‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ”‡†ǡ ‰”‡‡ ‘” „Ž—‡ ˆ‹Ž–‡”Ǥ ƒ•‹‰ •–‹—Ž‹ ‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ ‘˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ”ƒ†‘Ž› —– ƒ† ”‡ƒ••‡„Ž‡† ˆ”ƒ‰‡–• ‘ˆ ˆƒ ‡ •–‹—Ž‹ ȋƒ ‘ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͺȌ Ǥ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ •–‹—Ž—• •‡– ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ͹ʹ–ƒ”‰‡–ˆƒ ‡•–‹—Ž‹ȋͺƒ –‘”•š͵‡š’”‡••‹‘•š͵ ‘Ž‘”•Ȍƒ†͸ƒ••ȋʹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–š͵ ‘Ž‘”•ȌǤ–‹—Ž—•’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•’‘•‡Ž‘‰‰‹‰™‡”‡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†—•‹‰ Ǧ’”‹‡•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ†ƒ•‡”‹ƒŽ˜‘‹ ‡”‡•’‘•‡„‘šƒ†‹ ”‘’Š‘‡ȋ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ‘‘Ž•ǡ ‹ ǤȌǤ Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ –”‘‘’ –ƒ• ™ƒ• ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† ‹ ˆ‘—” ’Šƒ•‡•Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• •–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ „Ž‘  ‘ˆ ‹‡ –”‹ƒŽ• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‘Ž› ƒ•• ™‡”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡†Ǥ ‡š–ǡ –Š‡› ‘’Ž‡–‡†ƒƒ•‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ•‘ˆ͹ʹ”ƒ†‘‹œ‡†–”‹ƒŽ•Ǥƒ Š–”‹ƒŽ•–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ͹ͷͲ • ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ”‘••ǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ƒ ˜‡”› „”‹‡ˆ ȋͳ͸Ǥ͹ •ǡ ʹ ˆ”ƒ‡• ƒ– ͳʹͲ œȌ ‡š’‘•—”‡–‘ƒ–ƒ”‰‡–ˆƒ ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•”‡’Žƒ ‡†„›ƒƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡ ‘Ž‘”Ǥƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ‹•–”— –‡† –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‹• ‘Ž‘” ƒ• ˆƒ•– ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† ˜‘ ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ –”‹‰‰‡”‡†‘ˆˆ•‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••Ǥ‡™–”‹ƒŽ••–ƒ”–‡†ƒˆ–‡”ƒ”ƒ†‘‹–‡”Ǧ–”‹ƒŽ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ‘ˆʹǦͶ •‡ ‘†•ǤŠ‡ƒ•‡†˜‡”•‹‘™ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ—ƒ•‡†˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ•ǡ™Š‹ Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡† ‘Ž› ‹ ƒ„•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ••Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡– •–‹—Ž‹ ”‡ƒ‹‡† ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ —–‹Ž. ͻͶ.

(45) Cortisolreducesearlythreatbiasinsocialphobia. ”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ ‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘• ‹‘—•Ž› ’‡” ‡‹˜‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ•‡† ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ• ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆƒƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• Š‡ ‹™Š‹ Šƒ•—„•‡–‘ˆͶͺƒ•‡†ˆƒ ‡•ȋ‡ƒ Šƒ –‘”ƒ† ‡š’”‡••‹‘ –™‹ ‡Ȍ ™ƒ• ’”‡•‡–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ ‹•–”— –‹‘• ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ •–‹—Ž‹ ‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ „”‹‡ˆŽ› ’”‡•‡–‡† ˆƒ ‡• ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ƒ•‡† –‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ȋ‹ˆ‡ ‡••ƒ”›„›‰—‡••‹‰Ȍ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆƒ ‡•™ƒ• Šƒ’’›ǡ‡—–”ƒŽǡ‘”ƒ‰”›„›’”‡••‹‰–Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰”‡•’‘•‡„—––‘Ǥ ‡•’‘•‡• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ•‡† ƒ† —ƒ•‡† ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ –”‘‘’ –ƒ• ™‡”‡ ƒ—†‹‘Ǧ”‡ ‘”†‡†ǡ ƒ† ‹ ‘””‡ – ”‡•’‘•‡• ȋͳǤ͵ΨȌ ™‡”‡ ‡š Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‡•Ǥ‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡•‘—–Ž‹‡”•™‡”‡ˆ‹Ž–‡”‡†„›—•‹‰ƒδʹͲͲ•ƒ†εͳ͵ͲͲ• —–Ǧ ‘ˆˆǡƒ†•—„•‡“—‡–”‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆƒŽŽ•‡š ‡‡†‹‰ʹǤͷˆ”‘–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯ ‡ƒ ȋ’‡” –ƒ• ƒ† •‡••‹‘ȌǤ Š‡•‡ –”‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡š Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡  ƒƒŽ›•‡•Ǥ ‡ƒ‹‹‰Žƒ–‡ ‹‡•ȋͺͻǤ͹Ψ‘ˆƒŽŽ–”‹ƒŽ•Ȍ™‡”‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘–›’‡• ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š–ƒ•ƒ† ‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‡•™‡”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†—•‹‰•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡”‡’‡ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡• • ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ•‡† ƒ† –Š‡ —ƒ•‡† –ƒ• ˜‡”•‹‘ǡ ™‹–Š ‘†‹–‹‘ ȋ’Žƒ ‡„‘ǡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌ ƒ† •–‹—Ž—• ‡‘–‹‘ ȋƒ‰”›ǡ ‡—–”ƒŽǡ Šƒ’’›Ȍ ƒ• ™‹–Š‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ – ˆƒ –‘”•Ǥ  Electrophysiologicalrecordingandanalyses Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‡ ‡’ŠƒŽ‘‰”ƒȋ Ȍ™ƒ•”‡ ‘”†‡†ˆ”‘ͳͻ• ƒŽ’Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ͳͲȂʹͲ •›•–‡ ƒ† ”‡ˆ‡””‡† ‘ǦŽ‹‡ –‘ ͵ȀͶǤ  ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‘„‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡™ƒ•†‡”‹˜‡†‘ˆˆǦŽ‹‡Ǥ‡”–‹ ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –”‘Ǧ‘ —Ž‘‰”ƒȋ Ȍ™ƒ•”‡ ‘”†‡†„‹’‘Žƒ”Ž› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •—’”ƒ‘”„‹–ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹ˆ”ƒ‘”„‹–ƒŽ ”‹†‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ‡›‡ǡ ƒ† Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ   ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘—–‡” ƒ–Š‹ ‘ˆ „‘–Š ‡›‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‰”‘—† ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡ ™ƒ• Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ƒ– ’œǤ   ‹’‡†ƒ ‡•™‡”‡‡’–„‡Ž‘™ͷȳǤŠ‡ ƒ† •‹‰ƒŽ•™‡”‡†‹‰‹–‹œ‡†ƒ–ͷͲͲ œ ƒ† •‡‰‡–‡† ‘ˆˆǦŽ‹‡ ȋ—•‹‰ ”ƒ‹ ‹•‹‘ ƒŽ›œ‡” •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ ˜‡”•‹‘ ͳǤͲͷǡ ”ƒ‹ ”‘†— –• „ ǡͳͻͻͺȂʹͲͲͶȌ‹–‘ͳͲͲͲ•‡’‘ Š•ǡˆ”‘ʹͲͲ•„‡ˆ‘”‡–‘ͺͲͲ•ƒˆ–‡” •–‹—Ž—•‘•‡–Ǥ”‹ƒŽ•™‹–Š‹ ‘””‡ –”‡•’‘•‡•ƒ†‘—–Ž‹‡””‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡•™‡”‡‡š Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‡•Ǥ ‹‰Ž‡ –”‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ ‘””‡ –‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‡›‡ „Ž‹• ƒ† ‡›‡ ‘˜‡‡–• —•‹‰ ƒ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ ȋ ”ƒ––‘ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ ˆ‹Ž–‡”‡† †‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›™‹–ŠƒͲǤͳ œŠ‹‰ŠǦ’ƒ••ˆ‹Ž–‡”ȋʹͶ†Ȁ‘ –”‘ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆȌƒ†ƒ͵ͷ œŽ‘™Ǧ’ƒ••ˆ‹Ž–‡”ȋʹͶ †Ȁ‘ –ȌǤ”–‹ˆƒ –”‡Œ‡ –‹‘™ƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›”‡‘˜‹‰‡’‘ Š•™‹–Šƒ –‹˜‹–›„‡Ž‘™ͲǤͷͲ Ɋˆ‘”εͳͲͲ•ǡƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•‡š ‡‡†‹‰±͹ͷɊǡƒ˜‘Ž–ƒ‰‡•–‡’’‡”•ƒ’Ž‹‰’‘‹–εͷͲ. ͻͷ.

(46) Chapter5. ρǡƒ†ƒƒ„•‘Ž—–‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡–™‘˜ƒŽ—‡•εͳͲͲρǤ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒ›ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•‹ ‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡ ͵Ȁ Ͷ‘”–Š‡‘ ‹’‹–‘Ǧ–‡’‘”ƒŽȋȌ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ǡƒ”–‹ˆƒ –”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ƒ†ˆ—”–Š‡” ’”‘ ‡••‹‰™ƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†Ž‹‡ȋ œǡœǡœȌƒ†–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡• ȋͳǡʹǡͷǡ͸Ȍ‹‘”†‡”–‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒ•ƒ›–”‹ƒŽ•ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡‹‡ƒ ŠƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡• ™‡”‡ ‘’—–‡† ˆ‘” Šƒ’’›ǡ ƒ‰”› ƒ† ‡—–”ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡• ƒ• ƒ ˆ— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –ƒ• ȋƒ•‡†ǡ —ƒ•‡†ȌǤ ‹š ‘’‘‡–• ȋʹǡ ʹ ƒ† ͵ ƒ– ‹†Ž‹‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ǡƒ†ͳ͹Ͳǡͳǡƒ†ʹƒ–‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•Ȍ™‡”‡“—ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯ ™ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ ‡ƒ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘’‘‡–• ™‡”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›ƒ•Ž‘ ƒŽƒš‹—”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘–Š‡ʹͲͲ•’”‡Ǧ•–‹—Ž—•„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡‹†‡ˆ‹‡† Žƒ–‡ › ”ƒ‰‡•ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ—ƒŽ ‘ˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ‹†Ž‹‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡• –Š‡ ʹ ȋͳͲͲǦʹͷͲ •Ȍ ƒ†ʹȋͳ͹ͷǦ͵ͲͲ•Ȍƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•™‡”‡–‹‡ǦŽ‘ ‡†–‘œǡƒ†͵ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ȋʹ͹ͷǦͷͲͲ •Ȍ™ƒ•–‹‡ǦŽ‘ ‡†–‘œȋ‹ –‘‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ–‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ͳ͹Ͳƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ȋͳͳͲǦ ͳͻͲ •Ȍ ™ƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ– ͷ ƒ† ͸ǡ ƒ† ͳ ȋ͸Ͳ ǦͳͶͲ •Ȍ ƒ† ʹ ȋͳͺͲǦʹ͸Ͳ •Ȍ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ƒ–ͳƒ†ʹǤ Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› ‘”–‹•‘Žǡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ –”‘‘’ –ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ†  ’‡ƒ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ™‡”‡ –‡•–‡† ™‹–Š ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒƒŽ›•‡•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ȋ•Ȍ—•‹‰–Š‡–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽƒ ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡•ȋͳͶǤͲǡ

(47)  ǤǡͳͻͺͻȂʹͲͲͷȌǤͳ ‘”–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ‘Ž›”‡•—Ž–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ‹‘”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –•‹ Ž—†‹‰‘–‹‘‘”‘†‹–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡ ”‡’‘”–‡†Ǥ ŽŽ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‡’Ž‘›‡† ƒ –™‘Ǧ–ƒ‹Ž‡† ƒŽ’Šƒ ‘ˆ ǤͲͷǤ ˆˆ‡ – •‹œ‡• ‘ˆ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ•’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ȋ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‡–ƒ•“—ƒ”‡† ȏ²ȐȌǤŠ‡ ”‡‡Š‘—•‡Ǧ ‡‹••‡” ‘””‡ –‹‘™ƒ•—•‡†™Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ȋ‡’•‹Ž‘ȏȐȌǤ. Results  Cortisolandsubjectivemeasures ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› ‘”–‹•‘Ž ȋ‘ŽȀŽȌ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ȋ•‡‡ ƒ„Ž‡ ͷǤʹȌ ™‡”‡ •‡™‡† ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ Ž‘‰ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ ‘‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ– ™‡”‡ ‡š Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽƒƒŽ›•‡•†—‡–‘—”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆƒʹuͶ . ͳ

(48) ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•”‡’‘”–‡†„‡Ž‘™ǡ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†‡ƒ•—”‡••‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”†”—‰‘”†‡”. ȋ ‘”–‹•‘Žˆ‹”•–•‡••‹‘‘”•‡ ‘†•‡••‹‘Ȍ™‡”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡’‘••‹„Ž‡‘”†‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ–”‘‘’–ƒ•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒƒŽ›•‡••Š‘™‡†‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒ† •‡ ‘† •‡••‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘” –Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ ˆ‘” ‡‹–Š‡” –Š‡ ‘Ž‘”Ǧƒ‹‰ Žƒ–‡ ‹‡• ‘” –Š‡  ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ’‡” ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‹• ˆƒ –‘” ™ƒ• ‘– ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•Ǥ. ͻ͸.

(49) Cortisolreducesearlythreatbiasinsocialphobia.  Table5.2.‡ƒˆ”‡‡•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› ‘”–‹•‘ŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•ȋ‘ŽȀŽȌƒˆ–‡”’Žƒ ‡„‘ƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘ –‹‡‘ˆ ƒ’•—Ž‡‹–ƒ‡ȋtαͲȌ. ‹‡ȋ‹Ȍ  Ǧͷ Ϊ͸Ͳȗȗȗ ΪͳʹͲȗȗȗ Ϊͳ͸ͷȗȗȗ. Žƒ ‡„‘. M ͻǤͻ ͺǤ͵ ͹ǤͶ ͸Ǥ͸. SD ͵Ǥͷ ʹǤͺ ʹǤ͸ ʹǤͶ.      . ‘”–‹•‘Ž. M ͻǤͻ ʹ͹ͲǤ͸ ʹͲ͸Ǥͷ ͳͶʹǤ͹. SD ͵Ǥ͹ ʹͳͳǤͲ ͳͺͻǤ͸ ͳͷ͹Ǥ͸. Note:ȗȗȗpδǤͲͲͳ’Žƒ ‡„‘˜•Ǥ ‘”–‹•‘ŽǤ.  ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†‡ƒ•—”‡•™‹–Š‘†‹–‹‘ȋ’Žƒ ‡„‘ǡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌƒ†‹‡ȋͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵Ȍ ›‹‡Ž†‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ‘†‹–‹‘ǡFȋͳǡͳͷȌαͳ͸ͺǤͶͳǡpαǤͲͲͲǡ²αͲǤͻʹǡƒ† ‹‡ǡFȋ͵ǡͶͷȌαͶͷǤͲͺǡpαǤͲͲͲǡ²αͲǤͶͷǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ‘†‹–‹‘ u‹‡ǡFȋ͵ǡͶͷȌα͸͵Ǥ͹ʹǡpαǤͲͲͲǡ²αͲǤͺͳǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’FǦ–‡•–••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–ǡƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†ǡ •ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ž‡˜‡Ž• †‹† ‘– †‹ˆˆ‡” „‡–™‡‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ’•—Ž‡ ‹–ƒ‡ ȋͲȌǡ FȋͳǡͳͷȌ α ǤͲʹʹǡ p α ǤͺͺȌǡ „—– ™‡”‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’Žƒ ‡„‘ˆ”‘‘‡Š‘—”ƒˆ–‡” ƒ’•—Ž‡‹–ƒ‡—–‹Ž–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡– ȋͳǣFȋͳǡͳͷȌαͳͳ͹Ǥͷ͵ǡpαǤͲͲͲǡ²αͲǤͺͻǢʹǣFȋͳǡͳͷȌαͳͶͻǤͺ͹ǡpαǤͲͲͲǡ²αͲǤͻͳǢ͵ǣ FȋͳǡͳͷȌ α ͳͲ͸ǤͶ͸ǡ p α ǤͲͲͲǡ ² α ͲǤͺͺȌǤ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ –”‘‘’ –ƒ• ™ƒ• ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†„‡–™‡‡ʹƒ†͵ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ„‡–™‡‡ʹƒ†ʹǤͷŠƒˆ–‡” ƒ’•—Ž‡‹–ƒ‡ȌǤ ‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘‘† ȋ†ƒ–ƒ ‘– •Š‘™Ȍ ™‡ ‘†— –‡† •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡• • ™‹–Š ‘†‹–‹‘ ȋ’Žƒ ‡„‘ǡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌ u ‹‡ ˆ‘” 

(50) Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ ȋͲǡ ͵Ȍǡ ƒ†  –‡•‹‘ǡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ǡ †‡’”‡••‹‘ǡ ƒš‹‡–›ǡ ƒ†ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ȋͲǡͳǡ͵ȌǤ‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡†‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ‹‘”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘‘† ‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ ‡š ‡’– ˆ‘” ƒ –”‡† ‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ȋFȋͳǡͳ͸αͶǤͶʹǡpαǤͲͷʹǡ²αͲǤʹͳǢƒŽŽ‘–Š‡”F•δͳǤ͹͵ǡp•εǤʹͳǡ²•<ͲǤͳͲȌǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™ —’ ƒƒŽ›•‡• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Šƒ– ”‡’‘”–‡† ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• Š‹‰Š‡” ‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘†‹–‹‘„‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ’•—Ž‡‹–ƒ‡ȋͲǣFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͷǤ͵͵ǡpαǤͲ͵ͷǡ² αͲǤʹͷǢ’Žƒ ‡„‘ǣMαͷʹǤͺǡSDαͳ͹ǤͶǢ ‘”–‹•‘ŽǣMαͶͲǤ͹ǡSDαͳͶǤʹȌǡ„—–‘–ƒˆ–‡” ƒ’•—Ž‡ ‹–ƒ‡ ȋͳǣ Fȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍ α ʹǤͷ͸ǡ p α Ǥͳ͵ǡ ² α ͲǤͳͶǢ ͵ǣ Fȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍ α ͲǤ͵ͻǡ p α ǤͷͶǡ ² α ͲǤͲʹȌǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –™ƒ•‘–†—‡–‘ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  Behavioralresults Awarenesscheck  ’ƒ‹”‡† •ƒ’Ž‡• tǦ–‡•– •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‘””‡ – ”‡•’‘•‡• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• Š‡ †‹†‘–†‹ˆˆ‡”ƒ•ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘ȋ’Žƒ ‡„‘˜•Ǥ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌǤ‡ ͻ͹.

(51) Chapter5. Table5.3.‡ƒ•ȋƒ†Ȍ‘ˆ ‘Ž‘”ƒ‹‰Žƒ–‡ ‹‡•ȋ•ȌǤ.  Placebo ‰”›ˆƒ ‡• ‡—–”ƒŽˆƒ ‡• ƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•  Cortisol ‰”›ˆƒ ‡• ‡—–”ƒŽˆƒ ‡• ƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡• . ƒ•‡†  ͸͸ͳȋͳʹ͵Ȍ ͸ͷ͹ȋͳͲ͸Ȍ ͸͹ͲȋͳͳͻȌ   ͸Ͷͻȋͳ͵ͳȌ ͸͵ͻȋͳʹͺȌ ͸ͶͳȋͳͳͻȌ. ƒ•‡†  ͹Ͳʹȋͳ͵ͶȌ ͸ͻͺȋͳͲͷȌ ͹ͲͶȋͳͶ͵Ȍ   ͸͸ͻȋͳͶͲȌ ͸͹ͶȋͳͶͶȌ ͸͸͹ȋͳ͵ͺȌ. –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ’‘‘Ž‡† –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• –‘‰‡–Š‡” –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ‘”‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆƒ™ƒ”‡‡••†—”‹‰‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ–”‘‘’’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ȋ•‡‡—–ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹„ȌǤ ‘”ƒ„‹‘‹ƒŽ–‡•–™‹–Šnαͻ͸ƒ†αǤ͵͵ǡ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ —–Ǧ‘ˆˆ• ‘”‡ȋpδǤͲͷȌ Ž‹‡•ƒ–Ͷͳ ‘””‡ –”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥˆ–Š‡ͳ͹’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡˆ‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•• ‘”‡†ͶͶ‘”‘”‡ ‘–Š‡–‡•–ǡƒ†”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•‡†–ƒ•™‹ŽŽ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡„‡”‡’‘”–‡†™‹–Šƒ†™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡•‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‘””‡ – ”‡•’‘•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ͳʹ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™ƒ•͵͵ǤͻȋSDαʹǤͻȌǤ  Reactiontimes ‡’‡ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡• • ™‹–Š ‘†‹–‹‘ ȋ’Žƒ ‡„‘ǡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌ ƒ† ‘–‹‘ ȋƒ‰”›ǡŠƒ’’›ǡ‡—–”ƒŽȌ•Š‘™‡†‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ ‘Ž‘”Ǧƒ‹‰Žƒ–‡ ‹‡•‹‡‹–Š‡” –Š‡ƒ•‡†–ƒ•˜‡”•‹‘ǡƒŽŽF•δͳǤʹͷǡp•εǤʹͺȋ™‹–Š‘—––Š‡ˆ‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–Šƒ–• ‘”‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ Šƒ ‡Ž‡˜‡Žƒ––Š‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• Š‡ ǡƒŽŽF•δͳǤͻǡp•εǤͳͻȌǡ‘”–Š‡—ƒ•‡†–ƒ• ˜‡”•‹‘ǡƒŽŽF•δ͵Ǥͳ͸ǡp•εǤͲͻͲǤ‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤ͵Ǥ  ERPresultsmaskedtask:Midlineelectrodes(Fz,Cz,Pz) ‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤͳˆ‘”‰”ƒ†ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•ƒ– œǡœǡƒ†œ‹–Š‡ƒ•‡†–ƒ•Ǥ  P2amplitude Š‡ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡•  ™‹–Š ‘†‹–‹‘ ȋ’Žƒ ‡„‘ǡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌǡ ‘–‹‘ ȋƒ‰”›ǡ Šƒ’’›ǡ ‡—–”ƒŽȌ ƒ† Ž‡ –”‘†‡ ȋ œǡ œǡ œȌ •Š‘™‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘u‘–‹‘‘–Š‡ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•‹–Š‡ƒ•‡†–ƒ•˜‡”•‹‘ǡFȋʹǡ͵ʹȌα͵Ǥͻͻǡp αǤͲʹͺǡ²αͲǤʹͲǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’–‡•–‹‰–‘ Žƒ”‹ˆ›–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ– –Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ‘–‹‘™ƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹–Š‡’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡFȋʹǡ͵ʹȌαͶǤͺͳǡpαǤͲͳͷǡ² αͲǤʹ͵ǡ„—–‘–‹–Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘†‹–‹‘ǡFȋʹǡ͵ʹȌαͲǤ͸ͺǡpαǤͷʹǤ

(52) –Š‡’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ ͻͺ.

(53) Cortisolreducesearlythreatbiasinsocialphobia. a) Masked placebo Fz. b) Masked cortisol. N2. -4. -4. 0. 0. 4. 4. 8 -100. 0. 100. 8. P3. P2 200. 300. 400. 500 -100. 0. 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. Cz Cz -8. -8. -4. -4. 0. 0. 4. 4. 8. 8. -100. 0. 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. Pz. -100. 0. 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 0. 100. 200. 300. 400. 500 [ms]. [PV]. -4. -4. 0. 0. 4. 4. 8. 8. 12. 12. 16 -100. Angry Neutral Happy. 0. 100. 200. 300. 400. 500. 16 -100. . Figure5.1.–‹—Ž—••› Š”‘‹œ‡†‰”ƒ†ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡™ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹†Ž‹‡‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ȋ œǡœǡœȌ‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ –”‘‘’ –ƒ• ƒˆ–‡” ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ȋŽ‡ˆ–Ȍ ƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Ž ȋ”‹‰Š–Ȍ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡•—Ž–• •Š‘™‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘†‹–‹‘ š ‘–‹‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ– ʹ ƒ† ʹ ‘’‘‡–•ǡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‘”‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ – †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ. . –Š‡ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•™‡”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›Žƒ”‰‡”ȋ‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ȍˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ „‘–Š‡—–”ƒŽǡFȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍα͹Ǥͻ͵ǡpαǤͲͳʹǡ²αͲǤ͵͵ǡƒ†Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•Fȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͶǤ͸ͲǡpαǤͲͶͺǡ ² α ͲǤʹʹǡ „—– †‹† ‘– †‹ˆˆ‡” •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› „‡–™‡‡ Šƒ’’› ƒ† ‡—–”ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡•ǡ Fȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍ α ͲǤͷͻǡpαǤͶ͸ȌǤ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘–‡†‡†–‘†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍα͵ǤͺͺǡpαǤͲ͸͸ǡ²αͲǤʹͲǡ„—–†‹†‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ –. ͻͻ.

(54) Chapter5. –Š‡ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ˆ‘”‡—–”ƒŽǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͳǤͻͳǡpαǤͳͻǡ‘”Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͲǤͳͷǡpα Ǥ͹ͳǤ‘‘–Š‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –•”‡ƒ Š‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ǡƒŽŽF•δʹǤʹǡp•εǤͳʹǤŠ‡‘†‹–‹‘u‘–‹‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘”‡ƒ‹‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–™Š‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–Šƒ–• ‘”‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ Šƒ ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ –Š‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• Š‡ ȋnαͷȌ™‡”‡‡š Ž—†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡFȋʹǡʹʹȌα͵ǤͷͳǡpαǤͲͶͺǡ² α ͲǤʹͶǤ Š‡ ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ ”‡ƒ‹‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Šƒ’’›ǡFȋͳǡͳͳȌαͷǤͶʹǡpαǤͲͶͲǡ² αͲǤ͵͵ǡƒ† ‡—–”ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡•ǡ FȋͳǡͳͳȌ α ͷǤͳͳǡ p α ǤͲͶͷǡ ² α ͲǤ͵ʹǤ

(55)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’Žƒ ‡„‘ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•™ƒ•‘™ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ǡFȋͳǡͳͳȌα͹Ǥ͵ͳǡpαǤͲʹͳǡ²αͲǤͶͲǤ  N2amplitude Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•‹–Š‡ƒ•‡†–ƒ•˜‡”•‹‘•Š‘™‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ƒ‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ‘–‹‘ǡ Fȋʹǡ͵ʹȌα͵ǤͺͳǡpαǤͲͶͺǡ=ͲǤ͹Ͷǡ² αͲǤͳͻǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ˆ—”–Š‡” “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†„›ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‘†‹–‹‘u‘–‹‘‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡFȋʹǡ͵ʹȌα͵Ǥͻ͹ǡpαǤͲʹͻǡ²α ͲǤʹͲǤ

(56) Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ǡ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ‘–‹‘™ƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ Fȋʹǡ͵ʹȌ α ͸Ǥͻʹǡ p α ǤͲͲ͵ǡ ² α ͲǤ͵Ͳǡ „—– ‘– ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡFȋʹǡ͵ʹȌαͲǤ͵ͶǡpαǤ͹ͳǤ

(57) –Š‡’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ˆ‘” ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•™‡”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ȍ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘„‘–Š‡—–”ƒŽǡ Fȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͺǤͺͷǡpαǤͲͲͻǡ²αͲǤ͵͸ǡƒ†Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͳͲǤͳ͸ǡpαǤͲͲ͸ǡ²αͲǤ͵ͻǤ Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ˆ‘”‡—–”ƒŽ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•™ƒ•‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ǡ Fȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͲǤͲ͵ǡpαǤͺ͹Ǥ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘”‡•—Ž–‡†‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‘”‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’Žƒ ‡„‘ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͳͶǤ͵ͺǡpαǤͲͲʹǡ²αͲǤͶ͹ǡ„—– †‹† ‘– ƒˆˆ‡ – –Š‡ ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ˆ‘” ‡—–”ƒŽǡ Fȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍ α ͲǤͳͶǡ p α Ǥ͹ͳȌ ‘” Šƒ’’› ˆƒ ‡•ǡ Fȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍ α ͲǤͳ͹ǡ p α Ǥ͸ͻǤ ‘ ‘–Š‡” ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘–‹‘ ‘” ‘†‹–‹‘ ”‡ƒ Š‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ǡ ƒŽŽ F• δ ͵Ǥͳǡ p• ε ǤͲ͹Ǥ Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ u ‘–‹‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ”‡ƒ‹‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–™Š‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–Šƒ–• ‘”‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ Šƒ ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘–Š‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• Š‡  ȋn αͷȌ ™‡”‡ ‡š Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡ FȋʹǡʹʹȌ α ͷǤͳʹǡ p α ǤͲͳͷǡ  ² α ͲǤ͵ʹǤ Š‡ ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ ”‡ƒ‹‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡† ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ȍ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‡—–”ƒŽǡFȋͳǡͳͳȌαͻǤʹʹǡpαǤͲͳͳǡ²αͲǤͶ͸ǡƒ†Šƒ’’› ˆƒ ‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳͳȌαͳͲǤͲͺǡpαǤͲͲͻǡ²αͲǤͶͺǡƒ†–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡ ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ƒŽ•‘”‡ƒ‹‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ǡFȋͳǡͳͳȌαͳͷǤ͸͹ǡpαǤͲͲʹǡ²α ͲǤͷͻǤ   ͳͲͲ.

(58) Cortisolreducesearlythreatbiasinsocialphobia Table 5.4. ‡ƒ• ȋƒ† –ƒ†ƒ”† ””‘”•Ȍ ‘ˆ ’‡ƒ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ȋɊȌ ƒ– ‹†Ž‹‡ ƒ† ‘ ‹’‹–‘–‡’‘”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ƒ•ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ–ƒ•ƒ†•–‹—Ž—•‡‘–‹‘Ǥ   ƒ•‡† ƒ•‡†   ‰”› ‡—–”ƒŽ ƒ’’› ‰”› ‡—–”ƒŽ ƒ’’› Midline   ʹ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ͳͲǤͳȋͳǤͶȌ ͺǤͲȋͳǤͶȌ ͺǤͶȋͳǤ͵Ȍ ͳͶǤͳȋͳǤͳȌ ͳͳǤ͵ȋͳʹǤ͵Ȍ ͳʹǤ͵ȋͳǤ͵Ȍ  ‘”–‹•‘Ž ͺǤʹȋͳǤʹȌ ͻǤͲȋͳǤ͵Ȍ ͺǤͺȋͳǤ͵Ȍ ͳ͵ǤʹȋͳǤʹȌ ͳʹǤͷȋͳǤͶȌ ͳʹǤͷȋͳǤͶȌ ʹ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ǦͲǤͻȋͳǤ͵Ȍ Ǧ͵ǤͷȋͳǤ͵Ȍ Ǧ͵ǤͶȋͳǤͷȌ ʹǤ͹ȋͳǤͷȌ ͲǤͺȋͳǤ͸Ȍ ͲǤͳȋͳǤ͹Ȍ  ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ǧ͵Ǥ͸ȋͳǤ͵Ȍ Ǧ͵ǤʹȋͳǤʹȌ Ǧ͵ǤͺȋͳǤʹȌ ͳǤʹȋͳǤͷȌ ͲǤͳȋͳǤͶȌ ͲǤͺȋͳǤͶȌ ͵ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ͳͳǤͺȋͳǤ͸Ȍ ͳͲǤͷȋͳǤͷȌ ͳͲǤ͹ȋͳǤ͵Ȍ ͳͶǤʹȋͳǤͺȌ ͳʹǤͷȋͳǤͶȌ ͳͶǤ͵ȋͳǤ͸Ȍ  ‘”–‹•‘Ž ͺǤͻȋͳǤͲȌ ͳͲǤ͵ȋͳǤͶȌ ͳͲǤʹȋͳǤ͵Ȍ ͳʹǤͲȋͳǤͶȌ ͳͳǤ͸ȋͳǤͷȌ ͳʹǤͲȋͳǤͶȌ    Occipitotemporal ͳ͹Ͳ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ Ǧ͵ǤͲȋͳǤͲȌ ǦͶǤͲȋͳǤͲȌ Ǧ͵ǤͷȋͲǤͻȌ ǦͺǤͷȋͳǤ͸Ȍ ǦͺǤ͸ȋͳǤͳȌ ǦͻǤͳȋͳǤͶȌ  ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ǧ͵Ǥ͵ȋͳǤͲȌ ǦʹǤͻȋͳǤͳȌ Ǧ͵Ǥ͸ȋͳǤͲȌ ǦͺǤͳȋͳǤ͵Ȍ Ǧ͹Ǥ͹ȋͳǤʹȌ ǦͺǤʹȋͳǤʹȌ ͳ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ͹ǤͶȋͳǤ͹Ȍ ͹ǤͲȋͳǤ͹Ȍ ͹Ǥ͹ȋͳǤͺȌ ͸ǤͶȋͳǤͷȌ ͸ǤͶȋͳǤ͹Ȍ ͸ǤͻȋͳǤ͸Ȍ  ‘”–‹•‘Ž ͺǤͳȋͳǤͻȌ ͺǤͳȋͳǤ͸Ȍ ͺǤͻȋͳǤ͹Ȍ ͸Ǥ͹ȋͳǤͷȌ ͹ǤͷȋͳǤͺȌ ͹ǤͶȋͳǤ͹Ȍ ʹ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ͳ͸Ǥ͸ȋʹǤͳȌ ͳͷǤ͹ȋͳǤͺȌ ͳ͸ǤͲȋͳǤͻȌ ͳ͵ǤͷȋͳǤ͹Ȍ ͳͶǤͲȋͳǤ͹Ȍ ͳ͵Ǥ͵ȋͳǤ͹Ȍ  ‘”–‹•‘Ž ͳ͸ǤͷȋͳǤͺȌ ͳ͹ǤʹȋͳǤͻȌ ͳ͹Ǥ͵ȋͳǤ͹Ȍ ͳ͵ǤͶȋͳǤ͸Ȍ ͳͶǤͲȋͳǤ͹Ȍ ͳʹǤͺȋͳǤ͸Ȍ Note:‹†Ž‹‡ƒ– œȀœȀœ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•Ǣ ‹’‹–‘Ǧ–‡’‘”ƒŽǣͳ͹Ͳƒ–ͷȀ͸‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•Ǣͳƒ†ʹƒ–ͳȀʹ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•.  P3amplitude

(59)  ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ –Š‡ ʹ ƒ† ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ǡ –Š‡ ͵ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• †‹† ‘– •Š‘™ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡ –•ˆ‘”‘–‹‘ǡFȋʹǡ͵ʹȌαͲǤͲͳǡpαǤͻͻǡ‘”‘†‹–‹‘u‘–‹‘ǡFȋʹǡ͵ʹȌα ʹǤ͵Ͷǡ p α ǤͳͳǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ‘ ‘–Š‡” ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘–‹‘ ‘” ‘†‹–‹‘ ”‡ƒ Š‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ǡƒŽŽF•δ͵Ǥͺǡp•εǤͲͷǤ  Occipitotemporalelectrodes(T5,T6,O1,O2) Š‡ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡• • •Š‘™‡† ‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ͳ͹Ͳ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ȋͷǡ͸ȌǡƒŽŽF•δ͵Ǥʹǡp•εǤͲͷǡ‘”–Š‡‘ ‹’‹–ƒŽʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ȋͳǡʹȌǡƒŽŽF•δ ʹǤ͵ǡp•εǤͳʹǡ‹–Š‡ƒ•‡†–ƒ•˜‡”•‹‘Ǥ ‘”–Š‡‘ ‹’‹–ƒŽͳƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•”‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘–‹‘ u Ž‡ –”‘†‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ Fȋʹǡ͵ʹȌ α ͸Ǥͺͻǡ p α ǤͲͲ͵ǡ ² α ͲǤ͵Ͳǡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ‘–‹‘ƒ–ʹǡFȋʹǡ͵ʹȌα͵ǤͺͻǡpαǤͲ͵ͳǡ²αͲǤʹͲǡ„—––Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ –†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–Šƒ–• ‘”‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ Šƒ ‡Ž‡˜‡Žƒ––Š‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• Š‡ ™‡”‡‡š Ž—†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡFȋʹǡʹʹȌαʹǤ͵ʹǡpαǤͳʹǤ‘‘–Š‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –•”‡ƒ Š‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ǡƒŽŽF•δ͵Ǥ͹ǡp•εǤͲ͹Ǥ‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤͶǤ  ERPresultsunmaskedtask:Midlineelectrodes(Fz,Cz,Pz) ‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤͶˆ‘”‡ƒƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ƒ–‹†Ž‹‡ƒ†‘ ‹’‹–‘Ǧ–‡’‘”ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•‹ –Š‡—ƒ•‡†–ƒ•Ǥ  ͳͲͳ.

(60) Chapter5. P2amplitude

(61)  ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•‡† –ƒ•ǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘ u ‘–‹‘‘–Š‡‹†Ž‹‡ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•™ƒ•‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹–Š‡—ƒ•‡†–ƒ•ǡFȋʹǡ͵ʹȌ αͳǤͺͷǡpαǤͳ͹Ǥ‡†‹†ˆ‹†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ‹‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ‘–‹‘ǡFȋʹǡ͵ʹȌαͷǤ͵ʹǡpαǤͲͳͲǡ ²αͲǤʹͷǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’FǦ–‡•–••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•™‡”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ˆ‘”ƒ‰”› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‡—–”ƒŽˆƒ ‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͳʹǤͻͶǡpαǤͲͲʹǡ²αͲǤͶͷǡƒ†•Š‘™‡†ƒ –‡†‡ ›‹–Š‡•ƒ‡†‹”‡ –‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ‰”› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍα͵Ǥͻͷǡpα ǤͲ͸Ͷǡ ² αͲǤʹͲǤ Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ˆ‘” ‡—–”ƒŽ ƒ† Šƒ’’› ˆƒ ‡• ™ƒ• ‘– •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ǡ Fȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍ α ͲǤͻͷǡ p α Ǥ͵ͶǤ ‘ ‘–Š‡” ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘–‹‘ ‘” ‘†‹–‹‘”‡ƒ Š‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ǡƒŽŽF•δͳǤʹǡp•εǤ͵ͶǤ  N2amplitude ‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• •Š‘™‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– Ž‡ –”‘†‡ u ‘–‹‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ FȋͶǡ͸ͶȌ α ͹ǤͲͻǡ p α ǤͲͲͳǡ  α ͲǤ͸ʹǡ ² α ͲǤ͵ͳǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ FǦ–‡•–• •Š‘™‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‘–‹‘ ‘Ž› ƒ– œǡ Fȋʹǡ͵ʹȌ α ͸ǤͲͷǡ p αǤͲͲ͸ǡ ² α ͲǤʹ͹ǡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› Ž‡•• ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ Šƒ’’› ˆƒ ‡•ǡ Fȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍ α ͳͳǤʹͶǡ p α ǤͲͲͶǡ ² α ͲǤͶͳǡ ƒ† ƒ –”‡† ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‡—–”ƒŽˆƒ ‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍα͵Ǥ͸͵ǡpαǤͲ͹ͷǡ²αͲǤʹ͹ǤŠ‹•”‡•—Ž–‹•‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ˆ‘” –Š‡ƒ•‡†–ƒ•Ǥ‘‘–Š‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –•‹ Ž—†‹‰‘–‹‘‘”‘†‹–‹‘”‡ƒ Š‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ǡ ƒŽŽF•δ͵Ǥʹǡp•εǤͲͷǤ  P3amplitude

(62)  Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•‡† –ƒ•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ —ƒ•‡† –ƒ• ˜‡”•‹‘ •Š‘™‡† ‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‘–‹‘ ‘” ‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ͵ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ǡƒŽŽF•δͳǤͻǡp•εǤͳͺǤ  Occipitotemporalelectrodes(T5,T6,O1,O2)

(63)  Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ•‡† –ƒ•ǡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —ƒ•‡† –ƒ• ˜‡”•‹‘ •Š‘™‡† ‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘–Š‡ͳ͹Ͳƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ȋͷǡ͸ȌǡƒŽŽF•δͶǤͶǡp•εǤͲͷǡ‘”–Š‡‘ ‹’‹–ƒŽ ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ȋͳǡʹȌǡF•δʹǤʹǡp•εǤͳ͸ǤŠ‡‘ ‹’‹–ƒŽͳƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•†‹†‘–•Š‘™ƒ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–”‡•—Ž–•‹–Š‡—ƒ•‡†–ƒ•‡‹–Š‡”ǡƒŽŽF•δʹǤʹͷǡp•εͳʹǤ  . ͳͲʹ.

(64) Cortisolreducesearlythreatbiasinsocialphobia. SPAI- difference scale. 125. 100. 75. 50. 25. R = 0.52, p = .03. 0 -5. 0. 5. 10. P2 amplitude Masked angry placebo - cortisol. 15. . Figure 5.2. ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ȋ

(65)  –‘–ƒŽ • ‘”‡Ȍ ƒ† ‘”–‹•‘ŽǦ‹†— ‡† Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•‹–Š‡ƒ•‡†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ–”‘‘’–ƒ•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡʹƒ•‡†ƒ‰”›’Žƒ ‡„‘Ȃ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌǤ ‘•‹–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘–Š‡šǦƒš‹•‹†‹ ƒ–‡Žƒ”‰‡”ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•‘‹†Ž‹‡‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ȋ œǡœǡœȌ‹–Š‡’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘†‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡• ƒ––‡”’Ž‘–•Š‘™•–Šƒ–Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ƒ”‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠƒŽƒ”‰‡” ‘”–‹•‘ŽǦ‹†— ‡††‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ˆ‘”ƒ•‡†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ƒ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ȋƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ—†‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ”‡•–”‹ –‡†ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ NoteǣŠ‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ••‘‡™Šƒ–†‡’”‡••‡†„›‘‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–ȋ•‡‡–Š‡Ž‘™‡”Ž‡ˆ– ‘”‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‰”ƒ’ŠȌǤ ‹–Š‘—––Š‹•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ––Š‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•RαͲǤͷ͸ǡpαǤͲʹͶǡ„—––Š‹•’‡”•‘™ƒ•‘•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ‘—–Ž‹‡” ȋƒŠƒŽƒ‘„‹•ʹαͺǤ͸ͶǡpαǤͲʹȌǤ .  Relationshipbetweenthreatprocessingandsocialanxiety ‹ ‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• „‡–™‡‡  ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•†—”‹‰–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†•‡˜‡”‹–›‘ˆȋ•‘ ‹ƒŽȌƒš‹‡–›ȋ•‡‡ƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ‘Žƒ••ƒƬ‹Ž–‡”ǡʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ȋƒ‡‡”‡– ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻȌ™‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡ –•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› ™‡”‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–›Ǥ ‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‹• „› ‹ Ž—†‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ƒ• ƒ ‘–‹—‘—• ˆƒ –‘” ‹ –Š‡ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒƒŽ›•‡•ȋǣ•‡‡ —††‡–ƒŽǤ, 2001Ȍˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•–Šƒ–•Š‘™‡†ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡ˆˆ‡ – ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ ‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ™‡”‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† —’ „› ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‰ ‡ƒ”•‘ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ƒ† –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‘”‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–™‹–Š‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ –•ˆƒ –‘”Ǥ ‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ‘†‹–‹‘‘–Š‡ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡† –ƒ• ™ƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ. ͳͲ͵.

(66) Chapter5. ƒš‹‡–›ǡƒ•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡† „› ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ 

(67)  –‘–ƒŽ • ‘”‡ǡ FȋͳǡͳͷȌαͷǤ͸͵ǡpαǤͲ͵ͳǡ²αͲǤʹ͹Ǥ‡ƒ”•‘ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡•‘–Š‡

(68)  ƒ† –Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽǦ‹†— ‡† Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ˆ‘” ƒ•‡† ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ƒ•‡†ƒ‰”›’Žƒ ‡„‘Ǧ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ȋR α ͲǤͷʹǡ p α ǤͲ͵ͳȌǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› •Š‘™‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› •–”‘‰‡” †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’Žƒ ‡„‘ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͷǤʹȌǤŠ‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –™ƒ•‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆ‘” –Š‡ 

(69)  •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹ƒ • ‘”‡•ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ •Š‘™‡† –Š‡ •ƒ‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡ˆˆ‡ –•ȋRαͲǤ͵͵ǡpαǤʹͲȌǤ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘–Š‡”ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•‹–Š‹• •–—†›™‡”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Ǥ. Discussion  Š‡ƒŒ‘”ƒ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›™‡”‡–‘‰ƒ‹‘”‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–Š‡–‡’‘”ƒŽ†›ƒ‹ • ‘ˆ„‹ƒ•‡†’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ‹’Ž‹ ‹–•‘ ‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–‹ǡƒ†–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ •— Š ’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† „› ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ • †—”‹‰ ‘Ž‘”Ǧƒ‹‰‘ˆƒ•‡†ƒ†—ƒ•‡†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ ‡•‹ƒ‘†‹ˆ‹‡†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ–”‘‘’ –ƒ•ƒˆ–‡”’Žƒ ‡„‘ƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‹’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‹–Šƒ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ  EarlyprocessingadvantageforangryfacesinSAD ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡†ƒ‡ƒ”Ž›’”‘ ‡••‹‰„‹ƒ•ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–•–‹—Ž‹‹ –Š‡’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ǡƒ•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†„›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ȋ‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ȍʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‰”› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‡—–”ƒŽƒ†Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•ǡ‡˜‡™Š‡–Š‡›™‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†—†‡” ‘†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ ”‡•–”‹ –‡† ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ  ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ‘–‹—‡† –‘ „‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹–Š‡–‹‡Ǧ™‹†‘™‘ˆ–Š‡ʹ ‘’‘‡–‘ƒŽŽ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•‹–Š‡ƒ•‡† –ƒ•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‘ œ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡ ‹ –Š‡ —ƒ•‡† –ƒ•Ǥ

(70)  ”‡ƒ•‡† ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”Ž› ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ˆ”‘–‘ ‡–”ƒŽ  ‘’‘‡–• ‹ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‘ –Š”‡ƒ–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ƒ‰”› ‘” ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—ŽȌ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡• Šƒ˜‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› „‡‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ‹ •–—†‹‡• ‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ ƒ† ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•–‹—Ž‹ȋ‹‡”Ƭ ‘Ž‡•ǡʹͲͲʹǢ‹‡” ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͷǢ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ‘‘—”‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›‹•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•Š‘™‹‰‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡ƒ”Ž›. ͳͲͶ.

(71) Cortisolreducesearlythreatbiasinsocialphobia. ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹’Ž‹ ‹– •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ– ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡† „› • ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‹–Š ƒ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ †‹ƒ‰‘•‹• ‘ˆ Ǥ Š‹• ˆ‹†‹‰ ‹• ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• •Š‘™‹‰ Š›’‡”˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–‹ȋ•‡‡ƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹Ǣ‘„‹‹Ƭ ”ƒ–ʹͲͲ͹ ˆ‘” ”‡ ‡– ”‡˜‹‡™•Ȍǡ ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡• •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘–‹‘ –Šƒ– •— Š ˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡ ‘ —”• ‹ ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‹‰ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‘‰‰‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻ͹Ǣ‹”‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻͺǢ‘‰‰Ƭ ”ƒ†Ž‡›ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ  •–—†‹‡• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ȋ•‘ ‹ƒŽȌ ƒš‹‡–›ƒ”‡• ƒ” ‡ǡ„—––Š‡”‡ƒ”‡•‘‡”‡ ‡–ˆ‹†‹‰•‹‘Ǧ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ•ƒ’Ž‡•’”‘˜‹†‹‰ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‡ƒ”Ž› –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹ ȋ•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›Ȍ ƒš‹‘—• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ

(72)  Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š‘—””‡•—Ž–•ǡƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲͷȌˆ‘—†‡Šƒ ‡†ʹƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•–‘ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•‹ Š‹‰Š ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ Ž‘™ –”ƒ‹– ƒš‹‘—• Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ‡ƒ”Ž› –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ „‡ ‘†—Žƒ–‡† „› ƒš‹‡–› ȋ ˆǤ ‘Ž‡• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͺǢ ‘•‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ

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