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To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety Peer, J.M. van

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(1)To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety Peer, J.M. van. Citation Peer, J. M. van. (2009, December 8). To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14486 Version:. Not Applicable (or Unknown). License:. Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden. Downloaded from:. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14486. Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable)..

(2) Chapter 4. Cortisol-induced enhancement of emotional face processing in social phobia depends on symptom severity and motivational context.   Š‡ ‘–‡–•‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ƒ”‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•› Š‘Ž‘‰›ȋʹͲͲͻȌǡͺͳǡͳʹ͵Ǧͳ͵Ͳǡ †‘‹ǣͳͲǤͳͲͳ͸ȀŒǤ„‹‘’•› Š‘ǤʹͲͲͻǤͲ͵ǤͲͲ͸ ǤǤ˜ƒ‡‡”ǡŠǤ’‹Š‘˜‡ǡ Ǥ Ǥ˜ƒ‹ŒǡƬǤ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•.

(3) Chapter4. Abstract ‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –‡†‡ ‹‡• ‹ ʹͲ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡” ȋȌǤ ˜‡–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† „”ƒ‹ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ• ȋ•Ȍ ™‡”‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† †—”‹‰ ƒ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡ –ƒ•ǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š ’ƒ–‹‡–• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†–Š‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•‘ˆŠƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•„›ƒ‹‰ ƒ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰ ȋˆŽ‡š‹‘Ȍ ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ ȋ‡š–‡•‹‘Ȍ ƒ” ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ ƒ–‹‡–• •Š‘™‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡–‡†‡ ‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›„—–‘–ˆ‘”Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•ǡ„‘–Š‹–Š‡’Žƒ ‡„‘ ƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ  ƒƒŽ›•‡• •Š‘™‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘ „› •‡˜‡”‹–› ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ‘ ‡ƒ”Ž› ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ȋͳͷͲȌ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• †—”‹‰ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ– ‘”–‹•‘Ž‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‡ƒ”Ž›’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–‹—Ž‹ ȋ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•Ȍ †—”‹‰ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•—Ž– ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡• ’”‡˜‹‘—• ˆ‹†‹‰• ˆ”‘ ƒ ‘Ǧ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š ƒš‹‘—• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ƒ† †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•–Š‡‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ˆ‘” Ž‹‹ ƒŽǤ’’ƒ”‡–Ž›–Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽǦ‹†— ‡†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ‹  †‡’‡†• ‘ •›’–‘ •‡˜‡”‹–› ƒ† ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘–‡š–Ǥ. ͸͸.

(4) Effectsofcortisolinsocialanxiety. Introduction 

(5)  ƒ ”‡ ‡– •–—†›ǡ ™‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ ƒ ‘Ǧ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š‹‰Š ƒ† Ž‘™ƒš‹‘—••–—†‡–•ȋƒ‡‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Šƒ–•–—†›•Š‘™‡†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ˆƒ•–‡”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‡Šƒ ‡†’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ȋͳͷͲƒ†͵ͲͲȌ‘ ‹†Ž‹‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡• †—”‹‰ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š”‡ƒ– •–‹—Ž‹ †—”‹‰ –Š”‡ƒ– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ǥ

(6) ’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—† ‘Ž› ‹ Š‹‰Š ƒ† ‘– Ž‘™ ƒš‹‘—• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ ƒ ‘–‡š–Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž‘–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰‹’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Š‹‰ŠŽ›•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘ –Š”‡ƒ–•‹‰ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ›„‡˜‡”›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ˆ‘”’ƒ–‹‡–• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›•–”‘‰ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –‡†‡ ‹‡• ƒ† •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› –‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ–ǡ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡” ȋȌǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› ™‡ ƒ‹‡† –‘ ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‡š–‡†–Š‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‹ƒ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ‰”‘—’‘ˆ’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–Š‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ  Š‡•–”‡••Š‘”‘‡ ‘”–‹•‘Žȋ ‘”–‹ ‘•–‡”‘‡‹ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ȍ’Žƒ›•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡƒŽ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻͺƒǢ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͷǡ ʹͲͲ͹ǡʹͲͲͻƒǢƒ’‘Ž•›‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͲǢƒ ‘‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻͺǡʹͲͲͲǢƒ‡‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ

(7)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ †›•”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‹• ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘‘†ƒ†ƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻƒǢ‡Ž‘‡–ǡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ ‘Ž•„‘‡” Ƭ

(8) •‹‰ǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •–—†‹‡• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž‘ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡Ǧ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘ —•‡†Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‘†‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡‡‘”› ȋ•‡‡ —’‹‡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹ ˆ‘” ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ”‡˜‹‡™Ȍ ƒ† •–—†‹‡• ‡šƒ‹‹‰ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹Š—ƒ•ƒ”‡• ƒ” ‡Ǥ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ •‘‡ ”‡ ‡– •–—†‹‡• ‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› Š—ƒ •—„Œ‡ –• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹Š‹‰Šƒš‹‘—•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ —–ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͲ͹ƒȌ ˆ‘—† ƒ —–‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –‘ ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ „‹ƒ• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‡—–”ƒŽȌ ˆƒ ‡• ‘ ƒ ‘’—–‡”‹œ‡† ‘„Œ‡ –Ǧ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ –ƒ•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• •—‰‰‡•–‡† –‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡ – ƒ ‘”–‹•‘ŽǦ‹†— ‡† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ

(9) Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡•‡”‡•—Ž–•ǡ‹ƒ•–—†› —•‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡–ƒ•–‘‡ƒ•—”‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡•’‘•‡•–‘Šƒ’’›ƒ† ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•ǡ ™‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†  ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ˆƒ•–‡” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ”‡•’‘•‡•‹”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ƒˆ–‡”ƒ —–‡ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‹Š‹‰Šƒš‹‘—• ͸͹.

(10) Chapter4. Š‡ƒŽ–Š›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȋƒ‡‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŠ‡•‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡‹Ž‹‡™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ•–—†‹‡• •Š‘™‹‰–Šƒ–Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž–‡’‡”ƒ‡– ƒ† –Š”‡ƒ– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ȋƒŽ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͺƒǡ „ǡ ʹͲͲͲǢ ƒ’‘Ž•›ǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ™‹–Š •–—†‹‡•‹Š—ƒ••Š‘™‹‰‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ȋƒ–Š‡™•Ƭƒ Ž‡‘†ǡͳͻͻͶȌƒ† –Š”‡ƒ– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ȋ‘‡Ž‘ˆ• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͻƒȌ ‹ Š‹‰Š ƒš‹‘—• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• —†‡” •–”‡••ˆ—Ž ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›™ƒ••‡–—’ƒ•ƒˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆƒ‡‡”‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ‹ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‹–Š Ž‹‹ ƒŽȋ•‘ ‹ƒŽȌƒš‹‡–›ǤŠ‹••–—†›‹•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ”‡ ‡–•–—†‹‡•ȋ‡”‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͶǢ‡—‡”˜ƒ‹Ƭƒ”‰”ƒˆǡʹͲͲͺǢ Š‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸Ǣ‘”ƒ˜‹ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸Ȍ•Š‘™‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆƒ —–‡‰Ž— ‘ ‘”–‹ ‘‹†ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ –”‡ƒ–‡– ‘ˆ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡”• •— Š ƒ•  ƒ† ȋ•’‹†‡” ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽȌ ’Š‘„‹ƒǤ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• ȋ‘”ƒ˜‹ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍ •Š‘™‡†–Šƒ– ‘”–‹•‘‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ͳŠ„‡ˆ‘”‡‡š’‘•—”‡–‘ƒ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡•–”‡••‘” ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ƒ ”‡†— –‹‘ ‹ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† ’Š‘„‹  ˆ‡ƒ” †—”‹‰ ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡š’‘•—”‡ ƒ† ”‡ ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–”‡••‘” ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹  ’ƒ–‹‡–•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ’”‘’‘•‡† ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ˜‡”•‹˜‡ ‡‘”› ”‡–”‹‡˜ƒŽ ƒ• ƒ Ž‹‡Ž› ‡ Šƒ‹• —†‡”Ž›‹‰ –Š‹• ˆ‡ƒ”Ǧ ”‡†— –‹‘ǡ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• •— Š ƒ• ƒ ƒš‹‘Ž›–‹  ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘” ‘†—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” •›•–‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆˆ‡ƒ”ƒ›ƒŽ•‘’Žƒ›ƒ”‘Ž‡ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ—–ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹„ȌǤ ‡ ‡ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ƒ••‡•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘‘–Š‡”‡› ’”‘ ‡••‡• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡–‹‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡”•ǡ•— Šƒ•ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•–Š”‡ƒ–•–‹—Ž‹ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‹•Š‘’ǡ ʹͲͲͺǢډ‡Ž•Ƭƒ•‡ŽŽǡʹͲͲͶǢƒ–Š‡™Ƭ ‘ǡʹͲͲ͸Ǣƒ–Š‡™•Ƭƒ ‡‘†ǡʹͲͲͷǢ‘‡Ž‘ˆ• ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻƒȌǤ ˜‹†‡ ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹Š‹‰Šƒš‹‘—••—„Œ‡ –•‹•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›„ƒ•‡†‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ•–—†‹‡••Š‘™‹‰‹’ƒ‹”‡–• ‹‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ‘–‹‘ƒŽ–”‘‘’ ‘” †‘– ’”‘„‡ –ƒ•• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ډ‡Ž• Ƭ ƒ•‡ŽŽǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ƒ–Š‡™• Ƭ ƒ ‡‘†ǡ ʹͲͲͷ ˆ‘” ”‡˜‹‡™•ȌǤ ‘–Š‡” —•‡ˆ—Ž ‡–Š‘† –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‹• ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ „‹ƒ•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹• „› ”‡ ‘”†‹‰ ‡˜‡–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ• ȋ•Ȍˆ”‘–Š‡• ƒŽ’Ǥ‹ ‡•ƒ”‡•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘„‘–Š–Š‡‡š–‡–ȋƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ȍƒ†•’‡‡† ȋŽƒ–‡ ›Ȍ‘ˆ ‡”‡„”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǡ–Š‡› ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ† ”ƒ’‹†•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆƒ––‡–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰–Šƒ–‹•‘–”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†‹„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ Š‘ƒ•ǡ ‘Š•–‘‡ǡ Ƭ ‘•ƒŽ˜‡œǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‡ ‡ –Š‡› ’”‘˜‹†‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘Ž•–‘‡šƒ‹‡‘”‡ Ž‘•‡Ž›–Š‡ Žƒ‹–Šƒ––Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰•–‹—Ž‹ƒ”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†. ͸ͺ.

(11) Effectsofcortisolinsocialanxiety. ™‹–Š ‡Šƒ ‡† ƒ––‡–‹‘ ‹ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡”•ǡ ƒ† –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡•‡’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ  ”‡•’‘•‡• †—”‹‰ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž› •–—†‹‡† —•‹‰ ’‹ –—”‡• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ˆƒ ‡•ǡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” •‘ ‹ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ ƒ† ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ •ƒŽ‹‡ ‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ”ƒ†Ž‡›‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻ͹Ǣ‘ŽŽ•ǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•‹Š‡ƒŽ–Š›Š—ƒ •—„Œ‡ –• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ ˜‡”› ”ƒ’‹† ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ δ ʹͷͲ • ’‘•–Ǧ•–‹—Ž—•Ȍ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ ‡ƒ”Ž› ’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ ‡•ȋ•ŠŽ‡›‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͶǢƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹ ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͷǢ‰‡”ǡ ‡†›ƒǡ

(12) ™ƒ‹ǡƬ”ƒ†‹‡•ǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ‹‡”Ƭ ‘Ž‡•ǡʹͲͲʹǢ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‘†—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ–‡” •–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ  ”‡•’‘•‡• ȋ‹‡” Ƭ ‘Ž‡•ǡ ʹͲͲʹǢ Š—’’‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͶǢ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ . ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡•—‹–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡Ǧ–‡ Š‹“—‡–‘•–—†›’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ. ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ •–—†‹‡• —•‹‰ • –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡”• ƒ”‡ •—”’”‹•‹‰Ž›• ƒ” ‡Ǥ™‘”‡ ‡–•–—†‹‡•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†–Š‡•‡’”‘ ‡••‡•—•‹‰ƒ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ–”‘‘’–ƒ•‹ƒ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–Š•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”ȋ‘Žƒ••ƒƬ ‹Ž–‡”ǡʹͲͲ͸Ǣ‘Žƒ••ƒǡ‘Žƒ••ƒǡ—•‹ƒŽǡƬ‹Ž–‡”ǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ„‘”ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‹‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•ȋ‘Žƒ••ƒƬ‹Ž–‡”ǡʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ„—–‘–‹–Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ȋ‘Žƒ••ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „‘–Š •–—†‹‡• ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘Ž› ‘ ‘ ‹’‹–‘Ǧ–‡’‘”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ǡ ƒ† †‹† ‘– ”‡’‘”– ‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ† Žƒ–‡ ‹†Ž‹‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘’‘‡–• †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‘’‘‡–• ‘•– ‘•‹•–‡–Ž› †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –•ȋ•‡‡ ‘Ž‡•ǡ‹‡Ž•‡ǡƬ ”‡‡ǡʹͲͲͺˆ‘” ƒ ”‡˜‹‡™ȌǤ

(13) †‡‡†ǡ ‹ ƒ ”‡ ‡– •–—†› ƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͲͷȌ ˆ‘—† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‡ƒ”Ž› ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ȋʹȌƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ƒ––Š‡˜‡”–‡šˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•‹Š‹‰Šƒš‹‘—• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Ž‘™ ƒš‹‘—• Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ ‡Šƒ ‡† ‡ƒ”Ž› –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ ‹ ‘—” ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†› ™‡ ˆ‘—† –Š‡ ‘•– ’”‘‘— ‡† ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹ Š‹‰Š ƒš‹‘—• •–—†‡–• ‘ –Š‡•‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ƒ† Žƒ–‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ȋͳͷͲ ƒ† ͵ͲͲȌ ƒ– –Š‡ ˜‡”–‡š ȋƒ ‡‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‘” –Š‡•‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• ™‡ ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ͳͷͲƒ†͵ͲͲ‹†Ž‹‡ ‘’‘‡–•‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›Ǥ

(14)  •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ǡ ™‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ƒ —–‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‹ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡ƒ –‹‘•™‡”‡ƒ••‡••‡†‹”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ†–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–‹—Ž‹ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ Šƒ’’› ƒ† ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•Ȍ —•‹‰ ƒ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ –ƒ• ȋ–Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –ƒ•ǡ ‘––‡˜‡‡Ž Ƭ Šƒˆǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ ƒ† –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ™ƒ• ‡ƒ•—”‡† „› ”‡ ‘”†‹‰ ‡˜‡–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ• †—”‹‰ –ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡. ͸ͻ.

(15) Chapter4. ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡–ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡–‘‘Ž–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡‘˜‡”–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠ‡Ƭƒ”‰ŠǡͳͻͻͻǢ‘––‡˜‡‡ŽƬŠƒˆǡʹͲͲͶǢ‘Žƒ”œǡͳͻ͸ͲȌƒ†Šƒ•„‡‡•Š‘™ –‘ „‡ •‡•‹–‹˜‡ –‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘• ‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘• ȋ ‡—‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹Ǣ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͷǢƒ‡‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤƒ•‡†‘‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ˆ‹†‹‰• ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š ƒš‹‘—• Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ȋƒ ‡‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ™‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ•Ž‘™‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘”ˆƒ•–‡”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡•’‘•‡•Ȍƒ†‡Šƒ ‡† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‡ƒ”Ž› ȋͳͷͲȌ ƒ† Žƒ–‡” ȋ͵ͲͲȌ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡  ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•Ȍ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ. Methods  Participants ™‡–›Ǧ‘‡ —‡†‹ ƒ–‡† ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š  ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ˆ‘” ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ €ͶͲ ƒ† –”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰ ‡š’‡•‡•ȌǤ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ† ‰”‘—’ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ƒ”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ ƒ„Ž‡ ͶǤͳǤ ƒ–‹‡–• ™‡”‡ ”‡ ”—‹–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‘—–’ƒ–‹‡–ƒš‹‡–›†‡’ƒ”–‡–•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡ ‘—‹–›‡–ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ‡–‡”•ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡‡–• ‘ ‹–‡”‡– ˆ‘”—•Ǥ

(16)  Ž—•‹‘ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ ™‡”‡ǣ ƒ ’”‹ƒ”› †‹ƒ‰‘•‹• ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ȋƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Ǧ

(17)  ”‹–‡”‹ƒȌƒ†ƒ–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡ε͸Ͳƒ––Š‡‹‡„‘™‹–œ ‘ ‹ƒŽ š‹‡–›  ƒŽ‡ ȋ‹‡„‘™‹–œǡ ͳͻͺ͹Ȍǡ ”‹‰Š–ǦŠƒ†‡†‡••ǡ ‘”ƒŽ ‘” ‘””‡ –‡†Ǧ–‘Ǧ ‘”ƒŽ˜‹•‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ‰‡ͳͺǦͷͷ›‡ƒ”•Ǥš Ž—•‹‘ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ™‡”‡ —””‡–†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•‘ˆƒŒ‘” †‡’”‡••‹˜‡ †‹•‘”†‡”ǡ ’”‡‰ƒ › ‘” „”‡ƒ•–Ǧˆ‡‡†‹‰ǡ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‡†‹ ƒŽ †‹•‡ƒ•‡ǡ ’ƒ•–Š‡ƒ†‹Œ—”›™‹–ŠŽ‘••‘ˆ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••εͷ‹ǡ—•‡‘ˆ’•› Š‘–”‘’‹ ‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‘”–‹ ‘•–‡”‘‹†•‹–Š‡͸‘–Š•’”‹‘”–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ—•‡‘ˆ ƒƒ„‹•‘”‡–Šƒ‘ ‡ ƒ™‡‡‘”—•‡‘ˆƒ›†”—‰•‘–Š‡”–Šƒ ƒƒ„‹•‹–Š‡͵‘–Š•’”‹‘”–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† —•‡ ‘ˆ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͵ ‰Žƒ••‡• ‘ˆ ƒŽ ‘Š‘Ž ‘” ʹͲ ‹‰ƒ”‡––‡• ’‡” †ƒ›Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ‹•–”— –‡† –‘ ‹‹‹œ‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡š‡” ‹•‡ǡ ‘– –‘ –ƒ‡ Žƒ”‰‡ ‡ƒŽ•ǡ Š‘ ‘Žƒ–‡ ‘” ƒˆˆ‡‹‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰ ’”‡ ‡†‹‰ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ ƒ† ‘– –‘ ‡ƒ–ǡ †”‹ Ž‘™ ’  †”‹• ‘” •‘‡ ‹‰ƒ”‡––‡•‹–Š‡Š‘—”„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ – •ƒŽ‹˜ƒ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ ŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ’”‘˜‹†‡†™”‹––‡ ‹ˆ‘”‡† ‘•‡– ’”‹‘” –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ •–—†›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ƒ’’”‘˜‡† „› –Š‡ ‡†‹ ƒŽ –Š‹ ƒŽ ‘‹––‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹†‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‡†‹ ƒŽ‡–‡”Ǥˆ–Š‡ʹͳ’ƒ–‹‡–•–‡•–‡†ǡ‘‡Šƒ†–‘ „‡‡š Ž—†‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹••‹‰”‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡†ƒ–ƒ†—‡–‘–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ –‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆʹͲ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȋͻƒŽ‡ǡͳͳˆ‡ƒŽ‡ȌǤ. ͹Ͳ.

(18) Effectsofcortisolinsocialanxiety.  Table4.1.ƒ–‹‡–Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ȋαʹͲȌǤ  M SD ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‰‡ȋ›‡ƒ”•Ȍ ͵ʹǤͺ ͳͲǤʹ 

(19)  ʹʹǤʹ ͵Ǥʹ 

(20)  ͳʹǤʹ ͸Ǥͳ ˆ‡ƒ” ͶʹǤͳ ͺǤͲ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ͵͸Ǥ͵ ͳͲǤͲ –‘–ƒŽ ͹ͺǤͶ ͳ͸Ǥʹ 

(21) •‘ ‹ƒŽ’Š‘„‹ƒ ͳ͵ͳǤͲ ʹͳǤͲ 

(22) ƒ‰‘”ƒ’Š‘„‹ƒ ʹ͸Ǥͺ ͳͲǤͻ 

(23) †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ͳͲͶǤʹ ʹͳǤ͸ 

(24) Ǧ–”ƒ‹– ͷͲǤ͸ ͺǤͳ 

(25)  ʹͷǤͳ ͵Ǥ͵ ͵͸Ǥ͵ ͸Ǥʹ –‘–ƒŽƒ  š‹•Ǧͳ ‘‘”„‹†‹–›„ αͳȗ  ‘‘”„‹†ƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”  αͲ  —””‡–‘‘††‹•‘”†‡”† ƒ•–ƒŒ‘”†‡’”‡••‹˜‡‡’‹•‘†‡ α͹  Note:ȋ ƒŽ‡ ”ƒ‰‡ „‡–™‡‡ ’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•ȌǤ 

(26)  α „‘†›ƒ•• ‹†‡šǢ 

(27)  α ‡  ‡’”‡••‹‘

(28) ˜‡–‘”› ȋͲǦ ͸͵ȌǢ዇„‘™‹–œ‘ ‹ƒŽš‹‡–› ƒŽ‡ȋ ‡ƒ”ͲǦ͹ʹǡ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ͲǦ͹ʹǡ‘–ƒŽͲǦͳͶͶȌǢ

(29) α‘ ‹ƒŽŠ‘„‹ƒ ƒ†š‹‡–›

(30) ˜‡–‘”›ȋ‘ ‹ƒŽŠ‘„‹ƒͲǦͳͻʹǡ‰‘”ƒ’Š‘„‹ƒͲǦ͹ͺȌǢ

(31) α–ƒ–‡Ǧ”ƒ‹–š‹‡–›

(32) ˜‡–‘”›ȋʹͲǦ ͺͲȌǢ

(33) α‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ

(34) Š‹„‹–‹‘ ƒŽ‡ȋ͹ǦʹͺȌǢα‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‡ȋͳ͵ǦͷʹȌǤ ƒαͳͻ†—‡–‘ƒ‹••‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ „••‡••‡†—•‹‰–Š‡–”— –—”‡†Ž‹‹ ƒŽ

(35) –‡”˜‹‡™ˆ‘”Ǧ

(36) š‹•Ǧ

(37) ‹•‘”†‡”•ȋ

(38) Ǧ

(39) ȌǤ 

(40)  Ž—†‹‰ ’ƒ‹  †‹•‘”†‡”ǡ ƒ‰‘”ƒ’Š‘„‹ƒǡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ’Š‘„‹ƒȗǡ ‘„•‡••‹˜‡ ‘’—Ž•‹˜‡ †‹•‘”†‡”ǡ ’‘•–Ǧ–”ƒ—ƒ–‹  •–”‡••†‹•‘”†‡”ƒ†‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ †

(41)  Ž—†‹‰ —””‡– ƒŒ‘” †‡’”‡••‹˜‡ ‡’‹•‘†‡ǡ ƒ‹ƒǡ Š›’‘ƒ‹ƒǡ †›•–Š›‹  †‹•‘”†‡”ǡ ƒ† „‹’‘Žƒ” †‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ. . ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ • ”‡‡‡† —•‹‰ –Š‡ –”— –—”‡† Ž‹‹ ƒŽ

(42) –‡”˜‹‡™ ˆ‘” Ǧ

(43)  š‹•

(44)  ‹•‘”†‡”• ȋ

(45) Ǧ

(46) ǣ ‹”•– ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻ͸Ȍ „› ƒ –”ƒ‹‡† ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹•– ƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‡•–‹‰†ƒ›–‘ ‘ˆ‹”†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”ƒ†–‘‡š Ž—†‡ —””‡–ƒŒ‘” †‡’”‡••‹˜‡†‹•‘”†‡”Ǥƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒŽ•‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡†—– Š˜‡”•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘ ‹ƒŽŠ‘„‹ƒƒ† š‹‡–›

(47) ˜‡–‘”› ȋ

(48) ǣ —”‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͺͻȌǡ –Š‡ ‡  ‡’”‡••‹‘

(49) ˜‡–‘”› ȋ‡ ǡ —•Šǡ ‘ŽŽ‘ǡƬ‡”›ǡͳͻ͹ͻȌǡ–Š‡–ƒ–‡Ǧ”ƒ‹–š‹‡–›

(50) ˜‡–‘”›ȋ’‹‡Ž„‡”‰‡”ǡͳͻͺ͵Ȍǡƒ† –Š‡ ‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ

(51) Š‹„‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ  –‹˜ƒ–‹‘  ƒŽ‡• ȋ

(52) Ȁǣ ƒ”˜‡” Ƭ Š‹–‡ǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ͶǤͳˆ‘”“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ  Materialsandprocedure ‘” –Š‹• •–—†› ™‡ —•‡† –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ ƒ• ”‡’‘”–‡† „› ƒ ‡‡” ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ –‡•–‡† ‹ ƒ Š›†”‘ ‘”–‹•‘‡ ȋͷͲ ‰Ȍ ƒ† ƒ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘ ‹ ƒ †‘—„Ž‡Ǧ„Ž‹†ǡ ™‹–Š‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ – ”‘••‘˜‡” †‡•‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž‘”’Žƒ ‡„‘ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•”ƒ†‘ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡†‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǤŠ‡ –™‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ •‡••‹‘• ™‡”‡ ͳ ™‡‡ ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥ  –Š‡ †ƒ›• ‘ˆ –‡•–‹‰ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•. ͹ͳ.

(53) Chapter4. ƒ””‹˜‡† ƒ– –Š‡ Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ƒ– ͳʹǤͳͷ ’ǤǤ ˆ–‡” ƒ •Š‘”– ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǡ †”—‰• ™‡”‡ ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† ‘”ƒŽŽ› ƒ– ͳʹǤ͵Ͳ ’ǤǤǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ƒ ”‡•–‹‰ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ͳ Š –‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž –‘ –ƒ‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ —”‹‰ –Š‹• ’‡”‹‘†ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‘’Ž‡–‡† “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡• ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ †‡˜‹ ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –ƒ•ǡ ƒˆ–‡” ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ™‡”‡ ’Žƒ ‡†Ǥ —„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– •–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ •Š‘”– ”‡ ‘”†‹‰ ȋ̱ ͳͷ ‹Ȍ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘‡ ‡’ŠƒŽ‘‰”ƒ ȋ Ȍ†—”‹‰”‡•–ǡƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ Š–Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡–ƒ•™ƒ•ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ –‡•–• ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ —”‹‰ –ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• •ƒ– ‹ƒ ƒ‹”Ǧ ‘†‹–‹‘‡† ƒ† •‘—†Ǧ ƒ––‡—ƒ–‡†”‘‘‹ˆ”‘–‘ˆƒ ‘’—–‡”‘‹–‘”ǡƒ†–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–‡”•ƒ–‹ƒƒ†Œƒ ‡– ”‘‘™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ƒ’’ƒ”ƒ–—•™ƒ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†Ǥ  Cortisolandsubjectivemeasures ƒŽ‹˜ƒ •ƒ’Ž‡• ™‡”‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† —•‹‰ ƒŽ‹˜‡––‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ †‡˜‹ ‡• ȋƒ”•–‡†–ǡ ‘‡Ž•†‘”ˆǡ ‡”ƒ›ȌǤƒ’Ž‡•™‡”‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ˆ‘—”ƒ••‡••‡–’‘‹–•‘˜‡”ƒͳ͸ͷ ‹’‡”‹‘†ǡƒ–”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǧͷ‹ȋͲȌǡΪ͸Ͳ‹ȋͳȌǡΪͳʹͲ‹ȋʹȌǡƒ†Ϊͳ͸Ͳ‹ȋ͵Ȍ ™‹–Š ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ ƒ’•—Ž‡ ‹‰‡•–‹‘Ǥ ‹‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‹ •ƒŽ‹˜ƒ ™ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†—•‹‰ƒ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡Ž‡ –”‘ Š‡‹Ž—‹‡• ‡ ‡‹—‘ƒ••ƒ›ȋ

(54) ǡŽ‡ •›• ʹͲͳͲǡ‘ Š‡‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ •Ȍǡƒ•†‡• ”‹„‡†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ȋƒ‡‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† ‘‘† ȋ–‡•‹‘ǡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ǡ †‡’”‡••‹‘ǡ ƒš‹‡–›ǡ ƒ† ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– Ͳǡ ͳǡ ƒ† ͵Ȍ ƒ† ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ†‹”‡ –Ž› „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ Ǧ–ƒ•Ȍ ™‡”‡ ”ƒ–‡† ‘ ͳͲͲ  ˜‹•—ƒŽ ƒƒŽ‘‰—‡ • ƒŽ‡• ȋȌǤ

(55)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ •–ƒ–‡ ƒš‹‡–› ȋ

(56) Ǧ •–ƒ–‡ǣ’‹‡Ž„‡”‰‡”ǡͳͻͺ͵Ȍ™ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†ƒ–Ͳƒ†͵Ǥ  ApproachAvoidancetask

(57)  –Š‹• ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ –ƒ• ȋ‘––‡˜‡‡Ž Ƭ Šƒˆǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ƒ ‡‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ •–‹—Ž‹ ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ͸Ͳ‰”ƒ›• ƒŽ‡’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•™‹–ŠŠƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‹ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ȋƒƬ ”‹‡•‡ǡͳͻ͹͸Ǣƒ–•—‘–‘ƬƒǡͳͻͺͺǢ—†“˜‹•–‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ‘–Š–Š‡ Šƒ’’›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‰”›‡š’”‡••‹‘™‡”‡–ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ‡‘†‡Žȋ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ͵Ͳ‘†‡Ž•ǡ ͷͲΨ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ȌǤ ƒ Š ’‹ –—”‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ͳʹǤͶ  u ͺǤͻ  ȋh u wȌǡ ƒ† ™ƒ• ’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ„Žƒ „ƒ ‰”‘—†ƒ––Š‡ ‡–‡”‘ˆƒͳͷ‹Ǥ ‘’—–‡”• ”‡‡ƒ–͹Ͳ ˜‹‡™‹‰ †‹•–ƒ ‡ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤͳȌǤ  ͹ʹ.

(58) Effectsofcortisolinsocialanxiety.  Figure4.1.šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆƒŠƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•–‹—Ž—•—•‡†‹–Š‡–ƒ•Ǥ.  ƒ Š –”‹ƒŽ •–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ ˆ‹šƒ–‹‘ ’‘‹– ȋͳͲͲ •Ȍǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†ƒˆ–‡”ƒ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ‘ˆ͵ͲͲ•ȋ„Žƒ • ”‡‡Ȍ„›’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–‹—Ž—•ȋͳͲͲ •ȌǤ Š‡ ‹–‡”Ǧ•–‹—Ž—•Ǧ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ ™ƒ• ”ƒ†‘‹œ‡† „‡–™‡‡ ͳͷͲͲ ƒ† ʹͷͲͲ •Ǥ ‡•’‘•‡•™‡”‡”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡„—––‘•–Šƒ–™‡”‡ˆ‹š‡†–‘ƒ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ† ȋ•‡‡ ‘––‡˜‡‡Ž Ƭ Šƒˆǡ ʹͲͲͶǡ ‹‰—”‡ ͳȌ ƒ– –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– •‹†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡‹•–”— –‡†–‘’—•Š–Š‡DzŠ‘‡dzȋ‹††Ž‡Ȍ„—––‘Ž‘‘•‡Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‹‰Š– Šƒ†ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•‘”‡•’‘•‡™ƒ•‰‹˜‡ǡƒ†–‘”‡•’‘†ƒ•ˆƒ•–ƒ†ƒ —”ƒ–‡ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ •–‹—Ž‹ „› ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ Š‘‡ „—––‘ ƒ† ’”‡••‹‰ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ ”‡•’‘•‡ „—––‘•ȋ’‘•‹–‹‘‡†ͳͲǤ͵ ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ†„‡Ž‘™–Š‡Š‘‡„—––‘ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–‘ •‹’Ž›ˆŽ‡š‘”‡š–‡†–Š‡‹”ƒ”‹”‡•’‘†‹‰ȌǤˆ–‡”–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ†–‘”‡–—”–Š‡‹”Šƒ† –‘–Š‡Š‘‡„—––‘Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• ȋ•‡‡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Š‡ Ƭ ƒ”‰Šǡ ͳͻͻͻǢ ‘––‡˜‡‡Ž Ƭ Šƒˆǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ‘Žƒ”œǡ ͳͻ͸ͲȌŠƒ˜‡•Š‘™–Šƒ–ƒ”ˆŽ‡š‹‘‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ’’”‘ƒ Šȋƒ•™Š‡’—ŽŽ‹‰‘„Œ‡ –• –‘™ƒ”†‘‡•‡ŽˆȌǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡š–‡•‹‘‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ȋƒ•™Š‡’—•Š‹‰ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ƒ™ƒ›ȌǤ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –ƒ• ƒ”‡ –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› ˆƒ•–‡” ™Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ”‡•’‘† ™‹–Š ƒ” ˆŽ‡š‹‘ ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠȌ –‘ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ •–‹—Ž‹ ƒ† ™‹–Š ƒ” ‡š–‡•‹‘ ȋƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ȍ –‘ –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ •–‹—Ž‹ ȋƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ‘†‹–‹‘Ȍ–Šƒ–Š‡‘–Š‡”™ƒ›ƒ”‘—†ȋƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ‘†‹–‹‘ȌǤ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡Ž› ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ‘” ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ‹•–”— –‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ‹•–”— –‹‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ’”‡••‹‰ –Š‡ —’’‡” ”‡•’‘•‡ „—––‘ ȋƒ” ˆŽ‡š‹‘ǡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘˜‡‡–Ȍ ˆ‘” Šƒ’’› ˆƒ ‡• ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” „—––‘ ȋƒ” ͹͵.

(59) Chapter4. ‡š–‡•‹‘ǡ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘˜‡‡–Ȍ ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ‘†‹–‹‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡•–‹—Ž—•Ǧ”‡•’‘•‡ƒ’’‹‰ȋƒ‰”›—’ǡŠƒ’’›†‘™ȌǤ‘”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ™ƒ•ƒ†‡‹–Š‡‹•–”— –‹‘•–‘ ‘‰”—‡ ‡ƒ†‹ ‘‰”—‡ ‡ǡƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ǡ ‘”ƒ”ˆŽ‡š‹‘ƒ†‡š–‡•‹‘Ǥ Š‡ –ƒ• ‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ ˆ‘—” •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ͸Ͳ –”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† ™‹–Š ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ ‘‰”—‡–Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡–Ǧ ‘‰”—‡–Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ‘” ƒ ‹ ‘‰”—‡–Ǧ ‘‰”—‡–Ǧ ‹ ‘‰”—‡–Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ‹•–”— –‹‘• ȋ ‘—–‡”„ƒŽƒ ‡† ƒ ”‘•• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȌǤ ‹–Š‹‡ƒ Š•‡”‹‡•ƒŽŽ•–‹—Ž‹™‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‘ ‡‹ƒ•‡‹Ǧ”ƒ†‘‹œ‡†‘”†‡”ȋ™‹–Šƒ ƒš‹— •— ‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ Šƒ’’› ‘” ƒ‰”› ƒ† –Š”‡‡ ƒŽ‡ ‘” ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ ’‹ –—”‡•ȌǤ ‡–™‡‡ ‡ƒ Š •‡”‹‡• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ƒ —”‡Žƒ–‡† ™‘”‹‰ ‡‘”› –ƒ• –Šƒ– •‡”˜‡†–‘‡ƒ•‡–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ˆ”‘ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡––‘ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡–‹•–”— –‹‘‘” ˜‹ ‡˜‡”•ƒǤƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘—”•‡”‹‡•™ƒ•†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–Š”‡‡„Ž‘ •‘ˆʹͲ–”‹ƒŽ•ǡ™‹–Šƒ•Š‘”– „”‡ƒ ȋ̱͵Ͳ •Ȍ „‡–™‡‡ „Ž‘ •ǡ ƒ† ™ƒ• ’”‡ ‡†‡† „› ʹͲ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ –”‹ƒŽ• ‘ˆ •–‹—Ž‹ –Šƒ– ™‡”‡‘–‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ•‡”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡–ƒ•’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š”‡‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡•ǣ‡””‘””ƒ–‡•ȋ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡‹ ‘””‡ – ”‡•’‘•‡•Ȍ ƒ† –™‘ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡ ȋȌ ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ –‹‡ ȋ

(60) Ȍ ‹• –Š‡ –‹‡ „‡–™‡‡•–‹—Ž—•‘•‡–ƒ†–Š‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘‡„—––‘ǤŠ‡‘˜‡‡––‹‡ȋȌ‹• –Š‡ –‹‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‘‡ „—––‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ’—•Š‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ „—––‘Ǥ  Electrophysiologicalrecordinganddataanalyses Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‡ ‡’ŠƒŽ‘‰”ƒȋ Ȍ™ƒ•”‡ ‘”†‡†ˆ”‘ͳͻ• ƒŽ’Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ͳͲȂʹͲ •›•–‡ ƒ† ”‡ˆ‡””‡† ‘ǦŽ‹‡ –‘ ͵ȀͶǤ  ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‘„‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡™ƒ•†‡”‹˜‡†‘ˆˆǦŽ‹‡Ǥ‡”–‹ ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –”‘Ǧ‘ —Ž‘‰”ƒȋ Ȍ™ƒ•”‡ ‘”†‡†„‹’‘Žƒ”Ž› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •—’”ƒ‘”„‹–ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹ˆ”ƒ‘”„‹–ƒŽ ”‹†‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ‡›‡ǡ ƒ† Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ   ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘—–‡” ƒ–Š‹ ‘ˆ „‘–Š ‡›‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‰”‘—† ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡ ™ƒ• Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ƒ– ’œǤ   ‹’‡†ƒ ‡•™‡”‡‡’–„‡Ž‘™ͷȳǤŠ‡ ƒ† •‹‰ƒŽ•™‡”‡†‹‰‹–‹œ‡†ƒ–ͷͲͲ œ ƒ† •‡‰‡–‡† ‘ˆˆǦŽ‹‡ ȋ—•‹‰ ”ƒ‹ ‹•‹‘ ƒŽ›œ‡” •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǡ˜‡”•‹‘ ͳǤͲͷǡ ”ƒ‹ ”‘†— –• „ ǡͳͻͻͺȂʹͲͲͶȌ‹–‘ͳͲͲͲ•‡’‘ Š•ǡˆ”‘ʹͲͲ•„‡ˆ‘”‡–‘ͺͲͲ•ƒˆ–‡” •–‹—Ž—• ‘•‡–Ǥ ‹‰Ž‡ –”‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ ‘””‡ –‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‡›‡ „Ž‹• ƒ† ‡›‡ ‘˜‡‡–• —•‹‰ ƒ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ ȋ ”ƒ––‘ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ ˆ‹Ž–‡”‡† †‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›™‹–ŠƒͲǤͲͳ œŠ‹‰ŠǦ’ƒ••ˆ‹Ž–‡”ȋʹͶ†Ȁ‘ –”‘ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆȌƒ†ƒ͵ͷ œŽ‘™Ǧ’ƒ••ˆ‹Ž–‡” ȋͳʹ †Ȁ‘ –ȌǤ ”–‹ˆƒ – ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ ™ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† „› ”‡‘˜‹‰ ‡’‘ Š• ™‹–Š ƒ –‹˜‹–› „‡Ž‘™. ͹Ͷ.

(61) Effectsofcortisolinsocialanxiety. ͲǤͷͲ Ɋ ƒ† ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ‡š ‡‡†‹‰ ±͹ͷ Ɋ ‹ –Š‡ ͵ǡ Ͷǡ œǡ ͵ǡ Ͷǡ œǡ ͵ǡ Ͷǡ ƒ† œ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡ Šƒ‡Ž•ȋƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ͳǤʹΨ‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ•‡–ȌǤ ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•™‡”‡ ‘’—–‡†ˆ‘”Šƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ƒ•ƒˆ— –‹‘‘ˆƒ” ‘˜‡‡–ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠȀˆŽ‡š‘”ƒ˜‘‹†Ȁ‡š–‡†ȌǤƒ•‡†‘–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ‘—”’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†› ȋƒ‡‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹ȌƒƒŽ›•‡•ˆ‘ —•‡†‘–Š‡ͳͷͲƒ†͵ͲͲ ‘’‘‡–•ƒ–‹†Ž‹‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡• ȋ œǡ œǡ œȌǤ  ‡ƒ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘’‘‡–• ™‡”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒš‹— ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ –‘ „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ‹ –™‘ •— ‡••‹˜‡ –‹‡ ™‹†‘™•ǣ  ͳͷͲ ȋ–Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒŒ‘” ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ™ƒ˜‡ ‘ —””‹‰ ͳʹͲȂʹͲͲ • ’‘•–Ǧ•–‹—Ž—•Ȍ ƒ† ͵ͲͲ ȋ•‡ ‘† ƒŒ‘” ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ™ƒ˜‡ǡʹ͹ͲȂͶͲͲ•ȌǤ‹‡™‹†‘™•ˆ‘”’‡ƒ†‡–‡ –‹‘™‡”‡„ƒ•‡†‘˜‹•—ƒŽ‹•’‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ† ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ •ǡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡† ƒ ”‘•• ƒŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ† ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•Ǥ

(62)  ‘””‡ – ”‡•’‘•‡• ƒ† ”‡•’‘•‡• ™‹–Š

(63) • δ ͳͷͲ • ‘” ε ͳͲͲͲ • ȋ–‘–ƒŽ ͶǤ͹Ψ ‘ˆ –”‹ƒŽ•Ȍ ™‡”‡ ‡š Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡  ƒ†  ƒƒŽ›•‡•Ǥ ””‘” ”ƒ–‡• ™‡”‡ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž› Ž‘™ ‹ ƒŽŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ȋMα͵ǤͲάͳǤͺΨȌƒ†ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘–”‡’‘”–‡†Ǥ Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› ‘”–‹•‘Žǡ Ǧ–ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ†  ’‡ƒ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ™‡”‡ –‡•–‡† ™‹–Š ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡• ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ ȋ• ”Ȍ —•‹‰ –Š‡ –ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ƒ ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘ ‹ƒŽ  ‹‡ ‡• ȋ ͳͶǤͲǡ 

(64)  Ǥǡ ͳͻͺͻȂʹͲͲͷȌǤ ‹ ‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– „‘–Š • ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ˆƒ ‡•ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͷǢ ‘Ž‡•‡–ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͺȌ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –‡†‡ ‹‡• ȋƒ ‡‡” ‡– ƒŽǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ǣ ‘‡Ž‘ˆ• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͷȌ ƒ „‡ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡† „› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ ƒš‹‡–›ǡ ™‡ ‹ Ž—†‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ȋ

(65) •‘ ‹ƒŽ’Š‘„‹ƒ• ‘”‡Ȍƒ•ƒ ‘–‹—‘—•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ȋȌ‹ ‘—”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽƒ†ƒƒŽ›•‡•ȋ•‡‡ —††‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͳȌǤ‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡ –•‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‹• ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ™‡”‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† „› ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‰ ‡ƒ”•‘ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‹• ˆƒ –‘”ƒ†–Š‡™‹–Š‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ –‡ˆˆ‡ –•ǤŽŽ•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‡•‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ–™‘Ǧ–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒŽ’Šƒ ‘ˆǤͲͷǤˆˆ‡ –•‹œ‡•ƒ”‡”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ•’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡ȋ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽ‡–ƒ•“—ƒ”‡† ȏ²ȐȌǤŠ‡ ”‡‡Š‘—•‡Ǧ ‡‹••‡” ‘””‡ –‹‘™ƒ•—•‡†™Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ȋ‡’•‹Ž‘ȏȐȌǤ . Results Cortisolandsubjectivemeasures ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› ‘”–‹•‘Žȋ‘ŽȀȌ‡ƒ•—”‡•ȋ•‡‡ƒ„Ž‡ͶǤʹȌ™‡”‡•‡™‡†ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ Ž‘‰–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆƒʹuͶ”™‹–Š. ͹ͷ.

(66) Chapter4.  Table4.2.‡ƒˆ”‡‡•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› ‘”–‹•‘ŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•ȋ‘ŽȀȌƒˆ–‡”’Žƒ ‡„‘ƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡–‘–‹‡‘ˆ ƒ’•—Ž‡‹–ƒ‡ȋ–αͲȌ. ‹‡ȋ‹Ȍ  Ǧͷ Ϊ͸Ͳȗȗȗ ΪͳʹͲȗȗȗ Ϊͳ͸ͷȗȗȗ. Žƒ ‡„‘. M ͻǤ͹ ͺǤ͵ ͹Ǥ͵ ͸Ǥ͹. SD ͵Ǥͷ ʹǤ͹ ʹǤͷ ʹǤͶ.      . ‘”–‹•‘Ž. M ͻǤ͹ ʹͻͶǤʹ ʹ͵ͲǤͲ ͳͷͳǤʹ. SD ͵Ǥ͸ ʹͳ͵Ǥͷ ͳͺ͸Ǥͷ ͳͷͷǤͳ. Note: Nα ͳ͹ †—‡ –‘ ‹••‹‰ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ȋ—”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ •ƒŽ‹˜ƒ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•αʹȌ ƒ† ‹••‹‰ †ƒ–ƒ Ǧ –ƒ•ȋNαͳȌǤȗȗȗ’Žƒ ‡„‘˜•Ǥ ‘”–‹•‘Ž’δǤͲͲͳ. . ‘†‹–‹‘ȋ’Žƒ ‡„‘ǡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌƒ†‹‡ȋͲǡͳǡʹǡ͵Ȍ›‹‡Ž†‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ‘†‹–‹‘u‹‡ȋFȋ͵ǡͶͺȌα͹ͺǤͶ͹ǡpαǤͲͲͲǡ²αͲǤͺ͵ȌǤŠ‹•”‡•—Ž–‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ǡƒ• ‡š’‡ –‡†ǡ•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› ‘”–‹•‘ŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•†‹†‘–†‹ˆˆ‡”„‡–™‡‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•„‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ’•—Ž‡‹–ƒ‡ ȋͲǣFȋͳǡͳ͹ȌαǤͲͳǡpαǤͻʹȌǡ„—–™‡”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘’Žƒ ‡„‘ˆ”‘‘‡Š‘—”ƒˆ–‡” ƒ’•—Ž‡‹–ƒ‡—–‹Ž–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡– ȋͳǣFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͳͶ͹Ǥͺͷǡp=ǤͲͲͲǢʹǣFȋͳǡͳ͹ȌαʹͳͶǤͳ͸ǡp=ǤͲͲͲǢ͵ǣFȋͳǡͳ͹ȌαͳʹͶǤͲͺǡp= ǤͲͲͲȌǤ‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡Ǧ–ƒ•™ƒ•ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†„‡–™‡‡ͳƒ†ʹȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ„‡–™‡‡‘‡ƒ† –™‘Š‘—”•ƒˆ–‡” ƒ’•—Ž‡‹–ƒ‡ȌǤ ‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘‘† ȋ†ƒ–ƒ ‘– •Š‘™Ȍ™‡ ‘†— –‡†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•”™‹–Š‘†‹–‹‘ȋ’Žƒ ‡„‘ǡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽȌu‹‡ˆ‘” 

(67) Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ȋͲǡ͵Ȍƒ†–‡•‹‘ǡˆƒ–‹‰—‡ǡ†‡’”‡••‹‘ǡƒš‹‡–›ǡƒ†ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ȋͲǡͳǡ ͵ȌǤ‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡†‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ‹‘”‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‘†‹–‹‘‘

(68) Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ ƒš‹‡–›ǡ  –‡•‹‘ǡ ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ǡ †‡’”‡••‹‘ǡ ‘” ƒš‹‡–› ȋƒŽŽ Fδ ʹǤͶǡ p > ǤͳͶȌǤ ‡ †‹† ˆ‹† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ƒ‹ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘ ‘  ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌ α ͹Ǥ͸ͷǡ p = ǤͲͳ͵ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™—’ƒƒŽ›•‡•”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ–”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•Š‹‰Š‡”‹–Š‡’Žƒ ‡„‘ –Šƒ –Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘†‹–‹‘ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ’•—Ž‡ ‹–ƒ‡ ȋͲǣ FȋͳǡͳͺȌ α ͻǤͷͻǡ p = ǤͲͲ͸ȌǤ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ –‘ ‘–”‘Ž ˆ‘” ’”‡Ǧ†”—‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž ™‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ƒ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• —•‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ†”—‰ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž ȋƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ Ͳ ‹ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘†‹–‹‘Ȍ ƒ• ƒ ‘˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒƒŽ›•‹• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† ‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• ‹ ’‘•–Ǧ†”—‰ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ȋFȋͳǡͳ͹Ȍ α ͲǤʹ͸ǡ p = Ǥ͸ʹȌǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘†‹†‘–ƒˆˆ‡ –‘‘†Ǥ     . ͹͸.

(69) Effectsofcortisolinsocialanxiety. Behavioralresults  Initiationtimes(IT) ‘” –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ –‹‡• ™‡ ˆ‘—† –Š‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† ‘‰”—‡ › ‡ˆˆ‡ –ǣ  •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘–‹‘ u ” ‘˜‡‡– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌ α ͷǤ͸Ͷǡ p = ǤͲʹͻǡ ; α ǤʹͶȌ •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‡”‡ ˆƒ•–‡” ‹ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‰ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ Š Šƒ’’›ǣ M α Ͷͻͷ ± ͸ʹ •Ǣ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ‰”›ǣMαͷͲͻ± ͷͻ•Ȍ–Šƒƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡–ƒ”‘˜‡‡–•ȋƒ˜‘‹†Šƒ’’›ǣM αͷʹͶ± ͸ͺ•Ǣƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ‰”›ǣMαͷʹͳ±͸Ͷ•ȌǤ

(70)  ‘–”ƒ•––‘‘—”‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‹•  ‘‰”—‡ › ‡ˆˆ‡ – ™ƒ• ‘– ‘†—Žƒ–‡† „› ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‘†‹–‹‘ u ‘–‹‘ u ” ‘˜‡‡–ǣ FȋͳǡͳͺȌ α ͳǤͲͷǡ p = Ǥ͵ͳȌǤ ‘” ‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ™‡ ˆ‘—† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ‹‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ˆƒ•–‡”‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘–‹‡•ˆ‘”’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌα͸Ǥͷͻǡp=ǤͲͳͻǡɄ;αǤʹ͹ǡRαǦͲǤͷʹȌǡ„—–‘‘†—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‰”—‡ ›‡ˆˆ‡ –ȋ‘–‹‘u”‘˜‡‡–u‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ǣFȋͳǡͳͺȌαʹǤͶͺǡp=Ǥͳ͵ȌǤ Š‡”‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡†‘‘–Š‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘–‹‡•ȋŽŽFδͳǤͺ͵ǡpεǤͳͻȌǤ  Movementtimes(MT) Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ƒ‹ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‘–‹‘ ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌ α ͶǤͺͲǡ p = ǤͲͶʹȌǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ ˆƒ•–‡” ‘˜‡‡––‹‡•ˆ‘”Šƒ’’›–Šƒƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ

(71) Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘–‹‡•ǡ –Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ – ™ƒ• ‘†—Žƒ–‡† „› ƒ –”‡† –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–‹‘ u ” ‘˜‡‡– ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌ α ͵Ǥ͸ʹǡ p = ǤͲ͹͵ǡ ² α Ǥͳ͹Ȍǡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ –Šƒ– ’ƒ–‹‡–• –‡†‡† –‘ „‡ ˆƒ•–‡”‹‡š‡ —–‹‰ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡–ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠŠƒ’’›ǣMαͳͺͻ±ͺͻ•Ǣƒ˜‘‹†ƒ‰”›ǣMα ͳͺͶ±͹Ͷ•Ȍ–Šƒƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡–ƒ”‘˜‡‡–•ȋƒ˜‘‹†Šƒ’’›ǣMαͳͺͺ± ͸ͺ•Ǣ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ‰”›ǣ M α ͳͻͻ ± ͹͹ •ȌǤ

(72)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ™‡ ˆ‘—† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–‹‘u‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌαͷǤ͸Ͳǡp=ǤͲʹͻȌǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ‘–‹‘u ”‘˜‡‡–u‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌαͷǤ͵ͻǡp=ǤͲ͵ʹǡ²αͲǤʹ͵ȌǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™—’ƒƒŽ›•‡• –‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ‘–‹‘ u‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌαͳͲǤ͹Ͳǡp=ǤͲͲͶǡ²αǤ͵͹Ȍ„—–‘–ˆ‘”ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ ƒ”‘˜‡‡–•ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌαǤͲͶͺǡp=Ǥͺ͵ȌǤƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”•‘ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Ž‡˜‡Ž•ƒ†–Š‡‡‘–‹‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‘”‡ȋƒ‰”›‹—•Šƒ’’›Ȍ ˆ‘” ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘˜‡‡–• •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ȋR α ͲǤ͸ͳǢˆ‘”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡RαͲǤͲͷȌǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›™‡”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›Ž‘‰‡”‘˜‡‡––‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘ˆƒ‰”› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Šƒ’’› . ͹͹.

(73) Chapter4. [V]. a) Low SPAI placebo. -4. -2. -2. 0. 0. 2. 2. 4. 4. 6. 6. 8. 8. 10. 10 0. 100. 200. 300. 0. 400 [ms]. Happy approach Happy avoid. c) Low SPAI cortisol. [V]. -2. -2. 0. 0. 2. 2. 4. 4. 6. 6. 8. 8. 100. 200. 300. 400 [ms]. 200. 300. 400 [ms]. d) High SPAI cortisol. [V] -4. 0. 100. Angry approach Angry avoid. -4. 10. b) High SPAI placebo. [V]. -4. 10. P150. 0. 100. 200. 300. 400 [ms]. . Figure4.2.–‹—Ž—••› Š”‘‹œ‡†‰”ƒ†ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡™ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”•ƒ–œ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡Ǥ‘•Š‘™–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ǡ™ƒ˜‡ˆ‘”•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡’Žƒ ‡„‘ȋ—’’‡”’ƒ‡ŽȌƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Ž ȋŽ‘™‡” ’ƒ‡ŽȌ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘” ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Ž‘™ ȋŽ‡ˆ–Ȍ ƒ† ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‹‰Š ȋ”‹‰Š–Ȍ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› • ‘”‡•Ǥ ‘” ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ’—”’‘•‡•ǡ ’ƒ–‹‡– ‰”‘—’• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ ‡†‹ƒ •’Ž‹– ‘ 

(74)  •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’Š‘„‹ƒ • ‘”‡• ȋ‡†‹ƒ α ͳ͵ͲǤ͵ǡ  α ͳͲ ‹ ‡ƒ Š ‰”‘—’ȌǤ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ‹ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‡••‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›™ƒ•‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ•ƒ ‘–‹—‘—•‡ƒ•—”‡ƒ†‘–ƒ•ƒ‰”‘—’ˆƒ –‘”Ǥ‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡†ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‘†‹–‹‘„›”‘˜‡‡–„›‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ͳͷͲ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ˆ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ǤŠ‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –™ƒ•‘•–•–”‘‰ȋƒ†‘Ž›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ȍˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ. . ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– u ‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž› „› ‡‘–‹‘™‡”‡‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ȋ ƒ’’›ǣFȋͳǡͳͺȌα͵ǤʹͶǡp=ǤͲͺͻǢ‰”›ǣFȋͳǡͳͺȌαͲǤͺͷǡp= Ǥ͵͹ȌǤ‡†‹†‘–ˆ‹†ƒ›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘‘˜‡‡––‹‡• ȋƒŽŽFδͲǤͻͳǡp>ͲǤ͵ͶȌǤ  ERPresults ‹‰—”‡ ͶǤʹ ’”‡•‡–• ‰”ƒ† ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ • ƒ– œ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡ ȋ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ™‡”‡ ‘•– ’”‘‘— ‡†Ȍ‘–”‹ƒŽ•™‹–Šƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡•’‘•‡•‹”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘Šƒ’’›ƒ† ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ  P150amplitude ‘” –Š‡ ͳͷͲ ‘ ‹†Ž‹‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡• ™‡ ˆ‘—† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘ u ”‘˜‡‡–ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌα͸Ǥͻ͹ǡpαǤͲͳ͹Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•ˆ—”–Š‡”‘†—Žƒ–‡†„›ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ͹ͺ.

(75) Effectsofcortisolinsocialanxiety. . SPAI - social phobia score. 180. 160. 140. 120. 100 R = 0.53, p <.05 80 -2.5. 0.0. 2.5.  AA-effect P150 amplitude midline. . Figure4.3.‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ȋ

(76) Ǧ•‘ ‹ƒŽ’Š‘„‹ƒ• ƒŽ‡Ȍƒ† ‘”–‹•‘ŽǦ‹†— ‡† Šƒ‰‡‹ ͳͷͲ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ˆ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ȏ ˜‘‹†Ǧ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘”–‹•‘ŽȐ ‹—• ȏ ˜‘‹†Ǧ ’’”‘ƒ Š ’Žƒ ‡„‘ȐȌǤ ‘•‹–‹˜‡ —„‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ Žƒ”‰‡” ͳͷͲ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• ‘ ‹†Ž‹‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡• ȋ œǡ œǡ œȌ ˆ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –Šƒ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ • ƒ––‡”’Ž‘– •Š‘™• –Šƒ– Š‹‰Š Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ƒ”‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ͳͷͲ Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡• †—”‹‰ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ. . ͵Ǧ™ƒ› ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘ u ” ‘˜‡‡– u ‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–›ͳ ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌ α ͸Ǥͻͻǡ p = ǤͲͳ͸ǡ²αͲǤʹͺȌǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ƒƒŽ›•‡••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•ˆ‹†‹‰”‡ˆŽ‡ –•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–” ‘˜‡‡–u‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌα͸Ǥ͵ͻǡp= ǤͲʹͳǡ²αͲǤʹ͸Ȍ„—–‘–ƒˆ–‡”’Žƒ ‡„‘ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌαͳǤͷʹǡp=Ǥʹ͵ȌǤ

(77) ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‹–‹‘ u ‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ™ƒ• ƒ”‰‹ƒŽŽ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ˆ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘˜‡‡–• ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌα͵Ǥͻͻǡp=ǤͲ͸ͳȌǡ„—–‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘˜‡‡–•ȋFȋͳǡͳͺȌαͲǤ͵͸ǡp = Ǥͷ͸ȌǤ Š‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ͵Ǧ™ƒ› ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ͳͷͲ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ †—”‹‰ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘””‡Žƒ–‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–•ǯ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ‡ƒ”•‘ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ . ͳ  •‡ ‘† ƒƒŽ›•‹• ˆ‘” ͳͷͲ ƒ† ͵ͲͲ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† ™‹–Š ͵ǡ Ͷǡ ͵ǡ Ͷǡ ͵ǡ ƒ† Ͷ ƒ• ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ǡ ƒ† ™‹–Š Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ‹–› ȋŽ‡ˆ–ǡ ‹†Ž‹‡ǡ ”‹‰Š–Ȍ ƒ• ƒ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ –‘”Ǥ Š‹• ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘Ž› •Š‘™‡† ‘‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ‹–› ˆ‘” ͳͷͲ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ‘†‹–‹‘ š ” ‘˜‡‡– š ‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›šƒ–‡”ƒŽ‹–›ȋ ȋʹǡ͵͸Ȍα͵ǤͶʹǡ’αǤͲͶ͸ǡɂαͲǤͻ͸ǡɄ;αͲǤͳ͸ȌǤ‘•–Š‘ –‡•–‹‰”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ‘†‹–‹‘š”‘˜‡‡–š‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›™ƒ•‘•–’”‘‘— ‡†ƒ––Š‡‹†Ž‹‡‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ǡ ƒ†‘Ž›ƒ”‰‹ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ––Š‡Ž‡ˆ–ȋ ȋͳǡͳͺȌα͵ǤͲ͸ǡ’αǤͲͻ͹Ȍƒ†”‹‰Š–Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ȋ ȋͳǡͳͺȌα ͵Ǥʹ͵ǡ’αǤͲͺͻȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‘Ž›”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ‹†Ž‹‡‡Ž‡ –”‘†‡•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†Ǥ. ͹ͻ.

(78) Chapter4. ƒš‹‡–› Ž‡˜‡Ž• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘ŽǦ‹†— ‡† Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ͳͷͲ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ˆ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ȏͳͷͲ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ƒ˜‘‹† Ǧ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘”–‹•‘ŽȐ ‹—• ȏͳͷͲ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ƒ˜‘‹†Ǧƒ’’”‘ƒ Š’Žƒ ‡„‘ȐȌ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ȋR α ͲǤͷ͵Ȍǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡” •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› Ž‡˜‡Ž• •Š‘™‡† ƒ Žƒ”‰‡” ‘”–‹•‘ŽǦ‹†— ‡†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ͳͷͲƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ˆ‘”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͶǤ͵ȌǤ‡ˆ‘—†‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘™‹–Š‘–‹‘ȋƒŽŽFδʹǤ͵,p>ǤͳͶȌǡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ – ™ƒ• ‘– •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‘” Šƒ’’› ƒ† ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‹ ‡™‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›‡š’‡ –‡†‡ˆˆ‡ –•ˆ‘”’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ–ǡ™‡ ‘†— –‡†ƒ ’Žƒ‡† ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ – ™‘—Ž† Š‘Ž† ™Š‡ –‡•–‹‰ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ

(79) †‡‡†ǡ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –™ƒ•‘•–•–”‘‰ƒ†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ȋR αͲǤͷʹǡp=ǤͲͳͻȌ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‹–™ƒ•‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆ‘”Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•ȋRαͲǤͳͻǡp=ǤͶʹȌǤ . ‡ˆ‘—†‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘͵ͲͲ‹†Ž‹‡ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ȋƒŽŽFδʹǤͳͶǡp>Ǥͳ͸ȌǤ. Discussion Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›™ƒ•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ –Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹ƒ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ

(80)  Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ ƒ ˜‡”› •‹‹Žƒ” •–—†› ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š ƒš‹‘—• Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ȋƒ ‡‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ™‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ•Ž‘™‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘”ˆƒ•–‡”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡•’‘•‡•Ȍƒ† ‡Šƒ ‡† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‡ƒ”Ž› ȋͳͷͲȌ ƒ† Žƒ–‡” ȋ͵ͲͲȌ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡  ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•Ȍ‘ˆƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‹”•–ǡ‘—”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ”‡•—Ž–••Š‘™‡†–Š‡‡š’‡ –‡†‡‘–‹‘„›ƒ”‘˜‡‡–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ȋ ‘‰”—‡ › ‡ˆˆ‡ –Ȍ ‹ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡•ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‡”‡ ˆƒ•–‡” ‹ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‰ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ Š Šƒ’’›ǡ ƒ˜‘‹† ƒ‰”›Ȍ –Šƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ‰”›ǡƒ˜‘‹†Šƒ’’›Ȍƒ”‘˜‡‡–•ǡ ‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡• ‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ȋ‘‡Ž‘ˆ• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ ‘––‡˜‡‡Ž Ƭ Šƒˆǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ ƒ‡‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ

(81)  ‘–”ƒ•––‘‘—”‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†’”‡˜‹‘—•ˆ‹†‹‰•ȋƒ‡‡”‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™‡ †‹† ‘– ˆ‹† ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ –‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†›Ǥ ‹ ‡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ• ‹ ‘—” ’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†›‹–‹•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ƒ ‘—–ˆ‘”–Š‡ —””‡–ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹– ‘—Ž† „‡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ —””‡– •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‘‘‰‡‡‘—•ƒŽ‡•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‘—”’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†›Ǥ ͺͲ.

(82) Effectsofcortisolinsocialanxiety. ‘” –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– –‹‡• –Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ „› ƒ” ‘˜‡‡– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘†—Žƒ–‡†„›–Š‡•‡˜‡”‹–›‘ˆ’ƒ–‹‡–•ǯ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Ǥ‘•–Š‘ –‡•–‹‰”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ ‡š‡ —–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘˜‡‡–• –‘ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ȋ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ Šƒ’’› ˆƒ ‡•Ȍ ™ƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›•Ž‘™‡”ˆ‘”’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Ǥ‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡•ˆ‘” ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ”‡•’‘•‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡ǡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ – –Š‡ ‘•–• ‘ˆ ‹Š‹„‹–‹‰ ƒ ‹–—‹–‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‡†‡ ›ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† –Š‡ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡ǡ ‹ ˆƒ˜‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•–”— –‡†”‡•’‘•‡ȋ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻ„ȌǤŠ‹••Ž‘™‹‰‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ Š”‡•’‘•‡•–‘™ƒ”†• ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Šƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‡†‡ ›–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š”‡ƒ– ‹’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Ǥ ‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‡••Š‘™‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž „› •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ‘ ‡ƒ”Ž› ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ȋͳͷͲȌ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•ǣ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ͳͷͲ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• †—”‹‰ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ ‡•ˆ‘”’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›ǤŠ‹•”‡•—Ž–‹• Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š‘—”’”‡˜‹‘—•ˆ‹†‹‰‘ˆ‡Šƒ ‡†ͳͷͲƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•†—”‹‰ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Š‹‰Š –”ƒ‹– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ– Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ȋƒ ‡‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š •–‹—Ž—• ‡‘–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ – ™ƒ• ‘– •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‘” Šƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ǡ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–™Š‡–‡•–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ‰”›ȋ„—–‘– –Š‡ Šƒ’’›Ȍ ˆƒ ‡• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ ‘—” ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†›ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” •–—†‹‡• •Š‘™‹‰ •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› –‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ– ‹ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–›ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‹•Š‘’ǡʹͲͲͺǢډ‡Ž•Ƭƒ•‡ŽŽǡʹͲͲͶǢƒ–Š‡™Ƭ ‘ǡʹͲͲ͸Ǣƒ–Š‡™•Ƭ ƒ ‡‘†ǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ

(83)  ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›ȋƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•Žƒ–‡Ȍ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹†Ž‹‡ ‘’‘‡–• ‹”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘–Š”‡ƒ–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ ‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž›”‡’‘”–‡†‹•–—†‹‡• ‹Š‡ƒŽ–Š›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡƒ†ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ”‡•‘—” ‡• –‘ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– •–‹—Ž‹ ȋƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ ‹‡”Ƭ ‘Ž‡•ǡʹͲͲʹǢ‹‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͲͷȌ ˆ‘—† ‡Šƒ ‡† ʹ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡• –‘ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ‹ Š‹‰Š ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ Ž‘™ ƒš‹‘—• Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ‡ƒ”Ž› –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹• ‘†—Žƒ–‡† „› –”ƒ‹– ƒš‹‡–› Ž‡˜‡Ž ȋƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ˆǤ ‘Ž‡• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͺǢ ‘•‡”ǡ —’’‡”–ǡ —˜ƒŽǡ Ƭ ‹‘•ǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ‘—” •–—†‹‡• •—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– –Š‹• ’”‘ ‡•• ‹• •‡•‹–‹˜‡ –‘ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹‡Šƒ ‡†’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–‹Š‹‰Š•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒš‹‘—• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ. ͺͳ.

(84) Chapter4. ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ—–ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹ƒȌǤ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›‹•–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘•Š‘™ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹ ƒ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ –‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– ‡ƒ”Ž› •–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ǡ ‹– ‘•– Ž‹‡Ž› †‘‡• ‘– ”‡ˆŽ‡ – ’”‡Ǧ ƒ––‡–‹˜‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‡•ȋ‹‡”Ƭ ‘Ž‡•ǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ

(85) •–‡ƒ†ǡ•— Šƒ‡ƒ”Ž›‹†Ž‹‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡  ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‹• ’”‘’‘•‡† –‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡ – Š‹‰Š‡” ‘”†‡” ƒ† ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǧ†‡’‡†‡– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹ ‡‘ ‘”–‹ ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‘–‡– ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‹ƒ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ƒ†–ƒ•Ǧ†‡’‡†‡–ˆƒ•Š‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡‹–‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋ‹‡” Ƭ ‘Ž‡•ǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‡ ‡– ˆ‹†‹‰• „› ‘†‹‘ Ƭ ‘–ƒ‹ƒ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ •—’’‘”––Š‹•‘–‹‘„›•Š‘™‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡ʹͲͲ ‘’‘‡–”‡ˆŽ‡ –•‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘ —‡• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ”‡•’‘•‡ ‘–”‘ŽǤ

(86) –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž› ‹ –Š‹• ”‡•’‡ – ‹• ‘—” ˆ‹†‹‰ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‘—” ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†› ȋƒ ‡‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ –Šƒ– ƒˆ–‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Š‹‰Š ƒš‹‘—• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –Š‡ ͳͷͲ ƒ’Ž‹–—†‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‘ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ™ƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› Š‹‰Š‡” ˆ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡ƒ”Ž› –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‘†—Žƒ–‡†„›–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‡‘†‡ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–‡ƒ”Ž›’”‘ ‡••‹‰‹•‹†‡‡† ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž ‡ Šƒ‹••Ǥ

(87)  ‘—” †‡•‹‰ǡ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ƒ† ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‹ ‘‰”—‡–”‡•’‘•‡•™‡”‡„Ž‘ ‡†‹•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‹•–”— –‹‘ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ›Šƒ˜‡ ”‡•—Ž–‡†‹’”‹‹‰‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‡Ǧ ‘‰”—‡–•–‹—Ž—•’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥ ‘‰‡–Š‡” ‘—” ˆ‹†‹‰• •—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– ‘”–‹•‘ŽǦ‹†— ‡† ‡Šƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ †‡’‡†• ‘ •›’–‘ •‡˜‡”‹–› ƒ† ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘–‡š– ‹ Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‘‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†„‡†‹• —••‡†Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›ƒ‹‡† –‘”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡ƒ†‡š–‡†’”‡˜‹‘—•ˆ‹†‹‰•‹Š‹‰Šƒš‹‘—•Š‡ƒŽ–Š›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȋƒ‡‡” ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͹Ȍ–‘’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–Š Ž‹‹ ƒŽǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡™‡†‹†‘–‹ Ž—†‡ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘Ǧƒš‹‘—• ‘–”‘Ž‰”‘—’ǤŠ‡ —””‡–™‹–Š‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ –†‡•‹‰ƒŽŽ‘™‡†—•–‘ ‘–”‘Žˆ‘” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ •›’–‘ •‡˜‡”‹–›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ’”‘˜‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘†‡”ƒ–‹‰ ˆƒ –‘”Ǥ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ ƒ ƒ– Š‡† ‘–”‘Ž ‰”‘—’ ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ‘”‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ˆ‘” •‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Ǥ‡ ƒ‘–†”ƒ™ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‹••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹–›„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡’”‡•‡– •–—†›ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•‘ˆ‘—”‰”‘—’ǡ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡‹Š‹‰Š˜‡”•—•Ž‘™ƒš‹‘—•Š‡ƒŽ–Š›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȋƒ‡‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡ. ͺʹ.

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