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To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety Peer, J.M. van

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(1)To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety Peer, J.M. van. Citation Peer, J. M. van. (2009, December 8). To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14486 Version:. Not Applicable (or Unknown). License:. Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden. Downloaded from:. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14486. Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable)..

(2) Chapter1. GeneralIntroduction.

(3) Chapter1. š–‡•‹˜‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ›’‘–ŠƒŽƒ—•Ǧ‹–—‹–ƒ”›Ǧ†”‡ƒŽ ȋ Ȍ •›•–‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ‰Ž— ‘ ‘”–‹ ‘‹†• ȋ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‹ Š—ƒ•Ȍ ’Žƒ› ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹ ‘Š—ƒ ’”‹ƒ–‡• ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ž‡˜‡Ž• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† •‘ ‹ƒŽ •—„‹••‹˜‡‡••ǡˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž–‡’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ȋƒŽ‹ǡ ƒ”•‘ǡ Š‡Ž–‘ǡ Ƭ ƒ˜‹†•‘ǡ ͳͻͻͺǢ ƒ’‘Ž•›ǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǤ Ž•‘ ‹ Š—ƒ•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ Ǧˆ— –‹‘ƒ†™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘ǡŠƒ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ‰”‡ƒ–†‡ƒŽ‘ˆƒ––‡–‹‘‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ‰ƒǡ‡œ‹ ǡƬ ‹†ƒǡ ͳͻͺ͹Ǣ  Š‹†– ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻ͹Ǣ ’ƒ‰Ž‡” Ƭ  Š‹‡ Š‡ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǤ — Š ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ Ǧˆ— –‹‘ ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ –‘ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š •‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›†‹•‘”†‡”ȋȌǡ™Š‹ Š‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›‡š–”‡‡ˆ‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†‹Š‹„‹–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ”‹•ˆƒ –‘” ȋˆ‘””‡˜‹‡™••‡‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‹”•Šˆ‡Ž†Ǧ‡ ‡”ǡ‹ ‘ǡ‹‘‡•ǡƬ ‡‹ǡʹͲͲͺǢ—„‹ǡ‘’ŽƒǡƬ ‘™‡”ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š—•ˆƒ”Ž‹––Ž‡‹•‘™ƒ„‘—––Š‡ ƒ—•ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž‹–Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǤŠ‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•‹•–‘‰ƒ‹ ‘”‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–Š‡’•› Š‘„‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹••—†‡”Ž›‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹Š—ƒ•ǡ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒš‹‘—•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡƒ†–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž‹ –Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ 

(4)  –Š‹• ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ǡ

(5)  ™‹ŽŽ •–ƒ”– ™‹–Š ƒ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–›ǡƒ† —””‡–‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‹‰„‹ƒ•‡•‹–Š‹• †‹•‘”†‡”ǤŠ‡‡š–’ƒ”ƒ‰”ƒ’Š‡š’Žƒ‹•Š‘™–Š‡•‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ›„‡Ž‹‡†–‘„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „”ƒ‹ ‡ Šƒ‹•• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ† –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ •‡ ‘† ƒ‹ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‹•‹–”‘†— –‹‘ˆ‘ —•‡•‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž‹–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ Š‡ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‡†• ™‹–Š ƒ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ’”‡†‹ –‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡƒ†ƒ‘—–Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†‹‡•†‡• ”‹„‡†‹‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰ Šƒ’–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡•‹•Ǥ. ͺ.

(6) GeneralIntroduction. Fearandavoidanceinsocialanxiety  ‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡” ȋȌ ‹• –Š‡ ‘•– ‘‘ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡”ǡ ™‹–Š Ž‹ˆ‡–‹‡ ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡”ƒ–‡•”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘͹–‘ͳ͵Ψ‹‡•–‡” ‘—–”‹‡•ȋ•‡‡ —”ƒ”ǡʹͲͲʹǡˆ‘”ƒ ”‡ ‡–”‡˜‹‡™ȌǤ‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›‡š–”‡‡ˆ‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ȋ‡”‹ ƒ •› Š‹ƒ–”‹  ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ȏȐǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ ‡–”ƒŽ –‘ –Š‹• †‹•‘”†‡” ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ” ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‰‡„ƒ””ƒ••‹‰Ž›ƒ†„‡‹‰‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›„›‘–Š‡”•Ǥ‘‰‹–‹˜‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–› ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ „‹ƒ•‡• ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘” •ƒˆ‡–› „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”• ‹ –Š‡ ‡–‹‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‹•‘”†‡”Ǥ ™‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ȋŽƒ” Ƭ ‡ŽŽ•ǡ ͳͻͻͷǢ ƒ’‡‡ Ƭ ‡‹„‡”‰ǡ ͳͻͻ͹Ȍ „‘–Š ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ –Š”‡ƒ– ƒ• ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ˆƒ –‘” ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ”Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡•‡‘†‡Ž•ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒš‹‘—•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›•–”‘‰•‡ŽˆǦ ˆ‘ —•‡†ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•‹–‡”ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ– —‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•†›•ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽƒ••—’–‹‘•ƒ„‘—– •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •›’–‘• ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ”‘—•ƒŽ ȋ•‡‡ Žƒ” Ƭ ‡ŽŽ•ǡ ͳͻͻͷȌǤ

(7)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ’‡‡ ƒ† ‡‹„‡”‰ ȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Š‡› •Š‘™ Š‡‹‰Š–‡‡† ˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡ –‘ environmental —‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–Ǥ — Š ’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ– Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ ™‹†‡ ”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡Ǧ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•ǡƒ‹Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆ”‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡• ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ ˜‡”•—• ‡—–”ƒŽ •–‹—Ž‹ ‹ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ –”‘‘’ǡ †‘– ’”‘„‡ǡ ‘” ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ •’ƒ–‹ƒŽ —‡‹‰ –ƒ•• ȋ•‡‡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹ǡ ƒ›ǡ ‡”‰ƒ‹ǡ ƒ‡”ƒ•Ǧ ”ƒ‡„—”‰ǡ Ƭ ƒ

(8) œ‡†‘‘”ǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ǣ ‘„‹‹ Ƭ ”ƒ–ǡ ʹͲͲ͹ǡ ˆ‘” ”‡ ‡– ”‡˜‹‡™•ȌǤ Š‡ ‘•–™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–•–‹—Ž‹‹–Š‡•‡–ƒ••Šƒ˜‡„‡‡™‘”†•ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡǮ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡ǯȌ‘” ’‹ –—”‡•‘ˆŠ—ƒˆƒ ‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ‰”› ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‡—–”ƒŽ‘”Šƒ’’›‡š’”‡••‹‘•ȌǤ‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž›†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†–Š‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆƒ–Š”‡ƒ–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†ƒ––‡–‹‘ƒŽ„‹ƒ•ǡ ‹„‘–Š Ž‹‹ ƒŽ•ƒ’Ž‡•ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–› ȋ•‡‡ ƒ”Ǧ ƒ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ 

(9)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ ‡—”‘‹ƒ‰‹‰ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ Š›’‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ ƒ›‰†ƒŽƒ ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ ˆƒ ‡• ‹ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š  ȋŠƒǡ ‹–œ‰‡”ƒŽ†ǡ ƒ–Šƒǡ Ƭ ƒ ‡”ǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ǣ –‡‹ǡ ‘Ž†‹ǡ ƒ”‡‡ǡ ‘””‹ŽŽƒǡ Ƭ ”‘™ǡ ʹͲͲʹǢ –”ƒ—„‡ǡ‘Žƒ••ƒǡ Žƒ—‡”ǡ‡–œ‡ŽǡƬ‹Ž–‡”ǡʹͲͲͶȌǤŠ—•ǡ‹–•‡‡•–Šƒ–•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› ƒ Š›’‡””‡•’‘•‹˜‡ ƒŽ‡”– •›•–‡ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ––‡–‹‘ƒŽ „‹ƒ• –‘™ƒ”†• •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ •–‹—Ž‹Ǥ

(10)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ •‘‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‡˜‹†‡ ‡•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ––Š‹•‹‹–‹ƒŽ˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡‹•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ– —‡• ͻ.

(11) Chapter1. ‹Žƒ–‡”ǡ‘”‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰•–ƒ‰‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‹”ǡ ‘ƒǡƬ‘Ž‡•ǡͳͻͻͺǢ‘‰‰ǡŠ‹Ž‹’’‘–ǡ Ƭ”ƒ†Ž‡›ǡʹͲͲͶǢ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘‘‰‰ǡ”ƒ†Ž‡›ǡ‡‘‘ǡƬƒ‹–‡”ǡͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ —– ™Šƒ– ƒ„‘—– „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǫ

(12)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ ˆ‡ƒ” ƒ† •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› –‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ–ǡ ƒ •‡ ‘† ƒ‹ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹  ‘ˆ  ‹• ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ •— Š ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ”‡†— ‡• –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ Šƒ„‹–—ƒ–‡ –‘ ‘” ”‡ƒ’’”ƒ‹•‡ ƒ ˆ‡ƒ”‡† •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”–‘Ž‡ƒ”–‘ ‘’‡™‹–Š–Š‡ƒš‹‡–›ǡ‹–‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡ƒƒŒ‘”ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ ˆƒ –‘” ‘ˆ ƒš‹‡–› •›’–‘• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Žƒ” Ƭ ‡ŽŽ•ǡ ͳͻͻͷȌǤ

(13)  ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ ƒ––‡–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” Šƒ• ‘– „‡‡ ƒ ƒŒ‘” ˆ‘ —• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ Š‡ ’”‡•‡– –Š‡•‹• ƒ‹• –‘ •–ƒ”– ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‹ –Š‹• ‰ƒ’ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ‹ ˆ‘ —•‘‘˜‡”–•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ. Motivationalsystemsregulatingapproachandavoidancebehavior  ƒ› ƒ—–Š‘”• Šƒ˜‡ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† ƒ Ž‘•‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ –‹‘–‡†‡ ‹‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠ‡Ƭƒ”‰ŠǡͳͻͻͻǢ ”‹Œ†ƒǡ—‹’‡”•ǡƬ‡” Š—”‡ǡͳͻͺͻǢƒ‰ǡ ”ƒ†Ž‡›ǡ Ƭ —–Š„‡”–ǡ ͳͻͻͲǡ ͳͻͻʹȌǤ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡•‡ ˜‹‡™•ǡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡‘–‹‘• ƒ† ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ •–”‘‰Ž› Ž‹‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ƒ† –Š‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡†‹ƒ–‡† „› †‹•–‹ – ƒ’’‡–‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† ƒ˜‡”•‹˜‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •›•–‡• ‹ –Š‡ „”ƒ‹Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ”ƒ› ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ͳͻͺ͹Ǣ ”ƒ› Ƭ  ƒ—‰Š–‘ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌ ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ •›•–‡ ȋȌ ™Š‹ Š ”‡•’‘†• –‘ ‹ ‡–‹˜‡•ǡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡• ‘˜‡‡–• –‘™ƒ”†• ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† ‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘ •›•–‡ ȋ

(14) Ȍͳ ”‡•’‘†• –‘ –Š”‡ƒ–ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ȋ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ȍ ƒ† ‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ƒˆˆ‡ –ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ”˜‡”ǡ—––‘ǡƬ Š‡‹‡”ǡʹͲͲͲǡˆ‘”ƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ •‹‹Žƒ”–Š‡‘”‹‡•ȌǤ

(15) ’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ ‹– Šƒ• „‡‡ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• †‹ˆˆ‡” ‹ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› ‘” ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •›•–‡•ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ƒ ’”‡†‹•’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‹‡‹–Š‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡƒ†ƒ’”‘‡‡••–‘”‡ƒ ––‘”‡™ƒ”†‘” –Š”‡ƒ–ǡ ƒ† –‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘” ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǥ ‘ ƒ••‡•• –Š‡•‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡ ƒ”˜‡” ƒ† Š‹–‡ ȋͳͻͻͶȌ ”‡ƒ–‡† •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”– • ƒŽ‡• ȋ–Š‡ 

(16) Ǧ • ƒŽ‡•Ȍǡ . ͳ‘–‡–Šƒ–‹ƒ”‡ ‡–”‡˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›ȋ ”ƒ›Ƭ ƒ—‰Š–‘ǡʹͲͲͲȌ–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‡•–‘. ƒ˜‡”•‹˜‡•–‹—Ž‹‹•‘™ƒ• ”‹„‡†–‘–Š‡ ‹‰Š–Ǧ Ž‹‰Š–Ǧƒ† ”‡‡œ‹‰•›•–‡‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡

(17) ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡ 

(18) ‹•ƒ ‘ˆŽ‹ –†‡–‡ –‹‘ƒ†”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘†‡˜‹ ‡–Šƒ–‹Š‹„‹–•‘‰‘‹‰„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘‹ŽŽ‹‡‹ ‡”‹‰ǡ Ƭ ƒ •‘ǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ. ͳͲ.

(19) GeneralIntroduction. ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ™‹†‡Ž› —•‡† ‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ š–”‡‡ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘” †‡Ǧ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‹–Š‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ •›•–‡• Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” ’•› Š‘’ƒ–Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ Š›’‘Ǧƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š •›•–‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š †‡’”‡••‹‘ ȋ•‡‡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ˜‹†•‘ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• Š›’‡”ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘•›•–‡Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒš‹‡–›ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ”ƒ›Ƭ ƒ—‰Š–‘ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ

(20)  –Š‹• –Š‡•‹•ǡ

(21)  ™‹ŽŽ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ „‘–Š Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š˜‡”•—•Ž‘™•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡†Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘ȋ

(22) Ȍƒ†’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–Š Ǥ  Brainmechanismsunderlyingemotionprocessingandmotivationalbehavior Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ •–‹—Ž‹ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ”‡•’‘•‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ ‘’Ž‡š ‹” —‹–”› ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘”–‹ ƒŽƒ†•—„ ‘”–‹ ƒŽ„”ƒ‹”‡‰‹‘•Ǥˆ‹”•–‹’‘”–ƒ–•–”— –—”‡‹–Š‹•‡–™‘”‹•–Š‡ ƒ›‰†ƒŽƒȋˆ‘”ƒ”‡˜‹‡™•‡‡‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠ‡Ž’•ǡʹͲͲ͸Ȍ™Š‹ Š”‡ ‡‹˜‡•‹’—–ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ•–‹—Ž—•“—‹ Ž›ƒ†’”‹‘”–‘ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‘””‹•ǡYŠƒǡƬ‘Žƒǡ ͳͻͻͺǢŠƒŽ‡‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ

(23) –Šƒ•„‡‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ›‰†ƒŽƒ–‘ •‡•‘”› ‘”–‹ ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘• ȋƒ”ƒŽǡ ‡Š‹‡ƒǡ Ƭ ‡ŽŽ›ǡ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ †‡”•‘ Ƭ Š‡Ž’•ǡ ʹͲͲͳǢ —‹ŽŽ‡—‹‡”ǡ ‹ Šƒ”†•‘ǡ ”‘›ǡ ”‹˜‡”ǡ Ƭ ‘Žƒǡ ʹͲͲͶȌ ƒ”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ––‡–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ’‡” ‡’–—ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‘”–‹ ƒŽ ƒ––‡–‹‘ ƒ† ˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡ ‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ †ƒ‰‡” ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ŠƒŽ‡ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ †‹”‡ – ƒ† ‹†‹”‡ – ‘—–’—– ‘‡ –‹‘• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ›‰†ƒŽƒ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •›•–‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ‰‘ƒŽǦ†‹”‡ –‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘• –‘ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ •–‹—Ž‹Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ‘”–‡šȋ Ȍǡ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹‘” ‹‰—Žƒ–‡ȋȌƒ†‘”„‹–‘ˆ”‘–ƒŽȋ Ȍ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ ’Žƒ›•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡•‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•›•–‡•ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŽƒ‹”Ƭ‹’‘Ž‘––‹ǡʹͲͲͲǢ ‘”ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ”‹‰‡Ž„ƒ ŠƬ‘ŽŽ•ǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ‡‘—šǡʹͲͲʹǢ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•ǡ‹‡ŽŽ‹ǡƒ”•ǡƒ ‡‡”ǡ Ƭ ‘‹ǡ ʹͲͲͻǢ ‘ŽŽ•ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ ƒ˜‹†•‘ ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ȋ•‡‡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ˜‹†•‘ǡ ʹͲͲͶȌ ’”‘’‘•‡† –Šƒ– •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‡—”ƒŽ •—„•–”ƒ–‡• ˆ‘” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ† ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ •›•–‡•ƒ”‡Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†‹–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–ƒ†”‹‰Š–’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ‘”–‡šǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ—’’‘”–ˆ‘” –Š‹• ‘–‹‘ ‘‡• ˆ”‘   •–—†‹‡• •Š‘™‹‰ ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ‘ˆ ’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ•›‡–”› ƒ† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ †‹•’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‘†ǡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ”‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ‡–Ǥ

(24)  –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡•ǡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ Ž‡ˆ–Ǧ•‹†‡† ’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒˆˆ‡ –ǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†”‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›–‘’‘•‹–‹˜‡ •–‹—Ž‹ǡ ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‹‰Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ •‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–‡† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ȋȌǡ ͳͳ.

(25) Chapter1. ™Š‡”‡ƒ•‘”‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡”‹‰Š–ˆ”‘–ƒŽƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‘”‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ƒˆˆ‡ –ǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ”‡ƒ –‹˜‹–› –‘ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ •–‹—Ž‹ǡ ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‹‰Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘ ȋ

(26) Ȍ ȋ•‡‡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ˜‹†•‘ǡ ͳͻͻͺǢ —––‘ Ƭ ƒ˜‹†•‘ǡ ͳͻͻ͹Ǣ ‘ƒ”‡ǡ ƒ˜‹†•‘ǡŠ‡‡Ž‡”ǡƬ‘••ǡͳͻͻʹǢŠ‡‡Ž‡”ǡƒ˜‹†•‘ǡƬ‘ƒ”‡ǡͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ

(27) –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ ‹ ’”‹ƒ–‡• ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‹• ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽǦ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–™‘”ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘‡‘–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ ‹ƒŽ•–‹—Ž‹ǡ™Š‹ Š—†‡”• ‘”‡• –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‡–™‘”• ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ȋ•‡‡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‘ŽŽ•ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ — –‹‘ƒŽ ‡—”‘‹ƒ‰‹‰ •–—†‹‡• ‹ Š—ƒ• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ˜‹‡™‹‰ ƒ‰”› ‘” ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž ˆƒ ‡•ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡•–Š‡ǡ ǡƒ†ƒ›‰†ƒŽƒ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ȋˆ‘”ƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™•‡‡†‘Ž’Š•ǡ ʹͲͲʹǢ  Ž—”‡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͶǢ –”ƒ—•• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͷȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•Š‘™–‘„‡Š›’‡””‡•’‘•‹˜‡–‘–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘•‹•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒš‹‘—• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ‘–”‘Ž• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Šƒ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ǣ –‡‹ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲʹǢ –”ƒ—„‡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ

(28)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† •—„ ‘”–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‘”–‹ ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‘—†‹†—”‹‰ȋƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆȌ’—„Ž‹ •’‡‡ Šȋ‘”„‡”„ƒ—‡– ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͶǢ‹ŽŽˆ‘”•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͳȌǡ™Š‹ Š‹• ‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š–Š‡‘–‹‘–Šƒ–‘‡ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•–‘‘†—Žƒ–‡‘”‹Š‹„‹–ƒ›‰†ƒŽƒƒ –‹˜‹–›ȋˆ‘”ƒ”‡˜‹‡™•‡‡‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠ‡Ž’•ǡʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–•ƒˆƒ‹Ž—”‡‹’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ›‰†ƒŽƒ†”‹˜‡ˆ‡ƒ””‡•’‘•‡•‹Ǥ

(29) –Š‡‡š–•‡ –‹‘ǡ

(30) ™‹ŽŽ†‡• ”‹„‡Š‘™–Š‡•–”‡••Š‘”‘‡ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ›ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‹• ‡–™‘”ƒ†ǡ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘•ƒ†‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ. Hormonesandbehavior:roleoftheHPAaxisandcortisol  RoleoftheHPAaxisinresponsetostress Š‡ Ǧƒš‹• ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ–Š‡Š›’‘–ŠƒŽƒ—•ǡ–Š‡’‹–—‹–ƒ”›‰Žƒ†ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ†”‡ƒŽ ‰Žƒ†Ǥ‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡•›’ƒ–Š‡–‹ ‡”˜‘—••›•–‡ǡ–Š‹••›•–‡’Žƒ›•ƒ’”‹ƒ”›”‘Ž‡ ‹–Š‡•–”‡••Ǧ”‡•’‘•‡ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡Ž‘‡–ǡ ‘´Ž•ǡƬ ‘Ž•„‘‡”ǡʹͲͲͷǢƒ’‘Ž•›ǡ‘‡”‘ǡƬ — ǡʹͲͲͲǡˆ‘””‡˜‹‡™•ȌǤ

(31) ”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘–Š‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘‘ˆƒ•–”‡••‘”ǡ–Š‡Š›’‘–ŠƒŽƒ—• ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡• ‘”–‹•‘ŽǦ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ ˆƒ –‘” ȋ Ȍǡ ™Š‹ Š –”‹‰‰‡”• –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ   ‹ –Š‡ ’‹–—‹–ƒ”›Ǥ Š‹•ǡ ‹ –—”ǡ ƒ—•‡• ƒ†”‡ƒŽ •‡ ”‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰Ž— ‘ ‘”–‹ ‘‹†• ȋ ǡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‹ Š—ƒ•ȌǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ‡ Šƒ‹•• ƒ—•‡ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†  ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘• –‘ ‹Š‹„‹– •—„•‡“—‡–  ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ –‘ ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡ •–”‡••Ǧ”‡•’‘•‡ ˆ”‘ ‘˜‡”•Š‘‘–‹‰Ǥ  ƒ”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡•–”‡••”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ͳʹ.

(32) GeneralIntroduction. ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •›’ƒ–Š‡–‹  ‡”˜‘—• •›•–‡ ƒ† ‡Šƒ ‡ –Š‡ ‘„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› •‘—” ‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‡‡†‡† ˆ‘” ƒ –‹‘ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ˆ‹‰Š– ‘” ˆŽ‹‰Š–ȌǤ

(33)  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ –Š‡› ‹Š‹„‹– ’ƒ”ƒ•›’ƒ–Š‡–‹ ˆ— –‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—‡ ‡••ƒ”›‹–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡–Š”‡ƒ–ǡ•— Š ƒ• ‰”‘™–Šǡ ”‡’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‹ˆŽƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(34)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡•‡ ƒ –‹‘• †—”‹‰ ƒ —–‡ •–”‡••ǡ „‘–Š „ƒ•ƒŽ ƒ† •–”‡••Ǧ‹†— ‡†  •‡”˜‡ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘• –‘ ’”‹‡ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡•‡‡ Šƒ‹••ˆ‘””‡•’‘•‡•–‘ˆ—–—”‡•–”‡••‘”•ȋƒ’‘Ž•›‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ. Ž— ‘ ‘”–‹ ‘‹†• ƒ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ”‘••–Š‡„Ž‘‘†Ȃ„”ƒ‹„ƒ””‹‡”ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‡”„‡”–‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ƒ†ƒ ‡••–Š‡„”ƒ‹™Š‡”‡–Š‡›„‹†–‘”‡ ‡’–‘”•ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆ ”‡ ‡’–‘”• ‹–Š‡„”ƒ‹ǣ‹‡”ƒŽ‘ ‘”–‹ ‘‹†”‡ ‡’–‘”•ȋȌƒ†‰Ž— ‘ ‘”–‹ ‘‹†”‡ ‡’–‘”•ȋ Ȍȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‡Ž‘‡–ǡͳͻͻͳǢ‡Ž‘‡–ǡ‹–œŽǡƬ ‘´Ž•ǡͳͻͻͻȌǤ •Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š‡”ƒˆˆ‹‹–›ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ„‹†‘”‡ ”‡ƒ†‹Ž›Ȍ –‘ • –Šƒ –‘ •ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ƒ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ– ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ • ™Š‡  Ž‡˜‡Ž• ƒ”‡ ‹ „ƒ•ƒŽ ”ƒ‰‡•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• • ƒ”‡ ‘ —’‹‡† ‘Ž› ƒ– –Š‡ ’‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹” ƒ†‹ƒ › Ž‡ ‘” ™Š‡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ž‡˜‡Ž• ƒ”‡ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† †—‡ –‘ •–”‡•• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‡ Ž‘‡– ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͻȌ ‘” ‡š‘‰‡‘—•ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘ŽǤŠ‡•‡”‡ ‡’–‘”•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽŽ›†‹•–”‹„—–‡† ‹–Š‡„”ƒ‹ǤŠ‡”‡ ‡’–‘”‹•‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž›’”‡•‡–‹–Š‡Ž‹„‹ •›•–‡ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡  ”‡ ‡’–‘” ‹• ’”‡•‡– ‹ „‘–Š •—„ ‘”–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‘”–‹ ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡•ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‹–Š‡’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ‘”–‡šǤ ‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‡‡†‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ† ”‡ ‡’–‘”•ȋ‡Ž‘‡–ǡͳͻͻͳǢ‡Ž‘‡–‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻͻǢ—’‹‡ǡ ƒŠ‡—ǡ—ǡ ‹‘ ‘ǡƬ Š”ƒ‡ǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ  Cortisolandsocialmotivation ‹ƒŽ•–—†‹‡••—‰‰‡•––Šƒ– ’Žƒ›ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ •–—†‹‡• ‹ ‘Š—ƒ ’”‹ƒ–‡• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†  Ž‡˜‡Ž• ƒ”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† •—„‹••‹˜‡‡•• ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ȋƒ’‘Ž•›ǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǤ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ •‘‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š  Šƒ˜‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‘”–‹•‘Ž •–”‡•• ”‡•’‘•‡• ȋ‘†”‡ǡ ̵‡‹ŽŽǡ›ƒǡƒ””‡––ǡƬŠƒ‘”‡ǡʹͲͲʹǢ —”Žƒǡ‡ƒ”–‹‹•ǡ Š™‡‹œ‡”ǡ‹ ‡Ž•ǡƬ— ‹ǡ ʹͲͲͳȌǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‹•™ƒ•‘– ‘ˆ‹”‡†‹‘–Š‡”•–—†‹‡•ȋ‡˜‹‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻ͵Ǣƒ”–‡Ž‡–ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǤ

(35)  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ  ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ”‹‰Š–   ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž –‡’‡”ƒ‡–ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘ǡŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡” ‘”–‹•‘ŽŽ‡˜‡Ž• ‹ ”Š‡•—• ‘‡›• ȋƒŽ‹ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͺƒǢ ƒŽ‹ǡ Š‡Ž–‘ǡ Ƭ ƒ˜‹†•‘ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌ ƒ† Š—ƒ ‹ˆƒ–•ȋ—••‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤŠ‡ ‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ––ƒ”‰‡–•–”— –—”‡ˆ‘” ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡ƒ‡› Ƭ ‹–‡ǡ ͳͻͺͷǢ ƒ†Ž‡› ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ ƒ† ‡š‘‰‡‘—•Ž› ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† ‘”–‹•‘Ž Šƒ• „‡‡ ͳ͵.

(36) Chapter1. •Š‘™ –‘ ƒˆˆ‡ – ’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘• •— Š ƒ• ™‘”‹‰ ‡‘”› ‹ Š—ƒ• ȋˆ‘” ”‡˜‹‡™• •‡‡ ‘Žˆǡ ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ —’‹‡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ Ǧƒš‹• ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†ǡƒ†–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž‘’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ„”ƒ‹ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ‰‹˜‡ ”‹•‡ –‘ –Š‡ Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•–Šƒ– ‘”–‹•‘Ž’Žƒ›•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ  ‘ •—ƒ”‹œ‡ǡ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ› ’Žƒ› ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ•–—†‹‡•‹•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–›Šƒ˜‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›ˆ‘ —•‡†‘ ‡‘–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ† ƒ––‡–‹‘ǡ ƒ† •–—†‹‡• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ”‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› Žƒ ‹‰Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ Ž‹––Ž‡ ‹• ‘™ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ ’”‡ˆ”‘–ƒŽ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ Š—ƒ•ǡ ‘” ‡˜‡ ƒ„‘—– ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ ‡‘”› ȋ•‡‡ —’‹‡ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹ǡ ˆ‘” ƒ ”‡˜‹‡™Ȍǡ•— Šƒ•ƒ––‡–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ–Ǥ™‘”‡ ‡–•–—†‹‡•—•‹‰ƒ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ –”‘‘’ –ƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† „ƒ•ƒŽ ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ž‡˜‡Ž• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ ‘ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǡ ƒ†Š‹‰Š ‘”–‹•‘ŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•†—‡–‘ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ȋ—–ƒǡ ‡”ƒ•ǡ‘’’‡• Šƒƒ”ǡ ƒ Š‹Œ†‡ŽǡƬƒ ‘ǡʹͲͲ͹Ȍ™‡”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ––‡–‹‘ƒŽƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡‘ˆ –Š”‡ƒ–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ overt ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ behavior ‹ Š—ƒ• ”‡ƒ‹• —‡š’Ž‘”‡†Ǥ

(37) –‹•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘‰ƒ‹‘”‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–Š‡•‡‡ Šƒ‹••ǡ‘–‘Ž›–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ Ǧƒš‹•†›•ˆ— –‹‘•‹–Š‡‡–‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒš‹‡–›ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž Šƒ• ”‡ ‡–Ž› „‡‡ ’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ•ƒ–”‡ƒ–‡–ˆ‘”ȋ‘”ƒ˜‹ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ. ͳͶ.

(38) GeneralIntroduction. Outlineofthisthesis  Mainaim,predictionsandgeneralmethodology Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ‹• –™‘ˆ‘Ž†ǣ ‹”•–ǡ

(39)  ™ƒ– –‘ ‰ƒ‹ ‘”‡ ‹•‹‰Š– ‹ –Š‡ „”ƒ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‡• —†‡”Ž›‹‰ –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ Š‹‰Š •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒš‹‘—•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ‡ ‘†ǡ

(40) ™‹ŽŽ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡Š‘™–Š‡•‡’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ”‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡† „› ‘”–‹•‘ŽǤŠ‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰Š›’‘–Š‡•‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡–‡•–‡†ǣ ͳǤ Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰•–‹—Ž‹ǡ‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•ǡ”‡ ‡‹˜‡’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰„› Š‹‰Š •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒš‹‘—• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† •— Š ˜‹‰‹Žƒ ‡ ‘ —”• ‹ ‡ƒ”Ž› ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ •–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ʹǤ

(41) †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽƒš‹‡–› •Š‘™•–”‘‰‡”ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡–‡†‡ ‹‡•‹”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–Ǥ ͵Ǥ Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ƒ”‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†„›Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‡†‘‰‡‘—•‘” ‡š‘‰‡‘—• ‘”–‹•‘ŽǤ  ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ–Š‡•‡’”‡†‹ –‹‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†—•‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‡–Š‘†•ǣ . ‹”•–ǡ ƒ ‘’—–‡”‹œ‡† ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡ ȋȌ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ‹• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š. ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ”‡•’‘•‡• ‹ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–‹—Ž‹Ǥ

(42)  –Š‹• –ƒ• ȋ–Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ȋȌǦ–ƒ•ǡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‘––‡˜‡‡Ž Ƭ Šƒˆǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•‘ˆŠƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•„›ƒ‹‰ƒƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰ȋˆŽ‡š‹‘Ȍ ‘” ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ ȋ‡š–‡•‹‘Ȍ ƒ” ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ Š‡ Ǧ–ƒ• ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘˜‡‡–•–‘Šƒ’’›ˆƒ ‡•ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡‘˜‡‡–•–‘ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ƒ† ƒ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ‘†‹–‹‘ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‹•–”— –‹‘ ‹• ”‡˜‡”•‡†Ǥ ›’‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ”‡ƒ –‹‘ –‹‡• ƒ”‡ ˆƒ•–‡” ‹ –Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ ‘‰”—‡– –Šƒ –Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –Ǧ‹ ‘‰”—‡– ‘†‹–‹‘ǡ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ–‡†‡ ›‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ–ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹† —’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ–•–‹—Ž‹ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠ‡Ƭƒ”‰ŠǡͳͻͻͻǢ‹ Ƭ‡ ‡”ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǣ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•ǡŽœ‹‰ƒǡ Ƭ‘––‡˜‡‡ŽǡʹͲͲͷǢ‘––‡˜‡‡ŽƬŠƒˆǡʹͲͲͶǢ‘Žƒ”œǡͳͻ͸ͲȌǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š•— Šƒ ‘’—–‡”–ƒ• ‘•–‹–—–‡•ƒƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽƒ†Š‹‰ŠŽ›•‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘Ǯ”‡ƒŽǦŽ‹ˆ‡ǯ•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•ǡ ‹– ‡•—”‡• ƒ †‹”‡ – ƒ† ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘ˆ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‡• ‹– ’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘‡ƒ•—”‡„”ƒ‹ƒ –‹˜‹–›†—”‹‰–ƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ ‡ ‘†ǡ„”ƒ‹ƒ –‹˜‹–›ȋ‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡˜‡–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•Ȍ‹•”‡ ‘”†‡†ˆ”‘ –Š‡• ƒŽ’†—”‹‰–ƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡–‘‰‡–‘”‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–Š‡‡—”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ͳͷ.

(43) Chapter1. ™‹–Š–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ˜‡–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•ȋ•Ȍ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ‘–‹—‘—• ƒ† Š‹‰Š –‡’‘”ƒŽ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘ˆ „‘–Š –Š‡ •’‡‡† ȋŽƒ–‡ ›Ȍ ƒ† ‹–‡•‹–›ȋƒ’Ž‹–—†‡Ȍ‘ˆ ‡”‡„”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡˜‡”›•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ”‡ˆ‹‡† ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ „‹ƒ•‡• ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ •–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ ‡•–‹‰ •–ƒ–‡   ‹• ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•—”‡†ǡ–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹ȋƒ† ‘”–‹•‘Ž‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘Ȍ„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„”ƒ‹•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‹”†ǡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ”‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡†‘‰‡‘—• ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ž‡˜‡Ž• ȋ™‹–Š ƒ ’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ •–”‡••–ƒ•Ȍƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ —–‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡š‘‰‡‘—• ‘”–‹•‘ŽǤ‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ› ˆƒ –‘”• ‹–‡”ƒ – ™‹–Š ‡†‘‰‡‘—• ‘”–‹•‘Ž Ž‡˜‡Ž• †—”‹‰ •–”‡••Ǧ‹†— –‹‘ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ”‘—•ƒŽǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–”‡•• ‘–‡š–ǡ ƒ† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•Ȍǡ –Š‡ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‹ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• Žƒ›• ‘ ‡š‘‰‡‘—•ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‹‘”†‡”–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡ ƒ—•ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘ŽǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ

(44)  ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡•‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘– ‘Ž› ‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› Š‹‰Š ˜‡”•—• Ž‘™ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ –”ƒ‹– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ȁ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘ǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‹ –™‘ •ƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š ƒ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ †‹ƒ‰‘•‹• ‘ˆ Ǥ –—†‡– •ƒ’Ž‡• ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š •‡ŽˆǦ ”‡’‘”–‡†ǡ „—– ‘Ǧ Ž‹‹ ƒŽǡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘” –”ƒ‹– ƒš‹‡–› ƒ”‡ ™‹†‡Ž› —•‡† ‹ ƒš‹‡–› ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ ƒ† ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ „ƒ•‹  ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒš‹‡–› †‹•‘”†‡”•Ǥ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ •–—†‹‡• ‹ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘†”ƒ™ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• –Š‡ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ  Overviewofchapters Chapter 2 †‡• ”‹„‡• ƒ ˆ‹”•– •–—†› –‡•–‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‡†‹ –‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒȌ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘•Š‘™’”‡ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‹‰‘ˆƒ† •–”‘‰‡” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ –‡†‡ ‹‡• –‘™ƒ”†• •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š”‡ƒ– —‡•ǡ ƒ† „Ȍ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ƒ”‡ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡† „› ‘”–‹•‘ŽǤ Š‹• ‹• ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† „› ‡ƒ•—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ Ǧ –ƒ• ‹ ƒ •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ’”‡Ǧ•‡Ž‡ –‡† Š‹‰Š ƒ† Ž‘™ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽŽ› ‹Š‹„‹–‡†Ȁƒš‹‘—• •–—†‡–•ǡ —•‹‰ ƒ ’Žƒ ‡„‘Ǧ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ™‹–Š‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ – †‡•‹‰Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ‡˜‡–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ•ȋ•Ȍƒ”‡‡ƒ•—”‡††—”‹‰–ƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡–‘ ‰ƒ‹‘”‡‹•‹‰Š–‹–Š‡„”ƒ‹’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š”‡ƒ–’”‘ ‡••‹‰ƒ†ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡”‡ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ Chapter 3 ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‡†‘‰‡‘—• ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‹‡” ‘ ‹ƒŽ –”‡•• ‡•– ȋ‹”• Š„ƒ—ǡ ‹Ž‡ǡ Ƭ ͳ͸.

(45) GeneralIntroduction. ‡ŽŽŠƒ‡”ǡͳͻͻ͵Ȍ‹•ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†–‘’ƒ–‹‡–•ǡƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘–Š‡Ǧ–ƒ•‹ –Š‹•’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ•–”‡•• ‘†‹–‹‘‹• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡—•‹‰ƒ™‹–Š‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ –†‡•‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š›’‡” ‘”–‹•‘Ž‹• ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ” ƒ† ˆ‡ƒ” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹‹•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†„›†‹”‡ –Ž›”‡Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡•–”‡••Ǧ‹†— ‡† ‘”–‹•‘Ž”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ Ǧ–ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ  •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ– Š‡† Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ† ƒ •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–Š‘•–Ǧ”ƒ—ƒ–‹ –”‡••‹•‘”†‡”ȋȌƒ”‡‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ• ‘–”‘Ž‰”‘—’•–‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ •–—†› ‹ Chapter 3ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ‹ Chapter 4 ƒ‹• –‘ ‰‡– ƒ „‡––‡” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡causal”‘Ž‡‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡—”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ” „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹ Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡‹•—•‡†ƒ•‹Chapter2ǡ–‘–‡•–™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‹Š‹‰Š‹Š‹„‹–‡†Ȁƒš‹‘—• Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡ –‘ ƒ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǧ–ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† ‹ ƒ •‡ ‘† •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ™‹–Š ǡ —•‹‰ ƒ ’Žƒ ‡„‘ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ™‹–Š‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ – †‡•‹‰ǡ ƒ†™‹–Š•‡ƒ•—”‡††—”‹‰–ƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ

(46) Chapter5–Š‡Š›’‘–Š‡•‹•‹•–‡•–‡†–Šƒ–’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–Š•Š‘™‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡ƒ”Ž› ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ ‡• ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‹• ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡† ˆ‘” –ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ†‡˜‡—†‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ”‡•–”‹ –‡†•–‹—Ž—•ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡƒ•‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘ŽŠƒ˜‡„‡‡•Š‘™–‘„‡ ‘–‡š–Ǧ†‡’‡†‡–ǡ

(47) ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ‘ –Š”‡ƒ– ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ”‡ •‹‹Žƒ” ™Š‡ –Š‡ •–‹—Ž—• ‡‘–‹‘ ‹• ‹’Ž‹ ‹– ȋ–ƒ•Ǧ ‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ȍǡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘™Š‡•–‹—Ž—•‡‘–‹‘‹•‡š’Ž‹ ‹–ƒ†–ƒ•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ǡƒ•‹–Š‡ Ǧ–ƒ•Ǥ

(48) –Š‹••–—†›ǡ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Žƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘”‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡•ƒ†•‹• ‡ƒ•—”‡†‹’ƒ–‹‡–•™‹–Š†—”‹‰ ‘Ž‘”Ǧƒ‹‰‘ˆƒ•‡†ƒ†—ƒ•‡†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ ‡• ‹ ƒ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ –”‘‘’ –ƒ•ǡ —•‹‰ ƒ ’Žƒ ‡„‘Ǧ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡† ™‹–Š‹Ǧ•—„Œ‡ – †‡•‹‰ǤŠ‹••–—†›‹• ‘†— –‡†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ’Ž‡ƒ•Chapter4Ǥ .

(49)  Chapter 6ǡ ƒ ‘”‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽǦ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹••—‡ ‹• ‡š’Ž‘”‡†ǡ ƒ‡Ž› –‘. ™Š‹ Š‡š–‡––Š‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•ǡƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†‹’”‡˜‹‘—• Šƒ’–‡”•ǡ†‡’‡† ‘–Š‡actions‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‘”ƒ›„‡‡†‹ƒ–‡†„›ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‹•–ƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ– ƒ† –Š‡ •–‹—Ž—• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‡—ƒ Ƭ –”ƒ ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤ

(50) ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆˆ‘—””‡ƒ –‹‘–‹‡‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǡ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ•–‹—Ž—•‘˜‡‡–• ‘–Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ ‡•–‹—Ž‹ƒ”‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†‹Š‡ƒŽ–Š›ƒŽ‡ƒ† ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ •–—†‡–•Ǥ

(51) – ‹• ’”‡†‹ –‡† –Šƒ– Šƒ‰‡• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‹•–ƒ ‡ †—‡ –‘ •–‹—Ž—•. ͳ͹.

(52) Chapter1. ‘˜‡‡– ‡š‡”– •‹‹Žƒ” ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡ ‘˜‡‡–•‡š‡ —–‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹–Š‡Ǧ–ƒ•Ǥ Chapter 7 †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ ‘”–‹•‘Ž ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ –”ƒ‹– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ ‡Ȁ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹Š‹„‹–‹‘ ‘ ”‡•–‹‰ •–ƒ–‡ „”ƒ‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–› –Šƒ– Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ–‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ Chapter 8 ’”‡•‡–• ƒ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ƒ† ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Chapters 2 –‘ 7ǡ ƒ†ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š• ƒ† Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” ‘ Ž—†‡• ™‹–Š •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ˆ‘” ˆ—–—”‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” Ž‹‹ ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ. ͳͺ.

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