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To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety Peer, J.M. van

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Peer, J.M. van

Citation

Peer, J. M. van. (2009, December 8). To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14486

Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown)

License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden

Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14486

Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable).

(2)

Chapter 6

Affect-congruent approach and withdrawal movements of happy and angry faces facilitate affective categorization







Š‡…‘–‡–•‘ˆ–Š‹•…Šƒ’–‡”ƒ”‡‹’”‡••ǡ‘‰‹–‹‘ƒ†‘–‹‘ǡ

 ǣͳͲǤͳͲͺͲȀͲʹ͸ͻͻͻ͵ͲͻͲʹͻ͵ͷͶͺͷ

ǤǤ˜ƒ‡‡”ǡǤ‘––‡˜‡‡ŽǡŠǤ’‹Š‘˜‡ǡǤǤ‘ŽŽ‡ƒƒ”ǡƬǤ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•

(3)

ͳͳʹ

Abstract



…”‡ƒ•‹‰‡˜‹†‡…‡‹†‹…ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡•–‹—Ž‹ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•–Š‡‡š‡…—–‹‘

‘ˆƒˆˆ‡…–Ǧ…‘‰”—‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡”‡•’‘•‡•ǡƒ†˜‹…‡˜‡”•ƒǤŠ‡•‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•ƒ”‡

’”‘’‘•‡† –‘ „‡ ‡†‹ƒ–‡† „› ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ‘” †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ‹ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ –‘ –Š‡

•–‹—Ž—•ǡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ǯ• ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ  ƒ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡–• ™‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†

™Š‡–Š‡” •–‹—Ž—• …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹• •‹‹Žƒ”Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† ™Š‡ …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‹• ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡

†‹•–ƒ…‡ƒ”‡†—‡–‘‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•–‹—Ž—•‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–•„›–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–Ǥ

ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ”‡•’‘†‡† –‘ Šƒ’’› ƒ† ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡• –Šƒ– ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ȋ‘˜‡

–‘™ƒ”†•Ȍ‘”™‹–Š†”ƒ™ȋ‘˜‡ƒ™ƒ›Ȍˆ”‘–Š‡Ǥ Ž‹‡™‹–Š’”‡˜‹‘—•ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡

…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘™ƒ•ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†™Š‡–Š‡‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•…‘‰”—‡–™‹–Š•–‹—Ž—•˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡ

”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ˆƒ•–‡”ƒ†‘”‡…‘””‡…–”‡•’‘•‡•–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰Šƒ’’›ƒ†™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰

ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰••—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡†‹•–ƒ…‡‹†‡‡†’Žƒ›•ƒ…”—…‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ …‘‰”—‡…› ‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• †‘ ‘– †‡’‡† ‘ –Š‡

‡š‡…—–‹‘‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–•„›–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–Ǥ





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ͳͳ͵

Introduction



—ƒ•ǡŽ‹‡‘–Š‡”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡŠƒ˜‡ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ–‡†‡…›–‘ƒ˜‘‹†—’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ–ǡ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰

•–‹—Ž‹ ƒ† –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ’Ž‡ƒ•ƒ– •–‹—Ž‹ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ Š‡ Ƭ ƒ”‰Šǡ ͳͻͻͻǢ ƒ‰ǡ ”ƒ†Ž‡›ǡ Ƭ

—–Š„‡”–ǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǤ Š‹• Ž‹ „‡–™‡‡ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠȀƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡

„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‹••—’’‘”–‡†„›‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰‡˜‹†‡…‡•Š‘™‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–‹—Ž—•

˜ƒŽ‡…‡ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡• ƒˆˆ‡…–Ǧ…‘‰”—‡– ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ”‡•’‘•‡• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›

ˆƒ•–‡” ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‘ˆ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ •–‹—Ž‹ ȋŠ‡ Ƭ ƒ”‰Šǡ ͳͻͻͻǢ

‘––‡˜‡‡ŽƬŠƒˆǡʹͲͲͶǢ‘Žƒ”œǡͳͻ͸ͲȌǤ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡‡š‡…—–‹‘‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†

ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡”‡Žƒ–‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ’—ŽŽ‹‰Ȁ’—•Š‹‰ǡ‘††‹‰Ȁ•Šƒ‹‰ǡ•‹Ž‹‰Ȁˆ”‘™‹‰Ȍ

…ƒƒŽ•‘‹ˆŽ—‡…‡•–‹—Ž—•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹‘”‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•™Š‡ƒ

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‘˜‡‡– ‹• ƒ†‡ ƒ† ‘”‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡ ƒ ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡

‘˜‡‡– ‹• ƒ†‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ…‹‘’’‘ǡ ”‹‡•–‡”ǡ Ƭ ‡”–•‘ǡ ͳͻͻ͵Ǣ •‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡—ƒǡ

ڔ•–‡”ǡƬ–”ƒ…ǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ‹–Šƒ•„‡‡’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘

„‡–™‡‡ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ •–‹—Ž—• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠȀƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‹• „‹Ǧ

†‹”‡…–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ†‹•‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›‡†‹ƒ–‡†„›‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘•

ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡—ƒƬ–”ƒ…ǡʹͲͲͲǢ‡—ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š‹–™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‘—‰Š–ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ…‹‘’’‘‡–ƒŽǤǡͳͻͻ͵ǢŠ‡Ƭƒ”‰ŠǡͳͻͻͻǢ

‘––‡˜‡‡Ž Ƭ Šƒˆǡ ʹͲͲͶȌ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• †‡’‡†‡† ‘ ƒ †‹”‡…– Ž‹ „‡–™‡‡ ƒˆˆ‡…–Ǧ

‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‡š‡…—–‹‘‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ȋ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘•’‡…‹ˆ‹…—•…Ž‡ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ”‡…‡–

–Š‡‘”‹‡• ’”‘’‘•‡ –Šƒ– –Š‹• Ž‹ ‹• ‡†‹ƒ–‡† „› ƒ ‘”‡ •›„‘Ž‹… ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ

‡š’‡”‹‡…‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘” ‘”‡ ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ•

‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–ƒ•”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡—ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ‹‡†‡–ŠƒŽǡƒ”•ƒŽ‘—ǡ

‹‹‡Žƒǡ ”ƒ—–ŠǦ”—„‡”ǡ Ƭ ‹…ǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ –”ƒ… Ƭ ‡—–•…Šǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ Š‡•‡ ‘†‡Ž• ƒ”‡

•—’’‘”–‡† „› •–—†‹‡• •Š‘™‹‰ –Šƒ– …‘‰”—‡…› ‡ˆˆ‡…–• „‡–™‡‡ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ •–‹—Ž‹ ƒ†

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠȀƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ”‡•’‘•‡• ƒ”‡ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ˆ”‘ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ”Ȍ

‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ  –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡•ǡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ‘˜‡‡–• „› –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–

‹˜‘Ž˜‡ •›„‘Ž‹… ”‡†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ •–‹—Ž—• ƒ† –Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ǯ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ ’‘‹–ǡ •—…Š ƒ• ƒ ƒ‹‹ ȋ‡ ‘—™‡”ǡ ”‘„‡œǡ ƒ‡›‡•ǡ Ƭ

‡”ƒ•ǡʹͲͲͳȌ‘”–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ǯƒ‡‘ƒ…‘’—–‡”•…”‡‡ȋƒ”ƒƬ”‡†Žǡ

ʹͲͲͷȌǤ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ‡—ƒƒ†–”ƒ…ȋʹͲͲͲǡ‡š’‡”‹‡–ʹȌ•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–˜‹•—ƒŽ…—‡•

‹†—…‹‰ –Š‡ ‹’”‡••‹‘ –Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ‘˜‹‰ –‘™ƒ”† ‘” ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡

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ͳͳͶ

…‘’—–‡”•…”‡‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡†–Š‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡•–‹—Ž‹‹ƒ˜‡”›•‹‹Žƒ”™ƒ›

ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ…–—ƒŽ ‡š‡…—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ”‡•’‘•‡• „› –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ǡ

•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–’‡”…‡’–‹‘ƒ†ƒ…–‹‘ƒ”‡•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›”‡’”‡•‡–‡†Ǥ

 ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–—†‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ‘˜‡‡–• ȋ™Š‡–Š‡”

ƒ…–—ƒŽǡ •›„‘Ž‹… ‘” •—‰‰‡•–‡†Ȍ ™‡”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ…–‹‘• by the participants themselvesǤ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘‡—ƒƒ†–”ƒ…ȋʹͲͲͲȌƒ…”—…‹ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†

ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ‹• –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ ‘„•‡”˜‡” ƒ† ƒ

‹’‘”–ƒ–‘„Œ‡…–Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘…ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”Ž›„‡

‡š’‡…–‡† ˆ‘” ‹…”‡ƒ•‡• ‘” †‡…”‡ƒ•‡• ‹ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ †—‡ –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ†

ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡‘˜‡‡–•bythestimuli.

Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– •–—†› ™ƒ• –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” …Šƒ‰‡• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡

†‹•–ƒ…‡†—‡–‘ȋ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†Ȍƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–•‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•–‹—Ž‹

ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–‹—Ž‹‹ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”™ƒ›ƒ•ƒˆˆ‡…–Ǧ…‘‰”—‡–

‘˜‡‡–• ‡š‡…—–‡† „› –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ– Š‹•‡ŽˆǤ ‡ —•‡† ˆƒ…‡ •–‹—Ž‹ ‹ –Š‹• •–—†›

„‡…ƒ—•‡ˆƒ…‡•…‘˜‡›‹’‘”–ƒ–•‹‰ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š”‡ƒ–‘”ƒ’’‡ƒ•‡‡––‘Š—ƒ•ȋ”ƒ†Ž‡›‡–

ƒŽǤǡ ͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ ƒ† ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ ˆƒ…‡• ƒ› ”‡’”‡•‡– ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ

’Š‡‘‡‘ ‹ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ  Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ ‡—ƒ ƒ† –”ƒ…

ȋʹͲͲͲȌƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘–Š‡”•ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠ‡Ƭƒ”‰ŠǡͳͻͻͻǢ‘Žƒ”œǡͳͻ͸ͲȌ™‡’”‡†‹…–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡

…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Šƒ’’› ˆƒ…‡• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡† ™Š‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ƒ•

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡• ™‘—Ž† „‡

ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†™Š‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡’‡”…‡‹˜‡†ƒ•™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–Ǥ –Š‡ˆ‹”•–’ƒ”–

‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†›ǡ ™‡ –‡•–‡† –Š‡•‡ ’”‡†‹…–‹‘• ‹ –Š”‡‡ …‘•‡…—–‹˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǡ ™‹–Š

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •–‹—Ž‹ ȋ•…Š‡ƒ–‹… ƒ† ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… ˆƒ…‡•Ȍ ƒ† •–—†› •ƒ’Ž‡• ȋ—•‡Ž‡…–‡†

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒ†•‡Ž‡…–‡†Ž‘™ƒ†Š‹‰Š–”ƒ‹–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ–’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ȌǤ

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ™‡ ‡š’Ž‘”‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ’”‡†‹…–‡† ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ™‘—Ž† Š‘Ž† ™Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–‹—Ž‹Ǥ

 ”‡…‡– •–—†› „› †ƒ•ǡ „ƒ†›ǡ ƒ…”‡ƒƒ† Ž‡… ȋʹͲͲ͸ǡ •–—†›ͳȌǡ —•‹‰ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”

ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •–‹—Ž—• ‘˜‡‡–ǡ •Š‘™‡† ƒ ‘’’‘•‹–‡ ’ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”›

ˆƒ…‡• ȋ…‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‘—” ’”‡†‹…–‹‘• ƒ„‘˜‡Ȍ ™Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ‹•–”—…–‡† –‘

…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡–Š‡movement‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡affectivevalue‘ˆ–Š‡•–‹—Ž‹Ǥ Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹”

’”‡†‹…–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ‰”› ‡š’”‡••‹‘• …‘˜‡› ƒ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡– –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ

ƒ‰‰”‡••‹‘Ȍ „› –Š‡ ƒ…–‘”ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ˆƒ•–‡” –‘ †‡–‡…– ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘

™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹…‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡‹”’”‡†‹…–‹‘•ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ

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ͳͳͷ

”‡•—Ž–•™ƒ•ˆ‘—†ˆ‘”ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Žˆƒ…‡•ǡ”ƒ‹•‹‰–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ––Š‡ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡††‡–‡…–‹‘‘ˆ

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡• ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ™ƒ• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡–ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡

‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–‹—Ž‹Ǥ‡”Šƒ’•–Š‡‹•–”—…–‹‘–‘ƒ––‡†–‘–Š‡‘˜‡‡–

‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–‹—Ž—•‡Šƒ…‡•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–ǡ™Š‹…Š‹

–—” ƒ› ‘˜‡””‹†‡ ‘”‡ •—„–Ž‡ ‡‘–‹‘ ‡ˆˆ‡…–•Ǥ ‡ –‡•–‡† –Š‹• Žƒ––‡” Š›’‘–Š‡•‹• ‹ ƒ

ˆ‘—”–Š‡š’‡”‹‡–Ǥ



•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ǡ‹–Š‹•ƒ”–‹…Ž‡™‡’”‡•‡––Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆˆ‘—”‹†‡’‡†‡–‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǣ –Š‡

ˆ‹”•– ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ’”‡†‹…–‹‘• „› ‡—ƒ ƒ† –”ƒ… ȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ ™‡

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” •–‹—Ž—• ‘˜‡‡– ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡† ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ

•…Š‡ƒ–‹… †”ƒ™‹‰• ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ‰”› ƒ† ƒ Šƒ’’› ˆƒ…‡Ǥ ‡ –Š‡ ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† ƒ† ‡š–‡†‡†

–Š‡•‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‹ ƒ •‡…‘† ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ „› ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡

‡ˆˆ‡…– ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡• ™ƒ• ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹ –”ƒ‹– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡Ǥ 

‡š’‡”‹‡– ͵ǡ ™‡ ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† ‡š’‡”‹‡– ͳ —•‹‰ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‹… ˆƒ…‡• ƒ• •–‹—Ž‹ǡ –‘

‡š…Ž—†‡–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ––Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘„•‡”˜‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‡š’‡”‹‡–•†‡’‡†‡†‘

’Š›•‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ‘—”•–‹—Ž—•ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡‹”‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ

‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‡ …‘†—…–‡† ƒ ˆ‘—”–Š ‡š’‡”‹‡– –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ’”‡†‹…–‡†

…‘‰”—‡…› ‡ˆˆ‡…–• †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ” ™Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ƒ”‡ ‹•–”—…–‡† –‘ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡ –Š‡

‘˜‡‡–‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–‹—Ž‹Ǥ

Experiment1



Method

Participants

™‡–› ƒŽ‡ •–—†‡–• ȋƒ‰‡ M α ʹͳǤͷǡ SD α ʹǤͺ ›‡ƒ”•Ȍ ”‡…”—‹–‡† ˆ”‘ ‡‹†‡

‹˜‡”•‹–› ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ˆ‘” ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ ‘” …‘—”•‡ …”‡†‹–Ǥ Š‡•‡

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ”‡…”—‹–‡† ƒ• ƒ …‘–”‘Ž ‰”‘—’ ‹ –Š‡ …‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡” •–—†› ȋ•‡‡

‘ŽŽ‡ƒƒ”ǡ Žœ‹‰ƒǡ ’‹Š‘˜‡ǡ Ƭ ˜‡”ƒ‡”†ǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ ŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ™”‹––‡

‹ˆ‘”‡†…‘•‡–’”‹‘”–‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ™Š‹…Š™ƒ•ƒ’’”‘˜‡†„›–Š‡

Ž‘…ƒŽ ‡–Š‹…ƒŽ …‘‹––‡‡Ǥ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ ‘‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ– ™‡”‡ ‘– ”‡…‘”†‡† ’”‘’‡”Ž›ǡ

”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆͳͻ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ǥ





(7)

ͳͳ͸





Figure6.1.šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ•–‹—Ž‹—•‡†‹š’‡”‹‡–•ͳƒ†ʹǡ•Š‘™‹‰ƒ‡Žƒ”‰‹‰Šƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡–‘

•‹—Žƒ–‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ ”‘ YŠƒǡ —†“˜‹•–ǡ Ƭ •–‡˜‡• ȋʹͲͲͳǡ ‹‰—”‡ ͳȌǤ ‘’›”‹‰Š– ̹ ʹͲͲͳ „› –Š‡

‡”‹…ƒ•›…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ••‘…‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ†ƒ’–‡†™‹–Š’‡”‹••‹‘Ǥ



Materialsandprocedure

 –Š‹• ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ –ƒ• ȋ‘––‡˜‡‡Žǡ ‘ƒ”‹—•ǡ Ƭ Šƒˆǡ ‹ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ

•…Š‡ƒ–‹… †”ƒ™‹‰• ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ‰”› ȋ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰Ȍ ƒ† ƒ Šƒ’’› ȋˆ”‹‡†Ž›Ȍ ˆƒ…‡ ™‡”‡

’”‡•‡–‡† ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͸ǤͳȌǡ …‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘†‹ˆ‹‡† ˜‡”•‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ…‡• ’”‡•‡–‡† „›

YŠƒǡ —†“˜‹•–ǡ Ƭ •–‡˜‡• ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤͳ ‹š–‡‡ ’‹…–—”‡• ™‡”‡ …”‡ƒ–‡† ‘ˆ ‡ƒ…Š ˆƒ…‡ „›

Ž‹‡ƒ”Ž› ”‡†—…‹‰ –Š‡ •‹œ‡Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ’‹…–—”‡• ‡ƒ•—”‡† ͳͶ u ͳʹ … ȋh u wȌǡ –Š‡

•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‹…–—”‡•ͷuͶǤͷ…Ǥ‹…–—”‡•™‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡…‡–‡”‘ˆƒͳͷ‹…Š…‘’—–‡”

•…”‡‡ƒ–ƒͺͲ…˜‹‡™‹‰†‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ

‹–Š‹ ƒ –”‹ƒŽ ‡ƒ…Š ’‹…–—”‡ ™ƒ• ’”‡•‡–‡† ˆ‘” ʹͶ • ƒ† ”‡’Žƒ…‡† „› –Š‡ ‡š–

’‹…–—”‡ ‹ ƒ ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ‡‹–Š‡” ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘” †‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰ •‹œ‡ǡ …”‡ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰‘”ƒ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰‘˜‡‡–ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡•—……‡••‹˜‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

ƒŽŽͳ͸’‹…–—”‡•™ƒ•…‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•‘‡•–‹—Ž—•ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ–‘–ƒŽ•–‹—Ž—•’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘

–‹‡‘ˆͶͲͲ•ǤŠ‡–‹‡‹–‡”˜ƒŽ„‡–™‡‡•—……‡••‹˜‡•–‹—Ž‹™ƒ•”ƒ†‘‹œ‡†„‡–™‡‡



ͳ”‡Ž‹‹ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹†‹…ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ”‘™‡†‡›‡„”‘™•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽˆ”‹‡†Ž›ˆƒ…‡‘ˆYŠƒ‡–ƒŽǤ

ȋʹͲͲͳȌ”‡•—Ž–‡†‹•‘‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽƒ„‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡ‰‹˜‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ…‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‹‡†Ž›

ˆƒ…‡™ƒ•‘†‹ˆ‹‡†„›”‡’Žƒ…‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‘™‡†ȋȀ̳Ȍ‡›‡„”‘™•™‹–Š•–”ƒ‹‰Š–‡›‡„”‘™•ȋǦǦȌǤŠ‡‡™ˆ”‹‡†Ž›

ˆƒ…‡ ™ƒ•’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ƒ• Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ ‘”‡ Šƒ’’› ‡š’”‡••‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹‹‰ ˆƒ…‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰”›ƒ†

Šƒ’’› ˆƒ…‡• ™‡”‡ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽŽ› …‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ •‹œ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡›‡„”‘™• ™ƒ• •‡Ž‡…–‡† •—…Š –Šƒ– „‘–Š ˆƒ…‡•

…‘–ƒ‹‡†ƒ‡“—ƒŽƒ‘—–‘ˆ’‹š‡Ž•Ǥ

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ͳͳ͹

ͳͷͲͲ ƒ† ʹͷͲͲ •Ǥ ŽŽ •–‹—Ž‹ ™‡”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ ƒ •‡‹ ”ƒ†‘‹œ‡† ‘”†‡” ȋ™‹–Š ƒ

ƒš‹— ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ Šƒ’’› ‘” ƒ‰”› ƒ† –Š”‡‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ ‘” ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ •–‹—Ž‹

…‘•‡…—–‹˜‡Ž›Ȍ –‘ ‡ƒ…Š ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–Ǥ ‡•’‘•‡• ™‡”‡ ‰‹˜‡ ‘ –™‘ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ”‡•’‘•‡

„—––‘•™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–ƒ†”‹‰Š–‹†‡šˆ‹‰‡”Ǥƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡‹•–”—…–‡†–‘‹†‹…ƒ–‡ˆ‘”

‡ƒ…Š •–‹—Ž—• ƒ• ˆƒ•– ƒ† ƒ……—”ƒ–‡Ž› ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹– Šƒ† ƒ Šƒ’’› ‘” ƒ ƒ‰”›

ˆƒ…‹ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘Ǥ

Š‡ –ƒ• …‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡•’‘•‡ ƒ’’‹‰ …‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ ‹ ™Š‹…Š –Š‡

Šƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡•™‡”‡ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡Ž‡ˆ–‘””‹‰Š–”‡•’‘•‡„—––‘Ǥ‘–Š

…‘†‹–‹‘•™‡”‡ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†–‘‡ƒ…Š•—„Œ‡…–ǡ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†„›ƒ•Š‘”–„”‡ƒȋ̱ͷ‹ǤȌǤŠ‡

‘”†‡” ‘ˆ …‘†‹–‹‘• ™ƒ• …‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› …‘—–‡”„ƒŽƒ…‡† ƒ…”‘•• ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ǥ ‹–Š‹ ‡ƒ…Š

…‘†‹–‹‘ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• •–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ’”ƒ…–‹…‡ „Ž‘… ‘ˆ ͳʹ –”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ƒ

‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ„Ž‘…‘ˆͺͲ–”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ



Statisticalanalyses

Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ‡””‘” ”ƒ–‡• ƒ† ”‡ƒ…–‹‘ –‹‡• ˆ‘” …‘””‡…– ”‡•’‘•‡• ȋ™‹–Š 

„‡–™‡‡ ͳͷͲ ƒ† ͳͲͲͲ •) ™‡”‡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ™‹–Š •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ʹ u ʹ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡•

ƒƒŽ›•‡•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡ȋ”Ȍ™‹–Š•–‹—Ž—•‘–‹‘ȋŠƒ’’›ǡƒ‰”›Ȍƒ†•–‹—Ž—•

‘˜‡‡– ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ ™‹–Š†”ƒ™Ȍ ƒ• ™‹–Š‹ •—„Œ‡…– ˆƒ…–‘”•Ǥ ŽŽ •–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‡•

‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ–™‘Ǧ–ƒ‹Ž‡†ƒŽ’Šƒ‘ˆǤͲͷǤ‡•‹†—ƒŽȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ—‡š’Žƒ‹‡†Ȍ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹•”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ•

‡ƒ“—ƒ”‡””‘”ȋȌǤ•ƒ”—Ž‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‹–Š‡š–”‡‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡•

ƒ† ‡””‘” ”ƒ–‡• ȋZǦ•…‘”‡ ε ά ʹ ‘ „‘–Š ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ȍ ™‡”‡ ‡š…Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡ

ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•‡š…‡‡†‡†–Š‹•…”‹–‡”‹‘‹–Š‡’”‡•‡–‡š’‡”‹‡–Ǥ



Results

Errorrates

Š‡‡””‘””ƒ–‡•‘Ž›•Š‘™‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ƒ‹‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ‘–‹‘ǡFȋͳǡͳͺȌαͷǤͺͲǡ

MSE α ͺǤͺ͸ ǡ p δ ǤͲͷǡ ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ƒ†‡ Ž‡•• ‡””‘”• ™Š‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‹‰

Šƒ’’›ˆƒ…‡•ȋ͵ǤͺΨȌ–Šƒƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡•ȋͷǤͷΨȌǤ‘‘–Š‡”‡ˆˆ‡…–•™‡”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ǡƒŽŽFδ

ͳǤͶǡpεǤʹͷǤ



Reactiontimes

Š‡ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘ –‹‡• •Š‘™‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ‘–‹‘ u ‘˜‡‡– ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ǡ

FȋͳǡͳͺȌαͳͺǤͳʹǡMSEαͳ͵ͲǤͺ͵ǡpδǤͲͲͳȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͸ǤʹȌǤ Ž‹‡™‹–Š‘—”‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ

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ͳͳͺ

Low BIS High BIS

Happy Angry

Experiment 1 Experiment 2

430 440 450 460 470 480 490

Approach Withdraw

Reaction time (ms)

430 440 450 460 470 480 490

Approach Withdraw Approach Withdraw

Reaction time (ms)

Happy Angry

Low BIS High BIS



Figure6.2.‡ƒȋΪǤǤȌ”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡•ȋ‹•Ȍˆ‘”…‘””‡…–”‡•’‘•‡•–‘•…Š‡ƒ–‹…ˆƒ…‡•ȋš’‡”‹‡–•ͳ

ƒ†ʹȌǤ‡•—Ž–••Š‘™ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ‘–‹‘š‘˜‡‡–‹š’‡”‹‡–ͳȋŽ‡ˆ–ǡ’δǤͲͲͳȌƒ•

™‡ŽŽƒ•š’‡”‹‡–ʹȋ”‹‰Š–ǡ’δǤͲͲͳȌǤŠ‹•‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘†‹†‘–†‹ˆˆ‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›„‡–™‡‡Ž‘™ ƒ†Š‹‰Š

 ‰”‘—’•‹‡š’‡”‹‡–ʹǤ



’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ”‡ƒ…–‡† ˆƒ•–‡” –‘ …‘‰”—‡– •–‹—Ž‹ ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ Šƒ’’› ƒ† ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰

ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡•Ȍ –Šƒ –‘ ‹…‘‰”—‡– •–‹—Ž‹ ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ ƒ‰”› ƒ† ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ Šƒ’’›

ˆƒ…‡•ȌǤ‘•–Š‘…FǦ–‡•–••Š‘™‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–ˆ‘”„‘–ŠŠƒ’’›ǡFȋͳǡͳͺȌ

αͷǤͷͳǡMSEαͳ͹͵Ǥͳͻǡp δǤͲͷǡƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳͺȌα͸ǤͶͳǡMSEαʹʹͷǤʹ͸ǡpδǤͲͷǡ

™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ ‘–‹‘ ™ƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ˆ‘” ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽǡ FȋͳǡͳͺȌ α ͳʹǤ͸ͺǡ MSE α

ʹʹ͸ǤͶͺǡpδǤͲͳǡ„—–‘–ˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‘˜‡‡–•ǡFȋͳǡͳͺȌαͲǤ͸ͺǡMSEα͵ͶͳǤ͹ͳǡpαǤͶʹǤ

Š‡”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡••Š‘™‡†‘‘–Š‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡƒŽŽFδͳǤ͹ǡpεǤʹͲǤ

Experiment2



š’‡”‹‡– ͳ •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ƒˆˆ‡…–Ǧ…‘‰”—‡– ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ† ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡–• ‘ˆ

Šƒ’’› ƒ† ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡• ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡† ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ˆƒ…‡•Ǥ  ƒ •‡…‘†

‡š’‡”‹‡– ™‡ ƒ‹‡† –‘ ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ƒ† –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡…– –‘ –Š‡ •–”‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡…–Ǥ ‡—ƒ ƒ† –”ƒ… ȋʹͲͲͲȌ

•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹„‡–™‡‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡•–‹—Ž—•‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ȋ’‡”…‡‹˜‡†Ȍ‡š‡…—–‹‘

‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡”‡•’‘•‡•‹•‡†‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š

‘” ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ– ȋ•‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ Š‡ Ƭ ƒ”‰Šǡ

ͳͻͻͻǢ ‡—ƒ ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ”˜‡” Ƭ Š‹–‡ǡ ͳͻͻͶǢ ƒ˜‹†•‘ǡ

ͳͻͻͺǢ”ƒ›ǡͳͻͺʹǢ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•ǡŽœ‹‰ƒǡƬ‘––‡˜‡‡ŽǡʹͲͲͷǢ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͻƒǢƒ‡‡”‡–

ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ’”‘’‘•‡ –Šƒ– ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• †‹ˆˆ‡” ‹ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ

‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ”ƒ‹•‡• –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” •—…Š ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ™‘—Ž†

‹ˆŽ—‡…‡–Š‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡…‘‰”—‡…›‡ˆˆ‡…–•ˆ‘—†‹‡š’‡”‹‡–ͳǤ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ʹ

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ͳͳͻ

™‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡† „› ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‹‰Š Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ –”ƒ‹–

ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ •Š‘™ ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† …‘‰”—‡…› ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡• …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘

‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†„›Ž‘™Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ–”ƒ‹–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡Ǥ



Method

Participants

‘”–› ƒŽ‡ •–—†‡–• ȋƒ‰‡ M α ʹͲǤͳǡ SD α ͳǤ͸  ›‡ƒ”•Ȍ ”‡…”—‹–‡† ˆ”‘ ‡‹†‡

‹˜‡”•‹–›’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ˆ‘”ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ‘”…‘—”•‡…”‡†‹–Ǥ‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡

–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹–”ƒ‹–ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡‘–Š‡”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ†

™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰Šƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›•–‹—Ž‹ǡ™‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†ƒ’”‹‘”‹ʹͲ•–—†‡–•™‹–ŠŽ‘™•…‘”‡•

ȋζͳ͸Ȍƒ†ʹͲ•–—†‡–•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š•…‘”‡•ȋηʹͳȌʹ‘–Š‡‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ Š‹„‹–‹‘…ƒŽ‡ȋ ȌǤ

†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š•…‘”‡•‘–Š‹••…ƒŽ‡…ƒ„‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒš‹‡–›’”‘‡ƒ†–‡†

–‘ ƒ˜‘‹† –Š”‡ƒ– ȋƒ”˜‡” Ƭ Š‹–‡ǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ ŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ™”‹––‡ ‹ˆ‘”‡†

…‘•‡– ’”‹‘” –‘ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• ƒ’’”‘˜‡† „› –Š‡ Ž‘…ƒŽ

‡–Š‹…ƒŽ…‘‹––‡‡Ǥ



Materialsandprocedure

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† –ƒ• ’”‘…‡†—”‡ ™‡”‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ• ‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ͳǡ ™‹–Š ‘‡

‡š…‡’–‹‘ǣ‹–Š‹‡ƒ…Š”‡•’‘•‡ƒ’’‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–••–ƒ”–‡†™‹–Šƒ’”ƒ…–‹…‡

„Ž‘…‘ˆͳʹ–”‹ƒŽ•ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›–™‘‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ„Ž‘…•‘ˆ͸Ͳ–”‹ƒŽ•‡ƒ…Šǡ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†„›ƒ

•Š‘”–ȋ̱͵Ͳ•‡…ǤȌ„”‡ƒǤŠ‡•‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ…‘–”‘Ž…‘†‹–‹‘‹–Š‡

…‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡” •–—†› ȋ•‡‡ ƒ ‡‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ǣ ƒ ‡‡”ǡ ‘‡Ž‘ˆ•ǡ Ƭ ’‹Š‘˜‡ǡ

ʹͲͲͺȌǤ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ‡””‘” ”ƒ–‡• ƒ† ”‡ƒ…–‹‘ –‹‡• ˆ‘” …‘””‡…– ”‡•’‘•‡• ȋ™‹–Š 

„‡–™‡‡ͳͷͲƒ†ͳͲͲͲ•)™‡”‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†™‹–Š•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ʹuʹuʹ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†‡ƒ•—”‡•

ƒƒŽ›•‡•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡ȋ”Ȍ™‹–Š•–‹—Ž—•‘–‹‘ȋŠƒ’’›ǡƒ‰”›Ȍƒ†•–‹—Ž—•

‘˜‡‡– ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ ™‹–Š†”ƒ™Ȍ ƒ• ™‹–Š‹ •—„Œ‡…– ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ ƒ† ”‘—’ ȋŽ‘™  ǡ Š‹‰Š

 Ȍƒ•„‡–™‡‡Ǧ•—„Œ‡…–•ˆƒ…–‘”ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ‘ˆ‘‡ȋŠ‹‰Š Ȍ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–™‡”‡‡š…Ž—†‡†

ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‡š–”‡‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡•ƒ†‡””‘””ƒ–‡•ȋZǦ•…‘”‡

εάʹ‘„‘–Š‡ƒ•—”‡•Ȍǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆ͵ͻ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ǥ







ʹ—–‘ˆˆ•…‘”‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡‰”‘—’•™‡”‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Ž‘™‡”–Š‹”†ƒ†–Š‡—’’‡”–Š‹”†‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ

 •…‘”‡•ȋ”ƒ‰‡ͻǦʹͺǡMαͳͺǤͷǡSDα͵Ǥ͸Ȍ‹ƒ•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆͳͷ͵ƒŽ‡•–—†‡–•Ǥ

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Results

Errorrates

””‘” ”ƒ–‡• ™‡”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› Ž‘™ ȋƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ δ ͸Ǥ͵ ΨȌǡ ƒ† †‹† ‘– ˜ƒ”› „‡–™‡‡

‰”‘—’•‘”‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡƒŽŽFδͳǤͻͺǡpεǤͳ͸Ǥ



Reactiontimes

Š‡”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡••Š‘™‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ƒ‹‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–ǡFȋͳǡ͵͹Ȍα͸ǤͲͶǡ

MSEαͳͷ͹Ǥͳ͹ǡpδǤͲͷǡ‹†‹…ƒ–‹‰ˆƒ•–‡””‡•’‘•‡•–‘™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰–Šƒ–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰

ˆƒ…‡•Ǥ Š‹• ƒ‹ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ™ƒ• “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡† „› –Š‡ ’”‡†‹…–‡† ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–‹‘ u

‘˜‡‡–ǡ Fȋͳǡ͵͹Ȍ α ͳͳǤͲͷǡ MSE α ʹͲ͸Ǥ͹͹ǡ p δ ǤͲͳ ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ ͸ǤʹȌǡ •Š‘™‹‰ ˆƒ•–‡”

”‡•’‘•‡•–‘…‘‰”—‡–•–‹—Ž‹ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰Šƒ’’›ƒ†™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡•Ȍ–Šƒ

–‘‹…‘‰”—‡–•–‹—Ž‹ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ƒ‰”›ƒ†™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰Šƒ’’›ˆƒ…‡•ȌǤ

‘•–Š‘… Ǧ–‡•–••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ‘–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ”‰‹ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ˆ‘”

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ Fȋͳǡ͵͹Ȍ α ͵Ǥͺͺǡ MSE α ʹͳͺǤͻͶǡ p α ǤͲͷ͸ǡ ƒ† •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ˆ‘” ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ

‘˜‡‡–•ǡFȋͳǡ͵͹ȌαͷǤ͵ͻǡMSEαʹ͹ͶǤͶ͵ǡpδǤͲͷǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•

•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ǡFȋͳǡ͵͹Ȍαͳ͹ǤʹͲǡMSEαͳ͹ͻǤ͸ͷǡp δǤͲͲͳǡ„—–‘–ˆ‘”Šƒ’’›ˆƒ…‡•ǡ

Fȋͳǡ͵͹ȌαͲǤ͹ͺǡMSEαͳͺͶǤʹͺǡpαǤ͵ͺǤ

‡†‹†‘–ˆ‹†ƒ›•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡‰”‘—’ƒ†‡‘–‹‘‹–Š‹•

–ƒ•ǡƒŽŽFδͲǤ͸ʹǡpεǤͶͶǤ

Experiment3



Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘‡š’‡”‹‡–•ƒ„‘˜‡•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ––Š‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•…Š‡ƒ–‹…

Šƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡•™ƒ•ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†„›ƒ’’ƒ”‡–‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆƒ…‡•–‘™ƒ”†•‘”

ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–‹–Š‡•‡‡š’‡”‹‡–•–Š‡

‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•–‹—Ž‹™ƒ•…‘ˆ‘—†‡†™‹–Š•–‹—Ž—•‹†‡–‹–›ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ™‡—•‡†‘Ž›‘‡

•–‹—Ž—•ˆƒ…‡’‡”‡‘–‹‘Ȍ”ƒ‹•‡•–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›–Šƒ––Š‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‡ˆˆ‡…–•ƒ”‡…ƒ—•‡†„›

–Š‡ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–‹—Ž—• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡‹” ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ

‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ ‘ ‡š…Ž—†‡ –Š‹• ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ™‡ …‘†—…–‡† ƒ –Š‹”† ‡š’‡”‹‡– ‹ ™Š‹…Š ™‡

”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‡š’‡”‹‡–ǡ —•‹‰ Šƒ’’› ƒ† ƒ‰”› •–‹—Ž‹ …‘•‹•–‹‰ ‘ˆ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‰”ƒ›•…ƒŽ‡’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•Ǥ





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ͳʹͳ





Figure6.3.šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ•–‹—Ž‹—•‡†‹š’‡”‹‡–•͵ƒ†Ͷǡ•Š‘™‹‰ƒ‡Žƒ”‰‹‰Šƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡–‘

•‹—Žƒ–‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ ”‘—†“˜‹•–‡–ƒŽǤȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ‘’›”‹‰Š–̹„›–Š‡‡…–‹‘‘ˆ•›…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ

Ž‹‹…ƒŽ‡—”‘•…‹‡…‡ǡƒ”‘Ž‹•ƒ •–‹–—–‡–ǡ–‘…Š‘Žǡ™‡†‡Ǥ†ƒ’–‡†™‹–Š’‡”‹••‹‘Ǥ



Method

Participants

‹‰Š–‡‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ȋͳͷˆ‡ƒŽ‡ǡƒ‰‡MαʹͳǤͶǡSDαͳǤͺ›‡ƒ”•Ȍ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡

‡š’‡”‹‡–ˆ‘”ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ‘”…‘—”•‡…”‡†‹–ǤŠ‡•‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡”‡…”—‹–‡†ˆ”‘‡‹†‡

‹˜‡”•‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ„ƒ––‡”›…‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ—”‡Žƒ–‡†‡š’‡”‹‡–•Ǥ



Materialsandprocedure

Š‡ –ƒ• ’”‘…‡†—”‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ• ‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ͳǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰

‡š…‡’–‹‘•ǣ–‹—Ž‹ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͸Ǥ͵Ȍ…‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆʹͲ‰”ƒ›•…ƒŽ‡’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•™‹–ŠŠƒ’’›

ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‹ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘•ȋ—†“˜‹•–ǡ Ž›–ǡƬYŠƒǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ‘–Š–Š‡Šƒ’’›ƒ†–Š‡

ƒ‰”›‡š’”‡••‹‘™‡”‡–ƒ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ‡‘†‡Ž•ȋ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆͳͲ‘†‡Ž•ǡͷͲΨˆ‡ƒŽ‡ȌǤ

Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’‹…–—”‡•‡ƒ•—”‡†ͳͷǤ͸uʹͳǤͲ…ȋwuhȌǡ–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–’‹…–—”‡•ͷǤͻu͹Ǥͻ…Ǥ

‹…–—”‡•™‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡…‡–‡”‘ˆƒͳͻ‹…Š…‘’—–‡”•…”‡‡ƒ–ƒͺͲ…˜‹‡™‹‰

†‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ‹–Š‹ƒ–”‹ƒŽ‡ƒ…Š’‹…–—”‡™ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡†ˆ‘”͵͵•ƒ†”‡’Žƒ…‡†„›–Š‡‡š–

’‹…–—”‡ ‹ ƒ ‘”†‡” ‘ˆ ‡‹–Š‡” ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘” †‡…”‡ƒ•‹‰ •‹œ‡ ȋͳ͸ …‘•‡…—–‹˜‡ ’‹…–—”‡•Ȍǡ

”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ–‘–ƒŽ•–‹—Ž—•’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘–‹‡‘ˆͷ͵͵•Ǥ

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ͳʹʹ

ƒ…Š ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ– ”‡…‡‹˜‡† ȋ‹ …‘—–‡”„ƒŽƒ…‡† ‘”†‡”Ȍ –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡•’‘•‡

ƒ’’‹‰…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ‹™Š‹…Š–Š‡Šƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›‡š’”‡••‹‘•™‡”‡ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘‡‹–Š‡”

–Š‡ Ž‡ˆ– ‘” ”‹‰Š– ”‡•’‘•‡ „—––‘Ǥ ‹–Š‹ ‡ƒ…Š …‘†‹–‹‘ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• •–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ

’”ƒ…–‹…‡„Ž‘…‘ˆͺ–”‹ƒŽ•ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ„Ž‘…‘ˆͺͲ–”‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡•–‹—Ž‹—•‡†

‹–Š‡’”ƒ…–‹…‡„Ž‘…ȋͶƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š•ǣŠƒ’’›ƒ†ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡‘ˆͳƒŽ‡ƒ†ͳ

ˆ‡ƒŽ‡‘†‡ŽȌ™‡”‡‘–‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ„Ž‘…•Ǥ

–ƒ–‹•–‹…ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‡•™‡”‡–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ•‹‡š’‡”‹‡–ͳǣ””‘””ƒ–‡•ƒ†”‡ƒ…–‹‘

–‹‡• ˆ‘” …‘””‡…– ”‡•’‘•‡• ™‡”‡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ™‹–Š •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ʹ u ʹ ”‡’‡ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡•

ƒƒŽ›•‡•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡ȋ”Ȍ™‹–Š•–‹—Ž—•‘–‹‘ȋŠƒ’’›ǡƒ‰”›Ȍƒ†•–‹—Ž—•

‘˜‡‡–ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ™‹–Š†”ƒ™Ȍƒ•™‹–Š‹•—„Œ‡…–ˆƒ…–‘”•ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ‘ˆ‘‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–

™‡”‡‡š…Ž—†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‡š–”‡‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡•ƒ†‡””‘”

”ƒ–‡•ȋZǦ•…‘”‡εάʹ‘„‘–Š‡ƒ•—”‡•Ȍǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆͳ͹’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ǥ

 Results

Errorrates

Š‡‡””‘””ƒ–‡••Š‘™‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ƒ‹‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͳͲǤͶ͸ǡ

MSE α ͳͲǤͳ͸ǡ p δ ǤͲͳǡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ –Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ƒ†‡ Ž‡•• ‡””‘”• ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ –Šƒ ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ ˆƒ…‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡…– ™ƒ• ‘†—Žƒ–‡† „› ƒ

•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‘–‹‘u‘˜‡‡–‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͳͲǤͷͶǡMSEαͳͳǤ͵ͳǡp<ǤͲͳȋ•‡‡

‹‰—”‡͸ǤͶȌǤ‘•–Š‘…FǦ–‡•–••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–ǡ‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒ†‡

•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›Ž‡••‡””‘”•ˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰Šƒ’’›…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͶǤ͸͵ǡ

MSEαͺǤͻͶǡp<ǤͲͷǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‹•’ƒ––‡”™ƒ•”‡˜‡”•‡†ˆ‘”™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ˆƒ…‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍα

ͺǤͳ͵ǡ MSE α ͻǤͻ͹ǡ p δ ǤͲͷǤ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ƒ†‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› Ž‡•• ‡””‘”• ˆ‘”

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰Šƒ’’›ˆƒ…‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͳͶǤͻͻǡMSEαͳͷǤͲ͵ǡpδ

ǤͲͲͳǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͲǤͲ͵ǡ

MSEα͸ǤͶ͵ǡpαǤͺ͹Ǥ



Reactiontimes

‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡•ƒŽ•‘•Š‘™‡†ƒƒ‹‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͳͳǤͻͻǡMSEα

ͳ͹ͳǤͷͻǡpδǤͲͳǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒƒ‹‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ‘–‹‘ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͷǤ͹͵ǡMSEα͹ͺ͵Ǥ͵͵ǡpδǤͲͷǤ

‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡””‘” ”ƒ–‡•ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ™‡”‡ ‘†—Žƒ–‡† „› ƒ

•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‘–‹‘u‘˜‡‡–‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͷǤͲͳǡMSEα͵Ͷ͵Ǥ͵͹ǡpδǤͲͷȋ•‡‡

‹‰—”‡͸ǤͶȌǤ‘•–Š‘…FǦ–‡•–••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–ǡ‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•

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Experiment 3 Experiment 4

Happy Angry

a)

b)

c)

d)

0 2 4 6 8 10

Approach Withdraw

Error rate (%)

0 2 4 6 8 10

Approach Withdraw

Error rate (%)

420 440 460 480 500 520

Approach Withdraw

Reaction time (ms)

420 440 460 480 500 520

Approach Withdraw

Reaction time (ms)

Happy Angry



Figure 6.4.‡ƒ ȋΪ ǤǤȌ ‡””‘” ”ƒ–‡• ȋ‹ ΨȌ ƒ† ”‡ƒ…–‹‘ –‹‡• ȋ‹ •Ȍ ˆ‘” …‘””‡…– ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘

’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ˆƒ…‡•ȋš’‡”‹‡–•͵ƒ†ͶȌǤ‡•—Ž–••Š‘™ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ‘–‹‘š‘˜‡‡–

‹„‘–Š–Š‡‡””‘””ƒ–‡•ȋ’ƒ‡ŽƒȌƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡•ȋ’ƒ‡Ž„Ȍ‘ˆš’‡”‹‡–͵ȋǮŒ—†‰‡‡‘–‹‘ǯȌǤ 

…‘–”ƒ•–ǡ–Š‹•‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™ƒ•‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡‡””‘””ƒ–‡•ȋ’ƒ‡Ž…Ȍ‘””‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡•ȋ’ƒ‡Ž†Ȍ

‘ˆš’‡”‹‡–ͶȋǮŒ—†‰‡‘˜‡‡–ǯȌǤ



”‡ƒ…–‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› ˆƒ•–‡” –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ Šƒ’’› …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡•ǡ Fȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍ α

ͻǤͺͺǡ MSE α ͷͻͷǤͶͺǡ p δ ǤͲͳǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘– •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ˆ‘”

™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͲǤ͸ͳǡMSEαͷ͵ͳǤʹ͵ǡpαǤͶͷǤ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•

”‡ƒ…–‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› ˆƒ•–‡” –‘ ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡•ǡ

Fȋͳǡͳ͸Ȍ α ͳͶǤͺͶǡ MSE α ʹͷͶǤͳͲǡ p δ ǤͲͲͳǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ ‘˜‡‡– ™ƒ• ‘–

•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ˆ‘”Šƒ’’›ˆƒ…‡•ǡFȋͳǡͳ͸ȌαͲǤͲ͵ǡMSEαʹ͸ͲǤͺ͹ǡpαǤͺ͹Ǥ

Experiment4



Ž‹‡™‹–Š‡š’‡…–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„‘–Š‡””‘””ƒ–‡•ƒ†”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡•‹‡š’‡”‹‡–͵•Š‘™‡†

–Š‡ ‡š’‡…–‡† ‘–‹‘ u ‘˜‡‡– ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‡ …‘†—…–‡† ƒ ˆ‘—”–Š

‡š’‡”‹‡– –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ ‘†‡ …‘—Ž† ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡

ƒ’’ƒ”‡–…‘ˆŽ‹…–„‡–™‡‡‘—”ˆ‹†‹‰•ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡•ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ†ƒ•‡–ƒŽǤ

ȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† ’”‘…‡†—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡š’‡”‹‡– ™‡”‡ ‡šƒ…–Ž› –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ• ‹

‡š’‡”‹‡–͵ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‡š…‡’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–”—…–‹‘Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‹‰–Š‡•–‹—Ž—•

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‡‘–‹‘ǡ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡ȋƒ•‹†ƒ•‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸ǡ•–—†›ͳȌ‹•–”—…–‡†–‘…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡

•–‹—Ž—• ‘˜‡‡– ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ –‘ ‹†‹…ƒ–‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ •–‹—Ž‹ ™‡”‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ –Š‡ ‘”

™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ȌǤ



Participants

™‡–›Ǧ–Š”‡‡ˆ‡ƒŽ‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ȋƒ‰‡MαʹʹǤͳǡSDαʹǤ͹›‡ƒ”•Ȍ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–‡†‹

–Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ˆ‘” ˆ‹ƒ…‹ƒŽ ‘” …‘—”•‡ …”‡†‹–Ǥ Š‡•‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ”‡…”—‹–‡† ˆ”‘

‡‹†‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ˆ‘”ƒ„ƒ––‡”›…‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ—”‡Žƒ–‡†‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ‘ˆ

–™‘’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡‡š…Ž—†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‡š–”‡‡˜ƒŽ—‡•‘”‡ƒ…–‹‘

–‹‡• ƒ† ‡””‘” ”ƒ–‡• ȋZǦ•…‘”‡ ε ά ʹ ‘ „‘–Š ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ȍǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ƒ –‘–ƒŽ ‘ˆ ʹͳ

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ǥ



Results

Errorrates

Š‡ ʹ u ʹ •–‹—Ž—• ‘–‹‘ ȋŠƒ’’›ǡ ƒ‰”›Ȍ „› •–‹—Ž—• ‘˜‡‡– ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šǡ

™‹–Š†”ƒ™Ȍ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ…‡†‹†‘–•Š‘™ƒ›•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ

‘–‹‘ ‘” ‘˜‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ ‡””‘” ”ƒ–‡•ǡ ƒŽŽ F δ ʹǤͲͶǡ p ε Ǥͳ͹Ǥ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ –Š‡

‘–‹‘u‘˜‡‡–‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘™ƒ•‘–•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ǡFȋͳǡʹͲȌαʹǤͷ͵ǡMSEαͳʹǤͻ͹ǡpα

Ǥͳ͵ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• †‹† –‡† –‘ ƒ‡ Ž‡•• ‡””‘”• ˆ‘” ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘

™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰Šƒ’’›ˆƒ…‡•ǡFȋͳǡʹͲȌα͵ǤͺͻǡMSEαͳ͸ǤͺͺǡpαǤͲ͸͵ȋ•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡͸ǤͶȌǤ



Reactiontimes

 Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡””‘” ”ƒ–‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–‹‘ u ‘˜‡‡– ‹ –Š‡

”‡ƒ…–‹‘ –‹‡• ™ƒ• ‘– •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‹– •Š‘™‡† ƒ –”‡†ǡ FȋͳǡʹͲȌ α ͵ǤͲͺǡ MSE α

͵ʹͲǤͺͻǡpαǤͲͻͷǡ‹–Š‡•ƒ‡†‹”‡…–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ‘—”’”‡˜‹‘—•‡š’‡”‹‡–•ȋ•‡‡

‹‰—”‡ ͸ǤͶȌǤ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘ –‹‡• •Š‘™‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ– ƒ‹ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ

‘˜‡‡–ǡFȋͳǡʹͲȌαͷ͵ǤʹͶǡMSEαͷ͵ͷǤͶʹǡpδǤͲͲͳǤƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›ˆƒ•–‡”

‹”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ˆƒ…‡•Ǥ‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ǡ–Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡…–

™ƒ•‘–‘Ž›•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–ˆ‘”Šƒ’’›ˆƒ…‡•ǡFȋͳǡʹͲȌα͸ͳǤͺͻǡMSEα͵ʹͶǤͲͲǡpδǤͲͲͳǡ„—–ǡ‹

ƒ”‡† …‘–”ƒ•– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ˆ”‘ ‘—” ‡‘–‹‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡–•

ȋ‡š’‡”‹‡– ͳǦ͵Ȍ ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡•ǡ FȋͳǡʹͲȌ α ͳ͹Ǥ͹͵ǡ MSE α ͷ͵ʹǤ͵ͳǡ p < ǤͲͲͳǡ ƒ•

‹†‹…ƒ–‡†„›’‘•–Š‘…FǦ–‡•–•Ǥ

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Generaldiscussion



”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡•Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡‡š‡…—–‹‘‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡”‡•’‘•‡•

ƒˆˆ‡…–• •–‹—Ž—• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡ ƒ

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‘˜‡‡–‹•ƒ†‡ƒ†ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•™Š‡ƒƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡

‘˜‡‡–‹•ƒ†‡„›–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠ‡Ƭƒ”‰ŠǡͳͻͻͻǢ‡ ‘—™‡”‡–ƒŽǤǡ

ʹͲͲͳǢƒ”ƒƬ”‡†ŽǡʹͲͲͷǢ‘––‡˜‡‡ŽƬŠƒˆǡʹͲͲͶȌǤƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ƒ••—’–‹‘–Šƒ–

”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡” ƒ† –Š‡ •–‹—Ž—• ‹• ƒ …”—…‹ƒŽ

’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•ȋ‡—ƒƬ–”ƒ…ǡʹͲͲͲǢ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘

–”ƒ…Ƭ‡—–•…ŠǡʹͲͲͶȌǡ™‡‡š’‡…–‡†•‹‹Žƒ”ˆ‹†‹‰•ˆ‘”‹…”‡ƒ•‡•‘”†‡…”‡ƒ•‡•‹–Š‡

”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ †—‡ –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ‘˜‡‡–• „› –Š‡ •–‹—Ž‹.  –Š”‡‡

‡š’‡”‹‡–• ™‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ ˜‹•—ƒŽ …—‡• •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ†

™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ ‘ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Šƒ’’› ƒ† ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡•Ǥ  Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š ‘—”

’”‡†‹…–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ͳ •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •…Š‡ƒ–‹…

Šƒ’’› ˆƒ…‡• ™ƒ• ˆƒ•–‡” ™Š‡ –Š‡•‡ ˆƒ…‡• ‘˜‡† –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ•

…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •…Š‡ƒ–‹… ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡• ™ƒ• ˆƒ•–‡” ™Š‡ –Š‡› ‘˜‡† ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–Ǥ Š‡ ”‘„—•–‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡…– ™ƒ• †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† „› ”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡

ˆ‹†‹‰•‹–™‘ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ•—„Œ‡…–•ƒ’Ž‡•‹‡š’‡”‹‡–ʹǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‹••‡…‘†

‡š’‡”‹‡– ˆ—”–Š‡” •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‹• ƒˆˆ‡…–Ǧ‘˜‡‡– …‘‰”—‡…› ‡ˆˆ‡…– ™ƒ• ‘–

‹ˆŽ—‡…‡† „› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡• ‹ –”ƒ‹– ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‡ ”‡’”‘†—…‡† –Š‡•‡

…‘‰”—‡…›‡ˆˆ‡…–•ȋ‹”‡ƒ…–‹‘–‹‡•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‡””‘””ƒ–‡•Ȍ‹ƒ–Š‹”†‡š’‡”‹‡–—•‹‰

•–‹—Ž‹…‘•‹•–‹‰‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ˆƒ…‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡•‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•

†‘‘–†‡’‡†‘’Š›•‹…ƒŽ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘ˆ–Š‡•…Š‡ƒ–‹…ˆƒ…‡•—•‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘

‡š’‡”‹‡–•Ǥ

• ‘–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹–”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡–

‡š’‡”‹‡–• ƒ”‡ ‹…‘•‹•–‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ †ƒ• ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͲ͸ǡ •–—†› ͳȌǡ ™Š‘

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆƒ‰”›ƒ†ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Žˆƒ…‹ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘•‘–Š‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡—•‹‰ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ …‘–”ƒ•––‘‘—”ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ–Š‡‹”

”‡•—Ž–•‹†‹…ƒ–‡†ˆƒ•–‡””‡ƒ…–‹‘•–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ƒ‰”›ˆƒ…‡•Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ‘ˆ †ƒ• ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ™‡”‡ ƒ•‡† –‘ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡ –Š‡

‘˜‡‡– ƒ† ‘– ȋƒ• ‹ ‘—” ‡š’‡”‹‡–•Ȍ –Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–‹—Ž‹Ǥ ‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡

™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‹• ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ …‘—Ž† …ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹ ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ ™‡

…‘†—…–‡†ƒˆ‘—”–Š‡š’‡”‹‡–‹™Š‹…Š™‡ǡŽ‹‡†ƒ•‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲ͸ǡ•–—†›ͳȌ‹•–”—…–‡†

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ͳʹ͸

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‘ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘Ǥ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‹• ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‘Ž›

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ˆ”‘‡š’‡”‹‡–͵Ǥ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‹•ˆ‘—”–Š‡š’‡”‹‡–†‹†‘–

•Š‘™ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘‘ˆ‘–‹‘u‘˜‡‡–ǡ‡‹–Š‡”‹–Š‡‡””‘””ƒ–‡•‘”‹

–Š‡ ”‡ƒ…–‹‘ –‹‡•Ǥ  Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ †ƒ• ‡– ƒŽǤ ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡ ƒ† ‹ ƒ”‡†

…‘–”ƒ•– –‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡– ͵ǡ ‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡– Ͷ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ”‡ƒ…–‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž› ˆƒ•–‡” ‹

”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ …‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡•Ǥ ‡ ˆ‘—† –Š‡ •ƒ‡

’ƒ––‡” ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ˆƒ•–‡” ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ •–‹—Ž‹Ȍ ˆ‘” Šƒ’’› ˆƒ…‡•Ǥ ‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ ‹

…‘–”ƒ•––‘–Š‡‹”Š›’‘–Š‡•‡•ǡ†ƒ•‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”’ƒ––‡”ˆ‘”ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž

ˆƒ…‡• ȋƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡…– ™ƒ• ‘– ”‡’‘”–‡†ȌǤ Š‹• ”ƒ‹•‡• –Š‡

’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› –Šƒ– ‹ –Š‡•‡ ‘˜‡‡– Œ—†‰‡– –ƒ•• ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• –‡† –‘ „‡ ˆƒ•–‡” ‹

Œ—†‰‹‰ ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ –Šƒ ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ •–‹—Ž‹ ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡

‘„•‡”˜‡† ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡• …‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ––”‹„—–‡† –‘ ˆƒ…–‘”• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ •–‹—Ž—•

‘˜‡‡–ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ•–‹—Ž—•…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•‘”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ

–Š‡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ‘—” ‡š’‡”‹‡– Ͷ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ƒ

…Šƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘•‡ ‹•–”—…–‹‘ ȋŒ—†‰‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘Ȍ …ƒ ”‡˜‡”•‡ –Š‡

”‡ƒ…–‹‘ –‹‡ ’ƒ––‡” ˆ‘” ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡•ǡ ƒ† …ƒ ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡ †‹•…”‡’ƒ…› „‡–™‡‡ ‘—”

ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ†–Š‘•‡‘ˆ†ƒ•‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲͲ͸ǡ•–—†›ͳȌǤ’‘••‹„Ž‡‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡…–

…‘—Ž†„‡–Šƒ–‹–Š‡•‡‘˜‡‡–Œ—†‰‡––ƒ••–Š‡•ƒŽ‹‡…›‘ˆ–Š‡‘˜‡‡–ȋ™Š‹…Š‹•

‡š’Ž‹…‹–‹–Š‹•–ƒ•Ȍ‹••‘•–”‘‰–Šƒ–…‘‰”—‡…›Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡š’”‡••‹‘ȋ™Š‹…Š

‹• ‹’Ž‹…‹– ‹ –Š‹• –ƒ•Ȍ ƒ”‡ ƒ––‡—ƒ–‡† ‘” ‘˜‡””—Ž‡†ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ƒ ƒ‹ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ˆ

‘˜‡‡–‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ‡‘–‹‘„›‘˜‡‡–‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ‘–Š‡”’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‹•–Šƒ–

™Š‡ ƒ•‡† –‘ Œ—†‰‡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ…‡ •–‹—Ž—•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–• ˆ‘…—•

‘”‡‘–Š‡„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ‹–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ…–‘”ƒ†Ž‡••‘–Š‡‹”‘™„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ–‡†‡…›ǡ

™Š‹…Š™‘—Ž†”‡˜‡”•‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–ˆ‘”ƒ‰”›„—–‘–ˆ‘”Šƒ’’›ˆƒ…‡•ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰•

•—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ƒ† •–‹—Ž—• ‘˜‡‡– ‹•

…‘’Ž‡šƒ†–Šƒ–„‡•‹†‡•–Š‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ǡˆƒ…–‘”•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–ƒ•‰‘ƒŽ

ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‹•–”—…–‹‘Ȍ ‘” –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ…–‘” …ƒ ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ –Š‡

”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ‘”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•‡‡†‡†–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‹–‡”’Žƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆƒ…–‘”•ǡ

’”‡ˆ‡”ƒ„Ž› ™‹–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘•Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ ‘‡–ǡ ™‡ •—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ–

…‘…Ž—•‹‘•™‹–Š”‡•’‡…––‘–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆƒ‰”›‡š’”‡••‹‘•‘Œ—†‰‡–‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ

‹–‡– ‹ –Š‡•‡ ‘˜‡‡– Œ—†‰‡– •–—†‹‡• ȋ†ƒ• ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲ͸ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‘—”

‡š’‡”‹‡– ͶȌ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ †”ƒ™ ™‹–Š …ƒ—–‹‘ǡ ƒ• Ž‘‰ ƒ• ƒ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‹ –Š‡ ‘’’‘•‹–‡

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ͳʹ͹

†‹”‡…–‹‘ ‹• ‘– †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ’”‡†‹…–‡† –‘ •‹‰ƒŽ

ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡Ǥ



Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ ‘—” ˆ‹”•– –Š”‡‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡–• …‘ˆ‹” –Š‡ ’”‡†‹…–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡—ƒ ƒ†

–”ƒ… ȋʹͲͲͲȌ –Šƒ– ’‡”…‡‹˜‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ‘˜‡‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ ‘„Œ‡…– ‹ –Š‡

‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒˆˆ‡…–’”‘…‡••‹‰‹ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”™ƒ›ƒ•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡‘˜‡‡–•

‡š‡…—–‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ǤŠ‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰•ˆ‹–™‡ŽŽ™‹–Š”‡…‡––Š‡‘”‹‡••—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–

–Š‡ Ž‹ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠȀƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ƒ† ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡†‹ƒ–‡† „› ƒ •›„‘Ž‹…

”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ…‘…”‡–‡‘˜‡‡–•ȋ•‡‡‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‡—ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡ

ʹͲͲ͵Ǣ‹‡†‡–ŠƒŽ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ‘”‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡›•—’’‘”––Š‡‘–‹‘–Šƒ–ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š

ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ‘˜‡‡–• ƒ”‡ …‘†‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‹•–ƒ…‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ǯ•”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡’‘‹–ƒ†–Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†‘„Œ‡…–ȋ‡—ƒƬ–”ƒ…ǡʹͲͲͲǢ–”ƒ…

Ƭ‡—–•…ŠǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ”‡˜‹‘—••—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‹•‘–‹‘Šƒ•…‘‡ˆ”‘ˆ‹†‹‰••Š‘™‹‰–Šƒ–

ƒˆˆ‡…–Ǧ‘˜‡‡– …‘‰”—‡…› ‡ˆˆ‡…–• †‘ ‘– †‡’‡† ‘ –Š‡ …‘…”‡–‡ ‘–‘” ƒ…–‹‘•

’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ǡ„—–‘–Š‡‘—–…‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ…–‹‘•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡†‹•–ƒ…‡

‹…”‡ƒ•‡ ‘” †‡…”‡ƒ•‡Ȍ ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡…– –‘ –Š‡‹” ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡ ’‘‹– ȋ‡ ‘—™‡” ‡– ƒŽǤǡ ʹͲͲͳǢ

ƒ”ƒ Ƭ ”‡†Žǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ ‡‹„–ǡ ‡—ƒǡ —••‹•‘ǡ Ƭ –”ƒ…ǡ ʹͲͲͺǢ ƒ ƒ–œ‹‰ǡ

‡…Š‡”ǡ Ƭ ™ƒƒǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ —” ‡š’‡”‹‡–• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ƒˆˆ‡…–Ǧ…‘‰”—‡– •–‹—Ž—•Ǧ

‘˜‡‡–‹••—ˆˆ‹…‹‡––‘”‡’”‘†—…‡–Š‡•‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡›†‘‘–†‡’‡†‘–Š‡

‡š‡…—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ”‡•’‘•‡ „› –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–Ǥ Š‡•‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ƒ”‡ˆ—”–Š‡” •—’’‘”–‡† „› ƒ

”‡…‡–•–—†›„›‘––‡˜‡‡Žƒ†ŠƒˆȋʹͲͲ͹ǡ‡š’‡”‹‡–ͳȌǡ™Š‹…Š•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š

‘˜‡‡–•‘ˆƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ž›‡—–”ƒŽ™‘”†•–‹—Ž‹ȋ ‹‹•Š™‘”†•Ȍ–‡†‡†–‘”‡•—Ž–‹‘”‡

’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‡•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡•‡•–‹—Ž‹–Šƒƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡‘˜‡‡–•ǤŠ‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›

‹• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‘ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– „‘–Š ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ‘˜‡‡–• ‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ…‡•

ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡‘˜‡‡–Ǧ…‘‰”—‡–‡‘–‹‘…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ

‹–‡”‡•–‹‰”‡ƒ‹‹‰“—‡•–‹‘‹•–‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡––Š‡’”‡•‡–ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽ

ƒ• ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ”‡’‘”–‡† ‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡ ƒ”‡ ‡†‹ƒ–‡† „› ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡

‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡—ƒ ƒ† –”ƒ… ȋʹͲͲͲȌ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡

‘˜‡‡–• ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ƒ† ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹ –—”

ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ ’”‘…‡••‹‰Ǥ  –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ™ƒ›ǡ ’”‘…‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ •–‹—Ž‹ ™‘—Ž†

ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ƒˆˆ‡…–Ǧ…‘‰”—‡–

”‡•’‘•‡•ȋ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘‡—ƒ‡–ƒŽǤǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ–”ƒ…Ƭ‡—–•…ŠǡʹͲͲͶȌǤŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ–Š‡•‡

”‡•—Ž–• ƒ› „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† „› ƒ ‘”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡ •–‹—Ž—•Ǧ”‡•’‘•‡ …‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–›

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ͳʹͺ

‡ˆˆ‡…–Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ †‡” ƒ† ‘–Š‡”—† ȋʹͲͲͺȌ •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ƒˆˆ‡…–Ǧ‘˜‡‡–

…‘‰”—‡…›‡ˆˆ‡…–•ƒ”‡‘–”‡•–”‹…–‡†–‘–›’‹…ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ ƒ

…‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡š’‡”‹‡–• –Š‡› •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ƒˆˆ‡…–Ǧ‘˜‡‡– …‘‰”—‡…›

‡ˆˆ‡…–•…‘—Ž†„‡”‡’Ž‹…ƒ–‡†‘””‡˜‡”•‡†„›—•‹‰”‡•’‘•‡ȋŽ‡˜‡”‘˜‡‡–ȌŽƒ„‡Ž•ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ

—’™ƒ”†•ǡ †‘™™ƒ”†•Ȍ –Šƒ– Šƒ† ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘” ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡ „—– ™‡”‡ ‹–”‹•‹…ƒŽŽ›

—”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ†ƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡‘”†‹•–ƒ…‡”‡†—…–‹‘ǤŠ‡‹”‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‡

…‘†‹‰ ƒ……‘—– ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Š‡•‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ȋ‹•ǦȌƒ–…Š „‡–™‡‡

•–‹—Ž—•˜ƒŽ‡…‡ƒ†–Š‡˜ƒŽ‡…‡ȋ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡…‘†‹‰Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‹•ƒ……‘—–

’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ …‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –›’‹…ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ …‘‰”—‡…›

‡ˆˆ‡…–• ”‡’‘”–‡† ‹ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡•ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– †”ƒ™‹‰ —’‘ ƒ…–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– ˆ‹†‹‰• ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‹• –Š‡‘”›ǡ ™‡ ‡‡† –‘

ƒ••—‡–Šƒ––Š‡•–‹—Ž—•‘˜‡‡–•—•‡†‹‘—”–ƒ••ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡˜ƒŽ‡…‡

ȋ–‘™ƒ”†α’‘•‹–‹˜‡ǡƒ™ƒ›α‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ȍǡ™Š‹…Š™‘—Ž†…‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡‘”‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡

™‹–Š–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘”‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡•–‹—Ž—•‡‘–‹‘ȋ‹Ǥ‡ǤǡǮŠƒ’’›ǯ‘”Ǯƒ‰”›ǯȌǤ

Ž–Š‘—‰Š †‡” ƒ† ‘–Š‡”—† ȋʹͲͲͺȌ †‹† ’”‡•‡– ‡˜‹†‡…‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ™‘”†• Ǯ–‘™ƒ”†ǯ

ƒ†Ǯƒ™ƒ›ǯƒ”‡”ƒ–‡†’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ”‡•’‡…–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ‘”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•‡‡†‡†–‘

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡• –‘ •–‹—Ž—• ‘˜‡‡–• ƒ• —•‡† ‹ ‘—” –ƒ••Ǥ 

ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡‡†‡† –‘ …Žƒ”‹ˆ› Š‘™ –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡–• ‹ ‘—” ‡š’‡”‹‡–•

™‘—Ž†ƒ…“—‹”‡–Š‹•ƒ••—‡†˜ƒŽ‡…‡Ǥ –Š‡•–—†‹‡•†‡•…”‹„‡†„›†‡”ƒ†‘–Š‡”—†

ȋʹͲͲͺȌǡ –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ‡…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‹• ƒ••—‡† –‘ †‡’‡† ‘ –Š‡ Žƒ„‡Ž• —•‡† –‘

†‡•…”‹„‡–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡‹–Š‡–ƒ•‹•–”—…–‹‘•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‹•‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘†‘‡•‘–ƒ’’Ž›

–‘‘—”‡š’‡”‹‡–•ǡ„‡…ƒ—•‡Š‡”‡–Š‡•–‹—Ž—•‘˜‡‡–•ƒ”‡‹’Ž‹…‹–ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ‘”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡

‹• ƒ†‡ –‘ –Š‡•‡ ‘˜‡‡–• ‹ –Š‡ –ƒ• ‹•–”—…–‹‘•ȌǤ Š—•ǡ ™‡ •—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– ‘”‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‹•‡‡†‡†–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡’”‡•‡–ˆ‹†‹‰•…ƒ„‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†‹–‡”•

‘ˆ •–‹—Ž—•Ǧ”‡•’‘•‡ ˜ƒŽ‡…‡ …‘ˆŽ‹…–ǡ ƒ• •—‰‰‡•–‡† „› –Š‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ …‘†‹‰

˜‹‡™Ǥ —–—”‡ •–—†‹‡• ‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰ ‡—”‘‹ƒ‰‹‰ –‡…Š‹“—‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ˆ Ȍ ‹‰Š– •Š‡†

‘”‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘” ”‡•’‘•‡Ǧ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ”‡

’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡•‡ƒˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡Ǧ…‘‰”—‡…›‡ˆˆ‡…–•Ǥ

‘ …‘…Ž—†‡ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– ‡š’‡”‹‡–• •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ‘˜‡‡– †‹”‡…–‹‘ ‘ˆ

‡‘–‹‘ƒŽˆƒ…‡•ȋ–‘™ƒ”†•‘”ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–Ȍ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒˆˆ‡…–•–Š‡•’‡‡†

‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–‹—Ž‹ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ˆƒ•–‡”…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…‘‰”—‡–

ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰ Šƒ’’› ƒ† ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ ƒ‰”› ˆƒ…‡•Ȍ –Šƒ ‹…‘‰”—‡– ȋƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰

ƒ‰”› ƒ† ™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ Šƒ’’› ˆƒ…‡•Ȍ •–‹—Ž‹Ǥ Š‡•‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• •—’’‘”– …—””‡– –Š‡‘”‹‡•

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ͳʹͻ

•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Šƒ–”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡†‹•–ƒ…‡„‡–™‡‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–ƒ†–Š‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡†‘„Œ‡…–’Žƒ›•ƒ

‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǦƒ˜‘‹†ƒ…‡ …‘‰”—‡…› ‡ˆˆ‡…–•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡› •Š‘™ –Šƒ–

–Š‡•‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•†‘‘–†‡’‡†‘–Š‡‡š‡…—–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‡•„›–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–Ǥ

(21)

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