Peer, J.M. van
Citation
Peer, J. M. van. (2009, December 8). To approach or to avoid : neurobiological mechanisms in social anxiety. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/14486
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Chapter 6
Affect-congruent approach and withdrawal movements of happy and angry faces facilitate affective categorization
ǡǡ
ǣͳͲǤͳͲͺͲȀͲʹͻͻͻ͵ͲͻͲʹͻ͵ͷͶͺͷ
ǤǤǡǤǡǤǡǤǤǡƬǤ
ͳͳʹ
Abstract
Ǧ ǡ Ǥ
ǡ ǯ Ǥ
Ǥ
ȋ
ȌȋȌǤǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǧ ǡ
Ǥ
ͳͳ͵
Introduction
ǡǡ ǡ
ȋǤǤǡ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͻͻǢ ǡ ǡ Ƭ
ǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǤ Ȁ
Ǧ ȋǤǤǡ
ȋ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͻͻǢ
ƬǡʹͲͲͶǢǡͳͻͲȌǤǡ
ȋǤǤǡȀǡȀǡȀȌ
ǡ
ȋǤǤǡ ǡ ǡ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͻ͵Ǣ ǡ
ÚǡƬ ǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤǡ
Ȁ Ǧ
ǡ
ȋǤǤǡƬ ǡʹͲͲͲǢǤǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ
ȋǤǤǡ Ǥǡͳͻͻ͵ǢƬǡͳͻͻͻǢ
Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲͶȌ Ǧ
ȋ Ȍǡ
ǡ
ȋǤǤǡǤǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣǡǡ
ǡ Ǧǡ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ
Ȁ ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ
Ǥ ǡ
ǯ ǡ ȋ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ƭ
ǡʹͲͲͳȌ ǯ ȋƬǡ
ʹͲͲͷȌǤǡ ȋʹͲͲͲǡʹȌ
ͳͳͶ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ ȋ
ǡ Ȍ by the participants themselvesǤ
ǡ ȋʹͲͲͲȌ
Ǥǡ
bythestimuli.
ȋ Ȍ
Ǧ
Ǥ
ȋ
Ǥǡ ͳͻͻȌǤ ǡ
Ǥ
ȋʹͲͲͲȌȋǤǤǡƬǡͳͻͻͻǢǡͳͻͲȌ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡ
ȋ Ȍ ȋ
ȌǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ ǡ ȋʹͲͲǡ ͳȌǡ
ǡ
ȋ Ȍ
movementaffectivevalueǤ
ȋǤǤǡ
Ȍ ǡ
Ǥǡ
ͳͳͷ
ǡ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ ǣ
ǡ ȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
͵ǡ ͳ ǡ
ǡǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
Experiment1
Method
Participants
ȋ M α ʹͳǤͷǡ SD α ʹǤͺ Ȍ
Ǥ
ȋ
ǡ ǡ ǡ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ
ͳͻ Ǥ
ͳͳ
Figure6.1.ͳʹǡ
Ǥ Yǡ ǡ Ƭ ȋʹͲͲͳǡ ͳȌǤ ̹ ʹͲͲͳ
ǤǤ
Materialsandprocedure
Ǧ ȋǡ ǡ Ƭ ǡ Ȍǡ
ȋȌ ȋȌ
ȋ ǤͳȌǡ
Yǡ ǡ Ƭ ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤͳ
Ǥ ͳͶ u ͳʹ ȋh u wȌǡ
ͷuͶǤͷ Ǥ ͳͷ
ͺͲ Ǥ
ʹͶ
ǡ
ǡ Ǥ
ͳ ǡ
ͶͲͲǤ
ͳ YǤ
ȋʹͲͲͳȌ ǡ Ǥǡ
ȋȀ̳ȌȋǦǦȌǤ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ͳͳ
ͳͷͲͲ ʹͷͲͲ Ǥ ȋ
Ȍ Ǥ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡȋ̱ͷǤȌǤ
Ǥ
ͳʹ ǡ
ͺͲǤ
Statisticalanalyses
ȋ
ͳͷͲ ͳͲͲͲ ) ʹ u ʹ
ȋȌȋǡȌ
ȋ ǡ Ȍ Ǥ
ǦǤͲͷǤȋǤǤȌ
ȋȌǤǡ
ȋZǦ ε ά ʹ Ȍ ǡ
Ǥ
Results
Errorrates
ǡFȋͳǡͳͺȌαͷǤͺͲǡ
MSE α ͺǤͺ ǡ p δ ǤͲͷǡ
ȋ͵ǤͺΨȌ ȋͷǤͷΨȌǤ ǡFδ
ͳǤͶǡpεǤʹͷǤ
Reactiontimes
u ǡ
FȋͳǡͳͺȌαͳͺǤͳʹǡMSEαͳ͵ͲǤͺ͵ǡpδǤͲͲͳȋ ǤʹȌǤ ǡ
ͳͳͺ
Low BIS High BIS
Happy Angry
Experiment 1 Experiment 2
430 440 450 460 470 480 490
Approach Withdraw
Reaction time (ms)
430 440 450 460 470 480 490
Approach Withdraw Approach Withdraw
Reaction time (ms)
Happy Angry
Low BIS High BIS
Figure6.2.ȋΪǤǤȌ ȋȌ ȋͳ
ʹȌǤ ͳȋǡδǤͲͲͳȌ
ʹȋǡδǤͲͲͳȌǤ
ʹǤ
ȋ
Ȍ ȋ
ȌǤ FǦ ǡFȋͳǡͳͺȌ
αͷǤͷͳǡMSEαͳ͵Ǥͳͻǡp δǤͲͷǡ ǡFȋͳǡͳͺȌαǤͶͳǡMSEαʹʹͷǤʹǡpδǤͲͷǡ
ǡ FȋͳǡͳͺȌ α ͳʹǤͺǡ MSE α
ʹʹǤͶͺǡpδǤͲͳǡ ǡFȋͳǡͳͺȌαͲǤͺǡMSEα͵ͶͳǤͳǡpαǤͶʹǤ
ǡFδͳǤǡpεǤʹͲǤ
Experiment2
ͳ Ǧ
Ǥ
Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͲȌ
ȋ Ȍ
ȋ Ƭ ǡ
ͳͻͻͻǢ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ȋǤǤǡ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͻͶǢ ǡ
ͳͻͻͺǢǡͳͻͺʹǢǡǡƬǡʹͲͲͷǢǤǡʹͲͲͻǢ
Ǥǡ ʹͲͲȌ
ǡ
ͳǤʹ
ͳͳͻ
Ǥ
Method
Participants
ȋ M α ʹͲǤͳǡ SD α ͳǤ Ȍ
Ǥ
ǡ ʹͲ
ȋζͳȌʹͲ ȋηʹͳȌʹ ȋȌǤ
ȋ Ƭ ǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ
ǡ
Ǥ
Materialsandprocedure
ͳǡ
ǣ
ͳʹǡ Ͳ ǡ
ȋ̱͵Ͳ ǤȌǤ
ȋ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲǢ ǡ ǡ Ƭ ǡ
ʹͲͲͺȌǤ ȋ
ͳͷͲͳͲͲͲ)ʹuʹuʹ
ȋȌȋǡȌ
ȋ ǡ Ȍ ǡ ȋ ǡ
ȌǦ ǤȋȌ
ȋZǦ
εάʹȌǡ͵ͻ Ǥ
ʹ
ȋͻǦʹͺǡMαͳͺǤͷǡSDα͵ǤȌͳͷ͵Ǥ
ͳʹͲ
Results
Errorrates
ȋ δ Ǥ͵ ΨȌǡ
ǡFδͳǤͻͺǡpεǤͳǤ
Reactiontimes
ǡFȋͳǡ͵ȌαǤͲͶǡ
MSEαͳͷǤͳǡpδǤͲͷǡ
Ǥ u
ǡ Fȋͳǡ͵Ȍ α ͳͳǤͲͷǡ MSE α ʹͲǤǡ p δ ǤͲͳ ȋ ǤʹȌǡ
ȋ Ȍ
ȋ ȌǤ
Ǧ
ǡ Fȋͳǡ͵Ȍ α ͵Ǥͺͺǡ MSE α ʹͳͺǤͻͶǡ p α ǤͲͷǡ
ǡFȋͳǡ͵ȌαͷǤ͵ͻǡMSEαʹͶǤͶ͵ǡpδǤͲͷǡ
ǡFȋͳǡ͵ȌαͳǤʹͲǡMSEαͳͻǤͷǡp δǤͲͲͳǡ ǡ
Fȋͳǡ͵ȌαͲǤͺǡMSEαͳͺͶǤʹͺǡpαǤ͵ͺǤ
ǡFδͲǤʹǡpεǤͶͶǤ
Experiment3
ǡ Ǥǡ
ȋǤǤǡ
Ȍ
ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͳʹͳ
Figure6.3.͵Ͷǡ
Ǥ ǤȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ̹ ǡ
ǡǡ ǡǤǤ
Method
Participants
ȋͳͷǡMαʹͳǤͶǡSDαͳǤͺȌ
Ǥ
Ǥ
Materialsandprocedure
ͳǡ
ǣȋ Ǥ͵Ȍ ʹͲ
ȋǡ ǡƬYǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ
ȋͳͲǡͷͲΨȌǤ
ͳͷǤuʹͳǤͲ ȋwuhȌǡ ͷǤͻuǤͻ Ǥ
ͳͻ ͺͲ
Ǥ ͵͵
ȋͳ Ȍǡ
ͷ͵͵Ǥ
ͳʹʹ
ȋ Ȍ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͺǡ ͺͲǤ
ȋͶǣ ͳͳ
Ȍ Ǥ
ͳǣ
ʹ u ʹ
ȋȌȋǡȌ
ȋ ǡȌ Ǥ
ȋZǦ εάʹȌǡͳ Ǥ
Results
Errorrates
ǡFȋͳǡͳȌαͳͲǤͶǡ
MSE α ͳͲǤͳǡ p δ ǤͲͳǡ
Ǥ ǡ
u ǡFȋͳǡͳȌαͳͲǤͷͶǡMSEαͳͳǤ͵ͳǡp<ǤͲͳȋ
ǤͶȌǤ FǦǡ ǡ
ǡFȋͳǡͳȌαͶǤ͵ǡ
MSEαͺǤͻͶǡp<ǤͲͷǡ ǡFȋͳǡͳȌα
ͺǤͳ͵ǡ MSE α ͻǤͻǡ p δ ǤͲͷǤ ǡ
ǡFȋͳǡͳȌαͳͶǤͻͻǡMSEαͳͷǤͲ͵ǡpδ
ǤͲͲͳǡ ǡFȋͳǡͳȌαͲǤͲ͵ǡ
MSEαǤͶ͵ǡpαǤͺǤ
Reactiontimes
ǡFȋͳǡͳȌαͳͳǤͻͻǡMSEα
ͳͳǤͷͻǡpδǤͲͳǡ ǡFȋͳǡͳȌαͷǤ͵ǡMSEαͺ͵Ǥ͵͵ǡpδǤͲͷǤ
ǡ ǡ
u ǡFȋͳǡͳȌαͷǤͲͳǡMSEα͵Ͷ͵Ǥ͵ǡpδǤͲͷȋ
ǤͶȌǤ FǦǡ ǡ
ͳʹ͵
Experiment 3 Experiment 4
Happy Angry
a)
b)
c)
d)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Approach Withdraw
Error rate (%)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Approach Withdraw
Error rate (%)
420 440 460 480 500 520
Approach Withdraw
Reaction time (ms)
420 440 460 480 500 520
Approach Withdraw
Reaction time (ms)
Happy Angry
Figure 6.4. ȋΪ ǤǤȌ ȋ ΨȌ ȋ Ȍ
ȋ͵ͶȌǤ
ȋȌ ȋȌ͵ȋǮǯȌǤ
ǡ ȋ Ȍ ȋȌ
ͶȋǮǯȌǤ
ǡ FȋͳǡͳȌ α
ͻǤͺͺǡ MSE α ͷͻͷǤͶͺǡ p δ ǤͲͳǡ
ǡFȋͳǡͳȌαͲǤͳǡMSEαͷ͵ͳǤʹ͵ǡpαǤͶͷǤǡ
ǡ
FȋͳǡͳȌ α ͳͶǤͺͶǡ MSE α ʹͷͶǤͳͲǡ p δ ǤͲͲͳǡ
ǡFȋͳǡͳȌαͲǤͲ͵ǡMSEαʹͲǤͺǡpαǤͺǤ
Experiment4
ǡ ͵
u Ǥ ǡ
Ǥ
ȋʹͲͲȌǤ
͵ǡ Ǥ
ͳʹͶ
ǡ ȋǤǡʹͲͲǡͳȌ
ȋǤǤǡ
ȌǤ
Participants
Ǧ ȋMαʹʹǤͳǡSDαʹǤȌ
Ǥ
Ǥ
ȋZǦ ε ά ʹ Ȍǡ ʹͳ
Ǥ
Results
Errorrates
ʹ u ʹ ȋǡ Ȍ ȋ ǡ
Ȍ
ǡ F δ ʹǤͲͶǡ p ε ǤͳǤ ǡ
u ǡFȋͳǡʹͲȌαʹǤͷ͵ǡMSEαͳʹǤͻǡpα
Ǥͳ͵ǡ
ǡFȋͳǡʹͲȌα͵ǤͺͻǡMSEαͳǤͺͺǡpαǤͲ͵ȋ ǤͶȌǤ
Reactiontimes
ǡ u
ǡ ǡ FȋͳǡʹͲȌ α ͵ǤͲͺǡ MSE α
͵ʹͲǤͺͻǡpαǤͲͻͷǡ ȋ
ǤͶȌǤ ǡ
ǡFȋͳǡʹͲȌαͷ͵ǤʹͶǡMSEαͷ͵ͷǤͶʹǡpδǤͲͲͳǤ
Ǥǡ
ǡFȋͳǡʹͲȌαͳǤͺͻǡMSEα͵ʹͶǤͲͲǡpδǤͲͲͳǡǡ
ȋ ͳǦ͵Ȍ ǡ FȋͳǡʹͲȌ α ͳǤ͵ǡ MSE α ͷ͵ʹǤ͵ͳǡ p < ǤͲͲͳǡ
FǦǤ
ͳʹͷ
Generaldiscussion
ǡ
ȋǤǤǡƬǡͳͻͻͻǢǤǡ
ʹͲͲͳǢƬǡʹͲͲͷǢƬǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ
ȋƬ ǡʹͲͲͲǢ
Ƭ ǡʹͲͲͶȌǡ
.
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ǡ ͳ
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ʹǤ
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Ǥ ȋʹͲͲǡ ͳȌǡ
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Ǥ
ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲȌ
ȋ Ȍ Ǥ
ǡ
ǡǤȋʹͲͲǡͳȌ
ͳʹ
Ǥ
͵Ǥǡ
uǡ
Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲȌǡ
͵ǡ Ͷ
Ǥ
ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ Ǥ ǡ
ǡǤȋʹͲͲȌ
ȋ ȌǤ
ǡ
ȋǤǤǡ Ȍǡ
Ǥ ǡ Ͷ
ȋ Ȍ
ǡ
ǤȋʹͲͲǡͳȌǤ
ȋ
Ȍ Ǧ ȋ
Ȍ ǡ
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ǡ
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Ǥǡ
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ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ
Ǥ ǡ
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ȋ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲ
ͶȌ ǡ
ͳʹ
Ǥ
ȋʹͲͲͲȌ
Ǥ
Ȁ
ǡ ȋǤǤǡǤǡ
ʹͲͲ͵ǢǤǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ ǡ
ǯ ȋƬ ǡʹͲͲͲǢ
Ƭ ǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ
Ǧ
ǡ ȋǤǤǡ
Ȍ ȋ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲͳǢ
Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ ǡ ǡ ǡ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲͺǢ ǡ
ǡ Ƭ ǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ Ǧ Ǧ
ǡ
Ǥ
ȋʹͲͲǡͳȌǡ
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Ǥ
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ȋǤǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ Ƭ ǡʹͲͲͶȌǤǡ
Ǧ
ͳʹͺ
Ǥ ǡ ȋʹͲͲͺȌ Ǧ
Ǥ
Ǧ
ȋȌȋǤǤǡ
ǡ Ȍ ǡ
Ǥ
ȋǦȌ
ȋ ȌǤǡ
Ǧ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡ ǡ
ȋαǡαȌǡ
ȋǤǤǡǮǯǮǯȌǤ
ȋʹͲͲͺȌ Ǯǯ
Ǯǯǡ ǡ
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ȋʹͲͲͺȌǡ
Ǥǡ
ǡ ȋǤǤǡ
ȌǤ ǡ
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Ǥ ȋǤǤǡ Ȍ
Ǧ
Ǧ Ǥ
ǡ
ȋ Ȍ
ǡ
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Ȍ Ǥ
ͳʹͻ
Ǧ Ǥ ǡ
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