The Sultanate of Jaunpur.

THE SUXPABATE OP JAUIIPUB.

T h e s is s u b m i tt e d f o r t h e D e g r e e o f D o c to r o f P h i lo s o p h y

o f

The U n i v e r s i t y o f L ondon

b y

M ian Muhammad Saeed*

S c h o o l o f O r i e n t a l and

A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , J u n e , 1965

*

107 14 JUL 1965

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2

I t i s i m p o s s ib l e t o a c k n o w le d g e a d e q u a t e l y t h e a s s i s t a n c e an d g u id a n c e I h a v e r e c e i v e d fro m my s u p e r ­ v i s o r s , Dr* B i a z u l I s l a m , P r o f e s s o r o f I n d o - P a k i s t a n M uslim H i s t o r y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f K a r a c h i , v i s i t i n g

S e n i o r R e s e a r c h B e llo w a t t h e S c h o o l o f O r i e n t a l a n d A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , U n i v e r s i t y o f L o n d o n , a n d P r o f e s s o r A .I* B asham , P r o f e s s o r o f S o u th A s ia n H i s t o r y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f London* P h ey h a v e a lw a y s c o n c e r n e d th e m s e l v e s w i t h my p e r s o n a l w o r r i e s , a n d t h e i r k i n d n e s s a n d b e n e v o le n c e h a v e e n c o u ra g e d me t o c o m p le te t h i s r e ­ s e a r c h * I n f a c t , t h i s t h e s i s i s t h e o u tc o m e o f t h e i r p a t i e n t a n d s y m p a t h e t i c s u p e r v i s i o n *

I o f f e r my s i n c e r e s t t h a n k s t o Dr* J .G . d e G a s p a r i s , H e a d e r i n S o u th A s ia n H i s t o r y i n t h e U n i v e r ­ s i t y o f L o n d o n , an d M a^or U*B. H a r r i s o n , H e a d e r i n S o u th A s ia n H i s t o r y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f L o n d o n , w hose l e c t u r e s a n d s c h o l a r s h i p e n r i c h e d my k n o w le d g e o f t h e I n d o - P a k i s t a n s u b - c o n t i n e n t f s h i s t o r y i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f my r e s e a r c h , a n d D r . P* H a rd y , H e a d e r i n I n d o - P a k i s t a n M uslim H i s t o r y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f L o n d o n , u n d e r whom t h i s w o rk w as o r i g i n a l l y s t a r t e d

a n d s u b s t a n t i a l p r o g r e s s m ade.

I am g r e a t l y i n d e b t e d t o P r o f e s s o r ^ A, N iz a m i, P r o f e s s o r i n t h e M uslim U n i v e r s i t y o f A l i g a r h , f o r h i s v a l u a b l e s u g g e s t i o n s and o c c a s i o n a l g u id a n c e i n c l a r i ­ f y i n g many p r a c t i c a l p ro b le m s o f I n d o - P a k i s t a n M uslim H i s t o r y ,

I c a n n o t f a i l t o r e c o r d my g r a t i t u d e to t h e l a t e I g h a Muhammad * A l l K han, l e c t u r e r o f A rc h a e o lo g y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e P u n j a b , L a h o r e , a n d A s s i s t a n t C u r a t o r o f t h e L a h o r e Museum, P r o f e s s o r Hamid Ahmad Kha n , V i c e - C h a n c e l l o r o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e P u n j a b , L a h o r e ,

an d a l s o my f a t h e r , Hakim Muhammad ’ A b d u lla h , who i n ­ s p i r e d me t o s t a r t t h i s w o rk , an d a lw a y s g a v e me m o ra l s u p p o r t ,

I am a l s o o b l i g e d t o t h e l i b r a r y s t a f f s o f t h e S c h o o l o f O r i e n t a l a n d A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , t h e G o ld sm ith l i b r a r y , U n i v e r s i t y o f L on d o n , t h e I n d i a O f f i c e L i b r a r y

an d t h e B r i t i s h Museum f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e .

My th a n k s a r e a l s o due t o M rs. B a k e r f o r h e r a s s i s t a n c e w i t h t h e t y p i n g , and t o M iss S o p h ia K r i t z i n g e r fro m P a a r l , S o u th A f r i c a , my w i f e , an d M r. S a i f U l l a h J a v e d , f o r t h e i r h e l p f u l s c r u t i n y , c o r r e c t i o n s a n d c h e c k ­ in g o f t h e t y p e d c o p i e s , an d f o r s a v i n g me much t im e a n d l a b o u r •

4

I am a l s o o b l i g e d t o P r o f e s s o r C .H . P h i l i p s , D i r e c t o r o f t h e S c h o o l o f O r i e n t a l a n d A f r i c a n S t u d i e s , f o r a g r a n t fro m t h e D i s c r e t i o n a r y P u n d o f t h e S c h o o l a s w e l l a s t o M r, J , G a rn o c h a n o f t h e ^ a p a r tm e n t o f P h o n e t i c s a n d L i n g u i s t i c s , who recom m ended t o h im ,

an d t o t h e C o m m ittee o f M anagem ent o f t h e C o n v o c a tio n T r u s t , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f L o n d o n , f o r a g r a n t t o c a r e r my e x a m in a tio n f e e a n d t h e e x p e n s e s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e t y p i n g o f t h e t h e s i s , The C o m m itte e s o f t h e T r u s t

o f t h e N a t i o n a l U n io n o f S t u d e n t s , t h e C h a r l e s H e n ry P o y le T r u s t , t h e S i r E r n e s t C a s s e l E d u c a t i o n a l T r u s t ,

an d t h e W orld U n i v e r s i t y S e r v i c e , a l s o g a v e me s m a ll g r a n t s , f o r w h ic h 1 am g r e a t l y in d e b te d *

5

ABSTRACT.

GHAPIHR I , {CHB HISIOBICAL BACKGROUND Off IBB SHARQX

SUmAiiADff.

I n t h i s c h a p t e r t h e f a c t o r s w h ic h c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e S u l t a n a t e o f D e h l i , d i s ­ l o c a t e d t h e p r o v i n c e s a n d f i n a l l y h e l p e d t h e p r o v i n c i a l g o v e r n o r s t o e s t a b l i s h t h e i r in d e p e n d e n c e h a v e b e e n

s u r v e y e d .

CHABPHR I I . THE BISff Off PHB SUIPANAPff.

S e c t i o n (A) d e a l s w i t h t h e c a r e e r o f S u l t a n u s h - S h a r g M a lik S a rw a r, who f o u n d e d t h e S u l t a n a t e o f

J a u n p u r . A f t e r t h e d e a t h o f f f i r u z , h e becam e t f a z l r o f t h e S u l t a n a t e s u c c e s s i v e l y u n d e r S i k a n d a r , H u s r a t , Muhammad and Mahmud. He w as a p p o i n t e d g o v e r n o r o f

Z a f a r a b a d a n d J a u n p u r i n 1 3 9 4 , w h e re h e d e c l a r e d h i s in d e p e n d e n c e an d r u l e d up t o 1399* S e c t i o n (B) d e a l s with*.' t h e s h o r t r e i g n o f S u l t a n M ubarak S hah S h a r q l , t h e

a d o p te d s o n o f S u ltS n u sh -S h arq ,*

CHAPTER I I I . THE SULTANATE IK I I S PULL GEORX.

I t c o v e r s t h e r e i g n o f S u l t a n I b r a h i m S h ah

S h a r q i who g l o r i o u s l y r u l e d f o r f o r t y y e a r s , i . e . 1 4 0 1 -4 0 . CHAPTER IV . THE SUXIAHATE IE IT S PULL GLOHX ( C o n c lu d e d ) .

S e c t i o n (A) d e a l s w i t h t h e r e i g n o f S u l t a n Mahmud S h ah S h a r q i ( 1 4 4 0 - 5 7 ) . S e c t i o n (B ) d e a l s w i t h t h e s h o r t t y r a n n i c a l r e i g n o f S u l t a n Muhammad Shah S h a r q i

( 1 4 5 7 - 5 8 ) .

CHAPTER V. THE BECIiXHE Off THE SOBIAIAIE.

I t c o v e r s t h e r e i g n o f S u l t a n H u s a in S hah S h a r q i who r u l e d i n J a u n p u r fro m 1458 t o 1483 a n d i n B i h a r fro m 1483 t o 1 4 9 5 a n d d i e d i n 1505 a t C o lg o n g w h e re h e h a d t a k e n r e f u g e w i t h H u s a in S hah B e n g a l i .

CHARTER Y I . SHARQI ARCHITECTURE.

I t c o n s i s t s o f s i x s e c t i o n s . T h e re a r e : ( 1 ) The O r i g i n o f Z a f a r a b a d a n d J a u n p u r ; ( 2 ) The M a s jid s ;

( 3 ) t h e ffo rftk ; ( 4 ) The P a l a c e s o f S h a r q i K in g s an d Q u ee n s; (5) The Tombs a n d S h r i n e s ; ( 6 ) I r r i g a t i o n a n d P u b l i c W orks.

CHAPTER V I I . QUIiTURAli ACTIVITIES UNDER THE SHARQIS.

I t c o n s i s t s o f two p a r t s , e a c h b e in g s u b d i v i d e d i n t o s i x s e c t i o n s * S e c t i o n I d e a l s w i t h t h e A r a b ic an d P e r s i a n S c h o l a r s o f Z a f a r a b a d ; S e c t i o n I I , w i t h t h o s e o f

J a u n p u r ; S e c t i o n I I I , w i t h t h o s e who b e lo n g e d t o o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e S h a r q i S u l t a n a t e , a n d S e c t i o n IV d e a l s w i t h t h e H in d i P o e t s a n d S c h o la r s * S e c t i o n V d e a l s w i t h M u sic , an d S e c t i o n V I w i t h t h e a r t o f P a i n t i n g .

CHAPTER V I I I . MIS TICS AED MISTICAL MOVEMENTS TOPER THE SHARQIS.

I t c o n s i s t s o f n i n e s e c t i o n s . S e c t i o n I d e s ­ c r i b e s t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e S u h a r w a r d iy a m y s t i c s ; S e c t i o n I I o f t h e C h i s h t i y a m y s t i c s ; S e c t i o n I I I o f t h e A s h r a f i y a m y s t i c s a n d S e c t i o n IV o f t h o s e m y s t i c s b e l o n g in g t o u n ­ known O r d e r s i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e S h a r q i S u l t a n a t e * S e c t i o n V d e a l s w i t h t h e m y s t i c s o f t h e S a b i r y a O r d e r ; S e c t i o n V I w i t h t h e Q a la n d a r iy a O r d e r ; S e c t i o n V I I w i t h t h e M a d a riy a O r d e r ; S e c t i o n V I I I w i t h t h e S h a t t a r i O rd e r^

and S e c t i o n IX w i t h t h e M ahdavi M ovement o f S a y y id Muhammad J a u n p u r I .

8

T h e r e a r e t h r e e a p p e n d i c e s : (A ) The C o in a g e o f t h e S h a r q i S u l t a n s ; (B ) The l a t e r S h a r q l s ; (C ) The G e n e a l o g i c a l T a b le o f t h e S h a r q l s .

9

M ethod o f t r a n s l i t e r a t i o n A d o p ted , P o r A r a b ic an d P e r s i a n L e t t e r s : *

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P o r v o w e l s i g n s :*

S h o r t v o w e ls « a , i , u Long v o w e ls « a ,

I, 0,

H in d i w o rd s u s e d b y P e r s i a n c h r o n i c l e r s a r e t r a n s ­ l a t e d i n t h e i r P e r s i a n form #

1 1

IIS T OP A BBREVTATIOHS •

(A) BOOKS,

1 # ^A.Baq.!, 2 . ’Abdullah, 3 . A, Puhrer, 4 . * 5 f i f ,

5* A’ x n , J a r r e t t ,

6 . Bada'unI,

7 . B a ra n x , 8 . B.M. , 9 . C . H . I , 1 0 . P i r i s h t a ,

11. Ghulim Hasan, 12. Hadi,

13* H a s a n ,

Ma* a s i r - i - R a h l m l . by Khxvaja ’ A bdu’l ' B S q l H ih& w andfT"

I i b i k h - i - B a * u d I . b y ’ A b d u lla h .

The S h a r q i A r c h i t e c t u r e o f J a u n p u r . V o l . I .

T a r x ld o .- i- P iru z S h a h l, b y S h a m s - i- r m t . --- ^~

1* x n - i - A k b a r i , by A bu’l P a s l , t r a n s ­ l a t e d i n t o E n g l i s h b y H. B lochm ann and J a r r e t t .

M untakhab u * t - t a w a r x l d i o r l a r x k h - i - B a d a ’u n l , b y A b d u 'l- Q a d i r B a d a ’H n l.

T a r i k h - i - P i r u z S h a h x , b y Z ia u d - d x n B a r a n I ,

B r i t i s h Museum.

C am b rid g e H i s t o r y o f I n d i a .

G - u ls h a n - i- I b r a h lm l o r _ T a r i l d i - i -

I b r a h im S h g h i ? o rt T a r i k h - i i r i s h t a , b y Muhammad Q asim P i r i s h t a .

A S h o r t A o co u n t o f J a u n p u r , b y Ghulam H a s a n .

H a f t G ulshan-i-M uham m ad S h a h l .

A hsan u ’ t - t a w a r x k h o r M untakhab u ’t l a w a r l fch. b y H a sa n b i n Muhammad

S h i r a z I .

1 4 . 1 * 0 . , I n d ia O f f i c e .

15

*

1 6 . M u s h ta q I ,

1 7 . H i'm a t U l l a h ,

1 8 . B u r u l- H a q q , 1 9 . H a l B in d r a b a n , 2 0 . S u ja n R a l , 2 1 . T a b a q a t, 2 2 . T a h i r , 2 3 . T a s s k ira h , 2 4 . f a h y a ,

5 . Z a f a r u ’ l W a lih ,

The M onum ental A n t i q u i t i e s a n d I n s c r i p t i o n s i n t h e N o r th - W e s te r n P r o v i n c e s a n d Oudh A l l a h a b a d , V o l . I I . W agi* a t - i - M u s h t a q I « a l s o c a l l e d

I a r i k h - j -Mu s h t aq I b y A h l - u l l a h M u s h ta q i, a l i a s R iz q U l l a h .

T a r lk h - i- K h a n J a h a n L o d i wa M alchsan- i - A f g h a n i . b y K h w aja H i*m at U l l a h H a r v I .

Z u b d a t u ’t t a w a r l k h . b y B u r u l- H a q q - a t M a s h ra q I u d - B e h l v I .

Bubb u ’t t a w a r l k h . b y H a ! B in d r a b a n . K h u la s t u ’ t t a w a r l k h . b y Su,1 a n H a l M u n ih l.---

T a b a q a t - i - A k h b a r i . b y K hw aja B izam u d - d i n Ahmad.

R a u z a t u ’t T a h r i n . b y T a h i r Muhammad S a b a z w S rI.

T a z k i r a h - i - u l a m a - i - H i n d . b y Rehman

’ A l l . *

I a r l l d i - i - M u b a r a k S h a h l . b y X ahya b i n Ahmad b i n Ab d u l l ah’ S i r h i n d l .

Z a f a r u l- W a liH 'i b i M u z a f f a r wa a l i h , b y A b d tilla h Muhammad, a l s o c a l l e d H a j I u d - d a b l r , e d i t e d b y S i r E #

B e n so n R o ss i n 3 _ v o l s . a s An A r a b ic H i s t o r y o f G u j a r a t .

(B ) JOURBAIS.

B . P . P .

1 . / B e n g a l = P a s t an d P r e s e n t .

2 . J . A . S . P . , J o u r n a l o f t h e A s i a t i c S o c i e t y o f P a k i s t a n . B aca a .

13

3. J .B .O .H .R .S . J o u r n a l o f t h e D ih a r an d O r i s s a H i s t o r i c a l R e s e a r c h S o c i e t y .

4 . J . I . H . J o u r n a l o f I n d i a n H i s t o r y . M a d ra s . 5* J .P .H .S * J o u r n a l o f t h e P a k i s t a n H i s t o r i c a l

doc i e t y . K ar ab.M •

6 . J .R .A .S .B . J o u r n a l o f t h e R o y a l A s i a t i c S o c i e t y o f B e n g a l* d a l c u t t a .

7 . I . C . I s l a m i c C u l t u r e . H y d e ra b a d . D e c c a n . 8 . I .H .Q . I n d i a n H i s t o r i c a l Q u a r t e r l y , C a l c u t t a . 9 . M .I .Q . M e d ie v a l I n d i a n Q u a r t e r l y , A l i g a r h .

( c ) GAZEPPEERS.

1 • Imp • Gaz • I m p e r i a l G a z e t t e e r s .

2 . U .P .D . G a z . U .P . D i s t r i c t G a z e t t e e r .

i

TABLE 03? COHfEHfS.

A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts.

A b s t r a c t .

M ethod o f t r a n s l i t e r a t i o n A d o p te d , l i s t o f A b b r e v i a t i o n s ,

f a b l e o f C o n t e n t s .

IHfROHJCf IOH: (A) IMEORtAHCE OS' fHE SUlfAHAfE.

(B ) SCOPE OE fHE WORK.

CHAPfER I . BACKGROUND OE fJHE SHARQI SUlfAHAfE.

CHAPfER I I . fHE R IS E OE fHE S U lf AHAfE.

(A) S u l t a n u s h - S h a r a M a lik S a rw a r (1 3 9 4 -1 3 9 9 A .D .J

(B ) S u l t a n M ubarak S hah S h a r q i (1 3 9 9 -1 4 0 1 A .D .) '

CHAPfER I I I . f H E SUlfAHAfE IH I f S E U H G10RX.

S u l t a n I b r a h i m Shah S h a r q i (1 4 0 1 -1 4 4 0 A .I .) " "

CHAPfER 1 7 . fHE S U lf AHAfE IH I f S EUI1 G10RX.

( C o n c lu d e d ) .

(A) S u l t a n Mahmud S hah S h a r q i (1 4 4 0 -1 4 5 7 A .D .7

(B ) S u l t a n Muhammad S hah S h a r q i (1 4 5 7 -1 4 5 8 A . I . )

2

.

5 . 9 . 1 1

.

1 4 . 2 0

.

2 5 . 3 3 .

6 8

.

9 7 .

1 0 5 .

1 4 3 . 168

.

15

P ag e.

CHAPIRR V. IHR DRCLINE OP THE SUIiIAEAlB.

S u l t a n H u s a in Shall S h a r q i (1 4 5 8 -8 3 - 1 f 7 . o f B i h a r 1 4 8 3 -1 4 9 5 ATP.

J

CHAPTER VT. SHARQI ARCiniECOTRB.

I n t r o d u c t i o n . 2 2 9 .

S e c t i o n I . I h e S a l e o f Iwo C i t i e s .

(A) Z a f a r a h a d . 2 3 4 .

(B ) J a u n p u r . 2 3 7 .

S e c t i o n I I . She S h a r q i P o r t s * 2 4 4 .

S e c t i o n I I I . f h e S h a r q i Mas;) i d s .

(A ) S he S h a r q i Mas j i d s o f J a u n p u r . 2 3 5 . (B ) M in o r Mas;) i d s o f t h e S h a r q l s 3 0 1.

o u t s i d e t h e c i t y o f J a u n p u r .

S B c tio n IV . P a l a c e s o f t h e S h a r q i K in g s and Q u e e n s. 3 0 6 . S e c t i o n V . f h e S h a r q i lom hs a n d S h r i n e s . 3 1 0 .

(A) R o y a l lo m b s . 3 1 1 .

(B ) O th e r lom bs a n d S h r i n e s . 3 1 5 . (C ) fom bs an d S h r i n e s o f Z a f a r a b a d . 3 2 1 . S e c t i o n V I. P u b l i c Works a n d I r r i g a t i o n . 3 2 5 . S e c t i o n V I I . A c h ie v e m e n ts o f S h a r q i A r c h i t e c t u r e . 3 2 9 . CHAPIBR V I I . ODIinRAL AQIIVXSIBS OTDER IEEE SHARQIS.

I n t r o d u c t i o n . 335*

(A) l i t e r a t u r e u n d e r t h e S h a r q l s .

S e c t i o n I* A r a b ic an d P e r s i a n S c h o l a r s o f Z a f a ra b a d *

S e c t i o n I I # A ra b ic a n d P e r s i a n S c h o l a r s o f J a u n p u r .

S e c t i o n I I I # I m p o r t a n t S c h o l a r s i n o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e S h a r q i S u l t a n a t e *

S e c t i o n IV . H in d i S c h o l a r s and P o e t s o f t h e S h a r q i P e r i o d .

(B ) l i n e A r t s u n d e r t h e S h a r q ls # S e c t i o n V# M usic u n d e r t h e S h a r q ls #

S e c t i o n VI# P a i n t i n g u n d e r t h e S h a r q ls *

CHAPTER V I I I * MYSTICS AND MYSTICAL MOVEMENTS

UNDER THE SHARQIS.

I n t r o d u c t i o n *

S e c t i o n I# The S u h r w a r d iy a O r d e r .

w The S u h r w a r d iy a M y s tic s o f Z a f a ra b a d #

(B ) The S u h rw a r d iy a M y s tic s o f J a u n p u r*

S e c t i o n I I # The C h i s h t i y a O r d e r .

(A) The C h i s h t i y a M y s tic s o f J a u n p u r#

(B ) The C h i s h t i y a M y s tic s o f M a n ik p u r S h a r i f .

SECTION I I I # The A s h r a f i y a O rd er*

R

The C h i s h t i y a M y s tic s o f f e c h h u c h h a

S h a r i f . ~

34 0

#

3 5 3 . 376*

3 8 0^#

3 9 5 . 4 0 5 .

4 1 7 . 4 2 2

.

4 2 6 . 4 3 3 . 4 3 7 . 4 4 2 . 4 6 0 .

4 6 7

.

P ag e#

S e c t i o n IV# O th e r M y s tic s i n and o u t s i d e J a u n p u r . 4 7 8 .

S e c t i o n V* The S a b i r j ^ a O r d e r . 4 9 4 .

The S a b i r i y a M y s tic s o f R a d a u l l S h a r i f . 497*

S e c t i o n V I . The Q a l a n d a r i y a O r d e r . 5 0 7 .

The Q a la n d a r s o f J a u n p u r . 509#

S e c t i o n V II# The M a d a riy a O r d e r . 5 1 4 .

The M a d a riy a s o f M akhanpur a n d J a u n p u r . 515*

S e c t i o n V I I I . T h e S h a t t a r i O r d e r . 5 2 0 . The S h a t t a r x s o f J a u n p u r and t h e i r 5 2 1 . M y s t i c a l A c t i v i t i e s i n a n d o u t s i d e

J a u n p u r .

S e c t i o n IX . The M ahdavi Movement o f S a y y id Muhammad 5 3 0 . J a u n p u r

I .

APPENDIX.

(A) The C o in a g e o f t h e S h a r q i S u l t a n s . 5 4 3 .

(B ) The L a t e r S h a r q l s . 5 5 8 .

(C) The G e n e a l o g i c a l T a b le o f t h e S h a r q l s . 565*

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

(A) P e r s i a n B ooks a n d M a n u s c r i p ts . 5 6 6 .

(B ) M odern B ooks i n E n g lis h # 5 7 3 .

(C ) H in d i B o o k s. 5 8 0 .

(D) U rd u B ooks# 5 8 1 .

18

P age*

(B ) E p ig r a p h y . 5 8 2 .

( I ) N u m is m a tic s . 5 8 3 .

(G) J o u r n a l s . 5 8 4 .

(H) B ooks o f B e f e r e n c e . 5 8 5 .

( I ) G a z e t t e e r s . 5 8 6 .

( J ) M aps.

DIST OE PDAIES.

5 8 6 .

X* J a u n p u r : E a s t G a te o f t h e K a r a r K ot E o r t . 2 4 6 .

•HH

J a u n p u r : A t a l a D e v i M a s jid , G e n e r a l v ie w

o f t h e P a r a d e . 2 5 9 .

I I I . J a u n p u r : The J h a n j r l M as3i d . 2 6 9 .

XV. J a u n p u r : E r o n t o f D a l D arw azah M as3i d . 2 7 5 . V* J a u n p u r : I n t e r i o r o f D a l D arw azah M as3i d . 2 7 8 .

vx* J a u n p u r : Jam i* M as3i d , E a c a d e . 2 8 4 .

V I I . J a u n p u r : J a m i 1 M a s3 id , H o r th E x t e r i o r . 2 8 8 . V I I I . J a u n p u r : Jam i* M a s3 id , S o u th -W e st E x t e r i o r . 2 9 3 .

IX . J a u n p u r : S to n e B r id g e o v e r t h e G u m tl, w hose f o u n d a t i o n s w ere o r i g i n a l l y l a i d b y S u l t a n I b r a h im S h a r q i .

3 2 7 .

X. E i g s .1 & 2s The C o lo p h o n o f t h e m a n u s c r ip t 4 0 6 • o f t h e K a l p a s u t r a w h ic h d e n o t e s

t h a t t h e m a n u s c r ip t w as w r i t t e n i n V ik ra m a Sam vat 1 5 2 2 (1 4 6 5 A .D .) a t Y a v a n p u r ( J a u n p u r ) i n t h e

r e i g n o f H u s a in S h ah b y t h e o r d e r o f H a r s h in x S r a v i k a .

X I . P i g s . 3 & 4 : D e c o r a t i v e M o tif s o f S h a r q i .A r c h ite c tu r e #

X I I . P i g s . 5 & 6 ; P l o r a l d e s i g n s and f i g u r e s o f a n im a ls *

X I I I . P i g s . 7 & 8 ; P l o r a l d e s i g n s o f v a r i o u s m u l t i p l e c o l o u r s .

She C o n s e c r a t i o n c e re m o n y o f B s h a b h a d e v a .

P o u r t e e n d re am s o f D e v a n a n d a . D u e l b e tw e e n B h a r a t a a n d h i s b r o t h e r B a h u b a l l .

K o sa d a n c e an d a n e p i s o d e o f A ry a S a m i t i .

I n d r a h o l d i n g a n u m b r e l l a o v e r A ry a d h a rm a .

P o u r^ S am g h as w o r s h ip p in g a t t h e M r v a n a o f M a h a v lr a .

G r i e f o f I r i s a l a a t t h e im m o b il- i t y o f t h e f o e t u s .

X V I I I . The G o ld C o in a g e o f t h e S h a r q i S u l t a n s .

XIX . She B i l l o n a n d C o p p e r C o in a g e o f t h e S h a r q L

S u l t a n s . "*

XX. A Map o f t h e S h a r q i S u l t a n a t e * X IV . P i g . 9 s

XV. P i g . 1 0 s XVI. P i g . 1 1 :

" P i g .1 2 : X V II. P i g . 1 3 ; 11 P i g . 1 4 : 3?ig.l5«

P a g e . 4 0 8 .

4 0 9 . 41 0

.

4 1 1 . 4 1 3 . 4 1 4 . 4 1 4 . 4 1 5 . 4 1 5 . 415.

5 4 7 . .5 5 1 . 587

.

IMRODTJCIIBH

(A) I m p o r ta n c e o f t h e S u l t a n a t e .

I n t h e c l o s i n g y e a r s o f t h e 1 4 th c e n t u r y f o u r i m p o r t a n t p r o v i n c i a l kingdom s e m e rg e d . The f o u n d e r s o f t h e s e p r o v i n c i a l kin g d o m s w ere i n a l l c a s e s f o r m e r o f f i c e r s o f t h e f u g h l ^ q s . K h an d ash w as f o u n d e d i n 1382 b y M a lik H a j a , a p e r s o n a l a t t e n d a n t o f P i r u z * M alwah becam e a n in d e p e n d e n t k in g d o m i n 1392 u n d e r a g o v e r n o r u n d e r P i r u z D ila w a r K han, who came fro m Ghor • J a u n p u r w as fo u n d e d i n 1394 b y M a lik S a rw a r, a K h w a ja - s a r a o f P i r u z , an d G u j a r a t d e c l a r e d i t s in d e p e n d e n c e i n 1396 u n d e r 2 a f a r K han, s o n o f a B a jp u t c o n v e r t . B e n g a l h a d

t h e

b e e n an i n d e p e n d e n t kingdom s i n c e 1 3 3 6 , a n d /B a h m a n i s u l t a n ­ a t e h a d come i n t o e x i s t e n c e i n 1347 u n d e r -•A la u d ~ d in H a sa n S h ah , o f f o r e i g n s t o c k . f h e h i s t o r y o f t h e two k in g d o m s f o u n d e d e a r l i e r f o l l o w e d a c o u r s e s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t fro m t h a t o f t h e o t h e r d y n a s t i e s w h ic h w ere f o u n d e d l a t e r *

Among t h e s e p r o v i n c i a l k in g d o m s J a u n p u r o c c u p ie d an i m p o r t ­ a n t p o s i t i o n . Ih o u g h i t s l i f e s p a n w as t h e s h o r t e s t

( f o r t h e in d e p e n d e n t k ingdom o f K h a n d e sh l a s t e d f o r 219 y e a r s , t h e B ahm anI S u l t a n a t e 180 y e a r s , G u j a r a t 176 y e a r s a n d J a u n p u r o n ly 101 y e a r s ) , y e t i t s h i s t o r y i s f u l l o f

s i g n i f i c a n t d e v e lo p m e n ts b o t h p o l i t i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l .

One v e r y i m p o r t a n t f a c t & o u t t h e k in g d o m o f J a u n p u r i s t h a t i t w as fo rm e d i n t h e h e a r t o f n o r t h e r n I n d i a an d i n c l u d e d t h e E h a l s a a r e a s o f t h e D e h l l S u l t a n a t e . T h is was t h e s o u r c e o f i t s w e a k n e s s . Ho o t h e r f o u n d e r o f a p r o v i n c i a l k in g d o m was lo o k e d u p o n b y t h e S u l t a n s o f D e h l i

a s a g r e a t e r r i v a l t o t h e i r p o w er t h a n t h e r u l e r o f

J a u n p u r . T h is a c c o u n t s f o r t h e l a r g e num ber o f b a t t l e s a n d c o n f l i c t s w h ic h t h e S h a r q l s h a d w i t h t h e S u l t a n s o f D e h l i . G e o p o l i t i c a l l y t h e k ingdom o f J a u n p u r w as i n a p e c u l i a r p o s i t i o n . I t e x te n d e d fro m IC oil t o t h e f r o n t i e r s

o f B e n g a l on one s i d e a n d fro m t h e f o o t h i l l s o f t h e Hima­

l a y a s t o t h e b o r d e r s o f M alwah on t h e o t h e r . The r u l e r s o f O r i s s a a n d B a k h n a u ti w ere i t s f e u d a t o r i e s . T h is m eans t h a t t h e s l i c e s w h ic h w e re c u t o f f a n d made p a r t o f t h e

S h a r q i k in g d o m b e lo n g e d t o d i f f e r e n t a d m i n i s t r a t i v e t r a d i ­ t i o n s . Many o f t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s w h ic h t h e r u l e r s o f J a u n p u r h a d t o f a c e a r o s e o u t o f t h e h e t e r o g e n e o u s c h a r ­ a c t e r o f t h e i r p o s s e s s i o n s . T h is a l s o p a r t l y a c c o u n t s f o r t h e c o m p a r a t i v e l y s h o r t s p a n o f t h e l i f e o f t h e new k in g d o m . I t was a tre m e n d o u s s t r a i n on t h e e n e r g i e s a n d r e s o u r c e s o f t h e r u l e r s o f J a u n p u r t o c o n t r o l t h i s d i v e r s e p o p u l a t i o n .

N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g a l l t h e h a n d i c a p s t h e k in g d o m o f J a u n p u r w as a f o c a l p o i n t i n t h e h i s t o r y o f M e d ie v a l I n d i a f o r n e a r l y a c e n t u r y . D u r in g t h i s p e r i o d s i x

r u l e r s a c c u p i e d t h e t h r o n e o f J a u n p u r . K h w a ja - i« .J a h a n ’a n d h i s a d o p t e d s o n r u l e d f o r b r i e f p e r i o d s b u t I b r a h im Mahmud

a n d H u s a in r u l e d fro m 1401 t o 1495 e x c l u d i n g t h e r u l e o f Muhammad f o r a fe w m o n th s i n 1 4 5 8 . The r e i g n o f S u l t a n I b r a h i m , S u l t a n Mahmud a n d S u l t a n H u s a in c o v e r s a p e r i o d o f n e a r l y n i n e t y - f o u r y e a r s , d u r in g w h ic h J a u n p u r r o s e t o i t s p r e - e m i n e n t p o s i t i o n i n n o r t h e r n I n d i a . I t s r u l e r s h a d t o f i g h t on a l l f r o n t i e r s - w i t h D e h l i on o n e s i d e ,

M alwah on t h e o t h e r a n d O r i s s a on t h e t h i r d . T hus hemmed i n on a l l s i d e s b y h o s t i l e p o w e rs J a u n p u r h a d t o i n c r e a s e i t s m i l i t a r y s t r e n g t h . I t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e arm y o f t h e S h a r q i S u l t i n s c o m p r is e d 1 7 0 ,0 0 0 h o r s e s a n d 1 ,4 0 0 e l e ­ p h a n t s . T h is w as t h e l a r g e s t arm y t h a t a n y k in g d o m h a d i n t h a t p e r i o d . I n s p i t e o f t h i s i n c e s s a n t m i l i t a r y a c t i v i t y on a lm o s t a l l f r o n t i e r s o f t h e i r k in g d o m , t h e S h a r q i r u l e r s f o u n d t i m e f o r p e a c e f u l p u r s u i t s . T h ey e n c o u r a g e d e d u c a t i o n , p a t r o n i z e d a r t i s t s a n d m u s i c i a n s , s c h o l a r s an d d i v i n e s , a n d e r e c t e d m a g n i f i c e n t b u i l d i n g s . P e r c y Brown r e m a r k s t h a t t h e S h a r q i r u l e w as a p e r i o d o f

g r e a t a r c h i t e c t u r a l a c t i v i t y and t h e a r c h i t e c t u r e d e v e lo p e d

i n J a u n p u r e x e r c i s e d g r e a t i n f l u e n c e on t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l a c h ie v e m e n ts o f o t h e r p l a c e s . B row n f u r t h e r re m a rk s t h a t h a d n o t S ik a n d a r l o d £ r u t h l e s s l y d e s t r o y e d o r m u t i l a t e d t h e m onum ents o f t h e S h a r q i r u l e r s i t s b u i l d i n g s w ould h a v e p r o v i d e d a p r o v i n c i a l m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f I n d o - I s l a m i c a r c h i ­ t e c t u r e o f m o re t h a n o r d i n a r y i n t e r e s t . The b u i l d i n g s t h a t h a v e s u r v i v e d l o d i d e s t r u c t i o n a r e n i n e m osques o f J a u n p u r and t w e l v e l a r g e to m b s and s h r i n e s o f r u l e r s an d s a i n t s . T hey h a v e s u r v i v e d b e c a u s e t h e i r d e s t r u c t i o n was c o n s i d e r e d s a c r i l e g i o u s . I n t h e c a s e o f t h e to m b s o f t h e r u l e r s , h o w e v e r, t h e dom es h a v e b e e n d e s t r o y e d . A fe w r e m n a n ts o f p a l a c e s , f o r t s , e t c . , t e l l t h e s t o r y o f t h e

a r c h i t e c t u r a l g l o r y o f J a u n p u r . O u t s i d e t h e c i t y o f J a u n p u r t h e r e a r e a fe w m o sq u e s, to m b s a n d s h r i n e s o f t h e S h a r q i p e r i o d a t Z a f a r a b a d , D alm u, H a l B a r e l i , B i h a r ,

M a liia n p u r, M a c h h lis h a h r and o t h e r p l a c e s . The S h a r q l s f o u n d e d new c i t i e s a n d a l s o r e s t o r e d some o ld o n e s .

T h e i r i r r i g a t i o n sch em es an d p u b l i c w o rk s s u c h a s b r i d g e s , c a n a l s , w e l l s a n d g a r d e n s , th o u g h now i n a b a d c o n d i t i o n , t e s t i f y how much t h e y c a r e d f o r t h e w e l f a r e o f t h e i r

s u b j e c t s .

J a u n p u r becam e one o f t h e m o st re n o w n e d s e a t s o f M uslim l e a r n i n g i n t h e B a s t . E m in e n t s c h o l a r s l i k e

S h ih a b u d - d l n D a u l a ta b a d I f l o c k e d t o i t fro m f a r and n e a r . The a c a d e m ic im p o r ta n c e \ i i i c h J a u n p u r a t t a i n e d u n d e r t h e S h a r q l s o u t l i v e d t h e d y n a s t y i t s e l f . As l a t e a s t h e s e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y Shah J a h a n c a l l e d i t t h e S h i r a z o f I n d i a . S h i h a b u d - d l n D a u l a t a b a d I , who w as h e l d i n h i g h

e s te e m b y S u l t a n I b r a h i m , p r o d u c e d s e v e r a l w o rk s w h ic h b e ­ came p a r t o f t h e s y l l a b u s o f M uslim e d u c a t i o n p r a c t i c a l l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e w h o le c o u n t r y . H is c o m m e n ta rie s a n d

s e v e r a l o f h i s w o rk s on M uslim r e l i g i o n an d p h i l o s o p h y a r e s t i l l h e l d i n h i g h e s te e m . The r e s p e c t i n w h ic h t h e S h a r q i r u l e r s w e re h e l d b y r e l i g i o u s s c h o l a r s a n d d i v i n e s o f o t h e r k in g d o m s may b e g a u g e d fro m t h e f a c t t h a t w hen G a n e sh e s t a b l i s h e d h i s r u l e i n B e n g a l, t h e g r e a t s a i n t o f P a n d u a , S h a ik h N ur Q utb u l - * i l a m , t u r n e d t o t h e S h a r q i

r u l e r f o r h e lp # The h i s t o r i a n S i r J a d u H a th S a r k a r , w as i n c l i n e d t o r e j e c t t h e r o l e o f Nur Q utb u l - , .5lam i n o v e r ­ t h r o w in g G a n e sh , b u t t h e d i s c o v e r y o f t h e l e t t e r s o f N ur Q utb u l - * a la m and f a y y i d A s h r a f J a h a n g i r Sam nanI h a s r e - ' s t o r e d t h e c o m p le te p i c t u r e .

A n o th e r a s p e c t o f J a u n p u r * s g r e a t n e s s i n t h e 1 5t h c e n t u r y i s t h a t some o f t h e m o st i m p o r t a n t m y s tic o r d e r s a n d m ovem ents o f t h e p e r i o d a r o s e t h e r e . Shah M adar who m i g r a t e d fro m S y r i a an d f o u n d e d t h e M a d a riy a

O rd e r a t M aKhanpur "belongs t o t l i e B h a r q l p e r i o d * Some o f t h e l e a d e r s o f t h e H in d u B h a k tx M ovement "belonged t o t h e a r e a u n d e r t h e S h a r q l r u l e r s * S a y y id Muhammad, t h e

t h e

f o u n d e r o f/M a h d a v i M ovement, w h ic h becam e a f o r c e i n \ s u b s e q u e n t y e a r s , b e lo n g e d t o J a u n p u r* She f o u n d e r o f t h e S h a t t a r l M y s tic Movement i n I n d i a , S hah ♦ A b d u lla h , made J a u n p u r h i s f i r s t h e a d q u a r t e r s w hen h e came t o I n d i a fro m P e r s i a d u r i n g t h e r e i g n o f I b r a h i m S h a r q I .

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n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g i t s g r e a t c u l t u r a l a c h ie v e m e n ts an d p o l i t i c a l g r a n d e u r :, no c o n te m p o r a r y h i s t o r y o f J a u n p u r h a s r e a c h e d u s . I t i s d i f f i c u l t to b e l i e v e t h a t no c o u r t

c h r o n i c l e r s o r o f f i c i a l h i s t o r i e s w e re c o m p ile d d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , a s t h e c o m p i l a t i o n o f o f f i c i a l h i s t o r i e s w as a l o n g e s t a b l i s h e d M uslim t r a d i t i o n . I n I n d i a t h e f i r s t h i s t o r y c o m p ile d a t t h e i n s t a n c e o f t h e r u l e r s i s t h e l a . i - u l - m a 1 a s i r b y S a d r u d - d i n H a sa n H iz 5 m ,(6 2 6 ^ 1 2 2 8 - 9 )*

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o n e , a n d a v e f y l a r g e num ber o f o f f i c i a l a n d s e m i - o f f i c i a l h i s t o r i e s - l i k e M a n a q u i b - i - l i r u z S h a h i . M anaqib-i-M uham m ad

, f a r i k h - I - B i r u z S hah.I. c o m p ile d b y Shams i - S i r a j * A f i f , l a r i k h - l - B i r u z i Shah I , c o m p ile d b y Z i a u d - d l n B a r a n I , S i r a t - i - B l r u z Shah I , e t c . - w e re c o m p ile d . I t : /

i s , t h e r e f o r e , s t r a n g e t h a t t h e S h a r q l s , who w e re s o n e a r t h e l u g h l u q t r a d i t i o n s , d i d n o t h a v e an o f f i c i a l a c c o u n t o f t h e i r r e i g n p r e p a r e d by t h e i r c o u r t h i s t o r i a n s . I t s o u n d s a l l t h e m ore s t r a n g e when i t i s k e p t i n m in d t h a t t h e r e was no d e a r t h o f t a l e n t e d s c h o l a r s t o u n d e r t a k e t h i s work* We a r e i n c l i n e d t o t h i n k t h a t i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y t h e w o rk s o f S h a r q i h i s t o r i a n s met t h e same f a t e a s t h e S h a r q i m onum ents a t t h e h a n d s o f t h e l o d i S u l t a n s . Iwo e a r l y r e f e r e n c e s i n m y s tic l i t e r a t u r e c o n f ir m t h i s s u r ­ m i s e . She l a t a 1 i f - i - Q u d d u si ♦ a c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e c o n ­ v e r s a t i o n s o f S h a ik h ' A b d u l-Q u d d u s G -angohl, c o n t a i n s a r e f e r e n c e t o a v e r s i f i e d P e r s i a n t r a n s l a t i o n o f M u lla B a fu d , s C h a n d a * in . w h ic h , i t i s p o i n t e d o u t , " p e r i s h e d

when w a r b r o k e o u t b e tw e e n S u l t a n B a h l u l a n d S u l t a n H u s a in " . A n o th e r i n t e r e s t i n g r e f e r e n c e t o t h e e x t i n c t i o n o f c o n te m ­ p o r a r y h i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l i s fo u n d i n t h e A k h b ar u l -

a k h y a r o f S h a ik h A b d u l-H a q q , t h e fa m o u s M u h ad d is o f B e h l i . f h e S h a ik h s a y s t h a t o n e o f h i s a n c e s t o r s h a d c o m p ile d a v e r s i f i e d a c c o u n t o f t h e c o n f l i c t b e tw e e n B a h l u l a n d S u l t a n I i u s a i n , b u t e v e n h i s e a r n e s t e n d e a v o u r s t o t r a c e t h i s b o o k

p r o v e d a b o r t i v e .

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I h e a u t h o r o f f a r l k h - i - M u b a r a k S h a h i . X ah y a b i n Ahmad S i r h i n d l , who b r o u g h t down h i s h i s t o r y t o t h e y e a r 1 4 3 4 , w as i n a p o s i t i o n t o s u p p l y v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e e a r l y S h a r q i S u l t a n s . B u t a l l t h a t h e h a s g iv e n

i s a fe w s c a t t e r e d i n c i d e n t s a b o u t t h e f i r s t t h r e e S h a r q i r u l e r s . l a t e r h i s t o r i a n s l i k e Muhammad K a b l r , t h e a u t h o r

o f A f s a n / I - Shah i n «Muhammad B eham id IChan I , t h e a u t h o r o f 1 a r ik h - i- M u h a m m a d l. a n d R iz q U l l a h M u s h ta q I , t h e a u t h o r

o f W aq i1 a t I - M u s h t a q I . h a v e s u p p l i e d m e r e ly a n e c d o t e s ; no s o b e r h i s t o r y c a n b e c o n s t r u c t e d o n t h e i r b a s i s . A

s y s t e m a t i c e f f o r t t o p r e p a r e a b r i e f b u t a u t h e n t i c a c c o u n t o f t h e S h a r q l s w as made b y E izam u d - d l n Ahmad, t h e fam ous B a k h s h i o f A k b a r. E l l i o t , c o r r e c t l y r e m a r k s a b o u t t h i s w ork t h a t i t w as t h e f i r s t t o b e com posed u p o n a new m o d e l.

B iz am u d - d l n Ahmad h a s g i v e n i n t e r e s t i n g a c c o u n t s o f t h e p r o v i n c i a l k in g d o m s o f t h e 1 4 th and 1 5 th c e n t u r i e s . A v e r y p e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n may be r a i s e d i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n : fro m w h e re d i d B iz am u d - d l n g e t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e S h a r q l s ? I t i s a g a i n s u r p r i s i n g t h a t th o u g h B izam u d - d l n Ahmad h a s r e f e r r e d t o h i s s o u r c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t

o t h e r p e r i o d s o f h i s t o r y , he m akes no r e f e r e n c e t o h i s

s o u r c e s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e S h a r q l s . P r o b a b l y B izam u d - d l n r e l i e d m o s tly on t h o s e h i s t o r i c a l t r a d i t i o n s t h a t we®e

a v a i l a b l e t o h im , b u t u s e d h i s s t r o n g h i s t o r i c a l s e n s e i n o r d e r t o p u t t h e e v e n ts i n t h e i r p r o p e r h i s t o r i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e . T h a t B izam u d - d l n s i f t e d h i s m a t e r i a l c a r e f u l l y i s c o n f ir m e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t h i s d a t e s and o t h e r f a c t u a l i n f o r m a t i o n a r e c o r r o b o r a t e d b y n u m is m a tic and a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e . A l l l a t e r h i s t o r i a n s , l i k e P i r i s h t a , h a v e g i v e n m e r e ly a summary o r a r e h a s h o f B izam u d - d i n * s a c c o u n t o f t h e S h a r q i r u l e r s .

l a t e r w r i t e r s i n P e r s i a n and U rd u d i d n o t a t t e m p t m ore d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t s o f t h e S h a r q i kingdom o f J a u n p u r . As l a t e a s 1800 A . I . o n e K h a i r u d - d l n Muhammad, a r e s i d e n t o f A lla h a b a d , th o u g h t o f c o m p ilin g a h i s t o r y o f J a u n p u r . K h a ir u d - d l n w as a t f i r s t a s c h o o l t e a c h e r a t A lla h a b a d . l a t e r h e fo u n d em ploym ent on t h e s t a f f o f Gap t a i n B ru c e o f t h e E a s t I n d i a Company. Somehow K h a ir u d - d i n d e v e lo p e d h i s i n t e r e s t i n l o c a l h i s t o r i e s a n d w h e r­

e v e r h e w as p o s t e d h e u n d e r to o k t o c o m p le te a h i s t o r y o f t h a t a r e a . He w r o te t h e h i s t o r y o f B e n a r a s , l u h f a - x - l a z a h , a h i s t o r y o f G -a w a lia r, G -aw aliar Hama, an d a h i s t o r y o f J a u n p u r , J a u n p u r Bama. Though much u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n

h a s b e e n c o l l e c t e d b y K h a ir u d - d l n , h i s w o rk h a r d l y m e e ts t h e e x p e c t a t i o n s o f a m o d ern s c h o l a r ,

W.H. P o g s o n w as t h e f i r s t W e s te r n s c h o l a r t o d i s p l a y k e e n i n t e r e s t i n t h e h i s t o r y o f J a u n p u r . E a r l y i n t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , when i n t h e s e r v i c e o f t h e E a s t I n d i a Company, he t r a n s l a t e d some p o r t i o n o f K h a ir u d - d l n ' w o rk i n t o E n g l i s h . B or many y e a r s p e o n ' s w ork w as t h e

o n ly h i s t o r y o f J a u n p u r a v a i l a b l e i n t h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e . H e a r ly h a l f a c e n t u r y l a t e r C unningham s t a r t e d h i s r e ­

s e a r c h e s on I n d i a n a r c h a e o l o g y . H is A r c h a e o l o g i c a l S u rv e y B e p o r t s c o n t a i n d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e S h a r q i m onum ents o f J a u n p u r . E d h r e r 's w o rk o n t h e m onum ents

o f J a u n p u r i s t h e f i r s t s y s t e m a t i c a t t e m p t t o s t u d y t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l r e m a in s o f t h e S h a r q i p e r i o d . L a t e r h i s t o r i a n s h a v e draw n t h e i r i n f o r m a t i o n m a in ly fro m t h e p i o n e e r w o rk o f E f lh r e r . B u t E flh re r w as p r i m a r i l y

i n t e r e s t e d i n a r c h a e o l o g y . He g i v e s m e r e ly a s k e l e t o n o f tha<: h i s t o r y o f J a u n p u r . Latuear t h e c o m p i l a t i o n o f t h e G a z e t t e e r s w as t a k e n up b y H e v L ll, who c o l l e c t e d some

f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e h i s t o r y a n d a r c h i t e c t u r e o f J a u n p u r . B o th H e v i l l a n d C unningham f o l l o w e d P o g s o n ' w o rk . B u t t h e y h a v e r e f e r r e d t o o n e w o rk , M a n a q ib - i- D a r w e s h iy a . w h ic h h a s now v a n i s h e d .

I n t h e t e x t b o o k s w h ic h w e re w r i t t e n i n t h e e a r l y d e c a d e o f t h e p r e s e n t c e n t u r y t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t J a u n p u r was draw n m a in ly fro m t h e a f o r e m e n t i o n e d books*

V .A . S m ith , i n h i s O x fo rd H i s t o r y o f I n d i a d i s m i s s e s J a u n p u r i n a few p a r a g r a p h s . ^o h i s t o r i a n t h o u g h t i t w o r th w h ile t o g o i n t o t h e p o l i t i c a l h i s t o r y o f t h e S h a r q i kingdom * I h e y c o n f i n e d t h e i i a c c o t m t s t o t h e d e s c r i p t i o n

o f t h e A t a l a M osque a n d a few o t h e r to m b s an d m osques o f Z a f a r a b a d a n d J a u n p u r . E ven S i r W o ls e le y H a ig g i v e s i n t h e C a m b rid g e H i s t o r y o f I n d i a , a v e r y b r i e f a c c o u n t o f t h e S h a r q i k in g d o m w h ic h i s d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e t o i t s im ­ p o r t a n c e i n t h e h i s t o r y o f m e d ie v a l I n d i a . I s h w a r l P r a s a d i n h i s H i s t o r y o f M e d ie v a l I n d i a im p ro v e s u p o n t h e

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a c c o u n t o f t h e p r e c e e d i n g h i s t o r i a n s b y g i v i n g / s omewhat f u l l e r p i c t u r e o f t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l h i s t o r y o f Ja tin p u r* I n t h e c h a p t e r on t h e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e S u l t a n a t e h e r e f e r s t o t h e p o l i t i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l c o n t r i ­ b u t i o n o f t h e S h a r q l s a n d t h e i r a r c h i t e c t u r a l m onum ents*

B u t t h i s a c c o u n t i s a l s o t a n t a l i z i n g i n i t s m e a g re n e s s * I h e V id h y a B h av an s e r i e s e d i t e d b y E*C • M ajum dar, a l s o c o n t a i n s a c h a p t e r i n i t s volum e on t h e D e h l i S u l t a n a t e . I h i s c h a p t e r i s no m o re t h a n a r e h a s h o f t h e l a b a q a t - i - A k b a r i : no a t t e m p t h a s b e e n made t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p l a c e o f t h e S h a r q i k in g d o m i n t h e h i s t o r y o f M e d ie v a l I n d i a a n d

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no a s s e s s m e n t h a s 'been made o f i t s c u l t u r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n ; on t h e w h o le t h i s s e c t i o n i s u n i m a g i n a t i v e a n d d u l l *

I h i s b e i n g t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e h i s t o r i c a l w r i t i n g s , m e d ie v a l an d m o d ern , on t h e S h a r q i kingdom ,

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p r o v i n c i a l k in g d o m s; ( 6 ) b i o g r a p h i c a l a c c o u n t s o f s c h o l a r s and s a i n t s ; ( 7 ) e n c y c lo p a e d ic w o rk s l i k e $ u b h - i - S a d i q a n d B a u z a t u t - l a h r l n ; and ( 8 ) l i t e r a t u r e a v a i l a b l e i n H in d i

a n d l o c a l d i a l e c t s *

I n t h e l a s t f i f t y y e a r s t h e h i s t o r y o f many p r o v i n c i a l d y n a s t i e s o f M e d ie v a l I n d i a h a s b e e n a tte m p te d * C o m m is s a r ia t h a s d e a l t w i t h t h e h i s t o r y o f G u j a r a t , a n d Ilax o o n Khan S h ir w a n I a n d A bdul Q a d ir H u s a i n i h a v e d e a l t

w i t h t h e h i s t o r y o f B a h m a n ls. f h e h i s t o r y o f B e n g a l h a s a l s o b e e n w r i t t e n u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o f S i r J a d u H a th S a r k a r , a n d i s a g a i n b e in g r e - w r i t t e n . A h i s t o r y o f

B i h a r h a s a l s o a p p e a r e d a s B i h a r th ro u g h t h e A g e s, b u t t h i s f a i l s t o g i v e a c o m p le te p i c t u r e o f t h e S h a r q i Kingdom

w h ic h i n i t s d a y c o v e r e d t h e m a jo r p o r t i o n o f B i h a r . Ho s e p a r a t e m o n o g rap h h a s so f a r b e e n a t t e m p t e d on t h e h i s t o r y o f J a u n p u r . My w o rk i s a h u m b le a t t e m p t t o

f i l l t h i s gap i n o u r h i s t o r i c a l s t u d i e s .

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THE HISTORICAL BAQKGRQOTD Off IBB SHARQI SULIABAIB.

When t h e m o s a ic p a t t e r n o f I n d i a n H i s t o r y i s s u r v e y e d a s a w h o le t h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e e v id e n c e t h a t a c y c l e o f c e n t r a l i s a t i o n a n d d e c e n t r a l i s a t i o n h a s a lw a y s b e e n i n m o tio n * W henever a g r e a t p o w er h a s a p p e a r e d

i n t h e H o r th , i t h a s a lw a y s s o u g h t e x t e n s i o n o f i t s p o w er t o t h e S o u th * T h is h a s , h o w e v e r, m ark ed t h e c lim a x a s w e l l a s t h e b e g in n in g o f t h e a n t i c l i m a x o f t h a t p o w e r . A b sen ce o f s w i f t m eans o f c o m m u n ic a tio n , g e o g r a p h i c a l b a r r i e r s , c u l t u r a l d i v e r s i t i e s , r e g i o n a l p r e j u d i c e s , a n d econom ic f a c t o r s h a v e a lw a y s w ea k en ed t h e c e n t r i p e t a l t e n d e n c i e s .

When t h e T u rk s e s t a b l i s h e d t h e i r hegem ony i n t h e l a s t d e c a d e o f t h e 1 2 th c e n t u r y , I n d i a h a d b e e n p a s s ­ i n g t h r o u g h a p h a s e o f d ec e n t r a l i a a t i o n , a n d t h e w h o le c o u n t r y w as d i v i d e d i n t o s m a ll p o l i t i c a l f r a g m e n ts w i t h - o u t a n y s e m b la n c e o f c o h e s i o n o r u n i t y . I l e ^ m i s h w e ld e d i n t o a co m p act hom ogeneous s t a t e w h at h a d b e e n b e q u e a th e d t o h im a s a c o n g e r i e s o f s c a t t e r e d M uslim a c q u i s i t i o n s o f H in d u s ta n * B a l b an f u r t h e r c o n s o l i ­ d a t e d t h e T u r k i s h U m p ire , b u t t h e f e a r o f t h e M ongols*

e x p a n s io n p u t a c h e c k on h i s a m b i t i o n . P r e s e r v a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n e x p a n s io n becam e t h e p o l i c y o f t h e D e h li S u l t a n a t e u n d e r B a l b a n .

W ith t h e a d v e n t o f T A la u d - d i n K h a l,iI (1 2 9 6 A .D .) a new e r a o f i m p e r i a l i s m b e g a n . B u t 'A l a u d - d i n was a g r im p o l i t i c a l r e a l i s t . He knew w h e re t o s to p an d w h en . B u l l y c o n s c io u s o f t h e l i m i t a t i o n s r e s u l t ­ i n g fro m g e o g r a p h i c a l a n d econom ic f a c t o r s a n d r e g i o n a l d i v e r s i t i e s , h e d e s i s t e d fro m p u r s u i n g a u n if o r m p o l i c y w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e a r e a s c o n q u e re d b y h im . He f o llo w e d t h r e e d i f f e r e n t p o l i c i e s w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e new K h a l i l

a c q u i s i t i o n s . I n t h e r e g i o n a r o u n d D e h l i h e r e l e n t ­ l e s s l y f o l l o w e d a p o l i c y o f d i r e c t a n n e x a t i o n a n d i n t e ­ g r a t i o n , c o n v e r t e d i q t a l a n d s i n t o K h a l s a l a n d s and b r o u g h t t h e w h o le r e g i o n u n d e r c e n t r a l c o n t r o l , b o th

e c o n o m ic a lly an d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e l y . ■i S e c o n d ly a p o l i c y o f p a r t i a l a n n e x a t i o n a n d p a r t i a l l o c a l fre e d o m was

- - p

f o l l o w e d i n R a j p u t a n a . P i n a l l y i n t h e D ec can h e aim ed 1 . K .S . L a i , H i s t o r y o f t h e K h a l . i i s , p p . /L

2* I b i d . He c a p t u r e d C h i t o r i n 1302 A .D . a n d R an a R a t a n S in g h w as b r o u g h t t o D e h l i a s a p r i s o n e r . H e re t h e n h i s s o n , K h iz r K han, was a p p o i n t e d a s G o v e r n o r, b u t a t t h e l e t t e r ’ s f a i l u r e , A r s f , t h e nephew o f R a ta n S in g h , who had e n t e r e d t h e r o y a l s e r v i c e s w as a p p o i n t e d G -overnor. He r e ­ m a in e d l o y a l t o 'A l a u d - d i n , a n d t i l l t h e l a t t e r * s d e a th r e g u l a r l y a t t e n d e d h i s c o u r t t o p r e s e n t h i s t r i b u t e .

m e r e ly a t t h e r e c o g n i t i o n o f h i s o v e r l o r d s h i p b y t h e in d e p e n d e n t r u l e r s o f t h e S o u th * When a H in d u B a ja a c c e p t e d h i s s u z e r a i n t y , h e a llo w e d h im c o m p le te f r e e - dom t o c a r r y on t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n on t r a d i t i o n a l l i n e s , I h i s p o l i c y , d i c t a t e d b y a c l e a r an d u n e r r i n g p o l i t i c a l i n s t i n c t , w o rk ed w e l l an d h e l p e d t h e S u l t a n i n r e t a i n i n g h i s i m p e r i a l h o ld o v e r t h e f a r - f l u n g p a r t s o f t h e e m p i r e .

Muhammad b i n lu g h lu q a b a n d o n e d t h i s p o l i c y # He c o n s i d e r e d f H i u d - d i n K h a ljis '* a r r a n g e m e n ts a s h a l f ­ h e a r t e d , a te m p o r a r y s o l u t i o n o f a p e r m a n e n t p ro b lem * I n c o n t r a s t Muhammad b i n lu g h lu q i n i t i a t e d a p o l i c y o f d i r e c t c o n t r o l o v e r t h e r e g i o n s w h ic h h a d f o r m e r l y e n ­ jo y e d r e l a t i v e a u to n o m y , t h u s J h r o M n g a c h a l l e n g e t o t h e a g e - l o n g c e n t r i f u g a l t e n d e n c i e s . o She r i s e o f t h e

1 . f A la u d - d i n i n 1294 A .D .J o a d in v a d e d B am ch an d ra r a j a o f D e o g l r . f h e d e f e a t e d B a j a s u e d f o r j p e a c e . A c c o rd in g t o t h e t e r m s t h e p r o v i n c e o f B l l i c h p u r w as t o b e a d m in i­

s t e r e d a t 1 A la u d - d i n * s c o n v e n i e n c i , i . e . e i t h e r by h i s o r Bam C h a n d r a *s o f f i c e r s . He a l s o r e c e i v e d e x t r a v a g a n t i n ­ d e m n ity , w h ich c o n s i s t e d o f g o l d , ^ p e a r l s , s i l v e r and o t h e r gems o f v e r y h i g h p r i c e . K .S . L a i , H i s t o r y o f t h e

IMLSls* PP*

2 . I n t h e s e c o n d y e a r o f h i s r e i g n B a h a u d - d l n G a s h ta s p , h i s f i r s t c o u s i n an d f i e f h o l d e r o f S a g a r , refused"^E o r e c o g ­ n i s e h im a s k in g an d a l s o i n s t i g a t e d t h e w h o le D ec c a n t o r e v o l t . When h e c o u ld n o t f a c e t h e i m p e r i a l a rm y , h e t o o k r e f u g e f i . r s t u n d e r t h e B a j a o f 3^aj[pila a n d t h e n u n d e r V i r a B a l l a l a I I I . B u t h e was c a p t u r e d and f l a y e d a l i v e .

I h i s r e v o l t p o l i t i c a l l y a f f e c t e d t h e w h o le c o u n t r y . / C o n t d . on n e x t p a g e .

p r o v i n c i a l k in g d o m s fro m t h e f o r t i e s o f t h e f o u r t e e n t h c e n t u r y onw ard c a n b e a s c r i b e d t o t h i s p o l i c y o f o v e r ­ c e n t r a l i z a t i o n a n d i t s e v e n t u a l b re a k d o w n .

Muhammad b i n X u g h lu q , who was o n e o f t h e a b l e s t men o f h i s a g e , c o n t r o l l e d h i s d o m in io n s i n t h e f i r s t fe w y e a r s o f h i s r e i g n v e r y w e l l . He e x te n d e d h i s r o y a l p a t r o n a g e t o s c h o l a r s o f a l l d e s c r i p t i o n s . A t t h e tim e o f h i s s u c c e s s i o n t o t h e t h r o n e , h i s d i s p l a y o f s p l e n d o u r , a c c o m p a n ie d b y l i b e r a l g i f t s t o a l l s e c t i o n s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , a s h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d b y B a r a n I ,

s t r e n g t h e n e d t h e l o y a l t y o f h i s s u b j e c t s to w a r d s h im . A f h o u g h i n t h e e a r l y p a r t o f h i s r e i g n t h e r e w e re some r e b e l l i o n s , y e t h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w as e f f i c i e n t a n d h e C o n td . fro m p r e v i o u s p a g e , n . 2 : -

Muhammad b i n f u g h lu q r e a l i s i n g t h e im p o r ta n c e o f t h e B £cefan, t r a n s f e r r e d h i s c a p i t a l t o D a u l a ta b a d . H is

a g g r e s s i v e p o l i c y i n t h e s o u t h m en aced t h e H in d u s , who c o n s e q u e n t l y e s t a b l i s h e d t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n t kingdom o f V a ja y a n a g a r i n 1336 A .B . B a t t u t a , ^ i t a b B i h l a t , v o l.I X # p p . 7 2 - 7 3 . C . H . I . , V o l . H I , p . 1 4 0 . “

1 . B a r a n I , p p .4 6 0 - 6 2 . X ay a , p p . 9 7 - 9 9 .

s u c c e s s f u l l y s u b d u e d a l l r e c a l c i t r a n t e l e m e n t s . -1 He n o t o n l y e s t a b l i s h e d h i s a u t h o r i t y o v e r t h e n o r t h e r n

p r o v i n c e ^ , h u t h e was a l s o a b l e t o e n l a r g e h i s d o m in io n s*

W a ra n g a l w as c o n q u e r e d an d a n n e x e d i n 7 2 8 /1 3 2 7 -2 8 a n d t h e c o n q u e s t o f M a*bar an d D v a ra sm u d ra was e f f e c t e d s o o n

a f t e r w a r d s . 2 T h is e n a b le d h im t o e s t a b l i s h h i s s o v e r ­ e i g n t y i n t h e f a r s o u t h a s f a r a s M adura* Thus w i t Jain a fe w y e a r s h e e x te n d e d h i s sw ay o v e r t h e r e m o t e s t p r o ­ v i n c e s o f I n d i a , e x c e p t a s m a l l p o r t i o n o f S o u th I n d i a .

The w h o le k in g d o m o f Muhammad b i n T u g h lu q e n -9 i W l i l L J

jo y e d p e a c e a n d p r o s p e r i t y , a s h e h a d s u p p r e s s e d t h e e le m e n ts o f d i s o r d e r , a n d t h u s t h e f i r s t fe w y e a r s o f h i s r e i g n r e p r e s e n t t h e p a l m i e s t d a y s o f t h e T u g h lu q

limp i r e . The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y was e f f i c i e n t an d t h e p r o v i n c i a l g o v e r n o r s w ere o b e d i e n t t o r o y a l com­

m a n d s. The fam e o f h i s c o u r t r e a c h e d d i s t a n t l a n d s ,

1* The e a r l i e s t r e b e l l i o n o f j a i s r e i g n was t h a t o f h i s f i r s t c o u s i n , B a h a u d - d i n G -u sh ta sp » a f i e f h o l d e r o f S a g a r , i n t h e D e c c a n . He was d e f e a t e d and f l a y e d a l i v e . The m o st s e r i o u s r e b e l l i o n was t h a t o f B ahram A ib a ( K i s h l u K h a n ), h i s a d o p te d u n c l e h o l d i n g t h e f i e f o f U ch, S in d

an d M ult a n . He was a l s o c a p t u r e d - a n d b e h e a d e d T B a t t t t t a , v o l . I I , p p . 7 2 - 7 3 . B a r a n i , o p . c i t . , p p . 4 7 8 -7 9 * K aya, op*

c i t . , p p * 9 9 -1 0 0 , i n c o r r e c t l y w r i t e s B ahram A ib a * s name a s B ahram A ynah.

2 . % h a M ehdi H u s a in , The B i s e a n d B a l l o f Muhammad b i n T u g h lu q , pp *B3 an d 91*

an d f o r e i g n e r s fro m A s i a t i c c o u n t r i e s came t o I n d i a t o p a r t a k e o f h i s b o u n ty .

I n t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f t h e f o u r t e e n t h c e n t u r y t h e l u g h lu q I m p i r e g r a d u a l l y s t a r t e d d i s i n t e g r a t i n g . The a u t h o r o f A H i s t o r y o f t h e Q a ra u n a h l u r k s i n I n d i a a p p e a r s j u s t i f i e d i n r e m a r k in g t h a t “M uham m ad^ r e c k l e s s p r o f u ­ s i o n , h i s m e r c i l e s s t r e a t m e n t o f s u b o r d i n a t e s , h i s c a p r i ­ c i o u s b e h a v io u r to w a r d s t h e h e r e d i t a r y n o b i l i t y whom he e x c lu d e d fro m h i s f a v o u r a n d h i s p r e f e r e n t i a l t r e a t m e n t o f t h e f o r e i g n a m ir s - a l l co m b in ed t o p r e c i p i t a t e t h e d i s r u p t i o n o f h i s e m p ire .* 1

S e v e r a l o t h e r f a c t o r s h a s t e n e d t h e p r o c e s s o f d i s i n t e g r a t i o n . One o f t h e s e was a c h a n g e i n t h e c h a r a c t e r and c o m p o s itio n o f t h e g o v e r n in g c l a s s . The s t r e n g t h a n d s t a b i l i t y o f a n e m p ire i n t h e M id d le A ges w as v e r y l a r g e l y d e p e n d e n t on t h e c o m p a c tn e s s , s o l i d a r i t y , l o y a l t y a n d c o - o p e r a t i o n o f t h e g o v e r n in g c l a s s . The e a r l y M uslim r u l e r s , who i n t h e m a in h a d d e r i v e d t h e i r

1 . B a d a ^ u n l, p . 2 3 2 , w r i t e s t h a t many p e o p l e fro m t h e c o u n t r i e s o f K h u ra s a n an d ’I r a q , and S am arkand a r r i v e d i n H in d u s ta n i n t h e h o p e o f r e c e i v i n g t h e b o u n ty o f t h e S u l t a n .

2 . I s h w a r i P r a s a d , A H i s t o r y o f t h e Q a ra u n a h l u r k s i n I n d i a , V o l . I , p . 1 8 6 .

v i t a l i t y fro m t h e r a c i a l s o l i d a r i t y o f t h e l u r k s , h a d c r e a t e d a s t r o n g r u l i n g c l a s s fro m t h e i r own p e o p l e ,

By c o n t r a s t t h e K h a l j i s em p lo y ed l o c a l p e o p l e . 1 l a t e r , i m i t a t i n g t h e K h a l,jI s . t h e l u g h l u q s em p lo y ed h e t e r o g e n e o u s e l e m e n t s i f o r e i g n a s w e l l a s I n d i a n , s l a v e s and f r e e m e n , and new c o n v e r t s , i n t h e m i l i t a r y d e p a r tm e n ts a s w e l l a s

2 -r

i n t h e c i v i l s e r v i c e . I n t h e m i l i t a r y d e p a r tm e n ts t h e f o r e i g n e le m e n ts f r e e l y i n d u l g e d i n i n t r i g u e w hen­

e v e r an d w h e r e v e r t h e y fo u n d a n o p p o r t u n i t y , an d r e v o l t e d a g a i n s t t h e i r r o y a l m a s t e r , I h e f i r s t o f t h e s e t o r e ­ v o l t a n d d e c l a r e h i s in d e p e n d e n c e i n 7 3 8 /1 3 3 7 i n B e n g a l w as l a l d i r u d - d l n , t h e a r m o u r - b e a r e r o f B ahram K han, w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t B e n g a l w as l o s t t o t h e s u l t a n a t e f o r

e v e r . 3 S o , t o o , t h e p r o v i n c e o f M a 'b a r , r e b e l l e d a n d p r o c la im e d i t s in d e p e n d e n c e u n d e r i t s g o v e r n o r , A hsan

1 . M a lik K a f u r , A lap K han a n d many s u c h o t h e r s b e lo n g t o t h i s c l a s s ,

2 . B a r a n i , p p .5 2 1-2 2,

3 . B a r a n i , p . 4 8 0 . Y ah y a , p p . 1 0 4 - 6 . I 'a k h r u d - d l n was f i n a l l y a s s a s s i n a t e d b y I l y a s H a j I , who™ 'ascended t h e t h r o n e o f l a k h n a u t l u n d e r t h e d e s i g n a t i o n o f S u l t a n Shams u d - d l n .