I.
THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE CRIMEAN TATAR 5 AND THE
OTTOMAN iiMFIRE, 1573 - 1603, 141TH SPECIAL REFERENCE
TO THE ROLE OF GSzT GIlS.1 KHAN
b 7
C a r l Max K o r te p e te r
T h e s is p r e s e n te d f o r th e D egree o f Ph. D.
in th e U n i v e r s i ty o f London
19 6 2
ProQuest Number: 11010629
All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The qu ality of this repro d u ctio n is d e p e n d e n t upon the q u ality of the copy subm itted.
In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u th o r did not send a c o m p le te m anuscript and there are missing pages, these will be note d . Also, if m aterial had to be rem oved,
a n o te will in d ica te the deletion.
uest
ProQuest 11010629
Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). C op yrig ht of the Dissertation is held by the Author.
All rights reserved.
This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C o d e M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
ProQuest LLC.
789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346
H i s t o r i e s o f th e Ottom an Em pire b a s e d on O r i e n t a l and W e s te r n s o u r c e s have been w r i t t e n by o u ts ta n d in g s c h o l a r s i n th e n i n e t e e n t h and t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r i e s . T hese h i s t o r i e s t r a c e th e d e v elo p m e n t o f t h e Em pire as a whole w ith o u t g iv in g to o much c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o th e s e p a r a t e c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f p o l i t i c a l e n t i t i e s o r s i g n i f i c a n t f i g u r e s w i t h i n th e E m p ire . I n s h o r t , th e la c u n a e o f O ttom an h i s t o r y m ust now be f i l l e d in by s t u d i e s o f th e component p a r t s of t h a t h i s t o r y .
The Crim ean K hanate i s one such p o l i t i c a l e n t i t y w h ich h a s at*- t r a c t e d v e ry l i t t l e s y s te m a tic s tu d y o u t s i d e o f R u s s ia and T u rk e y . The Crim ean K hanate . . m a in ta in e d a s i g n i f i c a n t p o s i t i o n i n th e r e l a t i o n s betw een th e Ottoman and R u s s ia n E m pires fro m th e s i x t e e n t h to th e e i g h t e e n th c e n t u r i e s , d u r in g w h ic h tim e a change to o k p la c e i n th e b a la n c e o f power i n E a s te r n E urope and W estern A s ia - a change g e n e r a l l y t o th e a d v a n ta g e o f R u s s ia and a t th e -expense o f th e Ottom an S t a t e .
The p r e s e n t s tu d y a tte m p ts t o make a d e t a i l e d s u rv e y o f t h e r e l a t i o n s o f th e K hanate w ith th e Ottoman Em pire and o t h e r f o r e i g n p o w ers betw een 1578 and 1603 a n d , a t th e same tim e , to th ro w l i g h t on th e in s t i t u t i o n s and p o l i t i c a l l i f e o f th e K h an ate by t f a c i n g t h e l i f e o f one
*— T —i
o f th e m ost s i g n i f i c a n t Khans o f th e C rim ean T a t a r s , G a zi G ira y K har I I (1 5 3 3 -1 6 0 8 ).
The n o te on s o u r c e s d i s c u s s e s s y s t e m a t i c a l l y th e w id e ly s c a t t e r e d s o u r c e s p e r t i n e n t t o th e s tu d y o f th e C rim ean K h an ate i n th e l a t e s i x t- e e n th
3.
and e a r l y s e v e n te e n th c e n t u r i e s . I n th e i n t r o d u c t i o n th e w r i t e r s e e k s
t o p la c e th e s tu d y i n a s i x t e e n t h c e n tu r y E a s te r n E uropean and W este rn A sian c o n t e x t , g iv in g s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n to t h e ^ la c k Sea and t h e s te p p e e n v ir o n m en ts o f th e K h a n a te . The f i r s t t h r e e c h a p te r s th e n d e s c r ib e th e r e
l a t i o n s o f th e K hanate w i t h i n th e t h r e e p r i n c i p a l o r b i t s o f i t s p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t y , th e C au casu s, th e S tep p e and E a s te r n E urope r e s p e c t i v e l y , b etw een 1573 and I6O65 C h a p te r IV p ro v id e s an e v a l u a t i o n o f th e s e f a r f l u n g a c t i v i t i e s .
4
.P R E F A G S
The T r a n s c r i p ti o n o f names and p l a c e s in t h e S la v o n ic S o u rc e s f o llo w th e E n g lis h sy stem as i s r e f e r r e d t o i n th e N ote on S o u rc es# In th e case of th e T r a n s c r i p t i o n o f T u r k is h w o rd s, th e sy ste m a s s e t f o r t h in Volume One o f th e T u r k is h Is la m A n s ik lo p e d is i w i l l be g e n e r a l l y fo llo w e d w ith two e x c e p tio n s ! i n p la c e o f th e T u r
k i s h UCH as th e t r a n s c r i p t i o n f o r th e O ttom an ^ n o rm al E n g lis h ' * and, f o r th e Ottoman j , th e E n g lis h Mj ,! w i t h a c i r c u m fle x ( a ) w i l l be f o llo w e d , A s l i g h t v a r i a t i o n o f th e T u r k is h t r a n s c r i p t i o n w i l l be u s e d f o r P e r s i a n s p e l l i n g s .
The g e o g ra p h ic te r m in o lo g y , w henever p o s s i b l e , co n fo rm s to th e s p e l l i n g s as g iv e n i n th e ^ohn Bartholom ew e d i t i o n o f The T im es1 A t l a s o f th e W orld (L ondon, 1 955-1959) i n f i v e v o lu m es. I n so f a r a s i t h as b een n e c e s s a iy to r e f e r t o Mongol names o r te r m in o lo g y , th e s p e l l i n g s used by George V ernadsky i n h i s s tu d y , The M ongols and R u s s ia
(New H aven, 1953) have been f o llo w e d .
I sh o u ld l i k e to th an k P r . P a u l S k w arc zy n sk i and D r. John Keep o f th e School o f S la v o n ic and E a s te r n E u ro p ean S t u d i e s , London U n i v e r s i ty and P r o f e s s o r R oger S av o ry o f th e U n i v e r s i ty o f T o ro n to f o r h e l p f u l s u g g e s tio n s w h ich th e y have made d u r in g th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s
s tu d y . I : , p a rtic u la rly w ish to th a n k P r o f e s s o r B e rn ard L ew is and M r.
V ernon P a rry o f th e S chool o f O r i e n t a l and A f r ic a n S t u d i e s , London U ni
v e r s i t y , f o r t h e i r t i r e l e s s v i g i l a n c e and en co u rag em en t d u rin g th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s and f o r th e i n s i g h t w h ic h th e y have g iv e n t o me i n th e s tu d y of I s la m ic ^ i s t o r y .
5.
C O N T E N T S
£ age A b s t r a c t ... . ... 2 P r e f a c e ... 4*
C o n t e n t s ... . 5
A Note on S o u rc e s
I O r i e n t a l S o u rc e s ... 7 I I S la v o n ic S o u r c e s ... 2 7 I I I W este rn S o u r c e s ... 4 o I n t r o d u c t i o n
A The O ttom an U npire and E a s te r n E urope . . 6 f B O ttom an-S af a v id R iv a lr y and th e
S tr u g g le f o r T r a n s c a u c a s i a ...
G The E a r ly Y ears o f Gazi G ir a y , 1554-1573 . . I 0 2 . C h a p te r I . G azi G ira y and t h e P e r s ia n War
1 . The Commencement o f th e P e r s i a n War . . . . 2. The C onquest o f G e o rg ia and S h irv a n ( 1 5 7 3 ) ..
3. The Advent o f th e Crim ean T a ta r s 4 . Toward th e C o n s o lid a tio n o f th e
N o rth e rn F la n k , 1579-1534 ... i 54 5. G azi G ira y i n th e S e rv ic e o f ‘ Osman P a sh a ».
>74
6. The R e v o lt o f Mehemmed G ira y Khan and
th e E scape o f G a zi G ira y •• > r r
7 . The C lo se o f th e P e r s ia n War ... XO |
(o.
Page C h a p te r I I . G azi G ira y Khan and h i s R e la ti o n s w ith
th e S te p p e Pow ers, 1583-1594
1.T he Legacy of Me hemmed G ira y Khan . . . . zo*l 2 . The A c c e ssio n o f G azi G ira y and th e
Nogay Q u e stio n ... X l4- 3 . The O ttom an C rim ean C risis w i t h P o la n d - L ith u a n ia %%o 4 . The A tta c k on Moscow and th e
C rim ean-M uscovite S e ttle m e n t o f 1594 •• •• X*$
C h a p te r I I I . G azi G ira y Khan and th e H u n g a ria n War
1.The Background ^ar ...
2. The F i r s t Y ears o f th e H u n g a ria n War
and th e R o le o f th e C rim ean T a t a r s . . 3*The R e v o lt o f th e P r i n c i p a l i t i e s and th e
D is m is s a l o f G azi G ira y Khan ... X%2L 4 . The End o f th e H un g arian War and o f th e
R e b e llio n i n th e T r ib u t a r y P r i n c i p a l i t i e s . . 5. The Crim ean T a ta r s and th e F i n a l S ta g e s
o f th e H u n g arian War ... 3 44- C h a p te r IV . The Ba s t Y ears o f G a zi G ira y Khan . . . . 3 s 3 B ib lio g r a p h y . • ... . . • • • • * •
7.
A NOTE ON SOURCES
The s o u rc e s f o r th e h i s t o r y o f th e Crim ean T a ta r s i n th e l a t e s i x t e e n t h and e a r l y s e v e n te e n th c e n t u r i e s a re w id e ly s c a t t e r e d . The m ost im p o r ta n t o f th e s e m a t e r i a l s may be d iv id e d i n t o t h r e e m ain c a t e g o r i e s : O r i e n t a l S o u r c e s , w r i t t e n i n T a t a r , O ttom an, P e r s i a n and A ra b ic ; S o u rc e s o f S la v o n ic o r i g i n , w r i t t e n i n R u s s ia n , P o l i s h and L a t i n ; S o u rces i n th e la n g u a g e s of W estern E u ro p e, E ach g ro u p may be f u r t h e r s u b d iv id e d i n t o d o c u m e n ts, c h r o n i c l e s , l i t e r a r y w o rk s , an d , w here a n l i c a b l e , e p i g ra p h y end n u m is m a tic s .
I . ORIENTAL SOURCES ■
1 . D ocum ents: The c o l l e c t i o n o f 12J+ r e c o r d books w h ich w ere fo u n d t y th e R u s s ia n s i n th e A rchive o f th e C rim ean K hanate a t A km esjid and w h ich w ere s u b s e q u e n tly removed to th e L e n in g ra d L ib r a r y c o n s t i t u t e a b a s i c so u rc e f o r th e h i s t o r y o f th e Crim ean K h a n ate .^ - The R u s s ia n o r i e n t a l i s t , V. D. S m irn o v , d e s c r i b e d t h e s e d o c u m e n ts, w hich commence i n th e m id d le o f th e s i x t e e n t h c e n tu r y and e x te n d to th e l a t e e i g h t e e n t h c e n t u r y . They c o n ta in r e c o r d s o f j u d i c i a l p r o c e e d in g s , g o v e rn m e n ta l d e c r e e s , p o p u la tio n s t a t i s t i c s , f i n a n c i a l m a t t e r s and o t h e r d o cu m en ts,
"Si. I n a l c i k , a r t . nG ir a y ,f, I .A . , IV , 73 8 .
1
e i t h e r i n e x te n s o o r i n sum m arized v e r s i o n s . W hile t h i s c o l l e c t i o n a p p e a rs to be o f param ount im p o rta n c e f o r h i s t o r i a n s i n t e r e s t e d i n c e r t a i n a s o e c ts of th e s o c i a l and econom ic h i s t o r y of th e C rim ean T a t a r s , th e T a ta r and Ottom an docum ents p re s e rv e d i n th e O tto m an , R u s s ia n and P o l i s h a r c h iv e s o f I s t a n b u l , Moscow, and Cracow-Warsaw r e s p e c t i v e l y , con
t a i n a v a s t q u a n t i t y o f m a t e r i a l s upon w hich f u t u r e s t u d i e s of th e d i p l o m a tic and c o l i t i c a l h i s t o r y o f th e T a ta r s w i l l d e p en d . U n f o r t u n a t e ly , o n ly a s m a ll p o r tio n o f t h e s e docum ents h a s become a v a i l a b l e t o s c h o l a r s th ro u g h p u b l ic a t i o n i n th e o r i g i n a l T a ta r o r O ttom an; 2 h ow ever, many o f them may be c o n s u lte d i n p r i n t e d v e r s io n s o f co n te m p o ra ry t r a n s l a t i o n s i n v a r io u s la n g u a g e s w hich a c t u a l l y accom panied th e o r i g i n a l docum ents o r w h ich w ere made i n th e r e s p e c t i v e f o r e ig n m i n i s t r y upon r e c e i p t o f th e
3 j ___
o r i g i n a l . F o r th e p e rio d o f th e r e i g h / o f G azi G ira y Khan I I , th e
D. S m irnov, Krymskoe K h an stv o nod verlchoyenstvom o to n a n s k o y P o r t i do n a c h a la x v i i i veka ( S t . P e t e r s b u r g , 1 8 8 7 )7 x x x i i i ; th e same s c h o l a r h a s w r i t t e n a more d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s e r e c o r d b o o k s, ffT a ta r s k o - k h a n sk ie y a rly k y i z k o l l e t s i i T a v ric h e sk o y a rk h iv n o y k o m m issi,f i n th e I z y e s t i y a T av r. Uchen A rk h e o lo g . k o m m is s ii, N r. 54 ( 1 9 1 8 ) . ( n o t se e n ) 2See S m irn o v , o n . c i t . . i - x x x i v and I n a l c i k , l o c . c i t . f o r a l i s t i n g o f
docum ent c o l l e c t i o n s o t h e r th a n th e ones a lr e a d y m e n tio n e d . R e c e n tly a g r e a t amount of work h as been done on th e r i c h c o l l e c t i o n s of O ttom an, T a t a r and o th e r o r i e n t a l docum ents a v a i l a b l e i n P o l i s h d e p o s i t o r i e s . The b e s t i n d i c a t i o n o f t h i s a c t i v i t y i s th e r e c e n t p u b l i c a t i o n , u n d er th e a u s p ic e s of t h e P o l i s h Academy o f S c ie n c e s , o f th e f i r s t volume o f th e p r o j e c te d K a ta lo g Rekooisow Q r ie n ta ln y c h Ze Zbiorow P o ls k ic h (C a ta lo g u e d es M a n u s c rits O r ie n ta u x d es C o l l e c t i o n s P o l o n a i s e s ) , e n t i t l e d K a ta lo g Dokumentow T u r e c k ic h .. .1A 55-1672 (C a ta lo g u e d es Documents T u r c s ) , e d . by Zygmunt Abrahamowicz u n d e r th e d i r e c t i o n o f A. Z ayaczkow ski (War
saw , 1 9 5 9 ).
T h is i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e o f th e docum ents p r i n t e d i n th e Lashkov and Kurmuzaki c o l l e c t i o n s d is c u s s e d b elo w .
p r i n t e d v e r s i o n s o f s e v e r a l T a t a r docum ents a re a v a i l a b l e i n th e M a te r - i a l i d ly a I s t o r i i Krvmskfrgo K hanstva ( l i a t e r i a u x pour s e r v i r \ l a H i s t o i r e du C h an at de G rim e e ), p u b lis h e d by V. V ely am in o v -Z ern o v i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h H. F e y iz Khan. These docum ents, p r i n t e d i n S t . P e te r s b u r g i n I8 6 4, w ere c o p ie d from th e o r i g i n a l s i n th e A rc h iv e s o f th e M i n i s t r y f o r F o r e ig n
A f f a i r s in Moscow d u rin g th e s p r in g and summer o f I858 by H. F e y iz Khan, who was th e n a l e c t u r e r i n th e T a ta r la n g u a g e a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f S t . P e t e r s b u r g . A cadem ician V. D. Sm irnov c r i t i c i z e d t h i s c o l l e c t i o n i n th e
1
i n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i s g e n e r a l work on th e C rim ean K hanate on th e grounds t h a t H« F e y iz Khan had made some v c iy bad e r r o r s w h ile c o p y in g and t h a t someone co m p eten t sh o u ld have checked th e docum ents b e f o r e t h e i r p u b l i c a t i o n . The M a t e r i a l i . . . in c lu d e docum ents r a n g in g fro m 9 2 6 /1 5 1 9 -2 0 t o 1155/174-2-4.3• Th« B ash k o v , an i n s t r u c t o r i n th e Gymnasium a t S im f e r - o o o l 1, p u b lis h e d h i s P a m y a tn ik i d ip lo m a tic h e s k ik h s n o s h e n iy Krymskfrgo K h an stv a s K oskovskim G osudarstvom y XVI i XVII v . v . (Monuments o f th e D ip lo m a tic R e la ti o n s o f th e Crimean K hanate w ith th e M u sco v ite S t a t e i n th e 1 6 th and 1 7 th c e n t u r i e s ) ( S im f e r o p o l1, 1 8 9 1 ). I n h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n he a ls o c r i t i c i z e d P r o f e s s o r V elyam inov-Z ernov f o r le a v in g many gaps and f o r p u b lis h in g th e T a ta r o r i g i n a l s b e fo re th e co n te m p o ra ry R u ss ia n t r a n s l a t i o n s , th u s r e n d e r i n g th e c o l l e c t i o n i n a c c e s s i b l e to a l l b u t t r a i n e d
'S m irnov, o n . c i t . , x x iv ; th e same a u th o r m e n tio n s t h a t he h as t r e a t e d t h i s q u e s tio n i n more d e t a i l i n a s tu d y e n t i t l e d S b o r n ik n e k o to ry k h vazfenykh i z v e s t i y i o f i t s i a l !nykh doknm entov k a s a t e l t no T u r t s i i . R o s ii i Kryma ( S t . P e t e r s b u r g , 1 8 8 1 ). I have n o t b een a b le t o c o n s u l t t h i s . F o r f u l l e r d e t a i l s o f t h i s a r c h iv e , se e below p p . i-*7- 31 .
10.
o r i e n t a l i s t s . Th. L ash k o v 1s welcome a d d i t i o n f i l l e d many im p o r ta n t g ap s l e f t by th e V e ly a n in o v -Z e m o v c o l l e c t i o n f o r th e p e rio d 14 7 4 t o 16 9 2 . T h is new c o l l e c t i o n pro d u ced th e o r i g i n a l R u s s ia n t r a n s l a t i o n s
1
p r e s e r v e d w ith th e T a t a r d ocum ents. H e re, a s i n th e V ely am in o v -Z ern o v c o l l e c t i o n , a number o f sworn p a te n ts (S h e rtn a y a G ram ota) and o t h e r d i p -
_ * - -r - 2
lo m a tic p a p e rs from th e tim e o f Gazi G ira y come to l i g h t .
A p a rt from t h e document c o l l e c t i o n s o f A. N. K u r a t and F e v z i - 3
K urdoglu f o r th e e a r l i e s t p e r io d o f Crim ean H i s t o r y , and th e two volume c o m p ila tio n a t t r i b u t e d to N i^ a n ji Ahmed, c a l l e d F e r i d u n ,^ v e ry few docu
m ents from th e O ttom an A rch iv es w hich a re p e r t i n e n t to th e h i s t o r y o f th e C rim ean T a t a r s a r e a v a i l a b l e t o s c h o la r s o u ts id e I s t a n b u l , As K.
H o l t e r i n d i c a t e d i n h i s su rv e y o f th e v a rio u s docum ent c o l l e c t i o n s a t t r i b u te d to F e r id u n ,^ th e scope o f th e o r i g i n a l c o l l e c t i o n i s n o t known, b u t a c c o rd in g to th e a c c o u n t o f th e c h r o n i c l e r , S e l a n i k i , i t was a sse m b le d
As th e s e docum ents d e r iv e fro m th e same a r c h i v a l c o l l e c t i o n a s th e M a te r- i a l i . . . th e Lashkov c o n t r i b u t i o n i s d is c u s s e d w ith t h e O r i e n t a l d o cu m en ts.
2In a d d i t i o n to th e T a t a r docum ents w hich a r e l i s t e d i n th e r e f e r e n c e s n o te d i n F .N . 2 , p . fc , L ashkov, i n th e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i s P a m y a tn ik i. . . m e n tio n s o t h e r s , f o r p e rio d s n o t p e r t i n e n t to t h i s s t u d y , p u b lis h e d i n t h e
Z a o is k i OdesskSgo O b sh ch estv a I s t o r i i i D re v n o ste y and i n th e S b o rn ik R u ssk iy o Is to ric h e s k fe g o O b s h c h e stv a .
3 t *v ~T — — M
A. N. K u ra t^ T opkapi S a r a y i M uzesi a r g i v i n d e k i A l t m o r d u , K irim , v e _ T u rk i- s t a n I T a n la n n 'a a i t y a r l i k v e b i t i k l e r ( I s t a n b u l , 1940) a n d F . Kurd o g lu ,
!tI l k K irim h a n l a r i n m m e k t u p l a r i, 11 B e l l e t e n . Kos. 3 and 4 (1 9 3 7 ).
^ T h is h a s ap p eared i n two e d i t i o n s , th e f i r s t o f w h ich i s somewhat l a r g e r th a n th e se co n d . Ahmed, c a l l e d F e r id u n , Mi5n$a> a t e s - S e l a t ;i n ( I s t a n b u l ) , 1 2 6 4 -5 and 1 2 7 4 -5 ),* 2 v o l s .
^K. H o l t e r . ^52t u d ie n zu Ahmed F e rid u n * s Mllnse, a t e s - S e la tin ,* * L l i t t e i l -7 • „ • 7 — ungen d e s O e s t e r r e ic h i s c h e n I n s t i t u t e f t i r G e s c h ic h ts f o r s c h u n g , XIY, F rg a n zu n g s-E an d (I n n s b r u c k , 1939]"^
iVkc.
by F e r id u n when he was IT i§ a n ji ^and c o n ta in e d 1880 docum ents d iv id e d i n t o 1 1 p a r t s c o rre s p o n d in g t o th e r e i g n s o f th e s u l t a n s from w hich th e docum ents w ere d e r i v e d .^ Of th e docum ents p u b l is h e d , a lm o s t a l l o f th o s e i n Volume I and i n Volume I I , up t o page 1 0 0 , have b een t r a c e d to a common s o u r c e . K. H o l t e r p ro ce ed e d t o p ro v e th e a u t h e n t i c i t y o f many o f th e docum ents i n th e l e s s e r known l a t e 1 6t h and 17t h As e c t i o n s o f volume I I by com paring th o s e w hich a l l e g e d l y had b een s e n t t o th e H oly Roman Emperor w ith a c t u a l c o p ie s fo u n d i n th e A rc h iv e s o f V ie n n a . J , Rypka 3 used a s i m i l a r m ethod to c o l l a t e th e O tto m a n -T a ta r l e t t e r s o f th e F e r id u n c o l l e c t i o n w ith th e G o e ttin g e n c o l l e c t i o n o f l e t t e r s exchanged betw een th e F o r te and th e Crimean Khans betw een 1054- and 1 0 9 3 /1 6 4 4 .-1 6 8 6 .^
Of th e 37 l e t t e r s Rypka c o n s i d e r s , from t h e r e i g n o f B ay azid I I t o th e
end o f th e 1 7 th c e n tu r y , e i g h t l e t t e r s b e lo n g to th e p e r io d o f G azi G i r a y1 s a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n in Ottoman a f f a i r s . These l e t t e r s Rypka c o n s i d e r s t o be a u t h e n t i c on th e b a s i s o f s t y l e and o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . O nly th e pro b lem s o f d a tin g w ere n o t e n t i r e l y so lv e d by him . I t i s hoped t h a t some c o n t r i b u t i o n can be made to w a rd s t h e i r r e s o l u t i o n i n t h i s s tu d y .
1 .
K. H o l t e r , l o s . c i t . , p . 4-29.
2T h at i s , th o s e ite m s w hich c o u ld n o t p o s s i b l y have b een c o l l e c t e d by F e r id u n b ecau se m ost o f them b e lo n g to th e p e r io d a f t e r F e r id u n 1s d e a th
(1 5 3 3 ).
Ifypka, tf B r ie f w e ch sel d e r Ho hen P f o r t e m it den K rim chanen im I I . Bande von F e r id u n s M&nse’ a t, 11 F e s t s c h r i f t Georg J a c o b , e d . T. K e n z e l ( L e i p z i g , 1 9 3 2 ), ^ 4-1-
^ G o e ttin g e n , B n i v e r s i t a e t s - B i b l i o t h e k , Godd. T u rc . 29 and 3 0 .
The l a s t c a te g o r y o f docum ents r e l a t i n g to th e l i f e o f G azi G ira y c o n s i s t s m a in ly o f l e t t e r s , p o e tr y and s i m i l a r m a t e r i a l s w hich a r e w id e ly s c a t t e r e d i n j o u r n a l s and In^a* c o l l e c t i o n s , some o f w hich a r e d i f f i c u l t to o b t a i n . P r o f e s s o r I n a l c i k p u b lis h e d a number o f f a c s i m i l e s and tr a n s c r ip ts o f docum ents i n an a p p e n d ix to h i s a r t i c l e on th e D on-V olga C an al p r o j e c t . ^ Ahmed R e f ik ! s a r t i c l e s a ls o p ro v id e im - p o r t a n t do cu m en tary s u p p o rt fro m th e I s t a n b u l A rc h iv e s . 2 Some poems
_ __ ti
s e n t t o G azi G ira y , Khan o f th e T a t a r s , a p p e a rs i n th e M unse*at o f M u sta fa ib n P i r Muhammad, c a l le d A z n iz a d e .^ F e v z iy e A b d u lla h i n th e Is la m A n s ik lo o e d is i d i s c u s s e s th e m e r i t o f G azi G ira y *s l i t e r a r y p r o d u c ti o n s . He m e n tio n s t h a t o t h e r w r i t i n g s o f th e Khan can be found in th e SadTkT T e z k e r e s l , in th e h i s t o r y by Muhammad R iz a , and i n th e a p p e n - d i x t o an a r t i c l e by A b d u lla h o g lu Hasan Bey. 4 L a s t l y o f some im p o rta n c e f o r t h i s stu d y a r e th e poems o f G a z i G irey - w hich a p p e a r i n an a r t i c l e
H. I n a l c i k , ffO sm anli-R us R e k a b e tin in M en^ei ve D on-V olga K a n a li T e^ebblisu ( I5 6 9 ) / 1 B e lle t e n . 46 (A n k a ra , 1943)^ p p . $ 6 2 . .
^A. R e f ik , nB a h r - i H a z a r-K a ra d e n iz K a n a li ve k jd e r h a n S e f e r i, ’1 TO EH VII2T (43) ( I s t a n b u l , 1 3 3 3 /1 9 1 4 -1 5 ) p p . and n^ tf « |f 5 f c r /* a ^ T k d e n iz m e s e l e s i , ” TOHM XVI (94) ( I s t a n b u l , 1 9 2 6 ), p p . i g - i - 7 5 " .
3C. R ie u , C a ta lo g u e o f th e T u rk is h M a n u s c rip ts i n th e B r i t i s h Museum (London, 1888^ 9 6 -9 7 . K. V. Z e t t e r s t e e n i n h i s Die A r a b is c h e n . P e r - s is c h e n .u n d T u rk is c h e n H a n d s c h r if te n d e r U n i v e r s i t a t s - B i b l i o t h e k _ z u IT oosala. V o l. I I , p . 105* i n a d d it i o n to a n o th e r copy o f th e Azmizade
l e t t e r , m en tio n s a l e t t e r to th e T a t a r Khan G azi G ira y I I . (n o t se en )
^ A r t. MG i r a y ,n I . A . ? 7 3 9 -790: H. A b d u lla h o g lu ^ ttK irim t a r i h i n e a i t
n o t l a r ve v e s i k a l a r - G azi G i r a y ’ i n m e k t u p l a r i ” A zerb ay can Yurd B i l g i s i MecmuasT ( i s t a f c b u l, 1 9 3 2) , i s s u e s 3 - 7 . I have o n ly c o n s u lte d th e l e t t e r
and poems i n Mehemmed R iz a . F o r a f u l l e r d i s c u s s i o n o f Mehemmed R iz a , s b elo w , p .IV ,
*3
%by 0 . B u ria n .1
2 . C rim e a n -T a ta r H i s t o r i c a l W r i t i n g s : A number o f T a ta r and O tto man and a l s o some A ra b ic and P e r s i a n h i s t o r i c a l w r i t i n g s c o n ta in i n f o r m a tio n r e l a t i n g t o th e l i f e o f G azi G ira y Khan I I .
I t i s q u i t e e v id e n t t h a t h i s t o r y w r i t i n g and r e l a t e d fo rm s o f l i t e r a r y e x p r e s s io n a lo n g t r a d i t i o n a l I s l a m i c l i n e s p la y e d an im p o r ta n t p a r t i n th e i n t e l l e c t u a l l i f e o f th e Crim ean K h a n a t e .^ From th e s o u r c e s a v a i l a b l e we know t h a t th e s e w r i t i n g s p r i n c i p a l l y c o n s i s t o f c a le n d a r s ( t a k v i n ) , c o l l e c t i o n s (mejmu*a) . h i s t o r i e s ( t a r i h ) and b io g r a p h i e s
. t! . • _ -y _
( t e r j u m e ) . I n th e c a s e o f G azi G ir a y , a s m e n tio n ed p r e v i o u s l y , a o o r t io n
^ 0 . g u r i a n , ,TBozulc I d a r e d e n S i k a y e t ^ i I k i § a i r , fl D ll ve T a r ih - C o g r a f y a F a k u l t e s i D e r g is j IX (1 9 5 0 ), p p . 6 7 5 -6 8 1 .
% u r s a l i Mehmet T a h ir , i n h i s Krim M u * e llif le r T ( I s t a n b u l , 1 3 3 5 ), 38 p p . , has made a s tu d y o f th e p r i n c i p a l Crim ean w r i t e r s , ( n o t s e e n .)
'4.
o f h i s D o e try and p e rs o n a l d ip lo m a tic c o rre sp o n d e n c e h a s a ls o been p r e s e r v e d , As no T a ta r c h r o n i c le w r i t t e n d u rin g th e p e r io d o f t h i s
o u t s t a n d i n g Khan i s e x t a n t , we a>:-e f o r c e d to r e l y on two Crim ean a u th o r s who w ro te a t a l a t e r d a t e , lie hemmed R iz a and *Abd u l G a f f a r , f o r g e n e r a l
• - T - 1
d e t a i l s a b o u t th e l i f e o f G azi G ir a y .
Mehemmed R iZa ( d . 1 7 5 6 ), a mud e r r i s ( r * t e a c h e r ^ and k a z i ( A d ju d g e ) i n th e Ottom an le a r n e d t r a d i t i o n , became nakTb a l - e $ r a f ( c h i e f o f th e r e g i s t e r e d d e s c e n d a n ts o f th e P ro p h e t Muhammad) a t th e Sublim e P o r te from 1752 to 1756. He w ro te , a b o u t th e y e a r 173 7 , w hat i s c o n s id e r e d t o be th e m ost v a lu a b le o f Crim ean h i s t o r i e s b a s e d on e a r l i e r T a t a r , O ttom an and P e r s i a n s o u r c e s . 2 H is work c o v e rs th e p e rio d from th e a c c e s s io n o f
H^llm Gj^rajr, i*1 "the i n t r o d u c t i o n to h i s h i s t o r y o f th e C rim ean K h a n a te , G ulbun-u Han an ( I s t a n b u l , 1 3 2 7 ), l i s t s e i g h t C rim ean s o u r c e s fro m w h ich he su p p o s e d ly g a th e r e d in f o r m a tio n f o r h i s w ork. I n f a c t , how ever, P r o f . I n a l c i k ( a r t . MG ira y ” , I . A . , TV, 768) c o n s i d e r s h i s h i s t o r y t o be l a r g e l y a summary o f Mohammad R iz a . L ik e w is e , th e s h o r t C rim ean
h i s t o r y b y J e v d e t P a s a , ICrim ye K afk as T a r i h i ( I s t a n b u l , 1307) i s l a r g e l y a b o rro w in g from Halim G ir a y . S e e , i n t h i s r e g a r d , F . B a b in g e r,
C e s c h i c h t s s c h r e i b e r d e r Osmanen und. I h r e Werke ( L e i p z i g , 1 9 2 7 ), p . 34-3*
The anonymous c h r o n i c le f i r s t r e p o r t e d t y A. J a u b e r t i n 1819 ( P a r i s , BiKL.
M a t,, T urc M ss. S u p p l. No. 515) and t r a n s l a t e d i n t o F re n c h by M. K a z im ir - s k i i n th e J o u r n a l A s ia tic m e , 2nd S e r i e s , X II (183 3)^ was c o n s id e r e d by J a u b e r t to be a summary o f Muhammad R iz a ( J . A . , l o q c i t . ) r P(?.
^A1 Seb* a l S e y y a r f i a h b a r m uiuk a l - T a t a r (K azan , 1 8 3 2 ). T h is r a t h e r in a d e q u a te e d i t i o n was p u b lis h e d u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o f l i i r z a A.
Kazembeg from Ms. Iir. 369 o f th e O r i e n t a l I n s t i t u t e , L e n in g ra d . A ccord
i n g to S m irn o v , o p . c i t . x i i f f . , Mfthemmftd R iz a r e l i e d upon N ig a n ji P a s a , Maxima ( J e le b i, M ir Hwand, V a s s i f , S e k e n d e r, A bu*l Feda^ H a y riz a d e , * A bdul V e i l E fe n d i and M a^udi. R i z a , a c c o rd in g to S m irn o v , a l s o m e n tio n s , a l th o u g h a o n a r e n t l y he d id n o t s e e , th e h i s t o r i c a l c o l l e c t i o n o f K a y su n i-
zade Neda’I M fendi, c a l l e d Remmal n o ja w h ic h P r o f . B. L ew is b e l i e v e s to be th e T a r i h - i S a h ib G ira y fo u n d i n th e B i b l. N a t l. S u p p l. T u rc No. 164..
F o r a d d i t i o n a l n o te s on Me hemmed Rifea, O f. T 'I n a l c i k , l o o . o i^ . K Vt>»
16.
M en g li G ira y Khan I (871/14-66) to th e a c c e s s io n o f K e n g li G ira y I I (1 1 5 0 /1 7 3 7 ), F o r th e p e r io d o f th e khan s h i p o f G azi G ir a y , i t h a s many e r r o r s . No w r i t t e n so u rc e e x o l i c i t y e l a b o r a t e s upon th e co n - n e c t io n o f Hehemned R iz a w ith th e l i t e r a r y t r a d i t i o n s o f th e C rim ea.
S m irn o v , how ever, c o n te n d s t h a t t h i s may be deduced fro m h i s c i r c l e o f a c q u a in t a n c e s , h i s know ledge o f C rim ean T a t a r and o t h e r E a s te r n T u r k is h l i t e r a t u r e , and th e s t y l e i n w hich he w r o t e . ^
The T a ta r so u rc e ‘ Umdet a l - a h b a r composed by ‘ Abd a l G a f f a r , c a l l e d K irim i ( d . ? ) , a b o u t th e y e a r 174-4-, d e v o te s much a t t e n t i o n to th e d e s c e n d a n ts o f J u c h i (so n o f C hlngis^j and th e h i s t o r y o f th e C rim ean Khans down to th e p e r io d o f h i s own l i f e t i m e . The a u th o r d raw s upon a
number o f A r a b ic , P e r s i a n , O ttom an, and T a t a r s o u r c e s to w hich he r i v e s c r e d i t i n h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n . 2 From h i s c i t a t i o n i t i s c l e a r t h a t ‘ Abd a l G a f f a r drew upon s e v e r a l s o u r c e s to w h ich Kehemmed R iz a e i t h e r had no a c c e s s o r d id n o t a c c e p t . K irim i was a member o f th e * Ulema1 o f th e C rim ea b u t , d u r in g th e p e rio d when he composed t h i s h i s t o r i c a l work
( c . 1157/1744-4.5) > he had been b a n is h e d t o th e l o n e l y f o r t r e s s o f S o g u ju k
S m irn o v , o p . c i t . , x - x i , c i t i n g th e T a r i h - i S u b h i ( I s t a n b u l , 1198) p . .2 1 2 , a l s o g iv e s i n t e r e s t i n g in f o r m a tio n a b o u t th e r e l a t i o n o f Me^emmtd R iz a to h i s p a tr o n A l H a jj K u g ta fa E f e n d i, R e * is a l K u tta b .
2 «...
An a u to g r a p h copy o f th e *Umdet a l Ahbar e x i s t s i n t h e I s t a n b u l E s*ad E f e n d i L i b r a r y , K s. N r. 2 3 3 1 , 321nf o l i o s . b ee th e e x t r a c t o f t h i s work p u b lis h e d by N e jib * ls im i n th e T urk T a r i h i E njum eni K e j i m / a s i , No. 8 5, S u p p lem en t 2 (134-3) p p . 5 - 7 . The s o u r c e s o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t w h ic h K irim i u se d i n c lu d e : th e O ttom an - * A li E f e n d i, Husayn H e z a rfe n n , L u t f i P a f a , S u h e y li; and th e T a ta r - T a r i h - i D o st S u l t a n i - i Uzbegi , T a r ih - u Adu ( s i c ) , 3 a k a * i Je -n g iz i and th e Jam * i y a t - 'i Hayr V fl-D inzade liufoammad a l
§ i r i n i .
Ifc.
i n A b k h a z ia , P r o f e s s o r I n a l c i k o f A nkara U n i v e r s i ty p r e v i o u s ly n o te d th e d iv e r g e n c e o f th e s e two s o u r c e s i n h i s a r t i c l e d i s c u s s i n g th e e s t a b - lis h m e n t o f Ottom an s u z e r a i n t y o v e r th e Crim ean K h a n a te , 2 The u n a v a i l
a b i l i t y o r c o m p lete ab sen ce o f many o f th e T a ta r m a n u s c r ip ts m en tio n ed b o th by Mehcjnraed R iza and K ir im i make th e f i n a l e v a l u a t i o n o f th e s e two s o u rc e s d i f f i c u l t in d e e d . 3 One i s le d to s u s p e c t , how ever, on th e b a s i s o f P r o f e s s o r I n a l c i k1 s t e n t a t i v e f i n d i n g s , t h a t th e e x c e lle n t o u t l i n e h i s t o r y o f th e house o f J u9i , fo u n d in H e z a rfe n n , who in t u r n borrow ed
h e a v i ly from C e n a b i, i s o f prim e im p o rta n c e f o r ‘ Abd a l G a f f a r f s n a r a - t i v e a l s o .
O th e r g e n e r a l h i s t o r i e s o f th e C rim ean T a ta r s w hich a r e known to be o f im p o rta n c e , b u t w hich a re u n a v a ila b le f o r t h i s s tu d y in c lu d e th e T a r i h - i H a n a n -i T a ta r ve D e y t- i K i0921k by R izv a n p a ^ a z a d e ‘ A bdullah.^* As
‘ AM a l G a f f a r , T.T.K .M . . l o c . c i t .
T I. I n a l c i k , "Y en! V e s ik a la r a Gore Karim H a n la g n T n OsmanlT T a b l l l g i n e G irm esi ve Ahidname M e s e l e s i, 11 B e ll e t e n ^ S (194-4) > PP* 1 3 6 -1 9 1 . P r o f , I n a l c i k a ls o makes th e p o i n t t h a t ^ i r i m i #a p p a r e n t l y b e lo n g s t o t h a t g ro u p o f h i s t o r i a n s who r e l y h e a v ily o n ^ je n a lu ! s a c c o u n t o f th e C rim ean K h a n a te .
^The o n ly known Ms, o f th e T a r i h - i D ost S u lta n i s i n th e p e r s o n a l l i b r a r y o f A. Z eki V e l i d i Togan i n I s t a n b u l ( i n a l c i k , a r t . " G ira y 11, l o c . c i t . ) The H i s t o r y o f Remmel H oja e x i s t s i n a copy t o be found i n th e L e n in g ra d U n i v e r s i ty L ib r a r y Mss n o . 4 3 G ^ aooorcling to i t o G a t a l sguo of ^ r i c n t a l M a n u c o rip tfl; see S m irn o v / o o . c i t . . x i i , N. 1 2 t and U oto PP a b o v e .
l o c a t e d i n P a r i s , A rs e n a l B i b l. Ms. Ho. 3 9 . A c c o rd in g t o Von Hammer, G e s c h ic h te d e r Chane d e r Krim u n te r Q sm an isch er H e r r s c h a f t (V ie n n a , 1 8 5 6 ). p .8. t h e 'a u t h o r 's 'f a t h e r was B eA lerbe# o f K a f f a i n 1616.
»7.
t h i s w ork was a p r i n c i p a l so u rc e f o r J o s e p h cle G u ig n e s1 H i s t o i r e g e n e r a l e des R uns, d e s T u r c s . d e s M ongols e t cles a u t r e s T a r t a r e s O c c id e n ta u x
( P a r i s , 1 7 5 6 -5 8 ), r e l e v a n t p a r t s o f th e l a t t e r w ork have been c o n s u lte d in th e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s s tu d y . The T a n h -H a n a n , D a g e s ta n , I b s k o v , ve D e g t- K inpak w r i t t e n c a . 1736 by K e fe v i I b r a h im , w h ich was p u b lis h e d by C. Seydahmed K ir im e r , 2 was a l s o n o t a v a i l a b l e . V. D. Sm irnov q u o te s v e rb a tim s e v e r a l p a ssa g e s fro m an anonymous w ork w h ich he c a l l s th e
" S h o r t H i s t o r y " (K ra tk a y a I s t o r i y a ) . He g a in e d a c c e s s t o t h i s work th ro u g h th e a s s i s t a n c e o f th e famous C rim ean j o u r n a l i s t , 1-Iirza Ism a ‘1 1 G a sp rin sk y (G a sp Y ra lT ). T h is 126 page h i s t o r y , b e lie v e d by Sm irnov to have been com piled i n th e e ig h t e e n t h c e n t u r y , c o n s i s t s o f some o b v io u s b o rro w in g s from Ktthemmad R iz a . P r o f e s s o r S m irn o v , h o w ev er, c o n s id e r s i t t o be a v a lu a b le in d e p e n d e n t s o u r c e .3
3 . O ttom an C h r o n i c l e s : A number o f Ottom an c h r o n i c l e r s t r e a t th e p e r io d en co m p assin g th e r e i g n o f G azi G ira y Khan I I # These h i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l s c o n s i s t o f a v a r i e t y o f ty p e s i n c l u d i n g H i s t o r i e s o f Cam paigns
a g a i n s t th e I n f i d e l (G a z a v a tn a n e ) , B io g r a p h ic a l H i s t o r i e s in e p ic s t y l e o f i n d i v i d u a l s u l t a n s ( Shahname) , C a le n d a rs o r D i a r i e s ( Ruzname) and t r a d i t i o n a l I s la m ic h i s t o r i e s ( T a r ih )
■ ^ In alcik , "Y eni V e s ik a la r a Gore K irim H a n lT g T ...” l o c . c i t . . 187* No. 8 ; C f. a l s o , de G u ig n e s1 own S u rv ey o f S o u r c e s , o p . c i t . I , x i i f f . and I I I , 406 f .
2B a z a r ji k , Roum ania, 1933.
^S m irn o v , o p . c i t . , x v i .3
'F o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s e te r m s , c o n s u l t A .3 . L evend, G a z a v a tn a m e le r (A n k a ra, 1 9 5 6 ), p . 1 f f , and B a b in g e r. o p . c i t . . 3 f f ." ,' 163 f .
I*.
_ 1 yf
The N usratnam e o f M u s ta fa b in Ahmed, c a l l e d * A ll( d . c a . 1 5 9 9 ), h as p ro v id e d b a s ic in f o r m a tio n ab o u t th e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f G azi G ira y i n t h e cam paigns o f th e C au casu s, ‘ A ll E fe n d i d e d ic a te d t h i s work to h i s p a t r o n , L a la M u s ta fa ” P a s h a , f i r s t c o m m a n d e r-in -c h ie f o f th e C a u ca sio n f r o n t , whom he s e rv e d as a p e r s o n a l s e c r e t a r y d u r in g th e c o n o u e s t o f
G e o rg ia . T h is c h r o n i c l e , w hich b e g in s i n S e v a l, 985/ J a n u a r y , 1573 and c o n tin u e s t o Zu’ l- K a * /d e , 9 3 7 /J a n u a ry , 1 5 S 0 , i s p a r t i c u l a r l y im p o r ta n t f o r th e c o p io u s sp ecim en s o f p o l i t i c a l c o rre sp o n d e n c e w h ic h i t c o n t a i n s - c o rre sp o n d e n c e d e a l in g m a in ly w ith th e p r e p a r a t i o n and e x e c u tio n o f th e cam p aig n s. - The e x tre m e ly r e l i a b l e and d e t a i l e d f o u r t h o a r t o f p
* A l i f s g e n e r a l w o rld h i s t o r y , th e Kunh a l- A h b a r , w h ich r e l a t e s th e h i s t o r y o f th e O ttom ans from th e f o u n d a tio n o f t h e i r d y n a s ty to th e a c c e s s io n o fAKfthemm&d I I I (1595)> has n o t been a c c e s s i b l e .
Owing to th e c o n s t a n t w a r f a r e d u r in g t h i s p e r io d o f O ttom an h i s t o r y , s e v e r a l s h o r t e r h i s t o r i c a l t r a c t s and e u l o g i s t i c w o rk s , many o f
w hich a re i n v e r s e , a p p e a r . Of t h e s e , o n ly th e h i s t o r y e n t i t l e d $ e ja * a tn a m ^ w r i t t e n by ^k<jTzade Mehemmed P a s h a , c a l l e d A s a f i ( d . ? ) h as b een a c c e s s
i b l e , owing to th e l a r g e e x t r a c t s and c o n t i n u a l p a r a p h r a s in g o f t h i s v a l u a b le work by *Abd u r Rahman T h is v e r s i f i e d h i s t o r y d i s c u s s e s i n *
^London, B r i t , K u s. Ms. Add. 2 2 ,0 1 1 .
% i e u , o p . c i t . , 6 1 -6 2 ; B a b in g e r, I b i d . , 126 f f .
% i e u , 2 7 -2 3 ; B a b in g e r, I b i d : I have c o n s u lte d th e B r i t . Mus. Ms. No.
O r. 7 3 3 2 , b u t have fo u n d I t in c o m p le te f o r th e s u l t a n a t e o f Murad I H .
*9.
c o n s i d e r a b le d e t a i l th e e v e n ts from th e c o n q u e s t o f T i f l i s i n 1578 to th e c o n q u e s t o f T a b r iz in 1 5 8 5.^*
S e y y id Lukman b in S eyyid Husayn ( d . p o s t-1 6 0 1 ) who h e ld th e o f f i c e o f gahnam e31 from 976/1569 to 1 0 0 5 /1 5 9 6 , composed a g e n e r a l h i s t o r y o f th e Ottom an d y n a s ty to th e y e a r 992/1534- e n t i t l e d KujmTl a l - Tumar, w h ic h , b e c a u se o f th e d e t a i l i t s u p p lie s f o r th e f i r s t p a r t o f th e re ig n o f S u lta n Murad I I I , i s o f c o n s id e r a b le m e r i t . 2
S ey y id Abu Muhammad M u ^ a f a b in H asan, c a l l e d JenabT ( d . 9 9 9 / 1 5 9 0 ), i n h i s g e n e r a l work i n A ra b ic , Al I* lam a l ZahTr f ! Ahwal a l - Awa‘ i l wa *1 A w ah ir, in c lu d e d a h i s t o r y o f th e khans o f th e G olden Horde
1
, .
hAbd u r Rahman S e r e f , "O zdem iroglu ‘ Osman P a ^ a ,11 TOEM.aRo s.- 21- 5 5 p». ^ O th e r w orks composed i n eu lo g y o f v a rio u s i n d i v i d u a l s c o n n e c te d w i t h th e
C a u c a sia n War in c l u d e ; n . . . .
a) Abu B akr ib n ‘ A b d u lla h , O zdem iroglu ‘ Osman P asa/n T n D a g is ta n ve .
$ i r v a n S e f e r l e r i ( I s t a n b u l , M i l l e t K tp 7 , Emir 1 Ms. Ho. 3 6 6) 26 f . b) R ahim lzade Ib ra h im £ avu^, c a l l e d H a rim i, G en .jin e-d F e t h - i Gence
( I s t a n b u l U niv. K tp . Ms. No. 2372
)
159 f . - a w ork i n rhymed v e r s e d e a l i n g w ith F e rh a d f a s a and th e G e o rg ia n Cam paign. The w r i t e r was a member o f th e G ureba c a v a lr y u n i t . Some q u o t a t i o n s fromt h i s work a p p e a r i n Abd u r Rahman § e r e f , l o c . c i t . , No. 25
.
c) Ta‘ l l k i - z a d e Mehmed S u b h i, Nuradname ( I s t a n b u l , T opkapi Revan k t p . ms. n o . 1299
)
59 f . - a d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e e x p l o i t s o f F e r had P a sh a and ‘ Osmajfn P ash a d u rin g th e E a s t e r n cam paign, by th e S ab n am eji who su c ce ed e d Ltikman ( s e e below)^. _d) By th e same a u th o r a s ( c ) , G u r j i s t a n S e fe rx (T o p k ap i Revan K tp . ms. n o . 1 3 0 0 ), f . 33.
e) § ey h Muhammad V e fa ’T , T e v a r ih - i G a z a v a t- i S u lta n Murad (V ie n n a ,
N a t, B i b l . , m s. n o . 1031) f , 175. * 4
F o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s , c o n s u l t L ev en d , o p . c i t . , 86 f f , and %a b in g e r J * 1 1 6 _ H 7 .
T iondon, B r i t . Mus. m s. n o . Or. 1135, w h ich i s d e s c r i b e d i n R ie u , c p . c i t . . 54 B a b in g e r, G e s c h ic h t e s c h r e ib e r , I64 f f .
and o f th e Crimea from th e r e i g n o f B atu u n t i l th e y e a r I5 8 7. From th e e x t r a c t o f t h i s work a v a i l a b l e i n th e B r i t i s h Museum, i t i s c l e a r t h a t J e n a b i r e l i e d on H a fiz Muhammad Al T a ^ k e n d i, Seyh Ahmad b in cA rabgah Abu!l F e d a an d , f o r th e o e rio d r e l e v a n t to t h i s s t u d y , th e eU lem a*-i e h l - i D e ^ t,T (Ulema o f th e p e o p le s o f th e s t e p p e ) . J e n a b i s p e n t m ost o f
('W C. of
h i s l i f e a s a m u d e rris ^ i n th e le a d in g me d r e s s e s , o f th e Ottom an E m p ire.
H is work was b r i e f b u t h ig h ly c o n c e n tr a te d and w as, c o n s e q u e n tly , u sed r e p e a t e d l y by most T u rk is h c h r o n i c l e r s who d e a l t w ith th e h i s t o r y o f tb s K ip9ak s te p p e a f t e r him , n o t a b l y Kehemmed b in Me hemmed e l L d i m e v i and M unejjim ba^T . The work o f J e n a b i , how ever, was o f l i t t l e u se ^ b e c a u s e
i t e x te n d s o n ly to 1 5 8 7.
The e x tre m e ly f a c t u a l and v e ry v a lu a b le w o rk , in d i a r y s t y l e , by th e Ruzname.iT M u s ta fa , c a l l e d S e la n T k l ( d . c a . 1 5 9 9 ) , i s c o n c e rn e d w i t h th e e v e n ts o f th e p e rio d 1563 t o 1599. I t h a s , h o w e v er, o n ly been a v a i l a b le i n th e p r i n te d v e r s i o n w hich c a r r i e s th e n a r r a t i o n up t o O c to b e r, 1 5 9 2 .2
London, B r i t . M u s., A ra b ic
Mss.
S u p p l. n o . O r .1671,
f . 2 9 5 b -3 0 9 a.C f. , I n a l c i k , f,Y eni V e s i k a l a r a g o re K irim H a n l i g i . . . . n , l o c . c i t . . 1 8 7 , N. 5 . Com plete M ss. o f t h i s h i s t o r y a re t o be fo u n d i n th e Bod
l e i a n L i b r a r y , O x fo rd , Nos. 6 5 7 -8 and 785-6. F o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s a b o u t Me hemmed b in Kehemmed and Kunej jir.b a § T , se e b elo w , p p . 0.f *
^ T a r i h - i S e la n T k l ( I s t a n b u l , 1 2 8 1 ); an MS. o f t h i s w ork i n 44-8 f o l i o s i s p r e s e r v e d i n th e B i b l . N a t l . S u p p l. t u r c n o . 1060 a c c , t o E . B lo c h e t, C a ta lo g u e d e s Manus c r i t s T u rc s ( P a r i s , 1933) , v o l . I I , p . 149 f . ; C f.
a l s o , F a b i n g e r , o n . c i t . .*.136 f . and H a m m e r , I I I , 750; 17**180,
1 8 5 , 243, 435; I X ,2 0 2. »r
2.1.
Mehemmed b in Mehemmed ( d . 1050/1640) p re p a re d a g e n e r a l h i s t o r y from th e b i r t h of^ Muhammad to th e y e a r 1 0 2 3/1617 e n t i t l e d Huhbe u l - T e v a rih v e ! l A hbar i n two d i f f e r e n t r e n d i t i o n s : th e f i r s t , d e d ic a te d to S u l t a n ‘ Osman I i n 1633 and th e se co n d , g r e a t l y e n la r g e d v e r s i o n , to S u lta n Murad IV .^ Ila jjT H a ifa seems to have d is m is s e d t h i s work a s a
-r 2
mere cony o f J e n a b i . T h is judgment seems to a p p ly t o th e f i r s t c a r t 3
o f kehemmed b in Kehemmed1s w ork.
W hile th e h i s t o r i a n s a lr e a d y u ien tio n ed have much to s a y a b o u t th e C a u c a sia n C am paigns, th e War w ith P e r s i a and th e e v e n ts l e a d i n g uo t o th e War i n H ungary, i t i s th e h i s t o r i c a l work by H asanbegzade ( d . 104-6/
1636) ^ w h ich l a y s th e f o u n d a tio n f o r th e h i s t o r y w r i t i n g o f th e e r a com
m encing w ith th e y e a r 1000/ 1 5 9 1 -2 and e x te n d in g w e l l i n t o th e s e v e n te e n th c e n tu r y . A p p r o p r i a t e ly , H asanbegzade Ahmed P a sh a s t a r t e d h i s c a r e e r a s a Div a n K a t i b i ( S e c r e t a r y to th e Divan) a b o u t 1590 and c o n s e c u t iv e l y to o k up d i f f e r e n t o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n s i n th e r e t i n u e s o f th e le a d in g d i g n i t a r i e s o f h i s t im e , such as th e Grand V e z ir Ib ra h im P a s h a , S a t u r j i Mehemmed Pas;a,
-1 vcWVi < c . k r c ' J e ^
B a b in g e r, sun, oddfr , 132 f .
pR ie u , o p . c i t . , 3 0 -3 1 d e s c r i b e s Ms. O r. 31 o f th e B r i t i s h Museum w h ic h i s a copy o f th e f i r s t r e n d i t i o n .
^Kehemmed b in Mehemmed and P e9ewi a p p a r e n tly have borrow ed fro m th e same s o u r c e s on o c c a s io n ; C f. f o r exam ple, th e d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e B a t t l e o f Q i l d i r by ‘ A l i , Hus r a t nam e, f . 70a w ith t h a t o f Mehemmed b in Mehemmed, o p . c i t . . f . 241b arid P e9ew i, T a rih ( I s t a n b u l , 1283) I I , f . 4 0 .
C avid H aysun, f,Ha,sanbeyzade Ahmed P a ^ a/ 1 Tr i r k iy a t MejmuasT, X (1 9 5 3 ), f f , 3 2 1 -3 4 0 ; B a b in g e r. o p . c i t . , ^174.
Grand V e z ir Y e n ip p i Hasan P ash a and Grand V e z ir Yavuz. ‘ A l l P a s h a . I t i s known a ls o t h a t to w ard s th e end o f h i s l i f e , H asanbegzade h e ld h ig h p o s i t i o n s i n th e h ie r a r c h y o f th e f i n a n c e d e p a r tm e n t, was B e g le rb e g o f K a ffa f o r a tim e and p o s s ib ly became lie * is u l - K u t t a b .^" H is h i s t o r i c a l
— — — 2
w o rk , T a r i h - i A l - i <Osman, w hich n a r r a t e s t h e p r i n c i p a l e v e n ts i n O tto man h i s t o r y t o 1032- /1622-2 3, i s p a r t i c u l a r l y v a lu a b le f o r d e t a i l a c c o u n ts o f th e H u n g a ria n War i n w hich th e Crimean T a t a r s to o k an a c t i v e p a r t . The r e l i a b i l i t y o f th e w ork- recommended i t s e l f so w e l l to Pepew i ( 1 0 6 l / l 6 5 0 ) , H a j j i H a ifa ( d . 1067/1657) and Na^ima (1 1 2 8 /1 7 1 6 ) t h a t th e y made a p p re c i a b l e e x t r a c t s from i t an d , by g iv in g c r e d i t to th e o r i g i n a l , s p r e a d th e fame of th e work and i t s c o m p ile r. T hese l a s t t h r e e w r i t e r s , in n a r t i - c u l a r , m ig h t w e l l be d e s c r ib e d a s members o f th e h i s t o r i c a l s c h o o l o f H asan b eg zad e.• ^
3
Ib ra h im E f e n d i, c a l l e d Pepew i (d . c a . 1 0 6 l/l6 5 0 ), was r e l a t e d , on h i s m o th e r* s s i d e , t o th e p o w e rfu l Sokolliji. f a m ily whose p a tr o n a g e he e n
joyed m ost o f h i s l i f e . His h i s t o r i c a l w o rk , to some e x t e n t a t l e a s t , r e f l e c t s h i s l i f e l o n g a tta c h m e n t t o t h i s B o sn ia n n o b le f a m i l y .^ The
1 loc.crV _ ,
B aysun, The Re * I s was l i t / e r a l l y " c h i e f o f s c r i b e s " and i n c h a rg e
o f th e C h a n ce ry . /
^ I s t a n b u l , N u r-u ‘Osmaniyye Ms No. 3 1 0 5 /0 6 .
^ A f te r t h e T u rk is h name o f h i s p la c e o f o r i g i n ; C f . , F . von K r a e l i t z , ,TDer o sm an isch e H i s t o r i k e r Ib ra h im P e c e x /i," D er I s la m V I I I (1 9 1 8 ), p . 252
.
^ T a r i h - i Pepew i ( I s t a n b u l , 1281-83) I I , p p . 3 6 , 4-1-42, 5 7 , 6 2 , e t c .
P r o f e s s o r P. W itte k , in h i s se m in a r on Ottom an t e x t s , f i r s t p o in te d o u t t o me t h i s q u a l i t y of th e Pepewi c h r o n i c l e .
/
X3.
T a r i h , w r i t t e n in a more p o p u la r s t y l e th a n th e work o f H a sa n b eg z ad e , i s a t i t s b e s t when Pepew i d e s c r ib e s th e p e r s o n a l i n c i d e n t s w hich he e x p e r ie n c e d d u r in g h i s l i f o -hmg c a r e e r in th e m i l i t a r y and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e h i e r a r c h y o f th e Ottoman 3 t a t e . H o st n o te w o rth y , f o r th e p u rp o se s o f t h i s s t u d y , a re th e d e t a i l s he p ro v id e s a b o u t th e l i f e o f th e Crim ean Khan, G azi G ira y , w ith whom he was on i n tim a te te rm s d u r in g th e H u n g a ria n
St*. Ita
War. Pepew i*s C h r o n ic le , w hich commences w ith th e a c c e s s i o n o f ASulaym an (1520) and c o n c lu d e s w i t h th e d e a th o f Murad XV (1639) > makes use o f a w ide ra n g e o f s o u r c e s . Von K r a e l i t z h as d e s ig n a te d th e p r i n c i p a l w orks from w hich Pepewi drew h i s in f o r m a tio n f o r th e p e r io d o f 3 u lay m an fs
1 _
r e i g n . I n th e p e rio d o f th e C a u c a sia n War commencing i n 1 5 7 3 , Pepewi f r e o n e n t l y o u o te s from H asan b eg zad e, ‘ A ll K f e n d i, and th e R i s a l e - i P a b iy y e o f ‘ A ziz M a lik . ^
A n o th er a u th o r o f im p o rta n c e , M u s ta fa b in ‘ A b d u lla h , c a l l e d H a j j i H a if a , o r o f t e n f,K a tib Q e le b i,f (d* 1 0 6 7 /1 6 5 7 ), was b o m i n 1 6 0 9 .^ D u rin g th e p e r io d o f h i s a c t i v e governm ent s e r v i c e he worked i n th e f i n a n c i a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n b u t rem a in e d e n r o l l e d i n th e S i l a h d a r c o r p s , to w hich h i s f a t h e r had b e lo n g e d . T hese p o s t s i n th e f i n a n c i a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n k e p t him a lm o s t c o n s t a n t l y i n th e f i e l d w ith th e O ttom an a rm ie s u n t i l 1 6 3 5 . T h e r e a f t e r he was a b l e , b e ca u se o f an i n h e r i t a n c e , t o d e v o te h im s e lf a l -
Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t i s P e p e w i13 use o f th e H u n g a ria n s o u r c e s o f K a sp a r H e l t a i and I s th v a n f ij^ - V o n K r a e l i t z , l o c . c i t . , 25§.
^ T a rih I I , 5 1 , 9 3 , 155; The w o rk ’by * A ziz M alik ( T a rik h I I . 73) i s un
known to me.
^ B a b in g e r, G - e s c h ic h ts s e h r e it,e r , 195*
24.
m ost e x c l u s i v e l y to h i s t o r i c a l p u r s u i t s u n t i l th e end o f h i s l i f e , ^ I n 1051/164.1 K!atib 9Gl eM com pleted a w orld h i s t o r y i n A ra b ic from th e Days o f C r e a tio n t o h i s own tim e , e n t i t l e d F a g la k a Aqwal a l-A h b a r f i
* ilm a l - T a r i h w a*l A hbar, w hich was t r a n s l a t e d i n t o O ttom an T u r k is h .
ii ■■■ - ■ — ■ ■ ■— —■ . „ r i 1,1 ■
A c o n ti n u a t i o n o f t h i s same e n c y c lo p a e d ic w o rk , w r i t t e n i n O ttom an T urk
i s h , en co m p assin g th e y e a r s 1 0 0 0 /1 5 9 2 to 1065/ 1 6 5 4* b e c a u se o f i t s d e t a i l ,
2 T
a d d s c o n s id e r a b ly to o u r knowledge o f th e p e r i o d . K a t ib Q e le b i, w i th o u t q u e s t io n , h as a c c e s s t o in f o r m a tio n on G azi G ira y w h ich no o t h e r h i s t o r i a n h a s m e n t i o n e d . '"q
Ahmed b in L u t f u l l a h , c a l l e d M u n ejjim b a^I ( d . 1 1 1 3 /1 7 0 2 ), as h i s M ahlas («open name) i m p l i e s , was c o u r t a stro n o m e r u n d e r S u lta n Mehemmed IV d u r in g th e y e a r s 1 0 7 3 -1 0 9 9 /1 6 6 7 -1 6 8 3 . At t h i s tim e he- p re p a re d a gen
e r a l h i s t o r y in A ra b ic , Jami* a l-D u w a l. c o n s i s t i n g o f two volum es on th e p e r io d from Adam to 1 0 3 3 /1 6 7 2 , based upon s e v e n ty T u r k is h , P e r s i a n and A ra b ic s o u r c e s . Ahmed Kedim t r a n s l a t e d th e work i n t o O ttom an T u r k is h
betw een 1720 and 1 7 3 0, and i t was l a t e r p u b lis h e d u n d e r a d i f f e r e n t t i t l e ,
■**J* H. M ordtm ann, a r t . ,!H a j j i K h a l i f a , ” E . I , \ I I , 204. f f .
The A ra b ic o r i g i n a l i s a p p a r e n tly l o s t ( i b i d ) , b u t O ttom an T u r k is h Ms.
c o p ie s a re a v a i l a b l e i n many I s t a n b u l l i b r a r i e s . _The o l d e s t r e c e n s io n (1 0 3 5 /i6 7 4 ) a p p e a rs t o be p re s e rv e d in th e H ekim oglu A li P a sa L i b r a r y , ms. n o . 7 8 5, 295 f o l i o s . T h is h i s t o r y h as been p u b lis h e d i n a two volume e d i t i o n , Fe z l e k e - i K a tib Q e le b i ( I s t a n b u l , 1 2 8 6 -8 7 ). C f._ M a a rif V e k i l l i g i , I s t a n b u l K u tu p a n e le r i T a rih -C o g ra fy a Y a zm a la ri K a t a l o g l a r i , ! ( I s t a n b u l , 1 9 4 4 3 7 f a s c . 2 , p. 1 6 1 .
3T h u s, f o r ex am p le, he q u o te s a few v e r s e s o f h i s t o r i c a l im p o rta n c e from th e D ivan ( c o l l e c t i o n o f poems) o f Gazi G ira y ta k e n from a h is to r y - by 3 3 ih n i I f e n d ! , th e D ivan I i a t i c i o f th e Khan. F e z le k e , I , p . 9 6 .
Z € . l
S ah a* i f a l A hbar.
F i n a l l y , th e work by M u^Jafa Na‘ ima ( d . 1128/1716) d e s e r v e s men
t i o n . lies R atizat a l TJusayn f i H u la s a t A hbar a l- K a f ik a y n o r sim p ly , T a r i h - i ITa^Ima i s n o t a h i s t o r y fro m w h ich much o r i g i n a l m a t e r i a l may—2 be g a in e d a s i t was com piled l a r g e l y from th e p r e c e d in g s o u r c e s . 3 I t d o e s r e p r e s e n t , h o w ev er, th e h ig h p o in t o f th e s e v e n te e n th c e n tu r y d e v e l
opm ent i n h i s t o r y w r i t i n g from th e p o i n t of view o f s i y l e and c o m p o s itio n . A lso many o b sc u re e v e n ts r e c e i v e lu c id e x p a n s io n . I n s h o r t , t h i s s o u rc e
p ro v id e s a r e l a t i v e l y b a la n c e d a c c o u n t o f th e e v e n ts from 1 0 0 0 /1 5 9 1 t o 10 7 0 /1 6 5 9 b ased on O r i e n t a l s o u r c e s .
4 . P e r s i a n S o u rc e s ; As O azi G ira y d u r in g th e e a r l y y e a r s o f th e P e r s ia n War f e l l c a p tiv e to th e S a f a v id s and la n g u is h e d some t h r e e o r f o u r y e a r s in th e f o r t r e s s o f AlSm ut, i t was h o p ed , by h a v in g r e c o u r s e to th e c o n te m p o ra ry P e r s i a n s o u r c e s , t h a t some d e t a i l s o f th e e a r l i e r l i f e o f th e Khan m ig h t come to l i g h t . T h is q u e s t was rew ard ed by th e d is c o v e r y
^ ! s t a h b u l ,_ 1 2 8 5 , 3 v o l s . Gf. B a b in g e r, G e s c h i c h t s s c h r e i b e r 2 3 4 -2 3 5 . Kune jjim basjT i s known to have used a l l o f th e s t a n d a r d w orks f o r th e p e r io d in a u e s t i o n as w e l l a s o t h e r l e s s e r known ite m s . T h e r e fo r e he i s c o n s id e r e d im p o r ta n t f o r t h i s s tu d y . F o r a d d i t i o n a l in f o r m a ti o n , se e Hammer, Ge s c h i c h te d e s 0 smani sc h e n R e ic h e s , V I I , 5*45—550; H. I n a l c i k ,
,fY eni v e s i k a l a r a g o re K irim H a n l i u i. . . 11 l o c . c i t . . 187; and V. M in o rsk y , S t u d i e s i n C a u c a sia n H i s t o r y (L ondon, 1 9 5 3 ), pp. 3-4*
2I s t a n b u l , 1 2 8 0, 6 v o l s .
A c co rd in g to B a b in g e r, l o c . c i t . , Maxima b ased h i s w ork p r i m a r i l y on K ara (J e le b iz a d e , Kusayn W e c ih i, Ahmed § a r i h u l-M e n a rz a c e and H acci H a l i f a . O f ., a l s o , X. M unir A k te p e , "N a in a T a r i h i* n i n Yazma N u sh alarT K a k k in d a ,"
T a rih D e r a i s i , v o l . I , p p . 3 5 -5 2 , f o r a t e c h n i c a l d i s c u s s i o n o f th e lTa in a K ss.
a c , .
o f a f e u p e r t i n e n t d e t a i l s i n th e T a r ih - e ‘ 1.1am-Araye ‘ A b b a s i, w h ich was w r i t t e n by I s k a n d a r Beg K u n |i (d . c a . 1 0 3 9 /1 6 2 9 -3 1 ). The w r i t e r , l who
or.curded various p o s ts i n th e S a f a v id a d m i n i s t r a t i o n fro m th e tim e o f Shah Ism a ‘ i l (d . 9 3 5 /1577) u n t i l a f t e r th e d e a th o f Shah ‘ A bbas I , composed a h i s t o r y , w ith background d e t a i l s , o f th e p e r io d from th e a c c e s s io n o f
‘ A bbas, th e G r e a t, i n 9 9 5 /1 5 8 7 to h i s d e a th in 1 0 3 8 /1 6 2 9 . 2
o r \
5 . I n s c r i p t i o n s and G o in s ; I n a d i s c u s s i o n o f th e Rt»a c ia n s o u r c e s f o r th e l i f e of G azi G ir a y K han, i t i s a ls o w o r t h / e£ m e n tio n -^iat two g e n e r a l s t u d i e s d e a lin g w i t h C rim ean T a ta r p a le o g ra p h y and n u m ism a tic s
3 li
have been p re p a re d by A. B arzenko and F . D om brovskiy and 0 . R e to v s k iy , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
^ F o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s a b o u t th e l i f e o f t h i s w r i t e r , s e e F r a n z von Erdm ann,
" I s k e n d e r K u n sch i und G ein Werk11, Z.D .H .C -.. XV ( 1 3 6 1 ) , p p . 4-57-501.
^F o r f u r t h e r d e t a i l s , se e th e a r t i c l e , l?‘ Abbas I , n B . I . ^ . I , p p . 7 -8 ( S a v o ry ).
Dom brovskiy and A. B a rz e n sk o , " B a k h c h e sa ra y sk iy a a r a b s k iy a i t u r e t - sk a y a n a d p i s i ” , Z a o is k i o d essk ag o O b sh c h e stv a i s t o r i i i d r e v n o s t e y . V o l. I I , p p . 4.09-4.93 ( n o t u s e f u l ) .
/ ft
x). R e to v s k iy , "D ie Munzen d e r G irei* 1, T ru d i Mpskovska.go N m nism aticheskago O b s h c h e s tv a . v o l s . I I (1 3 9 9 -1 9 0 1 ), p p . 24.1-308; I I I (1 9 0 3 -1 9 0 5 ) * PP* 1 0 - 107, 11 p i s . and pp. 137-330* 19 p i s . R e p r in te d : Moscow, 1901-1905*
v i i + 305 p . , 30 p i s . ( n o t , s e e n ) . 0 . R e to v s k iy a ls o w ro te a s p e c i a l a r t i c l e on th e c o in a g e o f G azi G ir a y , "M oneti G a z i-G e ra y a Ehana I I ben D e v le t" , I z v e s t i y a T a v ric h e sk o y ITchonoy A rk h iv n o y K om m issii ( S im f e r o p o l1, 1 8 3 9 ), no". 8 . ( n o t u s e f u l ) .
27.
1 I I SLAVONIC SQTRGIjS 1 . R u s s ia n S o u r c e s :
a . D ocum ents: The T s a r s k iy A rkhiv (A rc h iv e o f th e T s a r) o f Muscovy wasjsacked d u rin g th e Time of T ro u b le s a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e
s e v e n te e n th c e n t u r y . A p o r t io n o f t h i s embryo a r c h iv e fo u n d i t s way to P oland o n ly t o be r e t r i e v e d d u r in g th e e i g h t e e n t h c e n tu r y p a r t i t i o n o f t h a t c o u n tr y . The f i r s t q u a r t e r o f th e s e v e n te e n th c e n t u r y , a f t e r t h e e s t a b l is h m e n t o f th e Romanov D y n a sty , saw th e f o u n d a tio n o f th e A rc h iv e o f th e P o s o l f s k i y P r ik a z (A m b a ssa d o ria l D e p artm en t) w here a g r e a t num
b e r o f th e governm ent docum ents r e l a t i n g to f o r e i g n a f f a i r s w ere th e n p la c e d . S h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r , in th e y e a r 1 6 2 6, a o o r tio n o f t h i s c o l
l e c t i o n was b u r n t . T h u s, t h i s d o u b le d i s a s t e r t o th e r e c o r d s o f th e Mos
cow S t a t e l i m i t e d , t o some e x t e n t , th e amount o f h i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e f o r p re c e d in g p e r i o d s .2
P e t e r th e G r e a t , in h i s r e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f th e C e n t r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f th e R u ss ia n S t a t e d u r in g th e e a r l y e ig h t e e n t h c e n t u r y , form ed th e
The t r a n s c r i o t i o n o f th e C y r i l l i c a lp h a b e t conform s to th e B r i t i s h sy s te m as re p ro d u c e d by V . K. M atth ew s, "The L a t i n i s a t i o n o f C y r i l l i c C h a r a c t e r s " , S la v o n ic R eview , V o l. X X X (l951-52), pp. 54-2-5A3* T h is su rv e y o f th e
R u s s ia n and P o l i s h m a t e r i a l s r e l a t i n g to th e l i f e o f G azi G ira y i s l a r g e l y d e p e n d e n t on p r i n t e d m a t e r i a l s a v a i l a b l e i n E n g la n d . I n th e c a s e o f th e R u s s ia n S o u rc e s , much use h a s a ls o been made o f s i x t e e n t h and s e v e n te e n th
c e n tu r y T a t a r m a t e r i a l s w h ich a p p e a r in s ta n d a r d R u s s ia n h i s t o r i e s . The P o l i s h S o u r c e s , a p a r t from docum ents a p p e a rin g i n F re n c h o r L a t i n , have been t r a n s l a t e d f o r th e w r i t e r .
2I . L. Sherm an, RussldLe I s t o r i c h e s k i e I s t o c h n i k i X-XVIII v . v . (K h a rlk o v , 1 9 5 9 ), p. 92 f f . ; C f . , a l s o , a r t . " P o s o l 's k i y P r i k a z " , S n t s ik l o n e d i c h e s k iy S l o v a r1 ( S t . P e t e r s b u r g , 1 8 9 8 ), V o l. XXIV, p . 6 8 9 .
