A critical edition of "al-Muthul ala Kitab al-Muqarrab fi al-Nahw" by Ibn Usfur al-Ishbili

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DEPARTMENT OF THE NEAR AND M IDDLE EAST T e le g r a m s : S O A S U L . L O N D O N W .C.I T e le p h o n e : 0 1 - 6 3 7 2 3 8 8

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T h o s e w h o h a v e g r e a t d e t e r m i n a t i o n to k e e p o n l e a r n i n g a n d a c q u i r i n g m u c h k n o w l e d g e( t h o s e w h o a r e n o t w e a k e n e d w h e n t h e y m e e t d i f f i c u l t i e s , a n d a r e c a p a b l e of r e m o v i n g a ll t h e o b s t a c l e s t h a t s t a n d in t h e i r way .

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L i b r a r y in I s t a n b u l - th e g r e a t f a c i l i t y I f o u n d in u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g l i b r a r i e s in I s t a n b u l : B e y a z i t U m u m i ,

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A B U H A F S A L - C U M A R I A L - H I N T A T I

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A B U M U H A M M A D C A B D A L - W A H I D

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6 0 3 - 6 1 8 ( 1 2 0 6 - 1 2 2 1 )

A B U Z A K A R I Y A ' Y A H Y A 6 2 5 - 6 4 7 (1227-1249)

A B U CA B D A L L A H M U H A M M A D A L - M U N T A S I R

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( A L - M U S T A N S I R BI 'LLAH) 6 4 7 - 6 7 5 (1249-1276)

A F T E R

"A L - F A R I S I Y A FI M A B A D I ' A L - D A W L A A L - H A F S I Y A "

X V

A B S T R A C T

I w i s h to p a y a t r i b u t e to I b n cU s f u r , w h o s e n a m e is m e n t i o n e d in m o s t of t h e g r a m m a t i c a l w o r k s , s u c h as:

b y e d i t i n g " a l - M u t h u l c a l a K i t a b a l - M u q a r r a b " .

I h a v e d i v i d e d t h i s t h e s i s i n t o t h r e e c h a p t e r s : In t h e f i r s t I d e a l w i t h t h e b i o g r a p h y of

I b n c U s fu r , a n d w i t h a b r i e f s t a t e m e n t a b o u t t h e

p o l i t i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l i n f l u e n c e s t h a t s u r r o u n d e d h i s life.

I b n c U s f u r , t h e b e a r e r of t h e b a n n e r of A r a b i c in

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h i s t i m e in a l - A n d a l u s , w a s b o r n in S e v i l l e i n t h e y e a r 597 / 1200. H e s t u d i e d A r a b i c a n d l i t e r a t u r e in

a l - A n d a l u s u n t i l h e h a d m a s t e r e d them, h a v i n g s t u d i e d t h e r e u n d e r a g r o u p of g r e a t s c h o l a r s . O f t h e s e w e r e t h e t e a c h e r A b u c A l i a l - S h a l a w b i n h e a d of t h e g r a m m a r i a n s in a l - A n d a l u s , a n d t h e t e a c h e r A b u a l - H a s a n a l - D a b b a j S h a y k h of a l - A n d a l u s .

H e t h e n b e g a n to t e a c h in h i s c o u n t r y , t e a c h i n g g r a m m a r f o r a w h i l e . A f t e r t h a t a q u a r r e l w i t h h i s m a s t e r t o o k p l a c e w h i c h m a d e h i m l e a v e h i s n a t i v e town,

S e v i l l e , a n d t r a v e l t h r o u g h o u t a l - A n d a l u s , s t a y i n g in s e v e r a l t o w n s a n d s t u d y i n g u n d e r m a n y s c h o l a r s . M a n y s t u d e n t s c a m e to h i m f o r s t u d y a n d to a q u i r e b e n e f i t f r o m h i s k n o w l e d g e .

L a t e r o n h e c r o s s e d t h e s e a to I f r i q i y a a n d s t a y e d in T u n i s , h i g h l y r e s p e c t e d b y t h e H a f s i d C a l i p h ,

• •

a l - M u s t a n s i r b i 'Llah. O n r e t u r n i n g to h i s o w n c o u n t r y h e a g a i n t r a v e l l e d t h r o u g h o u t a l - A n d a l u s . T h e n h e

p a s s e d o v e r to a l - M a g h r i b , s t a y i n g in S a l a.

A t t h e i n v i t a t i o n of t h e f o r e m e n t i o n e d C a l i p h h e r e t u r n e d to I f r i q i y a , a n d s e t t l e d in T u n i s w h e r e h e d i e d in th e y e a r 669 / 1271.

I b n c U s f u r g r e w u p in S e v i l l e w h i c h w a s at t h a t t i m e t h e c e n t r e of t h e A l m o h a d g o v e r n m e n t in a l - A n d a l u s . In t h e y e a r 643 / 1 2 4 5 S e v i l l e c a m e u n d e r t h e r u l e of t h e H a f s i d s . In t h e y e a r 647 / 1248 S e v i l l e f e l l to t h e

4 4

C h r i s t i a n s .

W i t h r e g a r d to t h e c u l t u r a l li f e n o o n e d e n i e s t h e A l m o h a d s ' c a r e f o r c u l t u r e , a n d t h e g r e a t e f f o r t s t h e y m a d e t o n o u r i s h it.

W i t h r e g a r d to t h e H a f s i d s t a t e in w h i c h

• *

I b n c U s f u r w a s h i g h l y c o n s i d e r e d a n d r e s p e c t e d all its r u l e r s w e r e h i g h l y e d u c a t e d , t h e r e f o r e t h e y f a c i l i t a t e d t h e c o m i n g of t h e A n d a l u s i a n s in l a r g e n u m b e r s to

I f r i q i y a a n d a l - M a g h r i b .

X V I 1

B e s i d e s t h i s S e v i l l e t h e b i r t h p l a c e of Ib n c U s f u r h a d f l o u r i s h e d a t t h e t i m e of B a n u cA b b a d

4 1 4 - 4 8 4 / 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 9 1 , a n d r e m a i n e d f o r h a l f a c e n t u r y th e b r i l l i a n t c e n t r e of l i t e r a t u r e , v e r s e a n d p r o s e in

a l - A n d a l u s .

S o i t w a s n o t s t r a n g e t h a t Ib n c U s f u r b e c a m e k n o w n

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as a s c h o l a r , j u r i s p r u d e n t , g r a m m a r i a n , l i n g u i s t , h i s t o r i a n , a n d p o e t .

T h i s c h a p t e r is p r e c e d e d b y a n i n t r o d u c t i o n ,

s h o w i n g t h e h i g h s t a n d i n g of Ib n c U s f u r a m o n g t h e o t h e r g r a m m a r i a n s .

In t h e s e c o n d c h a p t e r I d e a l w i t h t h e w o r k s of I b n c U s f u r , a n d t h e i r i m p o r t a n c e in A r a b i c g r a m m a t i c a l s t u d i e s .

A l - S h a y k h a l - G h u b r i n i says:

"The w o r k s of A b u a l - H a s a n - m e a n i n g I b n c U s f u r - in

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A r a b i c a r e c o n s i d e r e d to b e s o m e of t h e b e s t a n d t h e m o s t d i g n i f i e d s u b j e c t s a n d c o m p i l a t i o n s " .

In f a c t I a m f o r t u n a t e b e c a u s e I m a n a g e d to h a v e p h o t o c o p i e s of al l t h e m a n u s c r i p t s , w h i c h I w a s in n e e d of i n m y t h e s i s , b y g o i n g - at my o w n e x p e n s e - to

I s t a n b u l , B a g h d a d , a n d b y t h e h e l p of a r e l a t i v e a n d h i s f ri e n d .

T h o s e p h o t o c o p i e s w h i c h I h a v e h e l p e d m e in

d i s c o v e r i n g s e c r e t s a b o u t t h e w o r k s of I b n c U s f u r , s u c h

«

b y I b n c U s f u r , a n d n o t d i f f e r e n t w o r k s as is m e n t i o n e d in " a l - M u q a r r a b " , pt. I, pp. 16, 17.

" S h a r h a l - M u q a r r a b " is c o m p l e t e , a n d n o t as is m e n t i o n e d in m a n y r e f e r e n c e s : " Ib n c U s f u r d i d n o t

*

f i n i s h " S h a r h a l - M u q a r r a b " . In my o p i n i o n t h e i r c o m p i l e r s k n e w o n l y t h e c o p y of Fas, s i n c e t h e f o l l o w i n g is w r i t t e n o n its t i t l e pag e :

s /

I h a v e d i s c o v e r e d o t h e r c o p i e s of " a l - M u q a r r a b " , w h i c h a r e n o t m e n t i o n e d b y a n y c o m p i l e r .

I h a v e d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e f i r s t b o o k of t h e

m a n u s c r i p t 1 0 7 1 / A s i r E f e n d i is n o t " a l - M u q a r r a b " as

t —

is m e n t i o n e d b y B r o c k e l m a n n a n d R e s c h e r , b u t a b o o k b y I b n M a l i k a l - A n d a l u s i .

I h a v e d i s c o v e r e d a n o t h e r c o p y of

" a l - T a d r i b fi M u t h u l a l - T a q r i b " in B e y a z i t U m u m i / I s t a n b u l , w h i c h is n o t m e n t i o n e d b y a n y c o m p i l e r .

A s f o r t h e o t h e r w o r k s of I b n c U s f u r I h a v e

0

f o u n d t h e f o l l o w i n g :

T h e c o r r e c t p r o n u n c i a t i o n of " a l - H i l a l i y a " o n

g r a m m a r , a n d t h e o c c a s i o n u p o n w h i c h it w a s c o m p i l e d . T h i s n e w i n f o r m a t i o n w a s f o u n d b y t h e t r u s t w o r t h y

I bn Q u n f u d h . T h e o t h e r c o m p i l e r s d o n o t k n o w

x i x

a n y t h i n g a b o u t it.

2. W h a t " I d a h a l - M u s h k i l 11 d e a l s w i t h . It is

a c o m m e n t a r y o n " a l - M u g h r i b " b y a l - M u t a r r i z i . W h i l e

mmmm *

Q a b a w a says: " P e r h a p s it is o n e of t h e c o m m e n t a r i e s o n 1a l - J u m a l '"; a n d K a h h a l a says: "I t is o n g r a m m a r " . 3. E d i t o r s of " a l - M u q a r r a b " in pt. I, p. 17 s a y t h a t

" a l - S h a r h a l - K a b i r " is " S h a r h a l - M u q a r r a b " . T h i s is i n c o r r e c t b e c a u s e " a l - S h a r h a l - K a b i r " w h i c h is a l s o c a l l e d " A h k a m I b n c U s f u r " is o n e of t h e t h r e e

• *___

c o m m e n t a r i e s b y I b n c U s f u r o n " J u m a l a l - Z a j j a j i " .

T h e t h i r d c h a p t e r is th e e d i t i o n w h i c h d e a l s w i t h m a n y p o i n t s of A r a b i c g r a m m a r , w i t h e x a m p l e s of c o r r e c t u s a g e .

In m y e d i t i o n I h a v e f o l l o w e d t h i s way : 1. I h a v e c o p i e d t h e t e x t c a r e f u l l y in m y o w n

h a n d w r i t i n g , a n d I h a v e d o n e m y b e s t t o p r e s e n t it in a g o o d w a y in r e g a r d to v o c a l i z a t i o n a n d

p u n c t u a t i o n .

2. I h a v e s h o w n t h e d i f f e r e n c e a m o n g t h e m a n u s c r i p t s e x a c t l y as it is in r e g a r d to v o c a l i z a t i o n .

3. I h a v e e x p l a i n e d t h e w o r d s a n d e x p r e s s i o n s w h i c h I t h i n k a r e in n e e d of e x p l a n a t i o n .

4. I h a v e c l a r i f i e d t h e q u o t a t i o n

b y m e n t i o n i n g w h a t c o m e s b e f o r e o r a f t e r it in

" a l - M u q a r r a b " w h e n i t is in n e e d o f c l a r i t y . 5. I h a v e t r i e d to g i v e m o r e e x p l a n a t i o n s of t h e

g r a m m a t i c a l p o i n t s b y r e f e r r i n g to o t h e r r e f e r e n c e s . 6. I h a v e m e n t i o n e d t h e m e t r e of t h e p o e t i c g r a m m a t i c a l

e x a m p l e s .

7. I h a v e g i v e n a b r i e f d e f i n i t i o n to t h e p r o p e r n a m e s , a n d n a m e s o f t h e c i t i e s t h a t o c c u r i n t h e text.

F i n a l l y , a n d w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e y e a r s t h a t o c c u r w i t h i n t h e w h o l e t h e s i s I h a v e a d d e d t h e

C h r i s t i a n d a t e , a n d p u t it b e t w e e n t w o b r a c k e t s w h e n it is n o t m e n t i o n e d b y t h e r e f e r e n c e .

x x i

I N T R O D U C T I O N

I b n c U s f u r k e p t c l o s e to h i s t e a c h e r s in

a l - A n d a l u s u n t i l h e h a d m a s t e r e d A r a b i c a n d l i t e r a t u r e , t h e n h e b e g a n t o t e a c h .

I b n S h a k i r a l - K u t u b i says: "He w a s t h e m o s t p a t i e n t p e r s o n , n e v e r w e a r y i n g in h i s r e a d i n g " ; m a n y c o n f i r m e d this.

A l - G h a z z i says: "He w a s a l e a d e r in g r a m m a r , no o n e c o u l d k e e p u p w i t h h i m " .

I b n c U s f u r b e c a m e a n o u t s t a n d i n g s c h o l a r in A r a b i c a n d l i t e r a t u r e , a n d h i s c o m p i l a t i o n s o n t h e s e t w o

s u b j e c t s a c k n o w l e d g e t h a t h i g h p o s i t i o n .

A l - A n s a r i a l - M a r r a k u s h i says: "His 1M u q a r r a b 1 on g r a m m a r is a p r o o f of h i s m a s t e r y of A r a b i c " .

A l - G h a z z i says: " ' A l - M u q a r r a b 1 is a c o m p r e h e n s i v e w o r k w h i c h c a r a v a n s c a r r i e d fa r a n d w i d e " .

I b n S a c id a l - M u d l i j i s a y s in h i s n o t e o n h i s

t e a c h e r I b n c U s f u r : "I b r o u g h t w i t h me f r o m I f r i q i y a t h e b o o k 1a l - M u q a r r a b 1 w h i c h is on g r a m m a r ; it t h e n w a s

r e c e i v e d w i t h g r e a t p l e a s u r e a n d r e s p e c t f r o m e v e r y s i d e " .

Q a b a w a says: " ' A l - M u q a r r a b 1 is t h e m o s t f a m o u s

b o o k of I b n c U s f u r ; its f a m e s p r e a d i n t h e E a s t a n d W e s t " .

A b u H a y y a n a l - A n d a l u s i says:

" ' A l - M u m t i c fi a l - S a r f is t h e b e s t of w h a t is c o m p i l e d

9

o n t h i s a r t in its a r r a n g e m e n t , r e c t i f i c a t i o n , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d m a k i n g o t h e r s u n d e r s t a n d " .

A l - A n s a r i a l - M a r r a k u s h i says: " I b n ^ U s f u r ' s c o m p i l a t i o n o n m o r p h o l o g y is g r e a t a n d u s e f u l " .

A l - H a j j K h a l i f a says: " ' A l - M u m t i c fi a l - S a r f ' is

• *____

t h e b e s t m e d i u m - s i z e d b o o k o n m o r p h o l o g y , r a r e l y d o e s o n e f i n d a g r a m m a t i c a l b o o k w h i c h d o e s n o t h a v e s o m e of its m a t t e r s " .

c A b d a l - Q a d i r a l - B a g h d a d i q u o t e s f r o m

" D a r a ' i r a l - S h i c r" a n d " S h a r h a l - I d a h " in h i s f a m o u s

> — * * »

w o r k " K h i z a n a t a l - A d a b " .

A l - G h u b r i n i says: " I b n c U s f u r is w o r t h y of h a v i n g h i s s t a t e m e n t s p r e f e r r e d to t h o s e of o t h e r g r a m m a r i a n s " .

I b n c U s f u r w a s t h e m o s t b r i l l i a n t s t u d e n t of A b u c A l i a l - S h a l a w b i n , b u t w h e n he b e c a m e i n d e p e n d e n t a n d s a t f o r t e a c h i n g , a l - S h a l a w b i n t r i e d t o l o w e r h i s d i g n i t y . T h e f o l l o w i n g s t o r y c o n f i r m s thi s :

O n c e t h e t e a c h e r A b u J a c fa r a l - L a b l i h a d r e a d to h i m t h e v e r s e of I m r u ' u '1-Qays:

X X 1 1 1

H e t h e n a s k e d h i s s t u d e n t s : " W h a t is t h e o p e r a t i v e in t h i s a d v e r b ? " m e a n i n g T h e y d i s a g r e e d w i t h

/

e a c h o t h e r . H e said: " E n o u g h , t hi s v e r s e w a s r e a d to o u r t e a c h e r A b u c A l i a l - S h a l a w b i n , a n d h e a s k e d us t h e s a m e q u e s t i o n , t h e n h e s a i d to us: " W h e n y o u g o o u t a s k t h a t i g n o r a n t m a n - m e a n i n g Ibn C’U s f u r " .

m

W h e n w e w e n t o u t w e all c a m e t o h i m in t h e m o s q u e s u r r o u n d e d b y a l a r g e g r o u p , t a l k i n g a b o u t r a r e p o i n t s of g r a m m a r . W e d i d n o t d a r e to a s k h i m b e c a u s e of h i s s o l e m n a p p e a r a n c e a n d i m p r e s s i v e c h a r a c t e r , so w e w e n t a w a y ".

T h i s h i g h s t a n d i n g w h i c h Ib n ^ U s f u r e n j o y e d

o v e r w h e l m e d th e I s l a m i c w o r l d in t h e E a s t a n d W e s t , so t h e j u d g e N a s i r a l - D i n Ib n a l - M u n a y y i r , j u d g e of

A l e x a n d r i a , c o n s i d e r e d h i m t h e s e a l of t h e g r a m m a r i a n s w h e n h e l a m e n t e d h i m in t h e s e t w o v e r s e s :

B u t t h i s w i d e r e p u t a t i o n i n d u c e d s o m e of

Ib n c U s f u r ' s A n d a l u s i a n c o n t e m p o r a r i e s , a n d t h o s e w h o c a m e a f t e r h i m to e n v y h i s g r e a t fame, so I b n a l - Z u b a y r says: " T h e t e a c h e r of A r a b i c h a s n o t h i n g to b e n e f i t f r o m e x c e p t f o r A r a b i c , a n d h e is n o t q u a l i f i e d f o r a n y t h i n g e l s e " ; o t h e r g r a m m a r i a n s d i d n o t a g r e e w i t h him.

I b n M a l i k d e f a m e d h i s k n o w l e d g e , a n d s o m e t i m e s a s c r i b e d to h i m i g n o r a n c e a n d l a c k of a c c u r a c y .

A b u H a y y a n d e c r i e d I b n c U s f u r ' s i m i t a t i o n of t h e

m •

o l d s c h o l a r s b e c a u s e of i g n o r a n c e .

T h e r e a r e m a n y s c h o l a r s w h o c r i t i c i z e d

" a l - M u q a r r a b " s u c h as: Ib n H i s h a m , Ib n a l - H a j j , I b n a l - D a ' i c , Ib n a l - K h a z r a j i in h i s c o m p i l a t i o n

" a l - M a n h a j a l - M u c a r r a b fi a l - R a d d c a l a a l - M u q a r r a b " , a n d H a z i m a l - Q a r t a j a n n i in h i s b o o k

« «

" S h a d d a l - Z i y a r c a l a J a h f a l a t a l - H i m a r " .

A f t e r t h a t I b n a l - A z r a q s t a r t e d t o p u t d o w n t h e v a l u e of I b n c U s f u r , a n d t o a s s e r t t h a t I b n a l - D a ' i c p u t

• •

d o w n t h e f a m e o f I b n c U s fu r , t h e n h e r e c i t e s :

' £ ^U J > ! > <

X X V

B u t a l l w h a t is m e n t i o n e d a b o u t I b n c U s f u r c o u l d 4

n o t l o w e r h i s s t a n d i n g in t h e h i s t o r y of A r a b i c g r a m m a r . A l - M a q q a r i c o m m e n t e d o n t h o s e c r i t i c i s m s b y s a y i n g t h a t t h e y a r e f u l l of c o n f u s i o n , t h e n h e r e c i t e s :

T H E B I O G R A P H Y OF I B N C U S F U R A N D

A B R I E F S T A T E M E N T A B O U T

T H E P O L I T I C A L A N D C U L T U R A L I N F L U E N C E S T H A T S U R R O U N D E D H I S L I F E

2

Ib n cU s f u r 597 - 669 12 0 0 - 12 7 1

A b u a l - H a s a n , *Ali Ibn M u ' m i n I b n M u h a m m a d Ibn CA l i

• #

Ibn A h m a d I b n M u h a m m a d I b n A h m a d I b n * U m a r I b n * A b d A l l a h

m * «

Ib n * U s f u r a l - H a d r a m i a l - I s h b i l i , w h o is k n o w n as

• • « —

Ibn * U s f u r .

#

A l - G h u b r i n i a c o n t e m p o r a r y of I b n c U s f u r says:

- - - W

" E v e r y o n e w h o s t u d i e d u n d e r A b u *Al i a l - S h a l a w b i n in hi s c o u n t r y w a s c o m m e n d a b l e , a n d f r o m my p o i n t of v i e w the g r e a t e s t of t h e s e w e r e t w o men: T h e t e a c h e r A b u a l - H a s a n

*

( m e a n i n g I b n c Usf u r ) a n d t h e t e a c h e r A b u a l - H a s a n (sic)

# •

Ibn A b u a l - R a b i * . - T h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t of t h e t w o w a s t he

1. T h i s is h o w t h e n a m e is m e n t i o n e d in t h e MS.

#»

" a l - M u q a r r a b " w h i c h is -in S u l e y m a n i y e / L a l e l i / 3523.

A l - Z i r i k l i in " a l - A * l a m " , 1s t ed. says:

" * A l i b. M u s a " i n s t e a d of " M u ' m i n " .

B r o c k e l m a n n in " T a r i k h " , pt. V, p. 366 says:

" A b u a l - H a s a n *Al i b. M u ' m i n b. M u h a m m a d b. c U s f u r

— • *

F a r h u n a l - I s h b i l i a l - H a d r a m i " .

• * 0

A l - A n s a r i a l - M a r r a k u s h i in " a l - D h a y l ", vol. V, pt. I, p. 413 says: " I b n * Ab d A l l a h b. M a n z u r b. c U s f u r

. * #

a l - H a d r a m i " .

• *

2. ^ U m a r b. M u h a m m a d a l - A z d i a l - S h a l a w b i n i or

• — ■*

a l - S h a l a w b i n .

A l - Z i r i k l i , a l - A c lam, 3 r d ed.

3. ^ A b d A l l a h b. A h m a d A b u a l - H u s a y n I b n A b u a l - R a b i c

_ m *

a l - Q u r a s h i a l - U m a w i a l - I s h b i l i .

A l - S u y u t i , B u g h y a t a l - W u ^ a , ed. I b r a h i m , pt. II, p. 125.

t e a c h e r A b u a l - H a s a n I b n * U s f u r , a n d I d o n o t t h i n k t h a t

* *

t h e r e w a s a n y o n e g r e a t e r t h a n h i m a m o n g t h e l as t of t he t e a c h e r s .

H e b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r - m a y G o d h a v e m e r c y u p o n h i m - m e m o r i z i n g , p e r f e c t i o n , c o n c e p t i o n a n d e l o q u e n c e . He m e m o r i z e d a n d u n d e r s t o o d w h a t he m e m o r i z e d , a n d w a s a b l e to e x p r e s s w h a t he h a d in h i s mind, a n d t h i s is t he aim.

(

1

I b n * U s f u r cA l i Ib n M u ' m i n , th e w e l l - k n o w n e s t e e m e d

#

s c h o l a r , b e a r e r of th e b a n n e r of A r a b i c in h i s t i m e in (t)

a l - A n d a l u s , w a s b o r n in S e v i l l e in th e y e a r 597 / 1200.

He s t u d i e d A r a b i c a n d l i t e r a t u r e in a l - A n d a l u s u n t i l he h a d m a s t e r e d them, h a v i n g s t u d i e d t h e r e u n d e r a g r o u p of g r e a t s c h o l a r s . Of t h e s e w e r e t h e t e a c h e r A b u fA l i

a l - S h a l a w b i n h e a d of t h e g r a m m a r i a n s in a l - A n d a l u s , a n d t h e t e a c h e r A b u a l - H a s a n a l - D a b b a j S h a y k h of a l - A n d a l u s .

It w a s k n o w n t h a t a l - S h a l a w b i n a n d a l - D a b b a j w e r e a m o n g t h e m o s t c e l e b r a t e d g r a m m a r i a n s of t h e t i m e of

1. * U n w a n a l - D i r a y a , p. 318.

2. A t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h i s y e a r a f r i g h t f u l e v en t , th e g r e a t f l oo d , o c c u r r e d in S e v i l l e , t h e l i k e of w h i c h h a d n o t b e e n h e a r d o f b e f o r e .

< I n a n , D a w l a t a l - I s l a m fi a l - A n d a l u s ( a l - fA s r III, pt. II) - c A s r a l - M u w a h h i d i n w a I n h i y a r a l - A n d a l u s

♦ 0 •

a l - K u b r a , p. 256.

3. * A l i b. J a b i r a l - I m a m a l - I s h b i l i a l - L a k h m i a l - N a h w i . A l - S u y u t i , B u g h y a t a l - W u ^ a , ed. I b r a h i m , pt. II,

p. 153.

4

I b n < U s fu r , so h e a c q u i r e d f r o m t h e m w h a t o t h e r s c o u l d n o t a c q u i r e .

I b n c U s f u r k e p t c l o s e to a l - S h a l a w b i n f o r n e a r l y t e n y e a r s , d u r i n g w h i c h he o b t a i n e d m u c h , t i l l h e c o m p l e t e d w i t h h i m t h e s t u d y of " K i t a b S i b a w a y h " . H e t h e n b e g a n to t e a c h in h i s c o u n t r y , t e a c h i n g g r a m m a r f o r a w h i l e . A f t e r t h a t a q u a r r e l w i t h h i s m a s t e r t o o k p l a c e w h i c h m a d e h i m

l e a v e h i s n a t i v e town, S e v i l l e , a n d t r a v e l t h r o u g h o u t a l - A n d a l u s , s t a y i n g in s e v e r a l t o w n s a n d s t u d y i n g u n d e r m a n y s c h o l a r s .

I bn S h a k i r a l - K u t u b i says: "He w a s t h e m o s t p a t i e n t p e r s o n , n e v e r w e a r y i n g i n hi s r e a d i n g " ; m a n y c o n f i r m e d this.

A l - G h a z z i says: "He w a s a l e a d e r in g r a m m a r , no o n e c o u l d k e e p u p w i t h h i m " .

He s t a y e d s o m e m o n t h s in J e r e z , M a l a g a , L o r c a a n d M u r c i a w h e r e h e t a u g h t t h e Q u r ' a n a n d g r a m m a r ; m a n y

s t u d e n t s c a m e to h i m f o r s t u d y a n d a c q u i r i n g b e n e f i t f r o m h i s k n o w l e d g e . T h e r e h e d i c t a t e d h i s c o m m e n t a r i e s on

" a l - J u m a l " , " a l - I d a h " , " K i t a b S i b a w a y h " a n d " a l - J u z u l i y a " ; h e d i c t a t e d all t h e s e f r o m m e m o r y , t h e m o s t u s e f u l

c o m m e n t a r i e s of t h e i r kin d .

T h i s l i f e of a t r a v e l l i n g t e a c h e r h e l p e d I b n ^ D s f u r to k e e p in t o u c h w i t h m a n y s t u d e n t s of A r a b i c , a n d it w a s t a k e n f o r g r a n t e d t h a t e v e r y o n e w h o r e a d u n d e r Ib n c U s f u r w a s w o r t h y of p r a i s e . T h e m o s t o u t s t a n d i n g s t u d e n t w h o

- - “ ( f ) w a s i n f l u e n c e d m u c h b y h i m w a s A b u H a y y a n a l - A n d a l u s i . O n e of t h e b e s t of al l h i s s t u d e n t s in k n o w l e d g e , t e m p e r , k i n d n e s s , l e a d e r s h i p a n d d i g n i t y w a s t h e j u r i s p r u d e n t A b u Z a k a r i y a a l - Y i f r a n i . ^

L a t e r o n h e c r o s s e d t h e s e a to I f r i q i y a a n d s t a y e d in T u n i s a litt le . B e i n g c l o s e to a l - A m i r A b u cA b d A l l a h

(3) _

M u h a m m a d I b n A b u Z a k a r i y a ' Ibn A b u H a f s h e m o v e d w i t h h i m to B i j a y a , w h e r e h e s t a y e d f o r a p e r i o d of time.

H e t h e n r e t u r n e d to t h e c a p i t a l of I f r i q i y a a n d g a t h e r e d g r e a t r e w a r d s f r o m the C o m m a n d e r of t he F a i t h f u l a l - M u s t a n s i r b i 'Llah, th e f o r e m e n t i o n e d A m i r , w h o r e a d

#

u n d e r I bn c U s f u r b e f o r e th e t r a n s f e r of t h e e m i r a t e to

9

him, a n d w h o c o n s i d e r e d I b n * U s f u r o n e of h i s c l o s e s t

9

c o m p a n i o n s .

O n r e t u r n i n g to h i s o w n c o u n t r y he a g a i n t r a v e l l e d t h r o u g h o u t a l - A n d a l u s a n d v i s i t e d L o r c a . T h e n h e m o v e d to t h e w e s t a n d p a s s e d o v e r to a l - M a g h r i b , s t a y i n g in S a l a .

A t t h e i n v i t a t i o n of t h e H a f s i d C a l i p h

9 9

a l - M u s t a n s i r b i 'Llah h e r e t u r n e d to I f r i q i y a a n d s e t t l e d

9

1. M u h a m m a d b. Y u s u f a l - G h a r n a t i , A t h i r a l - D i n . A l - Z i r i k l i , a l - A clam, 3 r d ed.

2. Y a h y a b. *Ali.

A l - M a q q a r i , N a f h a l - T i b , vol. IV, p. 146.

3. Y a h y a b. *Ab d a l - W a h i d .

A l - Z i r i k l i , a l - A clam, 3rd ed.

6

in T u n i s w h e r e h e d i e d in t h e y e a r 669 / 1 2 7 1 . ^

1. T h i s b i o g r a p h y is a s u m m a r y t a k e n from:

§ A l - A n s a r i a l - M a r r a k u s h i , a l - D h a y l , vol . V, pt. I,

pp. 4 1 3 - 4 1 4 . ---

& A l - B a g h d a d i ( I s m a * i l ) , H a d i y a t a l - * A r i f i n , vol. I ,

p. 712. —

% B r o c k e l m a n n , T a r i k h , pt. V, pp. 3 6 6 - 3 6 7 .

% A l - G h a z z i , T a s h n i f a l - M a s a m i c , p. 45.

% A l - G h u b r i n i , < U n w a n a l - D i r a y a , pp. 3 1 7 - 3 1 9 .

& I b n a l - cI m a d a l - H a n b a l i , S h a d h a r a t a l - D h a h a b , pt. V , pp. 3 3 0 - 3 3 1 .

% Ib n Q u n f u d h , a l - W a f a y a t , p. 331.

% I b n S h a k i r a l - K u t u b i , F a w a t a l - W a f a y a t , pt. II, pp. 1 8 4 - 1 8 5 .

% I b n * U s f u r :

0

* A l - M u m t i c , pt. I, pp. 4-6.

* A l - M u q a r r a b , pt. I, pp. 7-15.

% I b n a l - Z u b a y r , S i l a t a l - S i l a , pp. 1 4 2 - 1 4 3 .

• •

& K a h h a l a , M u cj a m a l - M u 'a l l i f i n .

• * _______iijiu n —

% Q a b a w a , I b n * U s f u r w a ' 1 - T a s r i f , pp. 43-62.

& A l - S u y u t i , B u g h y a t a l - W u * ^ , p. 357.

0

% T a s k o p r u Zade, M i f t a h a l - S a c ada, pt. I, p. 141.

f *

% T r o u p e a u , El, n. ed., vol. Ill, p. 962.

% A l - Z i r i k l i , a l - A ^ l a m , 3r d ed.

T h e r e a r e m a n y d i f f e r e n t o p i n i o n s a b o u t t h e y e a r of h i s d e a t h , t h e p l a c e in w h i c h h e d i e d a n d t h e w a y in w h i c h h e die d :

I b n S h a k i r a l - K u t u b i says: " A l - S h a y k h T a q i a l - D i n

- ~ T v r

I b n T a y m i y a c l a i m e d t h a t Ib n * U s f u r w a s p e l t e d w i t h b i t t e r

#

o r a n g e s in a d r i n k i n g p a r t y u n t i l he d i e d " . T h i s w a s in the y e a r 669.

A l - S u y u t i s u p p o r t s t h a t s t o r y a n d says: "He d i e d on

m

2 4 t h D h u ' 1 - Q a cda in t h e y e a r 663 (1264). T h e y sa y also:

'In t h e y e a r 6 6 9 1 " .

A l - A n s a r i a l - M a r r a k u s h i says: "He d i e d at h o m e in

• ^—m

the o l d c i t y of T u n i s on S a t u r d a y a f t e r n o o n

2 4 t h D h u 11 - Q a * d a in t h e y e a r 659 (1260), a n d w a s b u r i e d th e s a m e a f t e r n o o n " .

A l - Z a r k a s h i s a y s t h a t on S u n d a y n i g h t

2 5 t h D h u ’1 - Q a cda in t he y e a r 669 t h e t e a c h e r , th e g r a m m a r i a n A b u a l - H a s a n I b n cU s f u r d i e d in T u n i s . T h e

* «

c a u s e of h i s d e a t h w a s t h a t o n e d a y I b n c U s f u r c a m e u p o n th e S u l t a n w h i l e h e w a s s i t t i n g in A b u F i h r ' s g a r d e n s in a l - Q u b b a w h i c h o v e r l o o k s t h e l a r g e w a t e r i n g t r o u g h . T h e S u l t a n t h e n s a i d to h i m b o a s t i n g of h i s s t a t e : " Ou r s t a t e h a s b e c o m e g r e a t ! " I b n cU s f u r r e p l i e d : "B y us a n d t h e

♦

l i k e " .

1. A h m a d b. cA b d a l - H a l i m .

* +

A l - Z i r i k l i , a l - A clam, 3 rd ed.

T h e S u l t a n k e p t t h i s r e p l y in h i s m i n d , a n d w h e n Ibn cU s f u r g o t up to g o a w a y t h e S u l t a n o r d e r e d s o m e of hi s m e n to t h r o w h i m f u l l y d r e s s e d i n t o t h e f o r e m e n t i o n e d t r o u g h (that d a y w a s v e r y c o l d ) , a n d n o t l et h i m g e t out, p r e t e n d i n g to p l a y a n d joke.

W h e n he c a m e o u t he c a u g h t c o l d a n d a h i g h f e v e r f r o m w h i c h h e s u f f e r e d f o r t h r e e days. T h e n h e d i e d, a n d w a s b u r i e d in t h e c e m e t e r y of Ibn M u h a n n a n e a r th e

c e m e t e r y of a l - S h a y k h I b n N a f i s , to t h e e a s t of Y a n t a j m l g a t e o n e of t h e o l d c i t y ' s g a t e s . H i s g r a v e is s t i l l to b e f o u n d in S u q a l - Q u m a s h , a n d the c e m e t e r y w a s at t h a t

. —

(

)

t i m e n e x t to J a m i c a l - Z a y t u n a .

I b n Q u n f u d h says: "In th e y e a r 669 t h e t e a c h e r A b u a l - H a s a n cA l i I b n c U s f u r , t he g r a m m a r i a n w a s d r o w n e d in T u n i s ".

F i n a l l y , e d i t o r s of " a l - M u q a r r a b " say: "The r e p o r t

Ct) ---

of I b n M a k t u m in t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of " a l - M u q a r r a b " (MS.) is t h e m o s t r e l i a b l e a n d t r u s t w o r t h y , b e c a u s e of the p r o x i m i t y of I b n M a k t u m to t h e p e r i o d of I b n * U s f u r , a n d b e c a u s e I b n M a k t u m s t u d i e d u n d e r A b u H a y y a n a l - A n d a l u s i ,

M

o n e of I b n ^ U s f u r ' s s t u d e n t s .

1. T h i s s u m m a r y is t a k e n from:

T a r i k h a l - D a w l a t a y n a l - M u w a h h i d i y a w a '1 - H a f s i y a , p . 39 .

2. A h m a d b. cA b d a l - Q a d i r .

A l - Z i r i k l i , a l - A c lam, 3 r d ed.

T h e r e p o r t says: 'Ibn cU s f u r d i e d in T u n i s on

#

S a t u r d a y 2 4 t h D h u 11 - Q a cda (A.H. 669 ) ' " .

F r o m w h a t p r e c e d e d t w o p o i n t s - b e c a m e c l e a r : 1. T h e d a t e of t h e d e a t h .

2. T h e c a u s e o f t h e d e a t h .

R e g a r d i n g t h e f i r s t , t h e p r e p o n d e r a n t d a t e is 669.

C o n c e r n i n g t h e s e c o n d , t w o s t o r i e s w e r e n a r r a t e d : 1. T h e s t o r y of t h e d r i n k i n g p a r t y .

2. T h e s t o r y of th e S u l t a n .

As f o r me I d o n o t b e l i e v e t h e s t o r y of t h e d r i n k i n g p a r t y b e c a u s e :

F i r s t l y - Ib n * U s f u r is m e n t i o n e d in m a n y r e f e r e n c e s as

S e c o n d l y - It is u n r e a s o n a b l e t h a t s u c h a p r o f e s s o r as

Ibn c U s f u r w a s p e l t e d w i t h o r a n g e s in a d r i n k i n g p a r t y , b e c a u s e it is k n o w n t h a t h e w a s

a d i g n i f i e d e s t e e m e d s c h o l a r , h i g h l y r e s p e c t e d a n d c o n s i d e r e d b y o t h e r s . T h e f o l l o w i n g s t o r y c o n f i r m s this:

O n c e t h e t e a c h e r A b u J a < f a r a l - L a b l i

(Ahmad I b n Yusuf) h a d r e a d to h i m t h e s a y i n g of I m r u 'u 11 - Q a y s :

a l - S h a y k h , a l - I m a m , th e v i r t u o u s m a n a n d th e j u r i s p r u d e n t .

1. D i w a n , p. 236.

10

He t h e n a s k e d h i s s t u d e n t s : " W h a t is t h e o p e r a t i v e in t hi s a d v e r b ? " m e a n i n g " «ij " . T h e y d i s a g r e e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r . He said: " E n o u g h , t hi s v e r s e w a s r e a d to o u r

t e a c h e r A b u ’cA l i a l - S h a l a w b i n , a n d h e a s k e d us t h e s a m e q u e s t i o n " .

A t t h a t t i m e A b u a l - H a s a n Ib n c U s f u r w a s s k i l l e d

« *

a n d h a d b e c o m e i n d e p e n d e n t a n d s a t fo r t e a c h i n g , a n d a l - S h a l a w b i n w a s t r y i n g to l o w e r h i s d i g n i t y . H e

( a l - S h a l a w b i n ) s a i d to us: " W h e n y o u go o u t a s k t h a t i g n o r a n t m a n " m e a n i n g I b n cU s f u r .

0

W h e n w e w e n t o u t w e all c a m e to h i m in t h e m o s q u e s u r r o u n d e d b y a l a r g e g r o u p , t a l k i n g a b o u t r a r e p o i n t s of g r a m m a r . W e d i d n o t d a r e to a s k h i m b e c a u s e of his

s o l e m n a p p e a r a n c e a n d i m p r e s s i v e c h a r a c t e r , so w e w e n t a w a y . ^

In t h i s c a s e I a g r e e w i t h Q a b a w a w h o says: "It is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e S u l t a n h a d f a b r i c a t e d a n d s p r e a d t h e s t o r y of t h e d r i n k i n g p a r t y a n d t he o r a n g e s a m o n g the p e o p l e , to c o n c e a l t h e d e a t h of Ib n c U s f u r b e c a u s e of h i s u g l y joke. T h i s s t o r y p e r h a p s w e n t o n t il l it r e a c h e d

Ib n T a y m i y a a n d o t h e r s .

If t h i s is c o r r e c t , I b n c U s f u r d i e d b e c a u s e h e w a s

0

t h r o w n i n t o t h e w a t e r of t h e l a r g e t r o u g h , a n d b e c a u s e of t h i s I b n Q u n f u d h says: 'Abu a l - H a s a n I b n c U s fu r , t h e

g r a m m a r i a n w a s 'drowned in T u n i s '".

1. A l - M a q q a r i , N a f h a l - T i b , vol. II, pp. 2 0 9 - 2 1 0 , 208.

It w a s k n o w n t h a t I b n cU s f u r w a s a l s o a poet, a n d here are two ve r s e s bv him:

E d i t o r s of " a l - M u q a r r a b " say - a c c o r d i n g to w h a t Ib n M a k t u m m e n t i o n e d - t h a t Ib n cU s f u r e x t e m p o r i z e d t h e s e t w o v e r s e s w i t h o u t p r e p a r a t i o n .

T h e y s a y als o : " I b n a l - W a r d i m e n t i o n s t h a t

I bn €U s f u r u s e d to d y e hi s h a i r a n d b e a r d w i t h h e n n a , a n d

*

f o r t h i s r e a s o n he c o m p o s e d t h e s e t wo v e r s e s " .

A l t h o u g h Ib n c U s f u r c o m p o s e d t h e s e t w o v e r s e s , I s t i l l t h i n k he w a s n o t so i m p i o u s as w o u l d a p p e a r f r o m h i s o w n v e r s e .

W h e n Ibn c U s f u r d i e d t h e j u d g e N a s i r a l - D i n

• *

A h m a d Ibn M u h a m m a d w h o is k n o w n as I b n a l - M u n a y y i r , j u d g e of A l e x a n d r i a , l a m e n t e d h i m in t h e s e t w o v e r s e s :

C, j

0 - ^ - 3 £ p \

/ -

(I)

1. T h e y s a y also:

2. c U m a r b. M u z a f f a r .

A l - Z i r i k l i , a l - A clam, 3r d ed.

12

I b n a l - A z r a q ( M u h a m m a d Ibn cAli) r e c i t e s in hi s b o o k " R a w d a t a l - A c lam" t h e p r e v i o u s v e r s e s thus:

T i u J ;

Jii

V , t I /

OfJ r ?

1. A l - M a q q a r i , N a f h a l - T i b , vol. II, pp. 701, 699.

A B r i e f S t a t e m e n t a b o u t

t h e P o l i t i c a l a n d C u l t u r a l I n f l u e n c e s t h a t s u r r o u n d e d th e L i f e of

I b n c U s f u r

I b n c U s f u r g r e w u p in S e v i l l e w h i c h w a s at t h a t t i m e t h e c e n t r e of t h e A l m o h a d g o v e r n m e n t in a l - A n d a l u s . B u t w h e n t h i s . i m m e n s e s t a t e b e c a m e w e a k b e c a u s e of the c o n t i n u o u s q u a r r e l s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e s u c c e s s i o n to t he c a l i p h a t e , S e v i l l e f i n a l l y c a m e in t h e y e a r 643 / 1245 u n d e r t h e r u l e of t h e H a f s i d s w h o s e p a r a t e d I f r i q i y a f r o m

* *

th e A l m o h a d s t a t e in t h e y e a r 628 (1230), a n d m a d e it i n d e p e n d e n t u n d e r t h e i r o w n rule. In t h e y e a r 647 / 1248 S e v i l l e f e l l to t h e C h r i s t i a n s .

In r e g a r d to t h e c u l t u r a l life n o o n e d e n i e s th e A l m o h a d s 1 c a r e f o r c u l t u r e , a n d the g r e a t e f f o r t s t h e y m a d e to n o u r i s h it. T h e i r a g e w a s o n e of t h e r i c h e s t in th e h i s t o r y of a l - A n d a l u s a n d a l - M a g h r i b in c u l t u r a l m o v e m e n t s , b e c a u s e of t h a t s c i e n t i f i c t e n d e n c y w h i c h d o m i n a t e d m o s t of th e c a l i p h s , a n d h a d a g r e a t e f f e c t on a t t r a c t i n g w e l l - k n o w n s c h o l a r s , w r i t e r s - a n d t h i n k e r s to t h e A l m o h a d c o u r t , b o t h in M a r r a k u s h a n d S e v i l l e .

W i t h r e g a r d to the H a f s i d s t a t e in w h i c h I b n c U s f u r

* • *

w a s h i g h l y c o n s i d e r e d a n d r e s p e c t e d all its r u l e r s w e r e h i g h l y e d u c a t e d , t h e r e f o r e t h e y f a c i l i t a t e d t h e c o m i n g of th e A n d a l u s i a n s in c r o w d s to I f r i q i y a a n d a l - M a g h r i b , s u c h as A b u Z a k a r i y a ' w h o b r o u g h t a g r e a t n u m b e r of

14

w r i t e r s , s c h o l a r s a n d m e n of l e t t e r s , s u c h as I b n e U s f u r a n d m a n y o t h e r s .

w i t h f a m o u s j u r i s p r u d e n t s a n d m e n of l e t t e r s , s u c h as th e t r a d i t i o n i s t A b u B a k r Ib n S a y y i d a l - N a s , t h e t e a c h e r

Ibn c U s f u r , t h e e l o q u e n t c l e r k A b u * A b d A l l a h I b n a l - A b b a r , M u h a m m a d I b n cA b d A l l a h , a n d s u c h p r o f e s s o r s . T h i s s h o w e d

ft

hi s e a g e r n e s s f o r l e a r n i n g a n d l i t e r a t u r e , a n d hi s a p p r e c i a t i o n of t h e i r men.

B e s i d e s all of t h e s e S e v i l l e t h e b i r t h p l a c e of Ibn * U s f u r h a d f l o u r i s h e d a t t h e t i m e of B a n u cA b b a d 4 1 4 - 4 8 4 / 1 0 2 3 - 1 0 9 1 , a n d r e m a i n e d for h a l f a c e n t u r y th e b r i l l i a n t c e n t r e of l i t e r a t u r e , v e r s e a n d p r o s e in

a l - A n d a l u s .

S e v i l l e b e c a m e as w e l l th e m o s t f a m o u s c a p i t a l in th e p e n i n s u l a d u r i n g t h e r e i g n of t h e A l m o h a d s , n o t o n l y fo r its s c i e n c e s a n d a r t s b u t a l s o f o r its b u i l d i n g s . It

C o n g r e g a t i o n a l M o s q u e , c a m e a f t e r th e m o s q u e of C o r d o v a . T h a t m o s q u e w a s c e l e b r a t e d f o r its l o f t y m i n a r e t w h i c h r e m a i n s o n e of t h e g r e a t e s t A n d a l u s i a n m o n u m e n t s .

1. M u h a m m a d b. A h m a d a l - I s h b i l i .

• •

A l - G h u b r i n i , c U n w a n a l - D i r a y a , p. 291.

2. T h i s b r i e f s t a t e m e n t is t a k e n from:

% I b n Q u n f u d h , a l - F a r i s i y a , pp. 27- 2 9 , 1 1 2 - 1 1 3 , 123.

H i s s o n a l - M u s t a n s i r bi 'Llah w a s a c c u s t o m e d to s i t

w a s k n o w n t h a t its g r e a t m o s q u e , " II t h e

U )

(continued)

O n t h e w h o l e , all t h e p r e v i o u s f a c t o r s a n d e v e n t s h e l p e d to f o r m a n d b u i l d t h e c h a r a c t e r of I b n c U s f u r

a l - I s h b i l i , so it w a s n o t s t r a n g e t h a t h e b e c a m e k n o w n as th e l e a r n e d man, j u r i s p r u d e n t , g r a m m a r i a n , l i n g u i s t ,

h i s t o r i a n a n d p o e t .

F o o t n o t e 2 c o n t i n u e d :

% c Inan, D a w l a t a l - I s l a m fi a l - A n d a l u s :

* A l - cA s r II - D u w a l a l - T a w a ' i f , p. 433.

* A l - cA s r III, pt. II - cA s r a l - M u w a h h i d i n

♦ * • »

w a I n h i y a r a l - A n d a l u s a l - K u b r a ,

pp. 68, 328, 471, 380, 4 8 6 - 4 8 7 , 6 4 4 - 7 2 6

C H A P T E R II

T H E W O R K S O P IBN C U S F U R

A l - S h a y k h a l - G h u b r i n i says:

"T h e w o r k s of A b u a l - H a s a n ( m e a n i n g Ib n * U s f u r ) - m a y G o d

• *

h a v e m e r c y u p o n h i m - in A r a b i c a r e c o n s i d e r e d to b e s o m e of t h e b e s t a n d t h e m o s t d i g n i f i e d s u b j e c t s a n d

c o m p i l a t i o n s " .^

I b n * U s f u r l e f t a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r of u s e f u l

«

w o r k s . T h e s e a r e th e f o l l o w i n g :

1. c U n w a n a l - D i r a y a , p. 318.