Literatuur ter ondersteuning voor de interpretatie van de resultaten van het survey-onderzoek

Tijdens de opmaak van de vragenlijst kindermishandeling en –verwaarlozing kwamen we in aanraking met veel literatuur die ook bruikbaar is voor de interpretatie van de uiteindelijke resultaten van het survey-onderzoek.

Hoewel dit dus geen uitgewerkte literatuurstudie is, willen we deze werken toch graag meegeven.

Bolen M. R. (2001) Child sexual abuse: its scope and our failure Springer.

Child sexual abuse has become a prevalent topic of study and discussion in the fields of Child Psychology, Pediatrics, Law Enforcement, and Social Work. But even with the widespread knowledge of identifiable behavior in its victims and abusers, society's response to child sexual abuse is failing profoundly. Rebecca Bolen's authoritative book, Child Sexual Abuse: Its Scope and Our Failure, clearly defines the scope of child sexual abuse and addresses society's ability to respond to the problem. It is her thesis that society's

response to child sexual abuse is failing because the policies, programs, and statutes designed to assess and identify abuse are grounded in historical and myth-bound theoretical child sexual abuse literature rather than in the empirical knowledge base. This comprehensive text on child sexual abuse covers: The historical conceptualization of child sexual abuse, starting with Freud. A review of the empirical literature on the incidence and prevalence of child sexual abuse. The professional response to child sexual abuse. The most sophisticated model of risk of child sexual abuse done to date. Two new models of understanding reactions by nonoffending guardians. The pervasiveness of the threat of extrafamilial abuse. £/LIST£ This text is divided into three main areas of discussion: Sociohistorical Context, Scope of the Problem, and Aftermath.

This comprehensive review can be used not only as a text, but also as a primary reference for professionals in government, law enforcement, medical, mental health, and any agency that works with child sexual abuse offenders and victims

Buckley H, Holt H, Whelan S (2007) Listen to Me! Children’s Experiences of Domestic Violence. Child Abuse Review 16: 296-310.

This paper reports on a study undertaken in the Republic of Ireland during 2005 and is based on the experiences of children and Young people who have lived with domestic violence. The objectives of the study were to explore the impact of domestic violence on children, identify their needs and recommend appropriate interventions to be brokered through a centrally based women’s support service. Data were gathered from 70 participants, including 37 service providers/ volunteers, 11 mothers and 22 children and young people who had lived in violent environments. The data indicated that children respond in unique ways to living with domestic violence, and that services to meet their needs must be tailored to suit their individual situations. The impact of domestic violence on their lives manifested itself with regard to their sense of fear and anxiety in relation to themselves, their siblings and their mothers; their self-esteem and sense of being ‘different’, their relationships (including ambivalent relationships with their fathers); their experiences of education and their sense of a lost childhood. The final report for the study was based on the total data collection, but this paper will concentrate primarily on the material elicited from the children and young people.

De Haas S., Cense M, van Ditzhuijzen J., & van Berlo W. (2009). Seksueel grensoverschrijdend gedrag binnen vrijwilligersorganisaties. Utrecht.

Doel van dit onderzoek was inzicht te krijgen in de aard en omvang van bekend geworden gevallen van

seksueel grensoverschrijdend gedrag in vrijwilligersorganisaties voor kinderen en jongeren, en in de preventieve en curatieve maatregelen die ten aanzien van seksueel grensoverschrijdend gedrag worden genomen.

Flynn C.P. (1998) (1998). To Spank or Not To Spank: The Effect of Situation and Age of Child on Support for Corporal Punishment. Journal of Family Violence, 13(1): 21-37.

This study examined college students' attitudes toward spanking as a function of the situational context and age of the child. As expected, respondents were more likely to find spanking appropriate for preschool (ages 3-4) and early school age children (ages 7-8) than for older children (ages 11-12). Physical punishment was also viewed as more suitable when the child's misbehavior was disrespectful (talking back to a parent), or violated strongly held norms (hitting a playmate, stealing), and less appropriate for age-related or less serious misbehavior. Gender and race differences emerged, with males and blacks showing more support for corporal punishment than females and whites. In general, findings revealed strong support for spanking, although there was evidence of some ambivalence, especially among white and female respondents.

Implications of the findings are discussed.

Gorin, S; (2004) Understanding what children say: children's experiences of domestic violence, parental substance misuse and parental health problems. London: National Children's Bureau.

Helweg-Larsen K. & Buving Larsen H. (2006) The prevalence of unwanted and unlawful sexual experiences reported by Danish adolescents: Results from a national youth survey in 2002. Acta Pædiatrica, 95: 1270 – 1276.

Aim: To obtain current data about child sexual abuse in Denmark and to assess abused children’s own perception of early sexual experiences, which are unlawful according to the Danish Penal Code. Methods:

Multimedia computer-based self-administered questionnaires (CASI) were completed by a national representative sample of 1516-y-olds. Child sexual abuse was defined according to the penal code and measured by questions defining specific sexual activities, the relationship between the older person and the child, and the youth’s own perception of the incident. Results: Among 5829 respondents, 11% reported unlawful sexual experiences, 7% of boys and 16% of girls. Only 1% of boys and 4% of girls felt that they

‘‘definitely’’ or ‘‘maybe’’ had been sexually abused .Conclusion: A relatively high percentage of Danish adolescents have early, unlawful sexual experiences. However, young people’s own perception of sexual abuse tends to differ from that of the authorities, or their tolerance of abusive incidents is high. Gender differences were found in factors predicting perception of abuse.

IJzendoorn, M. H., van Prinzie, P., Euser, E. M., Groeneveld, M. G., Brilleslijper-Kater, S. N., Van Noort-van der Linden, A. M. T., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Juffer, F., Mesman, J., Klein-Velderman, M., & San Martin Beuk, M. (2005). Kindermishandeling in Nederland anno 2005: De Nationale prevalentiestudie mishandeling van kinderen en jeugdigen. Leiden: Universiteit Leiden.

De Nationale Prevalentiestudie Mishandeling van Kinderen en Jeugdigen (NPM-2005) is de eerste studie naar de omvang en aard van mishandeling van kinderen en jeugdigen van 0-17 jaar in Nederland.

Kindermishandeling is in deze studie omschreven als alle (psychische of fysieke) verwaarlozing en geweldpleging tegen kinderen en jeugdigen door of vanwege hun ouders of andere verzorgers. De NPM-2005 maakt gebruik van meer dan 1.100 informanten die geografisch over alle delen van Nederland zijn gespreid. De informanten zijn professionals die beroepsmatig met kinderen te maken hebben in allerlei sectoren van de samenleving zoals onderwijs, opvoedingsondersteuning, juridische en sociaal-medische zorg. Ze zijn ten behoeve van deze prevalentiestudie geïnstrueerd in het gebruik van een meetinstrument met nauwkeurige omschrijvingen van de diverse vormen van fysieke en emotionele kindermishandeling. Op deze wijze is voor iedere informant duidelijk wat kindermishandeling is en wat niet. Ook is gebruik gemaakt van de formele registraties van kindermishandeling in 2005 door de 17 Advies- en Meldpunten

Kindermishandeling (AMK).

McGee C. (2000) Childhood experience of domestic violence. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Children's Experiences of Domestic Violence focuses on first-hand accounts from children and young people regarding their experiences of both domestic violence and support services. It is the first book to examine the user's experience of service provision for the victims of domestic violence and it seeks to encourage a more effective and professional approach in the services that serve to support and protect children. The book is based on a unique, three-year research project into child support and protection services that began in 1996. The book examines such topics as; the types of violence experienced by mothers and witnessed by children; the types of abuse children are subjected to; children's understanding of domestic violence;

children's and mother's views of how best to protect children and their perception of the support services;

and the barriers for children and mothers seeking help. The book assesses the role and response of the

social services, police, voluntary organizations and the agencies of health, education, and housing. It describes approaches to existing problems, emphasizing a child-focused response and concludes by recommending improvements for policy and practice.

Milne, B. (1993). Family disintegration: the family as fading focal point. Childhood, 1(3): 156-164.

This paper explores the possibility that children are victims of the quality of life with in the family. The traditional Western family, or nuclear family, has been imposed on other societies through colonisation, religious conversion and, more recently, their aspirations to emulate Western life styles. Is this a social time bomb? In the Western world kinship is no longer the powerful social institution that governs status within the family. Now that many adult caretakers are working long hours away from their homes, children have less contact and less interest in family affairs. Individuation has superseded familial solidarity. Children are neglected, as too neglecting their families themselves. Overshadowing this is the recent awareness of child abuse that adds to our reasons to call for revision of our traditional view that the family is focal to our childhood, development and social orientation. Are we becoming bored with each other? The Convention on the Rights of the Child begins to give children much needed protection and a voice of their own. Is that sufficient? It does not protect the family, nor is there any equivalent legislation for the family. This paper is based on some findings of research into the lives of children and youth who have run away from home in the Netherlands. Those young people, thrust into a world of self-dependence are just one symptom of the malaise within nuclear family structures in the modern world. However, evidence begins to reveal another aspect of these changes: they are often not wilful; indeed child abuse is sometimes the only expression of affection possible. The paper, therefore, concludes that improvements for children and their families must come with legal and constitutional changes that give children voices that express their needs and points of view.

Mullender, A., Umme, I., Hague, G., Malos, E., & Regan, L. (2002). Children's perspectives on domestic violence.

Sage.

How do children who live with domestic violence cope? How do they make sense of their experiences? Do they receive the right sort of help from formal and informal sources?

Drawing on the newest research designed to hear the voices of children and young people, this important book examines children's experiences and perspectives on living with domestic violence. The authors explore:

- the effect of domestic violence on children

- what children say would help them most in coping with domestic violence

- the advice children would offer other children who find themselves in similar circumstances, their mothers and the helping professions.

Mutsaers, K. (2008). Oorzaken van kindermishandeling. Nederlands Jeugdinstituut.

Of in een gezin een gevaar bestaat op kindermishandeling is niet zomaar te zeggen. Als het zover komt, blijkt de oorzaak altijd te liggen in een combinatie van verschillende factoren die aan kindermishandeling bijdragen: zogenaamde risico- en beschermende factoren. Bovendien zijn er specifieke factoren te onderscheiden die leiden tot seksueel misbruik.

Ney P. (1986) Child Abuse: A Study of the Child's Perspective. Child Abuse and Neglect: The International Journal, 10(4): 511-518.

A brief narrative description of the journal article, document, or resource. Interviews with abused New Zealand children (N=57) found that physically abused children accepted blame for mild mistreatment and that verbally and sexually abused children accepted blame for mild or severe, but not moderate,

mistreatment. Verbal and sexual abuse had greater impact on children's perceptions. (Author/CB)Child abuse

Ney, P. G., Fung, T., & Wicket, A. R. (1992). Causes of child abuse and neglect. Can J Psychiatry, 37(6): 401-405.

This paper is a study of child abuse and neglect from the perspective of the child. Generally, the

mistreatment of children was associated with "poor care" from parents, attributed mainly to immaturity, marital problems, alcohol abuse, unemployment, drug abuse and lack of money. Differences in attribution are noted between males and females, and some differences are noted by the age of the child. When factors other than the causes given by the children were taken into account, mistreatment was significantly related to family break-up, as well as long-term disinterest and lack of affection from the parents. When the children were asked for their "worst experience in life," the most common responses were "abuse" "family break-up," and for the juvenile offenders "getting charged with a crime."

Onyskiw J.E. (2003) Domestic violence and children's adjustment: a review of research. Journal of Emotional Abuse , 3(1/2): 11-45.

A review of the literature on the effects of witnessing domestic violence on children's adjustment. Results show that children exposed to domestic violence generally have more emotional and behavioural problems, less social and cognitive competence and more health problems that children not exposed to domestic violence.

Reading R., Bissell S. ea (2009) 2009). Promotion of children’s rights and prevention of child maltreatment.

Lancet, (373): 332-43.

In medical literature, child maltreatment is considered as a public-health problem or an issue of harm to individuals, but less frequently as a violation of children’s human rights. Public-health approaches emphasise monitoring, prevention, cost-effectiveness, and population strategies; protective approaches concentrate on the legal and professional response to cases of maltreatment. Both approaches have been associated with improvement in outcomes for children, yet maltreatment remains a major global problem.

We describe how children’s rights provide a different perspective on child maltreatment, and contribute to both public-health and protective responses. Children’s rights as laid out in the UN convention on the rights of the child (UNCRC) provide a framework for understanding child maltreatment as part of a range of violence, harm, and exploitation of children at the individual, institutional, and societal levels. Rights of participation and provision are as important as rights of protection. The principles embodied in the UNCRC are concordant with those of medical ethics. The greatest strength of an approach based on the UNCRC is that it provides a legal instrument for implementing policy, accountability, and social justice, all of which enhance health responses. Incorporation of the principles of the UNCRC into laws, research, public-health policy, and professional training and practice will result in further progress in the area of child maltreatment.

Summers M.S. (2006) Children’s exposure to domestic violence. A guide to research and resource. National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.

This publication, Children’s Exposure to Domestic Violence:A Guide to Research and Resources is designed to help judges and practitioners identify and understand the key issues surrounding children’s exposure to domestic violence.

Vanden Auweele Y. (2006) Seksueel misbruik en ongewenste seksuele intimiteiten in de Vlaamse recreatie- en competitiesport, Ethische perspectieven. Ethische Perspectieven, 16(3), 290-299.

Vanden Auweele Y & Maes M. (2006) De ethische atmosfeer in de sport, in: Kinderrechtencoalitie, Kinderrechtenforum, geweld tegen kinderen.

12.3.4. Literatuur ter ondersteuning van beleidsmaatregelen t.a.v. fysieke straffen in de opvoeding

Veel literatuur handelt over het gebruik van fysieke straffen en over de zgn. ‘pedagogische tik’ in op opvoeding.

Het Kinderrechtencommissariaat schreef in zijn laatste jaarverslag:

“De mensenrechtencommissaris maant de Belgische overheid aan om conform de beslissing van het Europees Comité inzake Sociale Rechten een wet aan te nemen die geweld op kinderen verbiedt. Bovendien vraagt hij meer inspanningen van de overheid om geweldloos opvoeden en positieve parenting te promoten.”

(Kinderrechtencommissariaat 2009: 134)

Onderstaande lijst met literatuur kan samen met de resultaten van het survey-onderzoek het standpunt van het Commissariaat helpen verstevigen.

Bunting, L. e.a. (2009)In Two Minds? Parental Attitudes toward Physical Punishment in the UK. Children &

Society, (early view online)

Since the Millennium, the use of physical punishment in the home has been a widely debated topic across the UK. Reliance on public opinion has been an important feature of this debate with a variety of UK surveys showing that many find physical punishment acceptable and do not support a complete ban on smacking. Drawing on the results from a comprehensive review of the literature, this article highlights that public parental opinion is less than straight forward. Parents are often ambivalent about physical discipline,