• No results found

Full paper ůŝŵŝŶĂƟŶŐ džƉŽƐƵƌĞƚŽ^ŝůŝĐĂƵƐƚ͗WŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĞƐŝŐŶWŚĂƐĞŽĨƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2022

Share "Full paper ůŝŵŝŶĂƟŶŐ džƉŽƐƵƌĞƚŽ^ŝůŝĐĂƵƐƚ͗WŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐŝŶƚŚĞĞƐŝŐŶWŚĂƐĞŽĨƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ"

Copied!
9
0
0

Bezig met laden.... (Bekijk nu de volledige tekst)

Hele tekst

(1)

! "#$%&'()#*+,--)+.-/0/12&./+3)4-5/./6&'(21+7!8 97:;7<

+ =/'(&>/)?+ @A+ ;8BCC<A+ "(/+ D/2&E)/D/6.+ -F+ 2%E>.+ #6./>>#0/6'/+

;G)%+/%A<A+=#>>#2D&+H+=#>I#6&?+J2>KD-)/

+ =)#0(.?+LAMA?+H+N#&(##?+OAPA+;7!!Q<A+R.)2./0#'+PSM+26%+T)026#U V2K-62>+J/(2,#-)A+W3PSR+=-)I#60+L21/)+!QU! A+X.(2'2?+NYZ+W-)6/>>+

[6#,/)&#.\?+W/6./)+F-)+3%,26'/%+PED26+S/&-E)'/+R.E%#/&

+ Y4/D2?+]A+^A+;7!!_<A+@/+#6,>-/%+,26+)/'(.,22)%#0(/#%+-1+5/)IU E#.I-D&./6Z+//6+>-60#.E%#622>+1/)&1/'K/FA+ !"#$%&'&(#%$)*+$,!?+

20?+C!BUC7Q

Full paper

!"#"$%&$'( )*+,-./(0+(1"!"2%(3-,04(5+,,"6"!"&/,("$(07/(3/,"'$(57%,/(+8(9-"!:"$',

1

Ton Spee2, Dick Spekkink3-&."#*&/#*01!#+2 en Mieke Lumens4

!"#$%&'()#&!(*+&,-.!#(+.+/,0#&!(*+&,-.!#12,&34#'2(30#/%53&%.#6!,(2&!(0#'!(+75#*8,(!

1%#/$;%<$'

`)#$5/>+ 2>>/+ &.//62'(.#0/+ D2./)#2>/6+ 4/,2../6+ I52).&A++

P/.+ 4/5/)I/6+ ,26+ %/V/+ D2./)#2>/6+ D/.+ />/I.)#&'(+

,/)&126/6%+ 0/)//%&'(21+ >/#%.+ .-.+ #62%/D#60+ ,26+

)/&1#)24/>+ I)#&.2>>#$6+ I52).&&.-F?+ 522)4#$+ %/+ 5/../>#$I/+

0)/6&522)%/+ ,26+ !?!_ + D0aDG+ ,/>/+ D2>/6+ I26+ 5-)%/6+

-,/)&'()/%/6A+ J/(//)&D22.)/0/>/6+ V-2>&+ 1>22.&/>#$I/+

2FVE#0#60+ -F+ 52./).-/,-/)+ IE66/6+ %/+ 4>--.&./>>#60+

D/.+ B!b+ -F+ D//)+ ,/)>20/6A+ M22)+ --I+ %26+ 5-)%.+ %/+

0)/6&522)%/+ ,22I+ 6-0+ -,/)&'()/%/6?+ ,--)2>+ 4#$+ .2I/6+

D/.+ (-0/+ 4>--.&./>>#60+ V-2>&+ ,-/0/6?+ V20/6?+ -F+ &>-1/6A+

c>#D#6/)/6+ -F+ ,/)I>/#6/6+ ,26+ %/+ 4)-6+ #&+ %22)-D+ 6-%#0A+

`22I+I26+//6+,)#$+//6,-E%#0/+22612&&#60+#6+(/.+-6.5/)1+%/+

4>--.&./>>#60+226+I52).&&.-F+#6+%/+4-E5F2&/+,/)D#6%/)/6+

-F+ V/>F&+ />#D#6/)/6A+ c'(./)?+ 1)/,/6.#/+ ,26+ 4>--.&./>>#60+

226+I52).&&.-F+#6+%/+-6.5/)1F2&/+(//F.+.-.+6E+.-/+5/#6#0+

226%2'(.+#6+%/+>#./)2.EE)+0/(2%A+P/.+%-/>+,26+%#.+2).#I/>+

#&+ //6+ 226.2>+ ,--)4//>%/6+ ,26+ -6.5/)1-1>-&&#60/6+

./+ 1)/&/6./)/6+ 522)D//+ I52).&&.-F/D#&&#/+ -1+ %/+

4-E51>22.&+5-)%.+,/)D#6%/)%+-F+,--)I-D/6+/6+%22)D//+

#6+%/+//)&./+F2&/+,26+(/.+4-E51)-'/&+226%2'(.+./+,)20/6+

,--)+2)4/#%&-D&.26%#0(/%/6A+

"5//+ 2)4/#%&(\0#d6#&./6+ (/44/6+ ,--)4//>%/6+ ,26+

4-E5&\&./D/6+/6+4-E5%/.2#>&+,/)V2D/>%+522)4#$+/D#&&#/+

,26+ I52).&+ -1.)2%A+ @/+ ,--)4//>%/6+ V#$6+ 4/&1)-I/6+ D/.+

.5//+ 4-E5IE6%#0/6+ D/.+ (/.+ ,/)V-/I+ 2>./)62.#/,/6+ D/.+

>20/)/+ -F+ 0//6+ I52).&/D#&&#/+ ,--)+ ./+ &./>>/6A+ e-+ V#$6+

8B+ ,--)4//>%/6+ ,26+ )/>2.#/F+ //6,-E%#0/+ 22612&&#60/6+

,/)V2D/>%A+ @/+ ,--)4//>%/6+ D2I/6+ %E#%/>#$I+ %2.+ #6+ %/+

-6.5/)1F2&/+ D//)%/)/+ 4)-66/6+ ,26+ I52).4>--.&./>>#60+

#6+%/+E#.,-/)#60&F2&/+IE66/6+5-)%/6+0/d>#D#6//)%A+

9##:8+(#*,*!&#+(#+5#*,&3#-,(!'#%5#,#*&%;!/3#+5#38!#<&,6!$%&=#%<#38!#,7&!!6!53#%5#$%&=+57#/%5'+>%5(#+5#38!#?5+(8+57#(!/3%&#%<#38!#

/%5(3&2/>%5#+5'2(3&"

2##@&-%2$0#ABCB#D%E#FGH0#IJ#HKLM#@N##O,&'!&$+;=0#38!#I!38!&.,5'(

H##P*!==+5=#QRS0#T+''!.U,,&3#GH0#IJ#KFLV#WP##W%2'&+/8!60#38!#I!38!&.,5'(

4##X5(>323!#<%&#S+(=#@((!((6!53#P/+!5/!(0#ABCB#D%E#LMGYL0#IJ#HVML#:Z##[3&!/830#38!#I!38!&.,5'(

Q%&&!(*%5'!5>!,'&!()#:%5#P*!!0#@&-%2$0#ABCB#D%E#FGH0#IJ#HKLM#@N##O,&'!&$+;=0#38!#I!38!&.,5'(\#!]6,+.)#3B(*!!^22B5.

Summary

N/2)>\+ 2>>+ &.-6\+ D2./)#2>&+ '-6.2#6+ &#>#'2A+ "-->#60+ &#>#'2+

'-6.2#6#60+ D2./)#2>&+ 5#.(+ />/'.)#'+ .-->&+ >/2%&+ .-+ (#0(+

&#>#'2+ /f1-&E)/A+ "(/+ -''E12.#-62>+ /f1-&E)/+ >#D#.+ ;TcO<+

F-)+ )/&1#)24>/+ ')\&.2>>#6/+ &#>#'2+ ;!A!_ + D0aDG+ #6+ .(/+

N/.(/)>26%&<+ '26+ 4/+ /f'//%/%+ D26\+ .#D/&A+ c60#6//)#60+

'-6.)->+D/2&E)/&+>#I/+>-'2>+/f(2E&.+,/6.#>2.#-6+-)+52./)+

&E11>\+D2\+)/%E'/+/f1-&E)/+4\+D-)/+.(26+B!bA+JE.+/,/6+

.(/6+ .(/+ >#D#.+ ,2>E/+ #&+ ,/)\+ -F./6+ /f'//%/%?+ /&1/'#2>>\+

F-)+ $-4&+ 5#.(+ (#0(+ /f1-&E)/+ >#I/+ .E'I+ 1-#6.#60?+ &25#60?+

-)+ %/D->#.#-6A+ c>#D#62.#-6+ -)+ )/%E'.#-6+ -F+ .(/+ &-E)'/+

.-+ 1)/,/6.+ /f1-&E)/+ #&+ .(/)/F-)/+ 6/'/&&2)\A+ TF./6+ 2+

)/>2.#,/>\+ &#D1>/+ D-%#F#'2.#-6+ -F+ .(/+ %/&#06+ D2\+ >-5/)?+

-)+ /,/6+ />#D#62./?+ /f1-&E)/+ .-+ %E&.+ >2./)+ -6A+ P-5/,/)?+

1)/,/6.#-6+-F+&#>#'2+%E&.+#6+.(/+%/&#06+1(2&/+(2&+)/'/#,/%+

>#..>/+ 2../6.#-6+ #6+ .(/+ >#./)2.E)/+ &-+ F2)A+ "(/+ 1E)1-&/+ -F+

.(#&+121/)+#&+.-+1)/&/6.+2+6ED4/)+-F+%/&#06+&->E.#-6&+.-+

1)/,/6.+-)+)/%E'/+%E&.+/D#&&#-6+2.+.(/+'-6&.)E'.#-6+&#./?+

26%+#6+.(#&+52\+.-+2&I+2../6.#-6+F-)+5-)I#60+'-6%#.#-6&+#6+

.(/+/2)>#/&.+1-&&#4>/+1(2&/+-F+.(/+4E#>%#60+1)-'/&&A

"5-+-''E12.#-62>+(\0#/6#&.&+(2,/+'->>/'./%+/f2D1>/&+-F+

'-6&.)E'.#-6+&\&./D&+-)+'-6&.)E'.#-6+%/.2#>&+.(2.+>/2%+.-+

.2&I&+5#.(+%E&.+/f1-&E)/A+"(/&/+/f2D1>/&+2)/+%#&'E&&/%+

5#.(+ .5-+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ /60#6//)&+ 5#.(+ .(/+ )/gE/&.+

.-+ 1)-1-&/+ 26+ 2>./)62.#,/+ >/2%#60+ .-+ >/&&+ -)+ 6-+ %E&.+

/f1-&E)/A+ X6+ .(#&+ 52\+ 8B+ /f2D1>/&+ -F+ )/>2.#,/>\+ &#D1>/+

%/&#06+D-%#F#'2.#-6&+2)/+'->>/'./%A+"(/&/+/f2D1>/&+&(-5+

.(2.+#.+#&+#6%//%+1-&&#4>/+.-+/>#D#62./+&/,/)2>+&-E)'/&+-F+

&#>#'2+/f1-&E)/+#6+.(/+%/&#06+1(2&/A

(2)

"#$%&'()#*+,--)+.-/0/12&./+3)4-5/./6&'(21+7!8 97:;7<+ 8

=$0.+:-20"+$

N/2)>\+2>>+&.-6\+D2./)#2>&+'-6.2#6+&#>#'2A+cf2D1>/&+-F+&#>#'2+

'-6.2#6#60+D2./)#2>&+2)/+'-6')/./?+4)#'I?+>#D/+&26%&.-6/?+

'-6')/./+ &.-6/+ 26%+ D26\+ I#6%&+ -F+ 62.E)2>+ &.-6/A+ R#>#'2+

'-6./6.+D2\+,2)\+F)-D+24-E.+7b+#6+0\1&ED+4>-'I&+E1+.-+

-,/)+ :!b+ #6+ >#D/+ &26%&.-6/+ ;OED/6&+ 26%+ R1//?+ 7!!8<A+

=(/6+ .(/&/+ D2./)#2>&+ 2)/+ 1)-'/&&/%+ D/'(26#'2>>\?+ /A0A+

4\+ 'E..#60?+ &25#60?+ 0)#6%#60+ -)+ 1->#&(#60?+ )/&1#)24>/+

')\&.2>>#6/+&#>#'2+%E&.+#&+)/>/2&/%A+

"(/+ @E.'(+ -''E12.#-62>+ /f1-&E)/+ >#D#.+ ;TcO<+ F-)+

)/&1#)24>/+')\&.2>>#6/+gE2).V+F-)D+-F+&#>#'2+#&+!A!_ +D0aDGA++

=#.(#6+ .(/+ cE)-1/26+ [6#-6+ .(/)/+ #&+ 26+ #6%#'2.#,/+

-''E12.#-62>+ /f1-&E)/+ >#D#.+ ,2>E/+ ;XTcO`<+ -F+ !A! + D0a mG+26%+.(/+3WhXP+"O`+#&+!A!7 +D0aDGA+=(/6+1)-'/&&#60+

&#>#'2+'-6.2#6#60+D2./)#2>&+5#.(+/>/'.)#'+.-->&?+.(/&/+TcO&+

'26+4/+/f'//%/%+D26\+.#D/&A+"2&I+42&/%+D/2&E)/D/6.&+

&(-5+ .(2.+ &(-).+ ./)D+ /f1-&E)/&+ E1+ .-+ C!!+ .#D/&+ .(/+

@E.'(+ TcO+ 2)/+ 6-.+ /f'/1.#-62>+ ;OED/6&+ 26%+ R1//?+

7!!89+^>262026+et alA?+7!!G9+^>262026+et alA?+7!!Q9+^>\66+

26%+ RE&#?+ 7!!G9+ S21121-).+ et alA?+ 7!!G<A+ 3>&-+ FE>>+ &(#F.+

/f1-&E)/&+ -F./6+ /f'//%+ .(/+ TcOA+ "$-/+ N#$+ et al ;7!!G<+

(2,/+D/2&E)/%+/f1-&E)/&+E1+.-+8!+.#D/&+.(/+@E.'(+TcOA+

"(/+ 1E)1-&/+ -F+ .(#&+ 121/)+ #&+ .-+ 1)/&/6.+ 2+ 6ED4/)+ -F+

%/&#06+ &->E.#-6&+ .-+ 1)/,/6.+ -)+ )/%E'/+ %E&.+ /D#&&#-6+ 2.+

.(/+'-6&.)E'.#-6+&#./?+26%+#6+.(#&+52\+.-+2&I+2../6.#-6+F-)+

5-)I#60+ '-6%#.#-6&+ #6+ .(/+ /2)>#/&.+ 1-&&#4>/+ 1(2&/+ -F+ .(/+

4E#>%#60+1)-'/&&A

cf1-&E)/+ .-+ &#>#'2+ %E&.+ D2\+ >/2%+ .-+ &#>#'-&#&A+ "(#&+ #&+ 2+

F#4)-.#'+ %#&/2&/+ '2E&/%+ 4\+ .(/+ #6(2>2.#-6?+ )/./6.#-6+ 26%+

1E>D-62)\+ )/2'.#-6+ .-+ ')\&.2>>#6/+ &#>#'2A+ c1#%/D#->-0#'+

&.E%#/&+(2,/+F#)D>\+/&.24>#&(/%+.(2.+&#>#'-&#&+#&+2>&-+2+)#&I+

F2'.-)+ F-)+ %/,/>-1#60+ "E4/)'E>-&#&+ ;L2)I/)+ 26%+ =206/)?+

7!!:9+ NXTRP+ 7!!7<A+ "(/+ X6./)62.#-62>+ 30/6'\+ F-)+

S/&/2)'(+-6+W26'/)+'-6&#%/)&+)/&1#)24>/+')\&.2>>#6/+&#>#'2+

2+'-6F#)D/%+(ED26+'2)'#6-0/6+;X3SW?+8B:C?+8BB_<A

"$-/+N#$+et alA+;7!!G<+#6,/&.#02./%+.(/+1)/,2>/6'/+-F+&#>#'-&#&+

2D-60+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ 5-)I/)&+ 5#.(+ (#0(+ &#>#'2+ /f1-&E)/+

4\+ D/26&+ -F+ )-/6.0/6+ 1(-.-0)21(\A+ 346-)D2>#.#/&+ -F+

XOT+ '2./0-)\+ 8a!+ -)+ (#0(/)+ 5(/)/+ -4&/),/%+ 2D-60+ 8!b+

-F+ 8GGB+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ 5-)I/)&A+ ^)-D+ .(#&+ 1-1E>2.#-6?+ _B+

1/)&-6&+ 5/)/+ FE).(/)+ /f2D#6/%+ 5#.(+ (#0(+ )/&->E.#-6+

'-D1E./)+ .-D-0)21(\+ ;PSW"<A+ S-E6%/%+ -12'#.#/&+

5(/)/+ -4&/),/%+ 2D-60+ 8G+ 1/)&-6&+ ;8Qb<?+ 26%+ 1>/E)2>+

246-)D2>#.#/&+2D-60+7B+1/)&-6&+;G_b<A+

R/,/)2>+ 2E.(-)&+ (2,/+ &.E%#/%+ .(/+ /FF/'.+ -F+ '-6.)->+

D/2&E)/&+ -6+ &#>#'2+ /f1-&E)/+ ;^>\66+ 26%+ RE&#?+ 7!!G9+

c'(.+ et alA?+ 7!!G9+ W)-./2E+ et alA?+ 7!!79+ W->>#605--%+ 26%+

P/#.4)#6I?+ 7!!_9+ 3I42)Ui(26V2%/(+ et alA?+ 7!!_<A+"(/&/+

2E.(-)&+)/1-).+)/%E'.#-6&+,2)\#60+F)-D+B!b+E1+.-+BBA:b+

F-)+ ,2)#-E&+ .\1/&+ -F+ 1)-'/&&/&+ 5(/6+ 211>\#60+ 52./)+

&E11>\+ 26%a-)+ >-'2>+ /f(2E&.+ ,/6.#>2.#-6A+ P-5/,/)?+ .(/+

/f1-&E)/+ >#D#.+ -F+ ;.(/6<+ !A! + D0aDG+ 52&+ &.#>>+ /f'//%/%+

#6+ .(/&/+ '2&/&A+ "(/&/+ /f2D1>/&+ &(-5+ .(2.?+ 2>.(-E0(+

'-6.)->+ D/2&E)/&+ D2\+ &1/'.2'E>2)>\+ )/%E'/+ /f1-&E)/?+

D//.#60+ .(/+ >#D#.+ ,2>E/+ #&+ ,/)\+ -F./6+ 6-.+ 2'(#/,/%?+

/&1/'#2>>\+F-)+$-4&+5#.(+(#0(+/f1-&E)/+>#I/+.E'I+1-#6.#60?+

&25#60?+ -)+ %/D->#.#-6A+ W-6.)->+ D/2&E)/&+ 2)/+ &/6&#.#,/+

.-+ D2#6./626'/+ 26%+ 1)-1/)+ E&/+ 26%?+ 2&+ 1-#6./%+ -E.?+

2)/+ F-)+ .(/+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ #6%E&.)\+ -F./6+ 6-.+ &EFF#'#/6.A+

J/2E%)\+ et alA+ ;7!8G<+ (2,/+ &EDD2)#&/%+ 2>>+ 5(#./+ 26%+

0)/\+ >#./)2.E)/+ .(/\+ '-E>%+ F#6%+ 26%+ '-6'>E%/%+ .(2.+ 6-+

'-6.)->+ D/2&E)/+ 52&+ 24>/+ .-+ )/%E'/+ &#>#'2+ /f1-&E)/+

4/>-5+ .(/+ W262%#26+ >#D#.+ ,2>E/+ ;!A8+ D0aDG<A+ [1-6+

D/2&E)/D/6.+ 2.+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ &#./&?+ ,26+ @/E)&&/6+ /.+

2>A+ ;7!8C<+ F-E6%+ -6>\+ 2+ !b+ /f1-&E)/+ )/%E'.#-6+ F)-D+ 2+

6ED4/)+ -F+ '-6.)->+ D/2&E)/&A+ c>#D#62.#-6+ -)+ )/%E'.#-6+

-F+ .(/+ &-E)'/+ .-+ 1)/,/6.+ /f1-&E)/+ #&+ 6-.+ #6F>E/6'/%+ 4\+

4/(2,#-E)+ -F+ D2#6./626'/+ 26%+ #&+ .(/)/F-)/+ '-6&#%/)/%+

4/&.+ -''E12.#-62>+ (\0#/6/+ 1)2'.#'/A "(#&+ 211)-2'(+ #&+

/&.24>#&(/%+ #6+ .(/+ cE)-1/26+ @#)/'.#,/+ B:a7CacW+ -6+ .(/+

1)-./'.#-6+-F+5-)I/)&+F)-D+.(/+)#&I&+)/>2./%+.-+'(/D#'2>+

20/6.&+2.+5-)I+;ccW?+8BB:<A+

@/'#&#-6&+ .2I/6+ #6+ .(/+ %/&#06+ 1(2&/?+ -F./6+ 2FF/'.+

/f1-&E)/+ .-+ %E&.+ #6+ .(/+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ 1(2&/A+ TF./6+ 2+

)/>2.#,/>\+ &#D1>/+ D-%#F#'2.#-6+ -F+ .(/+ %/&#06+ D2\+ >-5/)?+

-)+ /,/6+ />#D#62./?+ /f1-&E)/+ .-+ %E&.+ >2./)+ -6A+ R'(E>./+

/.+ 2>+ ;7!!:<+ /D1(2&#V/+ .(/+ #D1-).26'/+ -F+ 1)/,/6.#-6+

.()-E0(+ %/&#06+ #6+ .(/+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ #6%E&.)\A+ WE))/6.>\?+

.(/+ NXTRP+ N2.#-62>+ T''E12.#-62>+ S/&/2)'(+ 30/6%2+

;NTS3<?+ '-6.2#6&+ &/,/)2>+ #6#.#2.#,/&+ .-+ />#D#62./+ (/2>.(+

26%+ &2F/.\+ (2V2)%&+ #6+ .(/+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ #6%E&.)\+ .()-E0(+

%/&#06A+ "(/&/+ &(-E>%+ >/2%+ .-+ )/&E>.&+ 5#.(#6+ &/,/)2>+

\/2)&A+ J/F-)/+ .(/&/+ #6#.#2.#,/&?+ 1)/,/6.#-6+ -F+ &#>#'2+ %E&.+

#6+ .(/+ %/&#06+ 1(2&/+ (2&+ )/'/#,/%+ >#..>/+ 2../6.#-6+ #6+ .(/+

>#./)2.E)/A+3+>#./)2.E)/+&/2)'(+)/,/2>/%+.(2.+&-D/+2E.(-)&+

(2,/+ %)256+ 2../6.#-6+ .-+ (2V2)%-E&+ &E4&.26'/&+ #6+ .(/+

%/&#06+1(2&/+#6+0/6/)2>?+4E.+5#.(-E.+D/6.#-6#60+&1/'#F#'+

&E4&.26'/&+ ;P/'I/)+ 26%+ h2D42./&/?+ 7!!G9+ =/#6&./#6+ et alA?+7!! <A+"(/+J)#.#&(+P/2>.(+26%+R2F/.\+cf/'E.#,/+;PRc<+

(2&+262>\&/%+'2E&/&+-F+'-6&.)E'.#-6+2''#%/6.&+26%+&.2./&Z+

j=(#>/+(/2>.(+'-E>%+6-.+4/+'-6&#%/)/%+#6+.(#&+262>\&#&+#.+

#&+.(/+,#/5+-F+.(/+3E.(-)+.(2.+.(/+'2&/+F-)+#D1)-,/D/6.?+

.()-E0(+ %/&#06/)+ #6./),/6.#-6?+ #6+ 5-)IF-)'/+ (/2>.(+ #&+

#D1>#'#.+#6+.(/&/+F#6%#60&k+;J/666/..?+7!!C<A+"-+-E)+4/&.+

I6-5>/%0/?+ .(/)/+ #&+ 6-+ 1E4>#'2.#-6+ #6+ .(/+ -''E12.#-62>+

(\0#/6/+>#./)2.E)/+&1/'#F#'2>>\+24-E.+)/%E'.#-6+-F+&#>#'2+#6+

.(/+%/&#06+1(2&/A+P-5/,/)?+&/,/)2>+2E.(-)&+(2,/+%)256+

2../6.#-6+.-+&2F/.\+D2../)&+#6+.(/+%/&#06+1(2&/A+"(#&+D2\+

4/+ '-66/'./%+ .-+ .(/+ '>/2)+ )/>2.#-6&(#1+ 4/.5//6+ &2F/+

%/&#06+ 26%+ %/2%>\+ 2''#%/6.&A+ c&.#D2.#-6&+ -F+ 6ED4/)&+ -F+

,#'.#D&+ %E/+ .-+ E6&2F/+ %/&#06+ ,2)\+ F)-D+ C7+ .-+ Q!b+ -F+ 2>>+

%/2%>\+ 2''#%/6.&+ #6+ .(/+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ #6%E&.)\+ ;J/66/..?+

7!!C9+ h2D42./&/+ et alA?+ 7!! 9+ J/(D?+ 7!! 9+ ^)#$./)&+ 26&+

R5E&./?+ 7!!:<A+ PRc+ '-6'>E%/&+ .(2.+ 2.+ >/2&.+ 8+ #6+ Q+ -F+ 2>>+

2''#%/6.&+ 2)/+ 2.+ >/2&.+ 12).#2>>\+ .(/+ )/&1-6&#4#>#.\+ -F+ .(/+

>/2%+ %/&#06/)+ ;J/6/..?+ 7!!C<A+ ^-)+ >-60+ ./)D+ /FF/'.&?+ >#I/+

&#>#'-&#&?+.(#&+)/>2.#-6&(#1+#&+DE'(+>/&&+'>/2)A

>/07+:, 2$1$&3455!3,4)

X6+ 2+ &/)#/&+ -F+ 1)-$/'.&+ &#>#'2+ %E&.+ D/2&E)/D/6.&+ 5/)/+

1/)F-)D/%+ 2.+ 2+ >2)0/+ 6ED4/)+ -F+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ &#./&A+

@E)#60+ .(/&/+ 1)-$/'.&+ .5-+ -''E12.#-62>+ (\0#/6#&.&+

;MO+ 26%+ "R<+ (2,/+ '->>/'./%+ /f2D1>/&+ -F+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+

&\&./D&+ -)+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ %/.2#>&+ .(2.+ >/2%+ .-+ .2&I&+ 5#.(+

%E&.+ /f1-&E)/A+ "(/&/+ /f2D1>/&+ 5/)/+ 1)/&/6./%+ .-+ .5-+

(3)

7 "#$%&'()#*+,--)+.-/0/12&./+3)4-5/./6&'(21+7!8 97:;7<

'-6&.)E'.#-6+ /60#6//)&+ ;3^+ 26%+ @R<+ 5#.(+ .(/+ )/gE/&.+

.-+ 1)-1-&/+ 1-&&#4>/+ '(260/&+ #6+ .(/+ %/&#06+ 1(2&/+ -F+ .(/+

'-6&.)E'.#-6+1>26+.-+/>#D#62./+-)+)/%E'/+/f1-&E)/A

Design analysis

@/&#06+ 262>\&#&+ #&+ 2+ %/&')#1.#,/+ 262>\&#&+ -F+ .(/+ %/&#06+

1)-'/&&?+ .-+ F#6%+ 26+ 26&5/)+ .-+ .(/+ gE/&.#-6Z+ j5(2.+ #&+

1)-%E'/%+ 26%+ 4\+ 5(#'(+ D/26&lk+ ;R5E&./+ /.+ 2>A?+ 8BB_<+

X.+ E&/&+ 2+ (#/)2)'(#'+ '>2&&#F#'2.#-6+ -F+ 1)-%E'.#-6+ #./D&+

%/,/>-1/%+ #6+ .(/+ F#/>%+ -F+ .(/+ &\&./D2.#'+ %/&#06+ -F+

#6&.2>>2.#-6&A+"(/+42&#&+#&+.(/+1)-%E'.#-6+FE6'.#-6?+5(#'(+

%#,#%/&+ 2+ 1)-%E'.#-6+ 1)-'/&&+ #6.-+ #.&+ '-)/+ 2'.#,#.#/&A+

3F./)+ .(#&+ '-D/&+ .(/+ 1)-%E'.#-6+ 1)#6'#1>/?+ %/&')#4#60+

.(/+ 1)#6'#1>/&+ .-+ '2))\+ -E.+ .(/+ FE6'.#-6?+ 26%+ F#62>>\+ .(/+

1)-%E'.#-6+ F-)D?+ .(/+ 2'.E2>+ %/&#06+ -F+ .(/+ 1)#6'#1>/A+

W(260#60+ -)+ />#D#62.#60+ .(/+ 1)-%E'.#-6+ FE6'.#-6+ #&+ .(/+

D-&.+ FE6%2D/6.2>+ 52\+ .-+ 2>./)+ 2+ 1)-'/&&?+ 26%+ -F./6+

')/2./&+ .(/+ -11-).E6#.\+ .-+ />#D#62./+ 26+ /f1-&E)/+

0/6/)2.#60+.2&I+'-D1>/./>\A+"(/)/F-)/?+/>#D#62.#-6+-F+.(/+

1)-%E'.#-6+ FE6'.#-6+ 52&+ .(/+ 1)#D2)\+ >/,/>+ .-+ &/2)'(+ F-)+

&->E.#-6&+.-+1)/,/6.+&#>#'2+%E&.A+"(/+1)-%E'.#-6+FE6'.#-6+#&+

#6+2>>+'2&/&Z+m)/D-,#60+D2./)#2>nA+"(/+1)-%E'.#-6+1)#6'#1>/+

D2\+4/+&25#60?+%)#>>#60?+0)#.+4>2&.#60?+26%+-.(/)&A

3+'-6&.)E'.#-6+'26+4/+%#,#%/%+#6+'-6&.)E'.#-6+/>/D/6.&A+

"(/+ @E.'(+ W-6&.)E'.#-6+ @-'ED/6.2.#-6+ ;N/%/)>26%&/+

J-E5+ @-'ED/6.2.#/?+ NJ@<+ %#,#%/&+ .(/+ %/&#06+ 1)-'/&&+

#6.-+ />/D/6.&?+ 42&/%+ -6+ .(/+ R5/%#&(+ RFJ+ '-%/?+ 26%+

D/6.#-6&+D2./)#2>&+'-66/'./%+.-+.(/&/+/>/D/6.&A+X6+.(#&+

121/)+ .(/+ NJ@+ &\&./D+ #&+ F->>-5/%+ #6+ .(/+ %/&')#1.#-6+ -F+

.(/+%/&#06+/>/D/6.&+;NJ@?+7!!C<A

Results

"24>/+ 8+ 26%+ 7+ &(-5+ 26+ -,/),#/5+ -F+ 2'.#,#.#/&+ ')/2.#60+

%E&.?+ .(/+ /f1/'./%+ )/&1#)24>/+ &#'#>2+ '-6'/6.)2.#-6&?+ 26%+

.(/+2>./)62.#,/&A+

?%.2%,,( 2+$,0.-2&+$4( ,0.-20-.%!( 8.%#/@+.A( "$(

*+-./:(2+$2./0/

JE#>%#60+ 5#.(+ 1-E)/%+ '-6')/./+ >/2%&+ .-+ %E&.+ /f1-&E)/+

5(/6+ .-->#60+ .(/+ (2)%/6/%+ '-6')/./A+ P->/&+ DE&.+ 4/+

%)#>>/%+ .-+ F2&./6+ &.//>+ )-%&?+ 6//%/%+ .-+ '-66/'.+ 12).&+ -F+

.(/+ '-6&.)E'.#-6A+ `/).#'2>+ '-66/'.#-6&+ E&/+ .(/+ /f#&.#60+

)/#6F-)'/D/6.+)-%&A+JE.+.(#&+#&+6-.+1-&&#4>/+F-)+(-)#V-6.2>+

'-66/'.#-6&?+ 4/'2E&/+ .(/&/+ 2)/+ 1/)1/6%#'E>2)+ .-+ .(/+

D-E>%A+ S-%&+ 2)/+ .(/6+ -F./6+ D-E6./%+ #6+ .(/+ (2)%/6/%+

:,-.!#G###,.3!&5,>U!(#<%&#(+.+/,#7!5!&,>57#,/>U+>!()#/%5(3&2/>%5#$%&=#

?+$,0.-2&+$(

part

B2&;"0C )*/20/:(,"!"2%(

2+$2/$0.%&+$(

(mg/mD)

B!0/.$%&;/

W2)'2&&+ @)#>>#60+F-)+'-66/'.#-6+-F+

)/#6F-)'/D/6.+)-%&

E1+.-+!A7 36'(-)+4E&(#60

h)#.+4>2&.#60+.-+D2I/+1/44>/&+

,#&#4>/

[1+.-+7 +;-E.&#%/+

)/&1#)2.-)<

[1+.-+7+;#6&#%/+)/&1#)2.-)<

O/2,/+'->ED6&+&D--.(

[&/+)/.2)%26.+26%+52&(+-E.+5#.(+52./)

S--F R25#60+)--F+.#>/& [1+.-+87! @/&#06+%-)D/)&+#6+2''-)%26'/+.-+.#>/+&#V/

R(#F.+4E#>%#60+4>-'I+.-+2,-#%+260>/+)#%0/+26%+,2>>/\+0E../) TE./)+52>> R25#60+4)#'I&+.-+')/2./+12../)6& !A77 [&/+1)/F24+(2>F+26%+gE2)./)+4)#'I&

R25#60+4)#'I&+&>26.5#&/+.-+')/2./+

2+6-6U)/'.260E>2)+'-)6/)

[&/+1)/F24)#'2./%+&>26.5#&/+42I/%+4)#'I&

"E'I+1-#6.#60 [1+.-+!A Q [&/+0>E/+#6&./2%+-F+'/D/6.+$-#6.&

X6./)#-)+52>> R25#60+>2&.+>2\/)+.-+&#V/ [1+.-+!A7 M2.'(+4>-'I+(/#0(.+.-+52>>+(/#0(.

WE.+4>-'I&+2)-E6%+>#6./> M2.'(+%--)+F)2D/+.-+(/#0(.+.-+&.-)/\+(/#0(.

^>--) 311>#'2.#-6+-F+%)\+D-).2)+F-)+.-1+

F>--)#60

W-D12'.#60+'-6')/./+F>--)+5#.(+)-.2.#60+%#&'+/gE#1D/6.+

;2,-#%+>2\#60+-F+&26%a'/D/6.+.-1+F>--)#60

R26%#60+-F+.-1+F>--)#60 j

:,-.!#F###,.3!&5,>U!(#<%&#(+.+/,#7!5!&,>57#,/>U+>!()#+5(3,..,>%5#$%&=#

B2&;"0C )*/20/:(/)*+,-./(E#'F#D) B!0/.$%&;/

@)#>>#60+.()-E0(+F>--)& [1+.-+!AG R(2F.+F-)+1#1/&+26%+'24>/&

J-f#60U-E.+-1/6#60&

3''/&&-)#/&+F-)+'E.U-E.&

^#f#60 !A88+o+!A78+ W2&.+26'(-)+4->.&?+26'(-)+)2#>&+/.'A+#6+'-6')/./

S/'/&&+D#>>#60 E1+.-+QAB+ P->>-5+'24>/+4)#'I&+-)+(->>-5+'-6')/./+&.-6/&

X6./0)2./+'24>/+F-)+>#0(.+&5#.'(+#6.-+(->>-5+%--)1-&.

X6F)2)/%+)/D-./+'-6.)->>/%+>#0(.+&5#.'(

=2>>+&-'I/.&+-6+'24>/+0E../)&

(4)

"#$%&'()#*+,--)+.-/0/12&./+3)4-5/./6&'(21+7!8 97:;7<+ G

'-6')/./?+4\+%)#>>#60+(->/&+26%+0>E#60+&.//>+)-%&+;m'(/D#'2>+

26'(-)&n<A+ `26+ M2)>/+ et alA+ ;7!!7<+ (2,/+ D/2&E)/%+ .(/+

/f1-&E)/+.-+)/&1#)24>/+&#>#'2+5(/6+%)#>>#60+(->/&+#6+'-6')/./+

5#.(+ 26+ :+ DD+ &1#)2>+ %)#>>A+ cf1-&E)/+ ,2)#/%+ F)-D+ !A888+ .-+

!A78G+D0aDG+-,/)+2+87!+o+77 +D#6+1/)#-%A+"(/+1)-%E'.#-6+

FE6'.#-6+m)/D-,#60+D2./)#2>n+26%+.(/+1)-%E'.#-6+1)#6'#1>/+

m%)#>>#60n+ '26+ 4/+ />#D#62./%+ 4\+ E&#60+ 26'(-)+ 4E&(#60?+ 2&+

&(-56+#6+^#0E)/+8A+

"(/&/+ '26+ 4/+ /D4/%%/%+ #6+ .(/+ '-6')/./A+ 36'(-)+ 4E&(#60+

'26+4/+'-66/'./%+.-+.(/+)/#6F-)'/D/6.+&.//>?+>/2%#60+.-+2+

,/)\+)/>#24>/+'-66/'.#-6A+^-)+.(/+&2D/+1E)1-&/+.(/)/+#&+26+

-.(/)+%/,#'/+'2>>/%+mI/\4-fn?+2+'2&#60+.(2.+(-E&/&+1)/U4/6.+

42)&+.(2.+'26+4/+&.)2#0(./6/%+2F./)+.(/+D-E>%+#&+)/D-,/%A+

?%.2%,,(2+$,0.-2&+$4(2+!-#$,(@"07("$G!!"$'

^#0E)/+7 &(-5&+2+>-2%U4/2)#60+&.)E'.E)/+4E#>.+-F+'->ED6&+

26%+ 2+ 4)#'I+ #6F#>>#60A+ "(/+ 2)'(#./'.+ (2%+ %/./)D#6/%+ .(2.+

.(/+ 1/44>/&+ #6+ .(/+ '-6')/./+ (2%+ .-+ 4/+ ,#&#4>/A+ "(#&+ 52&+

2'(#/,/%+ 4\+ 0)#.+ 4>2&.#60+ -F+ .(/+ (2)%/6/%+ '-6')/./A+

cf1-&E)/+.-+)/&1#)24>/+')\&.2>>#6/+&#>#'2+%E)#60+%)\+4>2&.#60+

-F+'-6')/./+D2\+4/+E1+.-+7 +D0aDG+-E.&#%/+.(/+&E11>#/%+

2#)+)/&1#)2.-)+26%+!A7+D0aDG+#6&#%/+.(/+)/&1#)2.-)+;h->>2+

26%+P/#.4)#6I?+7!!C<A+

^#0E)/+ G+ &(-5&+ 2+ '-D12)24>/+ '-6&.)E'.#-6?+ 2+ >-2%U 4/2)#60+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ 4E#>.+ -F+ '->ED6&+ 26%+ 2+ '-6')/./+

&.-6/+ #6F#>>#60A+ P/)/+ .(/+ '->ED6&+ 2)/+ >/F.+ &D--.(?+

2,-#%#60+ 0)#.+ 4>2&.#60+ 26%+ .(E&+ .(/+ '-))/&1-6%#60+ %E&.+

/f1-&E)/A+ "(/+ 1)-%E'.#-6+ FE6'.#-6+ m)/D-,#60+ D2./)#2>n+

#&+ .(E&+ />#D#62./%A+ =#.(+ 26+ 2%21./%+ '-6')/./+ '-,/)#60?+

.(/+ 1/44>/&+ '-E>%+ 2>&-+ (2,/+ 4//6+ D2%/+ ,#&#4>/+ 5#.(+ 2+

)/.2)%26.+ 26%+ 52&(#60+ -E.+ .(/+ '-6')/./+ #DD/%#2./>\+

2F./)+%/D-E>%#60A

H++8,

@-)D/)&+2)/+-F./6+D-E6./%+#6+#6'>#6/%+)--F&A+@/&#06#60+

.(/&/+#6+2''-)%26'/+5#.(+.(/+&#V/+-F+.(/+)--F+.#>/&+1)/,/6.&+

.(/+ &25#60+ -F+ .#>/&+ F-)+ #6F#>>#60A+ "2&I+ 42&/%+ /f1-&E)/+

D/2&E)/D/6.&+ 5(/6+ &25#60+ )--F+ .#>/&?+ 2&+ &(-56+ #6+

^#0E)/+C?+&(-5/%+)/&1#)24>/+&#>#'2+/f1-&E)/&+,2)\#60+F)-D+

7?B+.-+87!+D0aDG+;7:+o+8Q!+.#D/&+.(/+@E.'(+-''E12.#-62>+

/f1-&E)/+>#D#.<+;J-/'I(-E.+/.+2>A?+7!8!<A+

3+>#,/>\+%/&#06+#&+D2%/+4\+&.200/)#60+.(/+-E./)+52>>+26%+

.(/+ )--FA+ X6+ ^#0E)/+ .(#&+ #&+ 2'(#/,/%+ #6+ .(/+ )--F+ 5#.(+ 2+

,2>>/\+ 0E../)+ 26%+ 26+ 260>/+ )#%0/A+ M26\+ )--F+ .#>/&+ DE&.+

4/+ &256+ F-)+ .(#&+ '-6&.)E'.#-6A+ "(/+ 1)-%E'.#-6+ FE6'.#-6+

m)/D-,#60+D2./)#2>n+26%+.(/+1)-%E'.#-6+1)#6'#1>/+m&25#60n+

'26+4/+/>#D#62./%+4\+&(#F.#60+.(/+/6.#)/+4E#>%#60+12).?+2&+

&(-56+ #6+ ^#0E)/+ Q. "(#&+ 2,-#%&+ /%0#60+ -F+ .(/+ )--F?+ 26%+

.(E&+&25#60+-F+)--F+.#>/&A

Outer walls

^-)+ &-D/+ %/.2#>&+ #6+ .(/+ -E./)+ 52>>&+ DE'(+ &25#60+ 5-)I+

DE&.+ 4/+ %-6/A+ T6/+ M/2&E)/D/6.+ %E)#60+ %)\+ &25#60+ #6+

4)#'I+ 26%+ >#D/U&26%&.-6/+ &(-5/%+ 26+ /f1-&E)/+ -F+ !?77+

D0aDG;PE#V/)+ et alA?+ 7!!Q<A+ ^#0E)/+ _+ &(-5&+ 2+ 4E#>%#60+

4E#>.+-F+4)#'I&+#6+.5-+'->-E)&+5#.(+&.)2#0(.+>#6/&A+3+%-E4>/+

42I/%+ 4)#'I+ #&+ '(-&/6?+ 5(#'(+ '266-.+ 4/+ 'E.+ .-+ &#V/+ 5#.(+

2+ 4)#'I>2\/)&n+ 4->&./)A+ "(/+ -6>\+ D/.(-%+ #&+ .-+ 'E.+ .(/&/+

_+72&!#G##36'(-)+4E&(/&?+.-+4/+/D4/%%/%+#6+.(/+'-6')/./

_+72&!#F###`&+3#-.,(3!'#/%.265(

_+72&!#H###Q%.265(#.!a#(6%%38

_+72&!#V###b,..!"#72c!&#,5'#,57.!#&+'7!#/%5(3&2/>%5 _+72&!#d###P8+a+57#38!#$8%.!#-2+.'+57#*,&3#,U%+'(#(,$+57#%<#

&%%<#>.!(

_+72&!#K##P,$+57#&%%<#>.!(

(5)

C "#$%&'()#*+,--)+.-/0/12&./+3)4-5/./6&'(21+7!8 97:;7<

4)#'I&+5#.(+2+%#2D-6%+&25A+36%+2>.(-E0(+.(#&+52&+%-6/+

5#.(+52./)+&E11>\?+%E&.+)/D2#6&+-6+.(/+4)#'I+;^#0E)/+:<A+

=(/6+ 1)-'/&&#60+ .(/+ 4)#'I&+ .(#&+ %E&.+ #&+ )/>/2&/%+ .-+ .(/+

2#)A+@/&#06#60+%/.2#>&+#6+&.26%2)%+&#V/+4)#'I&+;5(->/?+(2>F?+

gE2)./)+4)#'I<+1)/,/6.&+.(#&A+

^-)+ 6-6U)/'.260E>2)+ '-)6/)&+ #6+ )/1/2.#60+ &.)E'.E)/&+ .(/+

&.-6/+ '26+ 4/+ F2'.-)\UD2%/?+ 2&+ '26+ 4/+ &//6+ #6+ ^#0E)/+ GA++

"(#&+ #&+ 6-.+ -6>\+ D-)/+ 2/&.(/.#'?+ 4E.+ 2>&-+ 1)/,/6.&+

&>26.5#&/+&25#60+-F+4)#'I&A+

^#0E)/+ B+ &(-5&+ .E'I+ 1-#6.#60+ F-)+ )/6-,2.#-6?+ 5(#'(+ #&+ 2+

6-.-)#-E&+&-E)'/+-F+%E&.+;"$-/+N#$+et alA?+7!!G9+W->>#605--%+

26%+P/#.4)#6I?+7!!_<A+"$-/+N#$+et al+D/2&E)/%+/f1-&E)/&+

.-+&#>#'2+%E&.+E1+.-+!A Q+D0aDGA+]-#6.&+'26+4/+2,-#%/%+4\+

E&#60+0>E/+#6&./2%+-F+'/D/6.?+2&+&(-56+#6+^#0E)/+8!A+

"(/+,/)\+.(#6+$-#6.+#&+6-.+2FF/'./%+4\+5/2.(/)+#6F>E/6'/&+

26%+ .(E&+ 5#>>+ 6-.+ %/./)#-)2./A+ X.+ DE&.+ 4/+ I/1.+ #6+ D#6%+

(-5/,/)?+.(2.+.(/+4E#>%#60+5#>>+0/.+2+%#FF/)/6.+211/2)26'/A+

Interior walls

^#0E)/+ 88+ &(-5&+ 26+ #6./)#-)+ 52>>+ 4E#>.+ F)-D+ 4>-'I&A++

"(/+&.-)/\+(/#0(.+%-/&+6-.+D2.'(+5#.(+.(/+(/#0(.+-F+.(/+

4>-'I&?+ 5(#'(+ D/26&+ .(2.+ .(/+ >2&.+ >2\/)+ DE&.+ 4/+ &256+

.-+ &#V/A+ R25#60+ -F+ >#D/U&26%&.-6/+ 4>-'I&+ 5#.(+ 2+ '#)'E>2)+

&25+#6+2+./&.+&#.E2.#-6+&(-5/%+&#>#'2+'-6'/6.)2.#-6&+F)-D+

!A!7G+ .-+ !A8B_+ D0aDG+ ;=/&.+ /.+ 2>A?+ 7!!B<A+ X6+ ^#0E)/+ 87+

.(/+ &.-)/\+ (/#0(.+ D2.'(/&+ 5#.(+ .(2.+ -F+ .(/+ 4>-'I&?+ .(E&+

2,-#%#60+&25#60+.-+&#V/A+

^#0E)/+ 8G+ &(-5&+ 2+ %--)+ -1/6#60+ 5#.(+ 2+ >#6./>A+ 3)-E6%+

.(/+ >#6./>+ D26\+ 4)#'I&+ DE&.+ 4/+ 'E.+ .-+ &#V/A+ X6+ ^#0E)/+ 8C++

.(/+%--)+F)2D/+D2.'(/&+.(/+&.-)/\+(/#0(.?+.(E&+2,-#%#60+

2+>#6./>A+

T.(/)+D/.(-%&+.-+/>#D#62./+&#>#'2+2)/+.(/+E&/+-F+&#>#'2UF)//+

D2./)#2>&?+/A0A+0\1&ED+4>-'I&+#6&./2%+-F+>#D/U&26%&.-6/+

-)+'/>>E>2)+'-6')/./?+-)+52>>&+4E#>.+F)-D+1>2&./)+4-2)%+-6+

2+M/.2>&.E%p+-)+5--%/6+F)2D/A+

Floors

3+'-6')/./+F>--)+#&+'-DD-6>\+'-,/)/%+5#.(+2+.-1+F>--)#60A+

X6+'2&/+-F+2+&26%a'/D/6.+F>--)#60?+F#)&.+2+.(#6+>2\/)+-F+%)\+

D-).2)+ #&+ &1)/2%+ -E.+ -6+ .(/+ %2D1+ F>--)+ &E)F2'/A+ 3F./)+

(2)%/6#60?+ .(/+ F>--)+ DE&.+ 4/+ &26%/%+ .-+ )/D-,/+ .(/+

.(#6+ E11/)+ >2\/)+ -F+ .(/+ .-1+ F>--)#60+ 4/'2E&/+ -.(/)5#&/+

2%(/&#,/&+ %-+ 6-.+ &.#'IA+ R1)/2%#60+ -F+ %)\+ '/D/6.+ 2&+

5/>>+ 2&+ &26%#60+ 2)/+ &-E)'/&+ -F+ %E&.A+ ^-)+ .(/&/+ 2'.#,#.#/&+

6-+ D/2&E)/D/6.+ )/&E>.&+ 2)/+ 2,2#>24>/?+ 4E.+ .(/\+ 4-.(+

0/6/)2./+ 2+ '-6&#%/)24>/+ 2D-E6.+ -F+ ,#&#4>/+ %E&.A+ J-.(+

'26+ 4/+ 2,-#%/%+ 4\+ '-D12'.#60+ .(/+ F>--)+ 5#.(+ )-.2.#60+

%#&'+ /gE#1D/6.A+ "(/+ '-6')/./+ &E)F2'/+ #&+ D/'(26#'2>>\+

'-D12'./%+ 26%+ &D--.(/6/%A+ "(/+ F>--)+ F#6#&(#60+ ;/A0A+

'2)1/.#60?+ 12)gE/.)\<+ '26+ 4/+ 211>#/%+ %#)/'.>\+ -6+ .(/+

'-6')/./+ F>--)+ 26%+ .(/+ F>--)+ 6//%&+ 6-+ &26%#60+ 26%+ .(/+

1)-%E'.#-6+FE6'.#-6+m)/D-,#60+D2./)#2>n+#&+/>#D#62./%A+

=$,0%!!%&+$(@+.A

W>/,/)+ %/&#06+ '26+ 2,-#%+ DE'(+ %E&.+ #6+ .(/+ )/2>#&2.#-6+

1(2&/A+"(#&+#&+2>&-+.)E/+F-)+.(/+#6&.2>>2.#-6+1(2&/A+^#f#60+

26%+%E'.5-)I+'26+4/+%/&#06/%+#6+&E'(+2+52\+.(2.+%)#>>#60?+

'E..#60+26%+&25#60+2)/+2,-#%/%+-)+2.+>/2&.+%#D#6#&(/%A _+72&!#e###:2/=#*%+5>57

_+72&!#GM###`.2!'#-&+/=(#$+38#(6,..#;%+53(

_+72&!#GG###D.%/=(#'%#5%3#6,3/8#38!#(3%&!"#8!+783

_+72&!#GF###D.%/=(#6,3/8+57#38!#(3%&!"#8!+783#,U%+'(#(,$+57

_+72&!#GV###@//!((%&"#3%#/&!,3!#,#f%%&#%*!5+57 _+72&!#Y###:$%#/%.%&(#%<#-&+/=#+5#%5!#-2+.'+57 _+72&!#L###Z2(3#(!c.!'#%5#(,$5#-&+/=(

_+72&!#GH###Z%%&#%*!5+57#$+38#,#.+53!.

_+72&!#GK###Z%%&#<&,6!(#6,3/8+57#38!#(3%&!"#8!+783#,U%+'(#

(,$+57#$%&=

(6)

"#$%&'()#*+,--)+.-/0/12&./+3)4-5/./6&'(21+7!8 97:;7<+

Drilling

@)\+ %)#>>#60+ >/2%&+ .-+ &#>#'2+ /f1-&E)/&+ E1+ .-+ !AG+ D0aDG++

;PE#V/)+ et alA?+ 7!!Q<A+ "(/+ 211>#'2.#-6+ -F+ 52./)+ '26+

%/')/2&/+.(#&+/f1-&E)/+.-+!A! +D0aDGA+"(/+D-&.+)#0-)-E&+

&->E.#-6+#&+.-+5-)I+5#.(+2+&(2F.+.-+2,-#%+%)#>>#60+(->/&+F-)+

&/12)2./+ 1#1/&+ 26%+ '24>/&A+ M26\+ 2''/&&-)#/&+ F-)+ 4-f#60+

-E.+ .(/+ -1/6#60+ 2)/+ 2,2#>24>/?+ /A0A+ .(/+ -6/+ &(-56+ #6+

^#0E)/+8 A+

XF+ .(#&+ &->E.#-6+ #&+ 6-.+ 1-&&#4>/+ -)+ 6-.+ 526./%?+ .(/)/+ 2)/+

D26\+2''/&&-)#/&+2,2#>24>/+-6+.(/+D2)I/.+.-+)/2>#&/+'E.U -E.&+#6+'-6')/./+F>--)&A+^#0E)/+8Q+&(-5&+26+2''/&&-)\+.-+

&12)/+(->/&+F-)+'/6.)2>+(/2.#60+%E'.5-)IA+

"(/+ 2''/&&-)\+ #&+ D-E6./%+ -6+ .(/+ D-E>%+ .-+ 0/.+ .(/+

-1/6#60&+F-)+.(/+.E4/&+2.+.(/+)#0(.+1>2'/+26%+2.+.(/+)#0(.+

%#&.26'/A+M26\+-F+.(/&/+2''/&&-)#/&+2)/+2,2#>24>/?+F-)+2>>+

I#6%&+-F+1#1/+5-)IA

/*6*)%

3>./)62.#,/&+F-)+F#f#60+4\+%)#>>#60+26%+1>E00#60+2)/+26'(-)+

)2#>&+26%+26'(-)+4E&(/&?+2&+&(-56+#6+^#0E)/+8_A+

312).+ F)-D+ .(/+ 2%,26.20/+ .(2.+ %)#>>#60+ #&+ 2,-#%/%?+ .(/+

F#f#60+ #&+ DE'(+ D-)/+ &/'E)/A+ "(/+ 2''/&&-)#/&+ 2)/+ F#f/%+

2.+ .(/+ )/#6F-)'/D/6.+ &.//>+ 26%+ &-+ 2)/+ F#f/%+ #6+ .(/+

'-6&.)E'.#-6A+ 36-.(/)+ 2%,26.20/+ -F+ 26'(-)+ )2#>&+ #&+ .(/+

F>/f#4#>#.\+F-)+D-E6.#60+-F+%E'.5-)IA+J\+/D4/%%#60+.(/&/+

2.+ )/0E>2)+ %#&.26'/&+ #6+ .(/+ '-6')/./+ F>--)?+ />/'.)#'#.\+

'24>/&?+ 2#)+ '-6%#.#-6#60+ %E'.&+ 26%+ 52./)+ &E11>\+ '26+

4/+ F#f/%+ 2.+ 26\+ 1-#6.A+ "(#&+ #&+ 2+ .)/D/6%-E&+ 2%,26.20/+

5(/6+ /A0A+ 26+ -FF#'/+ 4E#>%#60+ #&+ )/FE)4#&(/%?+ 5(/6+ -F./6+

26+ /6.#)/>\+ 6/5+ &\&./D+ #&+ #6&.2>>/%A+ 3+ 5)/6'(+ 26%+ 2+

&')/5%)#,/)+2)/+&EFF#'#/6.+.-+)/D-,/+.(/+->%+&\&./D+26%+

.-+#6&.2>>+2+6/5+-6/A+

TF+ '-E)&/+ />/'.)#'#.\+ '24>/&+ 26%+ 52./)+ &E11>\+ '26+ 4/+

/D4/%%/%+#6+.(/+'-6')/./+F>--)+2&+5/>>?+4E.+.(/6+.(/+>2\U -E.+-F+.(/+4E#>%#60+'266-.+4/+D-%#F#/%+2F./)52)%&A

789)%&:4#&3$;5!+&$)"&<*<!+

`/).#'2>+ '24>/&+ 26%+ 52./)+ &E11>\+ 2)/+ -F./6+ '-6'/2>/%+ #6+

.(/+ 52>>+ 4\+ 'E..#60+ -)+ D#>>#60+ 2+ )/'/&&A+ M/2&E)/D/6.&+

%E)#60+ )/'/&&+ D#>>#60+ &(-5/%+ /f1-&E)/+ .-+ 2+ D2f#DED+

-F+ QAB+ D0aDG+ ;OED/6&+ 26%+ R1//?+ 7!!8<A+ W>-&/&.+ .-+ .(#&+

1)2'.#'/+ #&+ .(/+ E&/+ -F+ (->>-5+ '24>/+ 4)#'I&+ -)+ '-6')/./+

&.-6/&A+3+,/).#'2>+-1/6#60+#&+')/2./%+#6+.(#&+52\?+.()-E0(+

5(#'(+ 2+ .E4/+ '26+ 4/+ 1E.+ #6+ 1>2'/A+ "(/&/+ &.-6/&+ 2)/+

/&1/'#2>>\+%/,/>-1/%+F-)+.5-U&#%/%+/f1-&/%+D2&-6)\?+4E.+

-F+'-E)&/+.(/\+'26+4/+E&/%+#F+.(/+52>>+#&+1>2&./)/%+2&+5/>>A+3+

'-D12)24>/+&->E.#-6+#&+.-+#6./0)2./+.(/+'24>/&+.-+.(/+>#0(.+

&5#.'(+#6+2+(->>-5+%--)1-&.A+^-)+'-6')/./+'-6&.)E'.#-6&?+

%/&#06#60+.(/+%/.2#>&+-F+.(/+E.#>#.\+#6&.2>>2.#-6+2.+26+/2)>\+

&.20/+ D2I/+ #.+ 1-&&#4>/+ .-+ /D4/%+ 52./)+ 1#1/&?+ '24>/&+ /.+

'/./)2+#6+.(/+'-6')/./A+

3+D-)/+&-1(#&.#'2./%+&->E.#-6+F-)+.(/+'/6.)2>+1-5/)+1-#6.+

#&+26+#6F)2)/%+)/D-./+'-6.)->?+2&+&(-56+#6+^#0E)/+8:A+

"(#&+ >--I&+ >#I/+ 26+ -)%#62)\+ >#0(.+ &5#.'(?+ 4E.+ #6+ F2'.+ #.+

0/6/)2./&+26+#6F)2)/%+&#062>A+"(/+)/D-./+'-6.)->+'26+4/+

D-E6./%+/,/)\5(/)/?+5(#'(+#&+2+0)/2.+2%,26.20/A L-5/)+ &-'I/.&+ '26+ 4/+ D-E6./%+ #6+ (->>-5+ 52>>&+ >#I/+

_+72&!#Gd###@//!((%&"#3%#/&!,3!#%*!5+57(#<%&#'2/3$%&=

_+72&!#GY###@5/8%&#&,+.#g'!6%5(3&,>%5#6%'!.h

_+72&!#GL###X5<&,&!'#($+3/8

_+72&!#Ge###S!3!5>%5#$,..

_+72&!#FM###Q,-.!#72c!&

(7)

Q "#$%&'()#*+,--)+.-/0/12&./+3)4-5/./6&'(21+7!8 97:;7<

M/.2>&.E%p+26%+1>2&./)+4-2)%?+#6&./2%+-F+D-E6.#60+.(/D+

#6+.(/+&->#%+;&1#6/<+52>>A+XF+.(/+&-'I/.+DE&.+4/+D-E6./%+

2.+.(/+1>2'/+-F+.(/+&->#%+52>>+F-)+&-D/+)/2&-6?+2+)/./6.#-6+

52>>+'26+4/+E&/%?+2&+#6+^#0E)/+8BA

"(/)/+2)/+D26\+'24>/+0E../)+&\&./D&+/&1/'#2>>\+%/&#06/%+

F-)+ /f1-&/%+ 5-)I?+ 5(#'(+ 2)/+ '-DD-6>\+ E&/%+ 2.+ 1>2'/&+

5(/)/+F>/f#4>/+'24>/+26%+%E'.5-)I+#&+526./%A+36+/f2D1>/+

#&+&(-56+#6+^#0E)/+7!A+

JE.+6-52%2\&+&\&./D&+2)/+#6./0)2./%+6/2.>\+#6.-+.(/+&I#).+

4-2)%?+26%+/,/6+211>#'24>/+#6+%5/>>#60&A

3",2-,,"+$

"(/)/+ 211/2)+ .-+ 4/+ D26\+ 1-&&#4#>#.#/&+ .-+ />#D#62./+

0/6/)2.#-6+ -F+ %E&.+ %E)#60+ '-6&.)E'.#-6A+ -)?+ #6+ ./)D&+ -F+

%/&#06+ 262>\&#&Z+ .-+ />#D#62./+ .(/+ 1)-%E'.#-6+ FE6'.#-6+

m)/D-,#60+ D2./)#2>nA+ "(/+ /f2D1>/&+ #6+ .(#&+ 121/)+ 2)/+

4\+ 6-+ D/26&+ /f(2E&.#,/A+ 3>>+ /f2D1>/&+ (2,/+ 1)-,/6+

.(/D&/>,/&+#6+1)2'.#'/?+4E.+.(/+%/&#06/)+%-/&+6-.+%/'#%/+

&1-6.26/-E&>\+ .-+ 1)/&')#4/+ .(/D+ #6+ (#&+ &1/'#F#'2.#-6&A+

R2F/.\+'26+./2'(+E&+&-D/+>/&&-6&+24-E.+.(/+)/2&-6&A X6+ .(/-)\?+ %/&#06/)&+ 2)/+ 252)/+ -F+ .(/+ #6./)/&.+ -F+ &2F/.\+

#6+%/&#06A+"(/+3D/)#'26+R-'#/.\+-F+W#,#>+c60#6//)&+&.2./&+

#6+ L->#'\+ R.2./D/6.+ NED4/)+ G !+ .(2.+ /60#6//)&+ &(2>>+

(2,/+ )/&1-6&#4#>#.\+ F-)+ j)/'-06#V#60+ .(2.+ &2F/.\+ 26%+

'-6&.)E'.24#>#.\+ 2)/+ #D1-).26.+ '-6&#%/)2.#-6&+ 5(/6+

1)/12)#60+'-6&.)E'.#-6+1>26&+26%+&1/'#F#'2.#-6&k+;'#.2.#-6+

F)-D+ h2D42./&/+ /.+ 2>A?+ 7!! <+ T6+ .(/+ -.(/)+ (26%?+ 5(/6+

)26I#60+ .(/+ 1)#-)#.#/&+ -F+ 1)-$/'.+ ')#./)#2?+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+

&2F/.\+ &'-)/&+ A_+ -6+ 2+ &'2>/+ F)-D+ -6/+ .-+ &#f?+ 5(/)/+ -6/+

#&+ .(/+ (#0(/&.+ 1)#-)#.\+ 26%+ &#f+ .(/+ >-5/&.A+ "(#&+ D/26&+

.(2.+ B b+ -F+ 2>>+ %/&#06/)&+ #6+ h2D42./&/n&+ &.E%\+ )26I&+

'-6&.)E'.#-6+ &2F/.\+ >2&.?+ 2F./)+ gE2>#.\?+ /6%UE&/)+ &2F/.\?+

'-&.?+ &'(/%E>/+ 26%+ 2/&.(/.#'&A+ 3+ >#./)2.E)/+ &.E%\+ #6+ .(/+

&2D/+121/)+F-)+.(/+)/2&-6&+5(\+'-6&.)E'.#-6+&2F/.\+0/.&+

&-+>#..>/+2../6.#-6+\#/>%/%+.(/+F->>-5#60+)/2&-6&Z 8A+ #6&EFF#'#/6.+)/gE#)/D/6.&+F-)+%/&#06/)&+.-+0#,/+

2../6.#-6+.-+&2F/.\+#6+%/&#06

7A+ .(/+/D1>-\/)+;#A/A+.(/+'-6&.)E'.#-6+'-D126\<+#&+

)/&1-6&#4>/+F-)+&2F/.\

GA+ >#24#>#.\+'-6'/)6&+2D-60+%/&#06/)&+#F+2+

)/'-DD/6%2.#-6+>/2%&+.-+26+2''#%/6.

CA+ 62))-5+&1/'#2>#V2.#-6+-F+'-6&.)E'.#-6+26%+%/&#06 A+ >#D#./%+2,2#>24#>#.\+-F+.-->&?+0E#%/>#6/&+26%+

1)-'/%E)/&+#6+&2F/.\+#6+%/&#06

QA+ >#D#./%+'->>24-)2.#-6+2D-60+.(/+12).#/&+#6+.(/+%/&#06+

1(2&/

_A+ >#D#./%+/%E'2.#-6+-6+'-6&.)E'.#-6+5-)I/)&+&2F/.\+

26%+&2F/.\+#6+%/&#06A

R-D/+-F+.(/&/+)/2&-6&+5#>>+2>&-+211>\+.-+12\#60+2../6.#-6+

.-+ &#>#'2+ #6+ %/&#06A+ S/2&-6+ C?+ + 26%+ _?+ 2>>+ 24-E.+ >2'I+ -F+

I6-5>/%0/+ -F+ .(/+ &E4$/'.?+ 211>\+ .-+ &#>#'2A+ 3)'(#./'.&+

26%+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ /60#6//)&+ #6+ "(/+ N/.(/)>26%&+ 2)/+ 6-.+

/%E'2./%+ .-+ )/'-06#&/+ (2V2)%-E&+ &E4&.26'/&+ #6+ .(/+

'-6&.)E'.#-6+ 1)-'/&&?+ 5(#'(+ D/26&+ .(2.+ 2../6.#-6+ F-)+

.(#&+&E4$/'.+#&+(2)%>\+.-+4/+/f1/'./%A+T6/+-F+.(/+2E.(-)&+

(2&+ 2../6%/%+ 2+ 6ED4/)+ -F+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ ./2D+ D//.#60&A++

"(/+ ./2D+ '-6&#&./%+ -F+ 26+ 2)'(#./'.?+ 2+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+

/60#6//)+ 26%+ 2+ &.)E'.E)2>+ /60#6//)+ 26%+ .(/+ 1)-$/'.+ 52&+

)/6-,2.#-6+26%+12).#2>+)/4E#>%#60+-F+26+->%+4E#>%#60A+"(/+

.()//+ 1/)&-6&+ #6,->,/%+ '-6&#%/)/%+ %E&.+ 6-+ D-)/+ .(26+

2+ 6E#&26'/?+ 26%+ %#%+ 6-.+ )/2>#&/+ .(2.+ %E&.+ D2\+ '-6.2#6+

(2V2)%-E&+ &E4&.26'/&A+ "(/+ @E.'(+ >24-E)+ #6&1/'.-)2./+

&.2./&+ #6+ -6/+ -F+ (/)+ %-'ED/6.&Z+ jX6+ .(/+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+

#6%E&.)\?+ .(-&/+ 5(-+ )/2>>\+ %/'#%/+ 24-E.+ .(/+ 1)-%E'.#-6+

1)-'/&&+ #6+ .(/+ %/&#06+ 1(2&/+ ;2)'(#./'.?+ ./'(6#'2>+

%/&#06/)<+ 2)/+ -F./6+ 6-.+ ,/)\+ F2D#>#2)+ 5#.(+ 1)/,/6.#-6+

-F+ -''E12.#-62>+ )#&I&+ 26%+ 5#.(+ .(/+ 5-)I#60+ '-6%#.#-6&+

#6+ .(/+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ 1(2&/kA+ 36%+ 2>&-Z+ j"(/+ &/'.-)+ #&+

'(2)2'./)#V/%+ 4\+ #6&EFF#'#/6.+ &.)E'.E)/&+ F-)+ '-6&E>.2.#-6+

4/.5//6+ %/&#06/)&?+ FE.E)/+ E&/)&+ 26%+ 4E#>%/)&+ %E)#60+

.(/+ 1)-0)2DD#60+ 26%+ %/&#06+ 1(2&/&+ -F+ .(/+ 4E#>%#60k+

=>11<?@@)5A1!+1A4+>$A!8#4<$A!8@!8B!!C@D2/"4B)54$"+@

arborisicosinbranchebouw.pdf)+ ;)/2&-6+ Q<A+ T6+ .(/+ -.(/)+

(26%?+ %/&#06/)&+ (2,/+ 2+ >/02>+ -4>#02.#-6+ .-+ 2''-E6.+

F-)+ .(/+ #6F>E/6'/+ -F+ .(/#)+ %/'#&#-6&+ -6+ .(/+ 5-)I#60+

'-6%#.#-6&+ 2.+ .(/+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ &#./A+ "(#&+ #&+ /&.24>#&(/%+

#6+ .(/+ cE)-1/26+ %#)/'.#,/+ B7a _acch+ F-)+ ./D1-)2)\+ -)+

D-4#>/+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+ &#./&?+ 5(#'(+ #&+ #6'-)1-)2./%+ #6+ .(/+

D/D4/)+ &.2./&+ >/0#&>2.#-6+ 4\+ G8+ @/'/D4/)?+ 8BBG+ ;ccW?+

8BB7<A+^-)+>2)0/?+'-D1>#'2./%+26%a-)+(2V2)%-E&+1)-$/'.&+

.(/+%/&#06/)+DE&.+)/6%/)+2+&2F/.\+26%+(/2>.(+1>26+F-)+.(/+

%/&#06+ 1(2&/+ .-+ .(/+ 4E#>%/)A+ "(/+ (2V2)%&+ -F+ &#>#'2+ %E&.?+

4/#60+ 2+ '2)'#6-0/6#'+ &E4&.26'/?+ &(-E>%+ -F+ '-E)&/+ 4/+

%/&')#4/%+#6+.(#&+1>26A+"(#&+D/26&+.(2.+)/2&-6+8+26%+7+-F+

h2D4/./n&+>#./)2.E)/+&.E%\+2)/+6-.+.)E/A+X.+#&+6-.+.(/+>2'I+

-F+ )E>/&?+ 4E.+ .(/+ >2'I+ -F+ I6-5>/%0/+ 5(#'(+ #&+ ')E'#2>A+ TF+

'-E)&/+.(/+(/2>.(+26%+&2F/.\+-F+.(/+'-6&.)E'.#-6+5-)I/)&+

2.+.(/+4E#>%#60+&#./+2)/+.(/+)/&1-6&#4#>#.\+-F+.(/+/D1>-\/)?+

4E.+4/F-)/+.(2.+.(/+%/&#06/)+#&+%/F#6#./>\+)/&1-6&#4>/+F-)+

.2I#60+(/2>.(+26%+&2F/.\+(2V2)%&+#6.-+2''-E6.A+P-5/,/)?+

.(/)/+2)/+&-+D26\+)E>/&+F-)+%/&#06/)+'-6'/)6#60+gE2>#.\?+

2/&.(/.#'&?+ /6%UE&/)+ &2F/.\?+ /6/)0\+ '-6&ED1.#-6+ 26%+

D26\+ D-)/?+ .(2.+ (/2>.(+ 26%+ &2F/.\+ #6+ .(/+ %/&#06+ 1(2&/+

D2\+ /2&#>\+ 4/+ F-)0-../6A+ T6/+ -F+ .(/+ 2E.(-)&+ ;@R<+ 52&+

#6,->,/%+ #6+ 2+ 1)-$/'.+ 5#.(+ &1/'#2>+ 2../6.#-6+ F-)+ %/&#06+

262>\&#&A+ @E)#60+ 26+ /6.#)/+ 1)-$/'.+ '-6&.)E'.#60+ 2+ E.#>#.\+

4E#>%#60+ /f1-&E)/+ &1/'#2>#&.&+ (2,/+ '--1/)2./%+ 5#.(+

26%+ 2%,#&/%+ 4-.(+ .(/+ 2)'(#./'.&+ 26%+ .(/+ '-6&.)E'.#-6+

'-D126\+ -6+ 52\&+ .-+ %/')/2&/+ &#>#'2+ %E&.+ /f1-&E)/A+ "(/+

/f1/)#/6'/+ F)-D+ .(#&+ 1)-$/'.+ 52&Z+ jX.+ 52&+ %#&.)/&&#60+ .-+

&//+.(2.+2)'(#./'.&+26%+2%,#&/)&+2)/+(2)%>\+-)+6-.+252)/+

-F+.(/#)+#6F>E/6'/+-6+.(/+&2F/.\+26%+(/2>.(+-F+'-6&.)E'.#-6+

5-)I/)&k+;R1/II#6I?+7!8!<A+

X6,->,#60+ 2+ 5-)I#60+ '-6%#.#-6&+ &1/'#2>#&.+ F)-D+ .(/+

4/0#66#60+ -F+ .(/+ %/&#06+ 1)-'/&&+ 5-E>%+ 2,-#%+ D26\+

(2V2)%-E&+&#.E2.#-6+#6+.(/+'-6&.)E'.#-6+1(2&/A+WE))/6.>\?+

-''E12.#-62>+(\0#/6#&.&+2)/+#6,->,/%+#6+.(/+'-6&.)E'.#-6+

1(2&/?+5(#'(+#&+.--+>2./+.-+)/2>>\+'(260/+%/&#06+1)#6'#1>/&+

26%+ >/2%&+ -F./6+ .-+ >/&&+ 526./%+ &->E.#-6&+ >#I/+ 1/)&-62>+

1)-./'.#-6A+ "(/+ -''E12.#-62>+ (\0#/6#&.+ %-/&+ 6-.+ 6//%+

.-+ (2,/+ I6-5>/%0/+ -F+ %/&#06#60+ 26%+ /60#6//)#60A+ ]E&.+

1-#6.#60+ .-+ 4E#>%#60+ &\&./D&?+ 4E#>%#60+ D/.(-%&+ -)+

'-6&.)E'.#-6+ %/.2#>&+ .(2.+ >/2%+ .-+ (#0(+ %E&.+ /f1-&E)/+

D2\+ >/.+ .(/+ %/&#06/)+ .(#6I+ -F+ 2+ &->E.#-6A+ "(/+ %/&#06/)+

(8)

"#$%&'()#*+,--)+.-/0/12&./+3)4-5/./6&'(21+7!8 97:;7<+ _

26%+ .(/+ -''E12.#-62>+ (\0#/6#&.+ .-0/.(/)+ '26+ .(/6+

2&&/&&+ .(/+ &->E.#-6A+ X6+ .(#&+ 52\?+ .(/+ %/&#06/)&+ F//>#60+

-F+ )/&1-6&#4#>#.\+ 5#>>+ #6')/2&/+ 5#.(-E.+ .(/+ -''E12.#-62>+

(\0#/6#&.+ .2I#60+ -,/)+ .(/+ %/&#06/)&+ $-4A+ P-1/FE>>\?+ .(#&+

>/2%&+.-+D2f#DED+&2F/.\+#6+%/&#06+5#.(-E.+2FF/'.#60+.(/+

')/2.#,/+F)//%-D+-F+.(/+%/&#06/)A

X.+5-E>%+2>&-+4/+0--%+.-+'2.2>-0E/+&->E.#-6&+2.+2+'/6.)2>+

1>2'/?+ .-+ D2I/+ .(/D+ 2,2#>24>/+ .-+ /,/)\4-%\?+ 5(/.(/)+

%/&#06/)+ -)+ -''E12.#-62>+ (\0#/6#&.A+ X>>E&.)2.#-6&+ 5-E>%+

(/>1+ .-+ -,/)'-D/+ '-6FE&#-6&+ %E/+ .-+ '-E6.)\U&1/'#F#'+

./)D#6->-0\+26%+%#FF/)/6'/&+#6+4E#>%#60+&\&./D&A

?+$2!-,"+$,

cf1-&E)/+ .-+ )/&1#)24>/+ ')\&.2>>#6/+ &#>#'2+ %E)#60+ .(/+

'-6&.)E'.#-6+ 1)-'/&&+ #&+ 2+ &/)#-E&+ (/2>.(+ (2V2)%+ 26%+

6//%&+ E)0/6.>\+ .-+ 4/+ >-5/)/%A+ "/'(6#'2>+ D/2&E)/&+ >#I/+

52./)+ &E11>\+ -)+ >-'2>+ /f(2E&.+ ,/6.#>2.#-6+ -F./6+ 5-)I+

#6&EFF#'#/6.>\A+"(/)/+2)/+D26\+1-&&#4#>#.#/&+.-+1)/,/6.+-)+

)/%E'/+%E&.+/f1-&E)/+#6+.(/+%/&#06+1(2&/A+"(/+%/&#06/)+

(2&+ 6-.+ &EFF#'#/6.+ I6-5>/%0/+ -F+ 5-)I#60+ 1)2'.#'/&+ 2.+

.(/+4E#>%#60+&#./+.-+>-5/)+(/2>.(+)#&I&+F-)+5-)I/)&+#6+.(/+

)/2>#&2.#-6+1(2&/+26%+-F./6+%-/&+6-.+/,/6+'-6&#%/)+.(#&+

(#&a(/)+ .2&IA+ X61E.+ -F+ 26+ -''E12.#-62>+ (\0#/6#&.+ #6+ .(/+

%/&#06+1(2&/+D2\+#D1)-,/+.(#&A

L(-.-+ ')/%#.&Z+ ^#0E)/+ C+ #&+ D2%/+ 4\+ L#/.+ ]2'-4&A+ ^#0E)/+ B+

#&+ '-1\)#0(./%+ 26%+ )/1)-%E'/%+ 5#.(+ 1/)D#&&#-6+ -F+ @#'I+

`2%/)A+ "(/+ 2E.(-)+ -F+ ^#0E)/+ 8!+ #&+ E6I6-56A+ "(/+ -.(/)+

1(-.-&+2)/+D2%/+4\+.(/+2E.(-)&A

H/8/./$2/,

+ 3I42)Ui(26V2%/(+ ^?+ M#>V+ R?+ 3D/&+ 3?+ et al+ ;7!!_<+ W)\&.2>>#6/+

&#>#'2+%E&.+26%+)/&1#)24>/+12)K'E>2./+D2q/)+%E)#60+#6%--)+'-6')/./+

0)#6%#60+ U+ 5/.+ 0)#6%#60+ 26%+ ,/6K>2./%+ 0)#6%#60+ '-D12)/%+ 5#.(+

E6'-6.)->>/%+'-6,/6K-62>+0)#6%#60A+]+T''E1+c6,#)-6+P\0+CZ__!UC_B+

+ J/2E%)\+W?+@-#6+W?+hr)#6+M?+/.+2>A+;7!8G<+W-6&.)E'K-6+5-)I/)&n+

/f1-&E)/+ .-+ ')\&.2>>#6/+ &#>#'2A+ S/1-).?+ XSR"?+ W262%2?+ XRJN+ B_:U7U :BQG8UQ BU +;1%F<

+ J/(D+M+;7!! <+O#6I#60+'-6&.)E'K-6+F2.2>#K/&+.-+.(/+%/&#06+F-)+

'-6&.)E'K-6+&2F/.\+'-6'/1.A+R2F/.\+R'#/6'/+CGZ :BUQ88+

+ J/66/q+ O+ ;7!!C<+ L//)+ )/,#/5+ -F+ 262>\&#&+ -F+ &1/'#2>#&.+ 0)-E1+

)/1-).&+ -6+ '2E&/&+ -F+ '-6&.)E'K-6+ 2''#%/6.&A+ P/2>.(+ 26%+ R2F/.\+

cf/'EK,/+)/&/2)'(+)/1-).+78:A+P/)+M2$/&.\n&+R.2K-6/)\+Ts'/?+R.+

W>/D/6.&+P-E&/?+7U8Q+W->/02./?+N-)5#'(+NSG+8Jt+[6#./%+i#60%-D+

+ J-/'I(-E.+ W?+ R1//+ "+ ;7!8C<+ /u/'.+ -F+ '-6.)->+ D/2&E)/&+ E1-6+

)--F+ K>/+ &25#60+ ;cF/'.+ ,26+ 4/(//)&D22.)/0/>/6+ 4#$+ (/.+ V20/6+ ,26+

%2I1266/6?+#6+@E.'(<A+"#$%&'()#*+,--)+"-/0/12&./+3)4-5/./6&'(21+

;]-E)62>+-F+311>#/%+T''E12K-62>+R'#/6'/&<+7_ZBU88+

+ W->>#605--%+R?+P/#.4)#6I+=3+;7!!_<+^#/>%+/,2>E2K-6+-F+26+/6U 0#6//)#60+ '-6.)->+ F-)+ )/&1#)24>/+ ')\&.2>>#6/+ &#>#'2+ /f1-&E)/&+ %E)#60+

D-).2)+)/D-,2>A+]+T''E1+c6,#)-6+P\0+CZ:_ U::_

+ W-E6'#>+@#)/'K,/+B7a _accW+-F+7C+]E6/+8BB7+-6+.(/+#D1>/D/6U .2K-6+ -F+ D#6#DED+ &2F/.\+ 26%+ (/2>.(+ )/gE#)/D/6.&+ 2.+ ./D1-)2)\+

-)+D-4#>/+'-6&.)E'K-6+&#./&+;/#0(.(+#6%#,#%E2>+@#)/'K,/+5#.(#6+.(/+

D/26#60+-F+3)K'>/+8Q;8<+-F+@#)/'K,/+:BaGB8accW<

+ W-E6'#>+W#)/'K,/+B:a7CacW-F+_+31)#>+8BB:+-6+.(/+1)-./'K-6+-F+

.(/+(/2>.(+26%+&2F/.\+-F+5-)I/)&+F)-D+.(/+)#&I&+)/>2./%+.-+'(/D#'2>+

20/6.&+2.+5-)I+;F-E).//6.(+#6%#,#%E2>+@#)/'K,/+5#.(#6+.(/+D/26#60+

-F+3)K'>/+8Q;8<+-F+.(/+%#)/'K,/+:BaGB8accW<

+ W)-./2E?+h3+hEu/\+Rc?+^>262026+Mc?+R/#f2&+NR+;7!!7<+"(/+/FU F/'.+-F+>-'2>+/f(2E&.+,/6K>2K-6+'-6.)->&+-6+%E&.+/f1-&E)/&+%E)#60+

'-6')/./+'Ev60+26%+0)#6%#60+2'K,#K/&A+3D+X6%+P\0+3&&+]+QGZC :U CQ_+

+ @/E)&&/6+c+,26?+L)-6I+3?+R1226+R?+h-/%/+P?+"#/>/D26&+c?+P//U

%/)#I+@?+M/#$&./)+"A+;7!8C<+tE2).V+26%+)/&1#)24>/+%E&.+#6+.(/+@E.'(+

'-6&.)E'K-6+#6%E&.)\Z+2+42&/>#6/+/f1-&E)/+2&&/&&D/6.+2&+12).+-F+2+

DE>K%#D/6&#-62>+#6./),/6K-6+211)-2'(A+366+T''E1+P\0A+ :Z_7CU G:A+

+ c'(.+3?+R#/4/)+i?+]-6/&+c?+R'(#>>+@?+O/w-5#.V+@?+RE02)+]?+P-u6/)+i+

;7!!G<+W-6.)->+-F+)/&1#)24>/+%E&.+26%+')\&.2>>#6/+&#>#'2+F)-D+4)/2I#60+

'-6')/./+5#.(+2+$2'I(2DD/)A+311>+T''E1+c6,#)-6+P\0+8:ZCB8UCB + + ^>262026+ Mc?+ R/#f2&+ N?+ M2$2)+ M?+ W2D1+ ]?+ M-)026+ M+ ;7!!G<+

R#>#'2+ %E&.+ /f1-&E)/&+ %E)#60+ &/>/'./%+ '-6&.)E'K-6+ 2'K,#K/&A+ 3D+

X6%+P\0+3&&+]+QCZG8BUG7:A

+ ^>262026+Mc?+R/#f2&+N?+J/'I/)+L?+"2'I2&+J?+W2D1+]+;7!!Q<+R#>#'2+

/f1-&E)/+-6+'-6&.)E'K-6+&#./&Z+)/&E>.&+-F+26+/f1-&E)/+D-6#.-)#60+

%2.2+'-D1#>2K-6+1)-$/'.A+]+T''E1+c6,#)-6+P\0+GZ8CCU8 7

+ ^>\66+MS?+RE&#+L+;7!!G<+c60#6//)#60+'-6.)->&+F-)+&/>/'./%+&#>#'2+

26%+ %E&.+ /f1-&E)/&+ #6+ .(/+ '-6&.)E'K-6+ #6%E&.)\+ o+ 2+ )/,#/5A+ 311>+

T''E1+c6,#)-6+P\0+8:Z7Q:U7__+

+ ^)#$./)&+ 3'1?+ R5E&./+ LP]]+ ;7!!:<A+ R2F/.\+ 2&&/&&D/6.+ #6+ %/&#06+

26%+1)/12)2K-6+1(2&/A+R2F/.\+R'#/6'/+CQZ7_7U7:8

+ h2D42./&/+]?+J/(D+M?+P#6V/+]+;7!! <+`#24#>#.\+-F+%/&#06#60+F-)+

'-6&.)E'K-6+5-)I/)+&2F/.\A+]+W-6&.)+c60+M2620/+8G8Z8!7BU8!GQ+

+ h->>2+`?+=/#.4)#6I+=+;7!!C<+W-6.)->+./'(6->-0\+F-)+')\&.2>>#6/+

&#>#'2+/f1-&E)/&+#6+'-6&.)E'K-6Z+5/.+24)2&#,/+4>2&K60+]+T''E1+c6,#U )-6+P\0+8Z@7QUG7+

+ P/'I/)+ R?+ h2D42./&/+ ]+ ;7!!G<+ R2F/.\+ #6+ %/&#06Z+ 2+ 1)-2'K,/+

211)-2'(+ .-+ '-6&.)E'K-6+ 5-)I/)+ &2F/.\+ 26%+ (/2>.(A+ 311>+ T''E1+

c6,#)-6+P\0+8:ZGGBUGC7+

+ PE#V/)+@?+R'(->./6&+3?+`#&&/)+M?+OED/6&+MchO?+R1//+"+;7!!Q<+

cu/'K,#./#.+,26+4/(//)&./'(6#/I/6+K$%/6&+4-)/6+/6+V20/6+#6+4/.-6+

;cu/'K,/6/&&+-F+'-6.)->+D/2&E)/&+E1-6+'-6')/./+&25#60<A+3)4-E5?+

3D&./)%2D+;#6+@E.'(<

+ X3SW+ ;8B:C<+ X3SW+ M-6-0)21(&+ -6+ .(/+ c,2>E2K-6+ -F+ .(/+ W2)U '#6-0/6#'+ S#&I+ -F+ W(/D#'2>&+ .-+ PED26&?+ `->+ C7?+ R#>#'2+ 26%+ &-D/+

R#>#'2./&?+O\-6?+11+GBU8CG

+ X3SW+ ;8BB_<+ X3SW+ M-6-0)21(&+ -6+ .(/+ c,2>E2K-6+ -F+ W2)'#6-U 0/6#'+ )#&I+ .-+ PED26&?+ R#>#'2?+ R-D/+ &#>#'2./&?+ W-2>+ @E&.+ 26%+ &-D/+

12)2U3)2D#%+x4)/&A+O\-6?+11+C8U7C7

+ OED/6&+Mc?+R1//+"A+;7!!8<+@/./)D#626.&+-F+/f1-&E)/+.-+)/&1#U )24>/+gE2).V+%E&.+#6+.(/+'+

+ -6&.)E'K-6+#6%E&.)\A+366+T''E1+P\09+C Z : U B A

+ M2)>/+Ph+,26?+T6-&+"?+R1//+"+;7!!7<+R.-F2FVE#0#60+4#$+1>2F-6%U 4--)5/)IV22D(/%/6+ ;@E&.+ /f.)2'K-6+ 2.+ %)#>>#60+ #6+ 2+ '/#>#60?+ #6+

@E.'(<+3)4-E5?+3D&./)%2DA

+ NJ@+ ;7!!C<+ N/%/)>26%&/+ J-E5+ @-'ED/6.2K/+ ;@E.'(+ W-6U

&.)E'K-6+@-'ED/6.2K-6<+R@[?+@/6+P220?+.(/+N/.(/)>26%&+XRJN+B!+

C!C+B_B!+;#6+@E.'(<

+ NXTRP+ ;7!!7<+ P/2>.(+ cu/'.&+ -F+ T''E12K-62>+ cf1-&E)/+ .-+

S/&1#)24>/+ W)\&.2>>#6/+ R#>#'2Z+ P2V2)%+ S/,#/5A+ N2K-62>+ X6&K.E./+ F-)+

T''E12K-62>+R2F/.\+26%+P/2>.(+;NXTRP<A+555A'%'A0-,a6#-&(a+

+ S21121-).+RM?+h->%4/)0+M?+RE&#+L?+P/))#'I+S^+;7!!G<+cf'/&&#,/+

/f1-&E)/+.-+&#>#'2+#6+.(/+[R+'-6&.)E'K-6+#6%E&.)\A+366+T''E1+P\0+

C_Z888U877A

+ R'(E>./+L?+S#6/(2).+S?+TIE6+3?+et al+;7!!:<A+N2K-62>+L)/,/6K-6+

.()-E0(+@/&#06+;L.@<+X6#K2K,/A+]-E)62>+-F+R2F/.\+S/&/2)'(A+GBZ88 U 878

+ R1/II#6I+@+;7!8!<+i52).&&.-F1)/,/6K/+#6+-6.5/)1+;gE2).V+%E&.+

1)/,/6K-6+#6+%/&#06?+#6+@E.'(<+3)4-E5?+P2)%/)5#$I

+ R5E&./+ L?+ @)#DD/>/6+ @+ ,26?+ JE)%-)F+ 3+ ;8BB_<+ 311>#'2K-6+ -F+

@/&#06+362>\&#&+.-+R->EK-6+h/6/)2K-6Z+P26%U2)D+`#4)2K-6&+#6+.(/+

^-E6%2K-6+L#>/+P/2%+S/D-,2>+#6+.(/+W-6&.)E'K-6+X6%E&.)\A+R2F/.\+

R'#/6'/?+7_Z+: UB:

(9)

: "#$%&'()#*+,--)+.-/0/12&./+3)4-5/./6&'(21+7!8 97:;7<

+ "$-/+N#$+c?+JE)%-)F+3?+L2)I/)+]?+3y#/>%+M?+@E#,/64--%/6+W+,26?+

P//%/)#I+ @A+ ;7!!G<+ S2%#-0)21(#'+ 246-)D2>#K/&+ 2D-60+ '-6&.)E'U K-6+ 5-)I/)&+ /f1-&/%+ .-+ gE2).V+ '-6.2#6#60+ %E&.A+ T''E1+ c6,#)-6+

M/%+Q!ZC8!UC8_+

+ "$-/+N#$+c?+P//%/)#I+@+;7!! <+S#&I+2&&/&&D/6.+-F+&#>#'-&#&+26%+

>E60+ '26'/)+ 2D-60+ '-6&.)E'K-6+ 5-)I/)&+ /f1-&/%+ .-+ )/&1#)24>/+

gE2).VA+R'26%+]+=-)I+c6,#)-6+P/2>.(+G8+RE11>+7ZCBU QA

+ =/#6&./#6+M?+h2D42./&/+]?+P/'I/)+R+;7!! <+W26+%/&#06+#D1)-U ,/+&2F/.\l+3&&/&&#60+.(/+#D12'.+-F+2+'->>24-)2K,/+&2F/.\U#6U%/&#06+

1)-'/&&+]+W-6&.)+c60+M2620/+8G8Z887 U88GC+

+ =/&.+]?+e26/6+N+,26?+R1//+"+;7!!B<+`2>#%2K/+R.-u/6D2620/)+

J-E56#$,/)(/#%+ ;`2>#%2K-6+ -F+ R.-u/6D2620/)+ W-6&.)E'K-6?+ #6+

@E.'(<?+3)4-E5?+P2)%/)5#$I?+.(/+N/.(/)>26%&

Referenties

GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN

Er wordt onderscheid gemaakt tussen 3-ploegendienst ( 8 uurs diensten, geen weekenden) en 5-ploegendienst (8 uurs diensten en weekenden) en een variabel

ĚĂƚ ĚĞ ZŽŽŬ ǀĂŶ sŝƚƌŝŽŽů͕ ĚŝĞ ǁŽƌĚƚ

ŚĞƚ DĞŬĂ ϭ ĚĞĞů ǀĂŶ ĚĞ ƉůĂŶƚ ŝŶ ĞĞŶ ǀĞƌƟĐĂůĞ ďƵŝƐƌĞĂĐ- ƚŽƌ ĞŶ ĞĞŶ ƉŽƐƚƌĞĨŽƌŵĞƌ͘ Ğ ƉŽƐƚƌĞĨŽƌŵĞƌ ;ZϯϭϬϮͿ ŝƐ. ĂĨŐĞďĞĞůĚ ŝŶ ĮŐƵƵƌ

sŽŽƌ ĚĞ ƐŝŵƵůĂŶƚĞŶ ;ŝŶ ĚĞ ƌŽů ǀĂŶ njŽƌŐǀƌĂŐĞƌͿ ŝƐ Ěŝƚ ĚĞ. ĞƌǀĂƌŝŶŐ ĚĂƚ njŽƌŐƌŽƵƟŶĞ

toegepast kunnen worden om aan te geven of een me- chanisch faalmechanisme in gang is gezet, maar ook om ĚĞ ŬǁĂůŝƚĞŝƚ ǀĂŶ ĚĞ ďĂƌƌŝğƌĞƐ

dŚŝƐ ƐƚƵĚLJ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĨŝƌƐƚ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ WEYK&gt; ŝƐ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ YŽ&gt; ŽĨ s^ ƉĂƚŝĞŶƚƐ ŝŶ. ƉĂƚŝĞŶƚƐ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ h^ Ăƚ

dŚĞ WEYK&gt; ƐĞĞŵƐ ƚŽ ďĞ Ă ǀĂůŝĚ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞ ŽĨ YŽ&gt; ŝŶ ŽƵƌ ƐĂŵƉůĞ ŽĨ s^ ƉĂƚŝĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ. ĐŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ăůů ƚŚĞ ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐ ŽĨ

oxide (ZnO and CdO) thin films have been used as metal ion precursors to produce the first examples of mesopo- rous silica metal sulfide (meso- SiO 2 @ZnS, meso-SiO 2 @CdS) or