The @school project : developmental considerations in the design and delivery of cognitive-behavioural therapy for adolescent school refusal
Sauter, F.M.
Citation
Sauter, F. M. (2010, June 23). The @school project : developmental considerations in the design and delivery of cognitive-behavioural therapy for adolescent school refusal. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15718
Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown)
License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded
from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15718
Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable).
Assessing Therapy-Relevant Cognitive Capacities in Young People: Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale for Youth
Floor M. Sauter, David Heyne, Anke W. Blöte, Brigit M. Van Widenfelt, & P. Michiel Westenberg
In press, Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
+ + 8]VeiZg(
+ , 6hhZhh^c\I]ZgVen"GZaZkVci8d\c^i^kZ8VeVX^i^Zh^cNdjc\EZdeaZ/I]ZHG>H"N
Abstract
I]Z Z[[ZXi^kZcZhh d[ Xd\c^i^kZ"WZ]Vk^djgVa i]ZgVen l^i] ndjc\ eZdeaZ bVn WZ
^c[ajZcXZYWnVndjc\eZghdcÉhXVeVX^in[dghZa["gZ[aZXi^dcVcY^ch^\]i#8a^c^X^Vchl]d
VhhZhh Xa^ZcihÉ egd[^X^ZcX^Zh ^c i]ZhZ Xd\c^i^kZ XVeVX^i^Zh XVc WZiiZg iV^adg Xd\c^i^kZ
VcY WZ]Vk^djgVa iZX]c^fjZh id i]Z Xa^Zci! [VX^a^iVi^c\ Zc\V\ZbZci VcY Zc]VcX^c\
igZVibZci djiXdbZ# >i ^h i]ZgZ[dgZ ^bedgiVci i]Vi hdjcY ^chigjbZcih [dg VhhZhh^c\
hZa["gZ[aZXi^dcVcY^ch^\]i^cndjc\eZdeaZVgZVkV^aVWaZ#I]ZV^bd[i]ZXjggZcihijYn
lVhidigVchaViZVcYVYVeii]ZHZa["GZ[aZXi^dcVcY>ch^\]iHXVaZHG>H[dgjhZl^i]V
X]^aYVcYVYdaZhXZciedejaVi^dcHijYn&!VcYidZkVajViZi]ZehnX]dbZig^XegdeZgi^Zh
d[ i]Z gZhjai^c\ bZVhjgZ! i]Z HZa["GZ[aZXi^dc VcY >ch^\]i HXVaZ [dg Ndji] HG>H"N0
HijYn '# >c HijYn & c 2 &)*! i]Z XdbegZ]Zch^W^a^in d[ i]Z HG>H"N lVh VhhZhhZY ^c
V Xdbbjc^in hVbeaZ d[ X]^aYgZc VcY VYdaZhXZcih# HijYn ' c 2 '&* i]Zc ZmeadgZY
i]Z gZa^VW^a^in VcY higjXijgVa! XdckZg\Zci! VcY Y^kZg\Zci kVa^Y^in d[ i]Z HG>H"N# I]Z
HG>H"NlVh[djcYidWZXdbegZ]Zch^WaZidndjc\eZdeaZ!VcY]VY\ddYgZa^VW^a^inVcY
higjXijgVa kVa^Y^in# >i VeeZVgh i]Vi i]Z HG>H"N ^h V hdjcY ^chigjbZci [dg VhhZhh^c\
i]ZgVen"gZaZkVci Xd\c^i^kZ XVeVX^i^Zh ^c ndjc\ eZdeaZ! d[ ediZci^Va WZcZ[^i ^c Wdi]
gZhZVgX]VcYXa^c^XVaXdciZmih#;jijgZgZhZVgX][dX^^cXajYZi]ZegZY^Xi^kZkVa^Y^ind[
i]Z^chigjbZci#
Introduction
IgZVibZci VeegdVX]Zh l]^X] ^cXajYZ higViZ\^Zh [dg Xd\c^i^kZ X]Vc\Z! hjX] Vh
Xd\c^i^kZ"WZ]Vk^djgVai]ZgVen87I!VgZXdbbdcangZXdbbZcYZY[dgi]ZigZVibZci
d[ehnX]deVi]dad\n^cX]^aYgZcVcYVYdaZhXZcih#>cYZZY!i]ZgZ^h^cXgZVh^c\Zk^YZcXZ
[dg i]Z h]dgi" VcY adc\"iZgb Z[[^XVXn d[ 87I [dg V gVc\Z d[ Y^[[^Xjai^Zh ^c X]^aY]ddY
VcYVYdaZhXZcXZZ#\#!HX]b^YiZiVa#!'%%,0Hb^i]ZiVa#!'%%,#=dlZkZg!l]^aZbVcn
ndjc\ eZdeaZ igZViZY l^i] 87I ZmeZg^ZcXZ Xa^c^XVaan VcY hiVi^hi^XVaan h^\c^[^XVci
^begdkZbZcih! V aVg\Z cjbWZg d[ Xa^Zcih Xdci^cjZ id egZhZci l^i] hnbeidbh edhi"
igZVibZci Z#\#! 8Vgilg^\]i"=Viidc! GdWZgih! 8]^iVWZhVc! ;di]Zg\^aa! =Vgg^c\idc!
'%%)#
I]Z Z[[ZXi^kZcZhh d[ 87I [dg ndjc\ eZdeaZ YZeZcYh dc V WgdVY gVc\Z d[
[VXidgh#8a^Zci"!Xa^c^X^Vc"!VcYigZVibZci"gZaViZYkVg^VWaZhheZX^[^XVcYcdc"heZX^[^X
Vaa ediZci^Vaan egZY^Xi igZVibZci gZhedchZ ^c X]^aY VcY VYdaZhXZci ehnX]di]ZgVen
BVgX]8jggn!&..-#DcZa^`ZanXVjhZd[eddgZgigZVibZcidjiXdbZh^hVb^hbViX]
WZilZZc i]Z ineZ dg aZkZa d[ igZVibZci egdk^YZY! VcY i]Z Xa^ZciÉh 87I"gZaZkVci
Xd\c^i^kZ XVeVX^i^Zh*# GZhZVgX]Zgh VcY Xa^c^X^Vch Xdbbdcan bV`Z gZ[ZgZcXZ id i]Z
^bedgiVcXZ d[ Xd\c^i^kZ XVeVX^i^Zh hjX] Vh VWhigVXi gZVhdc^c\! Xd\c^i^kZ [aZm^W^a^in!
VcYehnX]dad\^XVab^cYZYcZhh[dgndjc\eZdeaZÉhZc\V\ZbZci^c87IZ#\#!=dabWZX`!
DÉBV]Vg! 6WVY! 8daYZg! JeYZ\gdkZ! '%%+0 FjV`aZn! GZncdaYh! 8d`Zg! '%%)0
HVjiZg!=ZncZ!LZhiZcWZg\!'%%.#I]ZhZXVeVX^i^ZhVaadlndjc\eZdeaZid^YZci^[n
VcY Y^hXg^b^cViZ i]Z^g dlc i]dj\]ih! [ZZa^c\h! VcY WZ]Vk^djgh! VcY id dW_ZXi^kZan
^YZci^[n XVjhVa gZaVi^dch WZilZZc i]Zb# >cYZZY! hjX] Xd\c^i^kZ XVeVX^i^Zh VgZ hZZc
idWZ^bedgiVci[dghjXXZhh[jaZc\V\ZbZci^cXd\c^i^kZi]ZgVeZji^XhigViZ\^Zh!hjX]
Vh i]Z ^YZci^[^XVi^dc! gZ[jiVi^dc! VcY VYVeiVi^dc d[ bVaVYVei^kZ Xd\c^i^dch 9d]Zgg!
GZncdaYh!LZi]Zgan!:kVch!'%%*0<gVkZ7a^hhZii!'%%)#L]^aZhZkZgVahijY^Zh]VkZ
YZbdchigViZY i]Vi ZkZc X]^aYgZc Vh ndjc\ Vh [^kZ nZVgh XVc Zc\V\Z ^c hdbZ bZiV"
Xd\c^i^kZiVh`h;aVkZaa!<gZZc!;aVkZaa!'%%%0FjV`aZn!8d`Zg!EVabZg!GZncdaYh!
'%%(!i]ZgZVgZa^`ZanidWZXdch^YZgVWaZ^cigV"VcY^ciZg"^cY^k^YjVaY^[[ZgZcXZh^ci]Z
YZkZadebZcid[i]ZhZXd\c^i^kZXVeVX^i^Zh7VXdl!E^cXjh!:]gZcgZ^X]!7gdYn!'%%.0
=dabWZX`ZiVa#!'%%+#
EhnX]dad\^XVa b^cYZYcZhh EB ^h V Xd\c^i^kZ XVeVX^in l]^X] ]Vh adc\
WZZc gZ\VgYZY Vh ]Vk^c\ Vc ^c[ajZcXZ dc igZVibZci djiXdbZ# >i ^h \ZcZgVaan hZZc
Vh V bZiVXd\c^i^kZ XdchigjXi ^ckdak^c\ i]Z VlVgZcZhh VcY jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[
ehnX]dad\^XVa e]ZcdbZcV hjX] Vh Xd\c^i^dch! Zbdi^dch! VcY WZ]Vk^djgh d[ dcZhZa[
VcYdi]Zgh;VgWZg!&.-*0=ViX]Zg!=ViX]Zg!7Zga^c!D`aV!G^X]VgYh!&..%#8a^Zcih
]^\]^cEBVgZ]ZaYidWZbdgZdWhZgkVcid[i]ZgZaVi^dchWZilZZcXd\c^i^kZ!V[[ZXi^kZ
VcYWZ]Vk^djgVahiViZh!VcYi]ZgZ[dgZbdgZVWaZideVgi^X^eViZ^cehnX]di]ZgVeZji^X
*;dgi]ZejgedhZhd[i]^heVeZg!È87I"gZaZkVciXd\c^i^kZXVeVX^i^ZhÉVgZiV`Zcid^cXajYZ^ciZaaZXijVa
VcYZmZXji^kZ[jcXi^dc^c\!VhlZaaVhWgdVYZgehnX]dad\^XVaXdchigjXihhjX]VhVWhigVXigZVhdc^c\
VcYehnX]dad\^XVab^cYZYcZhh#
+ - + .
^ciZgkZci^dch7Z^iZa!;ZggZg!8ZXZgd!'%%*0;VgWZg!&.-*#>cYZZY!BX8Vaajb!E^eZg!
D\gdYc^Xoj`!VcY?dnXZ'%%([djcYVh^\c^[^XVcigZaVi^dcWZilZZcEBVcYdjiXdbZh
^cWdi]h]dgi"iZgb\gdjeehnX]di]ZgVen[dg\g^Z[c2&%,VcYh]dgi"iZgb^cY^k^YjVa
ehnX]di]ZgVen[dgXa^Zcihl^i]b^mZYY^V\cdhZhc2&))#H^b^aVgan!8dciZZiVa#&..%
gZedgiZYVedh^i^kZgZaVi^dcWZilZZcEBVcYdjiXdbZ^cVhVbeaZd[))VYjaihl^i]
V[[ZXi^kZ Y^hdgYZgh! Vai]dj\] i]Zn [V^aZY id gZea^XViZ i]ZhZ gZhjaih ^c V aViZg hijYn
8dciZ!GViid!@VgjhV!&..+#
L]^aZi]ZhZVYjai"WVhZYhijY^Zhhjeedgii]Zcdi^dci]ViXa^Zcih]^\]^cEB
gZhedcYWZiiZgidigZVibZcii]VcaZhhehnX]dad\^XVaanb^cYZYXa^Zcih!i]ZgZ]VhWZZc
kZgna^iiaZhnhiZbVi^XZmeadgVi^dcd[EB^cgZaVi^dcid87Il^i]ndjc\eZdeaZ#I]^h^h
YZhe^iZi]Z[VXii]ViEBbVnWZeVgi^XjaVgangZaZkVciidZc\V\ZbZci^c87I!\^kZci]Vi
87IZcXdjgV\Zhi]Zbdc^idg^c\!ZkVajVi^dcVcYZmegZhh^dcd[Xd\c^i^dch!Zbdi^dch!
VcYWZ]Vk^djgh<gVci!'%%&#>ci]ZdcZhijYnidYViZ!7dnaVc'%%+XdbeVgZY87I
[dgYZegZhh^dc^cVYdaZhXZcihc2(,l^i]HnhiZb^X"7Z]Vk^djgVa;Vb^anI]ZgVenc2
(*VcYCdc"HeZX^[^XIgZVibZcic2(*#AZkZahd[EBlZgZcdi[djcYidWZegZY^Xi^kZ
d[edhi"igZVibZci[jcXi^dc^c\Z#\#!YZegZhh^dcVhbZVhjgZYWni]Z7ZX`9ZegZhh^dc
>ckZcidgn#6ii]ZhVbZi^bZ!Xa^Zcihl^i]]^\]EBh]dlZYVbdgZgVe^Y^begdkZbZci
^ci]Z87IXdcY^i^dc^cXdbeVg^hdcidi]dhZigZViZYl^i]HnhiZb^X"7Z]Vk^djgVa;Vb^an
I]ZgVen#
KVa^Y VcY gZa^VWaZ bZVhjgZh bVn Vaadl [dg [jgi]Zg ZmeadgVi^dc d[ i]Z
gZaVi^dch]^eWZilZZcXd\c^i^kZXVeVX^i^ZhhjX]VhEBVcY87IdjiXdbZhl^i]X]^aYgZc
VcY VYdaZhXZcih# Jci^a gZXZcian! bZVhjgZh d[ EB VcY gZaViZY XdchigjXih Z#\#! hZa["
XdchX^djhcZhhlZgZcdil^i]djiegdWaZbh#>ceVgi^XjaVg!i]ZgZ]VYWZZcViZcYZcXn
[dgbZVhjgZhd[EBidiVe^cidbVaVYVei^kZXd\c^i^dchjX]Vhgjb^cVi^dc@^c\gZZ
GjWVX`!&..+#;dgZmVbeaZ!^iZbhd[i]ZEg^kViZHZa["8dchX^djhcZhhHXVaZEgH8H0
;Zc^\hiZ^c! HX]Z^Zg! 7jhh! &.,* ]VkZ WZZc h]dlc id XdggZaViZ h^\c^[^XVcian l^i]
bZVhjgZh d[ YZegZhh^kZ ehnX]deVi]dad\n! VcY i]ZhZ ^iZbh bVn i]ZgZ[dgZ [V^a id
VXXjgViZan XVeijgZ i]Z ineZ d[ EB l]^X] ^h hZZc id WZ ZhhZci^Va [dg Zc\V\ZbZci ^c
87I6cYZghdc!7d]dc!7Zgg^\Vc!&..+#
6c VaiZgcVi^kZ [gVbZldg` l^i] l]^X] id jcYZghiVcY EB VcY ^ih ediZci^Va
gZaZkVcXZ id 87I ^h ZcXVehjaViZY ^c i]Z bjai^Y^bZch^dcVa bdYZa d[ EB YZkZadeZY
Wn <gVci '%%&+# <gVci edh^i^dcZY EB Vh V bZiVXd\c^i^kZ XdchigjXi ^cXdgedgVi^c\
Wdi]/ & i]Z XVeVX^in id ZmeadgZ Xd\c^i^kZ! V[[ZXi^kZ! VcY WZ]Vk^djgVa e]ZcdbZcV
ÈhZa["gZ[aZXi^dcÉ0 VcY ' Vc ^ciZgZhi ^c! VcY jcYZghiVcY^c\ d[! Xd\c^i^kZ! V[[ZXi^kZ!
VcYWZ]Vk^djgVae]ZcdbZcVÈ^ch^\]iÉ#I]ZegdXZhhWnl]^X]^cY^k^YjVahbdc^idg^#Z#!
hZa["gZ[aZXiVcYZkVajViZ^#Z#!Veean^ch^\]iidi]Z^beVXid[Xd\c^i^kZ!V[[ZXi^kZ!VcY
WZ]Vk^djgVaX]Vc\Zh^hhZZcidWZeVgi^XjaVgangZaZkVciidi]ZXa^c^XVaegVXi^XZd[87I
<gVci! '%%&# ;dg ZmVbeaZ! <gVci cdiZY i]Vi i]Z egdXZhh d[ ÈhZa["gZ[ZXi^dcÉ ^h V`^c
id i]Z hZa["bdc^idg^c\ ]ZaY id WZ XZcigVa id 87I! VcY hj\\ZhiZY i]Vi i]Z heZZY dg
+;dgVY^V\gVbbVi^XVagZegZhZciVi^dcd[i]ZbdYZa!hZZ<gVci'%%&#
ZmiZcid[VXa^ZciÉhgZhedchZid87IbVnWZ^c[ajZcXZYWni]Z^gaZkZad[hZa["gZ[aZXi^dc
VcY^ch^\]i#;jgi]Zg!<gVciVahdhj\\ZhiZYi]ViV`cdlaZY\Zd[i]ZXVeVX^in[dghZa["
gZ[aZXi^dcVcY^ch^\]iXVcWZjhZYid\j^YZXa^c^X^VchÉjhZd[Xd\c^i^kZVcYWZ]Vk^djgVa
iZX]c^fjZh#
>cdgYZgid[VX^a^iViZiZhihd[i]^hbdYZad[EB!<gVci!;gVc`a^c!VcYAVc\[dgY
'%%' YZkZadeZY VcY ZkVajViZY i]Z HZa["GZ[aZXi^dc VcY >ch^\]i HXVaZ HG>H [dg jhZ
l^i]VYjaih#I]Z>ch^\]ihjWhXVaZd[i]ZHG>HHG>H">ClVh[djcYidYZbdchigViZ\ddY
XdckZg\ZciVcYY^kZg\ZcikVa^Y^in!^ci]Vi^ilVhcZ\Vi^kZanVhhdX^ViZYl^i]bZVhjgZhd[
ehnX]deVi]dad\nVcYedh^i^kZanVhhdX^ViZYl^i]VbZVhjgZd[Xd\c^i^kZ[aZm^W^a^in#I]Z
HZa["GZ[aZXi^dchjWhXVaZHG>H"HGlVhedh^i^kZanXdggZaViZYl^i]VbZVhjgZd[Vcm^Zin!
l]^X]lVhhZZcid^cY^XViZVedhh^WaZdkZgaVel^i]gjb^cVi^dc#>cVbdgZgZXZcihijYn
WnGdWZgihVcYHiVg`'%%-!ZmeadgVidgnVcYXdc[^gbVidgn[VXidgVcVanhZhd[i]ZHG>H
VYb^c^hiZgZYidVhVbeaZd[bZY^XVahijYZcihc2)+'hj\\ZhiZYi]Vii]gZZ[VXidgh
WZhi [^i i]Z YViV/ ild hZa["gZ[aZXi^dc hjWhXVaZh :c\V\ZbZci ^c HZa["GZ[aZXi^dc VcY
CZZY[dgHZa["GZ[aZXi^dcVcYVc>ch^\]ihjWhXVaZ#L]^aZ<gVciVcYXdaaZV\jZh'%%'
[djcYcd\ZcYZgZ[[ZXih!GdWZgihVcYHiVg`'%%-gZedgiZYi]VibVaZhhXdgZY]^\]Zgdc
i]Z>ch^\]ihjWhXVaZgZaVi^kZid[ZbVaZh!VcYi]Zn[djcYVedh^i^kZXdggZaVi^dcWZilZZc
V\Z VcY >ch^\]i# I]Z [^cY^c\h gZedgiZY Wn <gVci VcY XdaaZV\jZh '%%' VcY GdWZgih
VcYHiVg`'%%-egdk^YZXdc[^gbVi^dcd[Wdi]i]ZXdciZciVcYXdchigjXikVa^Y^ind[i]Z
HG>H#7di]gZhZVgX]iZVbhXdcXajYZYi]Vi[jgi]ZggZhZVgX]^hcZZYZYidZmeadgZi]Z
egZY^Xi^kZkVa^Y^ind[i]ZbZVhjgZ#CdcZi]ZaZhh!WVhZYdci]ZZcXdjgV\^c\[^cY^c\h!
<gVciVcYXdaaZV\jZh'%%'XdcXajYZYi]Vii]ZHG>HXVcWZgZ\VgYZYVhVcÆVYkVcXZÇ
dcdi]ZgbZVhjgZhd[EB!^ci]Vi^iVaadlh[dgi]ZZmVb^cVi^dcd[hZa["gZ[aZXi^dcVcY
^ch^\]iVhildY^hi^cXiXdbedcZcihd[EB'%%'!e#-((#
>chjbbVgn!hZa["gZ[aZXi^dcVcY^ch^\]iVgZildXd\c^i^kZXVeVX^i^ZhgZaZkVci
id i]Z egVXi^XZ d[ 87I! ^cXajY^c\ i]Z egVXi^XZ d[ 87I l^i] ndjc\ eZdeaZ# 6 bV_dg
Zbe]Vh^h ^c i]Z Xa^c^XVa VcY gZhZVgX] a^iZgVijgZ dc 87I l^i] ndjc\ eZdeaZ ^h i]Z
cZZY id Xdch^YZg i]Z ^c[ajZcXZ d[ 87I"gZaZkVci Xd\c^i^kZ XVeVX^i^Zh dc Zc\V\ZbZci
^c igZVibZci <gVkZ 7a^hhZii! '%%)0 FjV`aZn Zi Va#! '%%)# >c dgYZg id [VX^a^iViZ
gZhZVgX]^cidi]ZgZaVi^dch]^eWZilZZchZa["gZ[aZXi^dc!^ch^\]i!VcYi]ZdjiXdbZhd[
87Il^i]ndjc\eZdeaZ!VcZbe^g^XVaan"iZhiZYbZVhjgZd[hZa["gZ[aZXi^dcVcY^ch^\]i
^cndjc\eZdeaZ^hgZfj^gZY#I]ZV^bd[i]ZXjggZcihijYnlVhidigVchaViZVcYVYVei
i]Z HG>H [dg jhZ l^i] V X]^aY VcY VYdaZhXZci edejaVi^dc# HijYn & [dXjhZY jedc i]Z
VYVeiVi^dcd[i]ZVYjaibZVhjgZ[dgjhZl^i]ndjc\eZdeaZ!^cXajY^c\e^adi^c\idiZhi
i]Z XdbegZ]Zch^W^a^in d[ i]Z VYVeiZY bZVhjgZ HZa["GZ[aZXi^dc VcY >ch^\]i HXVaZ
[dg Ndji]0 HG>H"N# HijYn ' ZmeadgZY i]Z ehnX]dbZig^X egdeZgi^Zh d[ i]Z HG>H"N ^c V
Xdbbjc^inhVbeaZ!^cXajY^c\ZkVajVi^dcd[^ihgZa^VW^a^inVcYhigjXijgVa!XdckZg\Zci!
VcYY^kZg\ZcikVa^Y^in#7VhZYdci]Z[^cY^c\hVhhdX^ViZYl^i]i]ZVYjaibZVhjgZ<gVci
ZiVa#!'%%'0GdWZgihHiVg`!'%%-!^ilVhZmeZXiZYi]Vii]ZhigjXijgVa!XdckZg\Zci!
VcYY^kZg\ZcikVa^Y^ind[i]ZHG>H"NldjaYWZVYZfjViZ#6\ZVcY\ZcYZgigZcYh^chZa["
gZ[aZXi^dcVcY^ch^\]ilZgZVcVanhZYZmeadgVi^kZan#
, % 8]VeiZg(
, &
6hhZhh^c\I]ZgVen"GZaZkVci8d\c^i^kZ8VeVX^i^Zh^cNdjc\EZdeaZ/I]ZHG>H"N
Study 1: Development of the SRIS for a Dutch child and adolescent population
Method
ParticipantsDcZ]jcYgZYVcYi]^gin"Z^\]iX]^aYgZcVcYVYdaZhXZcih+%WdnhVcY,-\^gah!V\ZY.
id&-nZVghB2&(#-(nZVgh!H92'#+-eVgi^X^eViZY^cHijYn&#I]ZhZndjc\eZdeaZ
lZgZ YgVlc [gdb eg^bVgn hX]ddah c 2 *- VcY hZXdcYVgn hX]ddah c 2 -% ^c i]Z
gZ\^dcHdji]=daaVcY!i]ZCZi]ZgaVcYh#6abdhii]ZZci^gZhVbeaZlVhd[9jiX]dg^\^c
.)#'#
Procedure
EZgb^hh^dcidigVchaViZVcYVYVeii]ZHG>HlVh\gVciZYWni]Zdg^\^cVaVji]dgeg^dg
idXdbbZcX^c\i]ZhijYn#I]Z:c\a^h]kZgh^dcd[i]ZHG>HlVhigVchaViZYVXXdgY^c\
id \j^YZa^cZh [dg i]Z igVchaVi^dc d[ ^chigjbZcih ^c Xgdhh"XjaijgVa gZhZVgX] KVc
L^YZc[Zai!IgZ[[Zgh!YZ7Zjgh!H^ZWZa^c`!@djY^_h!'%%*#>iZbhl]^X]lZgZhZZcid
XdciV^cY^[[^XjaildgYhZ#\#!VlVgZd[0gZ[aZXidgid]VkZVXdbeaZmhZciZcXZhigjXijgZ
lZgZ VYVeiZY hd Vh id WZ bdgZ hj^iVWaZ [dg jhZ l^i] X]^aYgZc VcY VYdaZhXZcih# 6c
ZmVbeaZ d[ Vc VYVeiZY HG>H"N ^iZb ^cXajYZY Æ> jhjVaan cdi^XZ i]Vi > ]VkZ i]dj\]ihÇ
dg^\^cVa/>VbjhjVaanVlVgZd[bni]dj\]ih#Id[jgi]Zg^cXgZVhZi]ZYZkZadebZciVa
Veegdeg^ViZcZhhd[i]ZfjZhi^dccV^gZ!VegVXi^XZ^iZblVhVYYZYidVaadlgZhedcYZcih
id\V^c[Vb^a^Vg^inl^i]i]ZgZhedchZ[dgbVi#
I]Z hijYn lVh XVgg^ZY dji l^i] i]Z VeegdkVa d[ i]Z EhnX]dad\n :i]^Xh
8dbb^iiZZd[i]ZJc^kZgh^in#EZgb^hh^dcidXdcYjXii]ZhijYnlVhgZXZ^kZY[gdbhX]dda
eg^cX^eVah!VcYeVgZciVaVcYX]^aYXdchZcilVhdWiV^cZY#6gVcYdbanhZaZXiZYhjWhZi
d[eVgi^X^eVcihc2()VchlZgZYVcjbWZgd[e^adi^c\fjZhi^dch[daadl^c\XdbeaZi^dc
d[i]ZfjZhi^dccV^gZ^ci]ZXaVhhgddb^cdgYZgidVhhZhhi]ZXdbegZ]Zch^W^a^ind[i]Z
^iZbh#IldfjZhi^dchlZgZedhZY^cgZaVi^dcidZVX]^iZb^ci]ZfjZhi^dccV^gZ/Æ9^Y
ndj jcYZghiVcY i]Z fjZhi^dc4Ç nZh0 V a^iiaZ0 cdi Vi Vaa! VcY Æ9^Y i]Z ^iZb XdciV^c
Vcn Y^[[^Xjai ldgYh4Ç cdcZ lZgZ Y^[[^Xjai0 hdbZ lZgZ Y^[[^Xjai0 Vaa lZgZ Y^[[^Xjai#
EVgi^X^eVcih lZgZ Vahd Vh`ZY/ Æ9^Y ndj jcYZghiVcY i]Z ^chigjXi^dch4Ç nZh0 V a^iiaZ0
cdiViVaa#
Instrument
I]Z HZa["GZ[aZXi^dc VcY >ch^\]i HXVaZ HG>H0 <gVci Zi Va#! '%%' ^h V '%"^iZb hZa["
gZedgi ^chigjbZci l]^X] Xdbeg^hZh ild hjWhXVaZh/ HZa["GZ[aZXi^dc VcY >ch^\]i# I]Z
HG>H VhhZhhZh ^cY^k^YjVahÉ egdeZch^in id gZ[aZXi dc! VcY i]Z^g aZkZa d[ ^ch^\]i ^cid!
i]Z^gi]dj\]ih![ZZa^c\h!VcYWZ]Vk^djg#>iZbhVgZVchlZgZYl^i]V+"ed^cihXVaZ&2
Y^hV\gZZhigdc\anid+2V\gZZhigdc\an#I]ZVji]dghgZedgiZYi]Vii]ZHG>H^hVkVa^Y
VcYgZa^VWaZbZVhjgZd[hZa["gZ[aZXi^dcVcY^ch^\]i^cVYjaih8gdcWVX]ÉhαHG>H"HG
2#.&VcY8gdcWVX]ÉhαHG>H">C2#-,#I]ZiZhi"gZiZhigZa^VW^a^inlVh#,,[dgi]ZHZa["
GZ[aZXi^dchjWhXVaZVcY#,-[dgi]Z>ch^\]ihjWhXVaZ#
Data analysis
Ild XVhZh l^i] bdgZ i]Vc '* d[ ^iZbh b^hh^c\ dc i]Z HG>H"N fjZhi^dccV^gZ lZgZ
ZmXajYZY [gdb VcVanhZh# I]Z gZbV^c^c\ b^hh^c\ kVajZh &, eVgi^X^eVcih ]VY & ^iZb
b^hh^c\ lZgZ gZeaVXZY Wn ZmigVedaViZY kVajZh jh^c\ i]Z eZghdc bZVc hjWhi^iji^dc
bZi]dY =Vli]dgcZ :aa^dii! '%%*# I]Z gZhedchZh id i]Z e^adi^c\ fjZhi^dch lZgZ
ZmVb^cZYidYZiZgb^cZl]Zi]Zgi]ZHG>H"N^iZbhlZgZXdbegZ]Zch^WaZ#I]Z^ciZgcVa
Xdch^hiZcXn d[ i]Z fjZhi^dccV^gZ lVh VhhZhhZY l^i] i]Z 8gdcWVX]Éh Vae]V hiVi^hi^X
VXXZeiVWaZ ≥ #,%0 ;^ZaY! '%%*# HG>H"N ^iZbh lZgZ VhhZhhZY l^i] gZheZXi idbZVch!
hiVcYVgY YZk^Vi^dch! [addg VcY XZ^a^c\ Z[[ZXih! i]Z egdedgi^dc d[ eVgi^X^eVcih l^i]
V b^hh^c\ kVajZ dc Vc ^iZb! VcY i]Z h`ZlcZhh VcY `jgidh^h d[ i]Z ^iZb gZhedchZ
Y^hig^Wji^dc#>iZbhh]djaYWZgZhigjXijgZYdggZbdkZY^[i]Znh]dlZmigZbZh`ZlcZhh
VcY$dg `jgidh^h ^#Z#! aZhh i]Vc "& dg bdgZ i]Vc &0 Cddb! 9Z`dk^
>c VYY^i^dc! ^iZb"idiVa XdggZaVi^dch lZgZ ZmVb^cZY id X]ZX` [dg ]dbd\ZcZ^in d[ i]Z
hXVaZ# >[ ^iZbh XdggZaViZ aZhh i]Vc #&* l^i] i]Z idiVa iZhi hXdgZ! ^i ^h a^`Zan i]Vi i]Zn
YdcdibZVhjgZi]ZhVbZXdchigjXiVhi]ZhXVaZVcYbVncZZYgZhigjXijg^c\;^ZaY!
'%%*#
Results
PilotingI"iZhihgZkZVaZYcdh^\c^[^XVciY^[[ZgZcXZhdcidiVaVcYhjWhXVaZhXdgZhWZilZZci]Z
idiVahVbeaZVcYi]Z[^cVae^adi^c\hjW"hVbeaZVaaeÉh>#&*#6cVanhZhd[i]Ze^adi^c\
YViVgZkZVaZYi]Vi-*#+d[i]ZeVgi^X^eVcihY^Ycdi[^cYVcnd[i]ZldgYh^ci]Z^iZbh
d[ i]Z HG>H"N id WZ ÈY^[[^XjaiÉ# D[ i]Z gZhedcYZcih gZedgi^c\ Y^[[^Xjai^Zh! i]Z ldgYh
ÈgZ[aZXiÉ>iZb&+!ÈZkVajViZÉ>iZb*!ÈVcVanhZÉ>iZb'!VcYÈhZa["gZ[aZXi^dcÉ>iZb-
lZgZ bdhi d[iZc X^iZY# GZaVi^kZ id i]Z daYZg eVgi^X^eVcih &)"&- nZVgh! i]Z ndjc\Zg
eVgi^X^eVcih ."&( nZVgh gViZY i]Z ^iZbh d[ i]Z fjZhi^dccV^gZ Vh bdgZ Y^[[^Xjai id
XdbegZ]ZcY!i(&#+& 2 '#%+! e 2 #%*! VcY ]VY bdgZ igdjWaZ jcYZghiVcY^c\ i]Z
^chigjXi^dch!i'.#.)2'#''!e2#%(#
Internal validity and item analysis
I]Z8gdcWVX]Éhα[dgi]Zl]daZfjZhi^dccV^gZlVh#+%#>iZbgZhedchZhiVi^hi^XhVcY
^iZb"idiVaXdggZaVi^dchVgZY^heaVnZY^cIVWaZ&#;dgVaaWjidcZ^iZb>iZb&(!i]ZgZlVh
V adl gViZ d[ cdc"gZhedchZ! ^cY^XVi^c\ \ddY XdbegZ]Zch^W^a^in d[ i]Z fjZhi^dccV^gZ#
I]ZgZ lVh V WgdVY gVc\Z d[ gZhedchZh [dg i]Z HG>H"N ^iZbh! l^i] adl gViZh d[ [addg
VcY XZ^a^c\ Z[[ZXih# I]Z bV_dg^in d[ ^iZbh &+ dji d[ '% YZbdchigViZY VXXZeiVWaZ
h`ZlcZhhVcY`jgidh^h!VcY&)^iZbhXdggZaViZYVYZfjViZanl^i]i]ZidiVahXdgZ#
, ' , ( IVWaZ&#
>iZbGZhedchZHiVi^hi^Xhd[i]ZHG>H"N!c2&(-
B H9 B^h# H`l @gi B^c$BVm 8>I8
6ae]V
^[^iZb
YZaZiZY
&#>YdcÉid[iZci]^c`VWdjibn
i]dj\]ih
'#,% &#(* %#+. #*, "#() '&#%%$)#(% "#%, #+(
'#>ÉbcdigZVaan^ciZgZhiZY^c
VcVano^c\bnWZ]Vk^djg
'#-. &#(* %#%% #(- "#.' &)#*%$&#)% "#'& #+*
(#>ÉbjhjVaanVlVgZd[bni]dj\]ih (#-+ &#). %#%% "#'( "&#%) %#,%$&)#*% #%& #+' )#>Ébd[iZcXdc[jhZYVWdji]dl>
gZVaan[ZZaVWdjii]^c\h
(#&) &#). %#+. #'( "&#%) &(#-%$+#*% #(, #*,
*#>iÉh^bedgiVciidbZidZkVajViZi]Z
i]^c\h>Yd
(#.. &#'+ &#(- "#+, #%) *#-%$-#%% #'( #*.
+#>jhjVaan]VkZVkZgnXaZVg^YZV
VWdjil]n>]VkZWZ]VkZY^cV
XZgiV^clVn
)#)) &#&, %#%% "#,( #&+ &#)%$&+#,% #&) #+%
,#>ÒcY^igZVaan^ciZgZhi^c\id
ZmVb^cZl]Vi>i]^c`VWdji
(#-- &#*( %#%% "#)' "#-% &%#%%$&)#*% #)% #*+
-#>gVgZanheZcYi^bZÈhZa["gZÓZXi^c\É (#*. &#)( %#%% "#&' "#-+ -#,%$-#,% "#'% #+*
.#>d[iZccdi^XZi]Vi>Éb[ZZa^c\
hdbZi]^c\!Wjid[iZc>YdcÉi`cdl
l]ViZmVXian>Éb[ZZa^c\
(#)% &#). %#%% #%) "#.' &&#+%$&%#&% #'+ #*-
&%#>d[iZcZmVb^cZbn[ZZa^c\h (#&% &#)( %#%% #%. "&#%) &*#.%$(#+% #)) #*+
&&#BnWZ]Vk^djgd[iZcejooaZhbZ '#)+ &#'* %#%% #-% "#'' '&#,%$%#,% #(+ #*,
&'#>iÉh^bedgiVci[dgbZidignid
jcYZghiVcYl]Vibn[ZZa^c\h
bZVc
)#'. &#'* &#(- "#,. #'( (#+%$&(#-% #), #*+
&(#>YdcÉigZVaani]^c`VWdjil]n>
WZ]VkZ^ci]ZlVni]Vi>WZ]VkZ
(#&& &#(+ )#(* #&) "&#%. &%#.%$'#'% "#%& #+'
&)#I]^c`^c\VWdjibni]dj\]ihbV`Zh
bZbdgZXdc[jhZY
'#-+ &#(+ %#%% #)* "#.' &(#-%$'#'% #&% #+&
&*#>]VkZVYZÒc^iZcZZYidjcYZghiVcY
]dlbnb^cYldg`h
(#+( &#(, %#%% "#'( "#,, ,#'%$,#'% #*) #*)
&+#>d[iZciV`Zi^bZidgZÓZXidcbn
i]dj\]ih
(#(& &#). %#+. #&' "#.- &'#(%$-#%% #)( #*+
&,#>d[iZcÒcY^iY^[ÒXjaiidgZVaan
jcYZghiVcY]dl>[ZZaVWdji
i]^c\h
(#%- &#(% &#(- #(+ "#+' -#,%$)#(% #'% #*.
&-#>iÉh^bedgiVci[dgbZidWZVWaZ
idjcYZghiVcY]dlbni]dj\]ih
Vg^hZ
(#-) &#)+ %#%% "#)& "#,* ,#'%$&%#.% #(% #*-
&.#>d[iZci]^c`VWdji]dl>[ZZaVWdji
i]^c\h
)#'* &#'- &#(- "#-, #%* (#+%$&%#.% #*& #**
'%#>jhjVaan`cdll]n>[ZZai]ZlVn
>[ZZa
)#'% &#&+ %#%% "#+) "#)+ %#,%$,#'% "#&% #+(
CdiZ#HG>H"HG2HZa["GZÓZXi^dchjWhXVaZ0HG>H">C2>ch^\]ihjWhXVaZ#
B2BZVc0H92HiVcYVgY9Zk^Vi^dc0B^h#2Egdedgi^dcd[eVgi^X^eVcihl^i]Vcn^iZbb^hh^c\dci]ZhXVaZ0H`l#2
H`ZlcZhh0@gi#2@jgidh^h0B^c$BVm2GZhedchZh^cb^c^bjb$bVm^bjbgZhedchZXViZ\dgn08>I828dggZXiZY
^iZb"idiVaXdggZaVi^dc#
Discussion
DkZgVaa!i]ZbV_dg^ind[i]Z^iZbhd[i]ZHG>H"NedhZYcdY^[[^Xjain[dgi]ZeVgi^X^eVcih#
Ndjc\ZgeVgi^X^eVcihgZedgiZYbdgZegdWaZbhi]Vci]Z^gdaYZgXdjciZgeVgih#L]^aZi]Z
hXVaZ]VYVaZhhi]VcVYZfjViZ^ciZgcVaXdch^hiZcXn;^ZaY!'%%*!i]Z^iZbgZhedchZ
YZhXg^ei^kZhYZg^kZY[gdbHijYn&YZbdchigViZYi]Vii]ZHG>H"N^hVehnX]dbZig^XVaan
VYZfjViZ bZVhjgZ# >i lVh Vci^X^eViZY i]Vi VYVeiVi^dch id i]Z ^iZbh YZZbZY id WZ
egdWaZbVi^X ldjaY gZhjai ^c WZiiZg XdbegZ]Zch^W^a^in! VcY Zc]VcXZY ehnX]dbZig^X
egdeZgi^Zhd[i]ZHG>H"N#
Study 2: Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the SRIS-Y
Method
ParticipantsI]Z[^cVahVbeaZ^cHijYn'Xdch^hiZYd['&*X]^aYgZcVcYVYdaZhXZcih&%'WdnhVcY
&&(\^gah!V\ZY.id&,nZVghB2&(#++nZVgh!H92'#'(#I]ZeVgi^X^eVcihViiZcYZY
jgWVcVcYgjgVahX]ddah^ci]ZgZ\^dcHdji]=daaVcY!i]ZCZi]ZgaVcYh#BdhilZgZd[
9jiX]dg^\^c.(#*#I]ZhVbeaZ^cXajYZY-'eVgi^X^eVcih[gdbeg^bVgnhX]ddaVcY
&((eVgi^X^eVcih[gdbhZXdcYVgnhX]dda#
Procedure
;ZZYWVX` [gdb i]Z HijYn & eVgi^X^eVcih aZY id i]Z ^cXajh^dc d[ V YZ[^c^i^dc d[ ÈhZa["
gZ[aZXi^dcÉ ^c i]Z ^cigdYjXi^dc id i]Z fjZhi^dccV^gZ# I]Z gZhedchZh id i]Z e^adi^c\
fjZhi^dch VcY i]Z gZhjaih d[ i]Z ^iZb gZhedchZ VcVanhZh ^c HijYn & aZY id i]Z
gZhigjXijg^c\ VcY VYVeiVi^dc d[ hZkZgVa ^iZbh ^c Vc Z[[dgi id ^begdkZ i]Z ^ciZgcVa
Xdch^hiZcXn d[ i]Z fjZhi^dccV^gZ IVWaZ '# >c VYY^i^dc! i]Z gZVYVW^a^in d[ i]Z cZl
fjZhi^dccV^gZ lVh VhhZhhZY VXXdgY^c\ id 9jiX] gZVY^c\ \gVYZ aZkZah KVc YZc 7Zg\
iZA^ciZad!&.,,VcYlVh[djcYidWZhj^iVWaZ[dgndjc\eZdeaZ[gdb<gVYZ+VcY
daYZg#
IVWaZ'#
6YVeiVi^dchid>iZbh7VhZYdci]ZGZhjaihd[HijYn&#
6YVeiVi^dchid>iZbh
>iZb'G È6cVanoZÉgZeaVXZYl^i]h^beaZgVaiZgcVi^kZ^#Z#!ÈhijYnÉ
>iZb( È6lVgZd[ÉgZeaVXZYl^i]h^beaZgVaiZgcVi^kZ^#Z#!Ècdi^XZÉ
>iZb)G LdgYdgYZgd[^iZbVYVeiZYidVaadl9jiX]igVchaVi^dcidWZhigZÓZXibZVc^c\d[^iZb
>iZb* È:kVajViZÉgZeaVXZYl^i]h^beaZgVaiZgcVi^kZ^#Z#!ÈlZ^\]jeÉ
>iZb+ LdgYdgYZgVYVeiZYidVaadl[dgWZiiZgXdbegZ]Zch^dc
>iZb&(G LdgYdgYZgVYVeiZYidVaadl[dgWZiiZgXdbegZ]Zch^dc
>iZb&* 6hi]ZgZ^hcd9jiX]Zfj^kVaZci[dgi]ZXdcXZeiÈb^cYÉ!VcZmiZcYZYZmeaVcVi^dclVhVYYZYidi]Z^iZb
>iZb&+ ÈGZÓZXidcÉgZeaVXZYl^i]h^beaZgVaiZgcVi^kZ^#Z#!Èi]^c`WVX`dcÉ
CdiZ#6aa^iZbhl^i]gVgZgZkZghZhXdgZY#>iZbh&!&%!&)VcY'%lZgZcdigZhigjXijgZY[dggZVhdchXdcXZgc^c\i]Z
XdciZcid[i]Z^iZb#
, ) 8]VeiZg(
, * 6hhZhh^c\I]ZgVen"GZaZkVci8d\c^i^kZ8VeVX^i^Zh^cNdjc\EZdeaZ/I]ZHG>H"N
HijYn'lVhXVgg^ZYdjil^i]i]ZVeegdkVad[i]ZEhnX]dad\n:i]^Xh8dbb^iiZZd[i]Z
Jc^kZgh^in#EZgb^hh^dcidXdcYjXii]ZhijYnlVhgZXZ^kZY[gdbhX]ddaeg^cX^eVah!VcY
eVgZciVaVcYX]^aYXdchZcilVhdWiV^cZY#I]ZeVgi^X^eVcihXdbeaZiZYi]ZfjZhi^dccV^gZ
eVX`V\Z^ci]Z^gXaVhhgddb#
Instruments
Id ZmeadgZ i]Z XdckZg\Zci kVa^Y^in d[ i]Z [^cVa kZgh^dc d[ i]Z HG>H"N! ild VYY^i^dcVa
bZVhjgZhd[87I"gZaZkVciXd\c^i^kZXVeVX^i^ZhlZgZVYb^c^hiZgZY#I]Z[^ghiXVeVX^in!
VWhigVXigZVhdc^c\!lVhVhhZhhZYk^Vi]ZH]^eaZn>chi^ijiZd[A^k^c\HXVaZÄ6WhigVXi^dc
HjWhXVaZ H>AH0 H]^eaZn! &.)%0 9jiX] igVchaVi^dc VcY VYVeiVi^dc Wn HX]bVcY
HbZY^c\!'%%%#I]ZH>AH^hXdch^hihd['%^cXdbeaZiZhZfjZcXZhd[cjbWZgh!aZiiZgh!
dgldgYhl]^X]VgZXdbeaZiZYWni]ZeVgi^X^eVcih#<ddYiZhi"gZiZhigZa^VW^a^in!kVa^Y^in!
VcY ^ciZgcVa Xdch^hiZcXn ]VkZ WZZc gZedgiZY ^c gZhZVgX] jh^c\ i]Z H>AH# >c i]Z
XjggZcihijYn!i]Z8gdcWVX]Éhα[dgi]ZH>AHlVh\ddYα2#-%#I]ZhZXdcYXVeVX^in!
Xd\c^i^kZ [aZm^W^a^in! lVh VhhZhhZY k^V i]Z8d\c^i^kZ ;aZm^W^a^in HXVaZ 8;H0 BVgi^c
GjW^c! &..*# I]Z 8;H VhhZhhZh Vc ^cY^k^YjVaÉh [aZm^W^a^in ^c i]^c`^c\! YZX^h^dc"
bV`^c\!VcYegdWaZb"hdak^c\dcV[^kZ"ed^ciA^`ZgihXVaZ&2higdc\anY^hV\gZZid+
2higdc\anV\gZZ#I]ZVji]dghd[i]Z^chigjbZcigZedgiZY\ddY^ciZgcVaXdch^hiZcXn
#,+!iZhi"gZiZhigZa^VW^a^in#-(!VcYXdchigjXiVcYXdcXjggZcikVa^Y^in#>ci]ZXjggZci
hijYnVh]dgiZcZYkZgh^dclVhjhZYhdi]Vii]ZZci^gZiZhiWViiZgnXdjaYWZXdbeaZiZY
Yjg^c\dcZhX]ddaaZhhdc#H^m^iZbhd[i]Z8;Hl]^X]lZgZhZZcidWZbdhigZaZkVci
id Xd\c^i^kZ YZkZadebZci ^#Z#! i]Zn VYYgZhhZY i]^c`^c\ VcY egdWaZb"hdak^c\ lZgZ
igVchaViZYVcYVYVeiZY[dgjhZl^i]9jiX]X]^aYgZcVcYVYdaZhXZcihHVjiZg=ZncZ!
'%%,#>ci]ZXjggZcihijYn!i]Z8gdcWVX]Éhα[dgi]Zh^m^iZbhd[i]Z8;HlVh#)-#
IdZmeadgZi]ZY^kZg\ZcikVa^Y^ind[i]ZHG>H"N!i]ZHigZc\i]hVcY9^[[^Xjai^Zh
FjZhi^dccV^gZ H9F0 <ddYbVc! &..,0 9jiX] igVchaVi^dc VcY VYVeiVi^dc Wn KVc
L^YZc[Zai! <dZY]Vgi! IgZ[[Zgh! <ddYbVc! '%%( lVh VYb^c^hiZgZY# I]Z H9F ^h V
'*"^iZb fjZhi^dccV^gZ i]Vi VhhZhhZh i]Z ehnX]dhdX^Va VY_jhibZci d[ X]^aYgZc
VcY VYdaZhXZcih# ;dg i]Z ejgedhZh d[ i]^h hijYn! i]Z *"^iZb :bdi^dcVa Hnbeidbh
hjWhXVaZlVhjhZYVhVc^cYZmd[^ciZgcVa^o^c\egdWaZbh#EgZk^djhhijY^Zhjh^c\i]Z
H9F]VkZgZedgiZYVYZfjViZehnX]dbZig^XegdeZgi^ZhKVcL^YZc[ZaiZiVa#!'%%(#>c
i]ZXjggZcihijYn!i]Z8gdcWVX]Éhα[dgi]Z:bdi^dcVaHnbeidbhhjWhXVaZd[i]ZH9F
lVhhVi^h[VXidgnα2#,,#
Data analysis
Eg^dg id YViV VcVanh^h! [^kZ XVhZh l^i] bdgZ i]Vc '* d[ i]Z ^iZbh d[ V bZVhjgZ
b^hh^c\lZgZZmXajYZY[gdbi]ZYViVhZi#Ild[jgi]ZgXVhZhl^i]bdgZi]Vc&%^iZbh
b^hh^c\ VXgdhh Vaa fjZhi^dccV^gZh lZgZ ZmXajYZY! gZhjai^c\ ^c V [^cVa hVbeaZ d[ '&*
XVhZh#;dgXVhZhl^i]≤(^iZbhb^hh^c\dci]ZfjZhi^dccV^gZhHG>H!c2&-08;H!c2
+0H9F!c2&.!kVajZhidgZeaVXZb^hh^c\kVajZhlZgZZmigVedaViZYjh^c\i]ZeZghdc
bZVc hjWhi^iji^dc bZi]dY =Vli]dgcZ :aa^dii! '%%*# 7ZXVjhZ i]Z HG>H"N lVh Vc
VYjai bZVhjgZ VYVeiZY [dg jhZ l^i] V X]^aY VcY VYdaZhXZci edejaVi^dc! ZmeadgVidgn
[VXidg VcVanh^h lVh YZZbZY i]Z bdhi hj^iVWaZ bZi]dY d[ VhhZhh^c\ ^ih higjXijgVa
kVa^Y^in# I]Z @V^hZg"BZnZg"Da`^c bZVhjgZ VcY 7VgiaZiiÉh IZhi d[ He]Zg^X^in lZgZ
XVaXjaViZYidZmVb^cZi]Zhj^iVW^a^ind[i]ZYViV[dgXdcYjXi^c\Veg^cX^eVaXdbedcZci
VcVanh^h l^i] kVg^bVm gdiVi^dc# I]Z hXgZZ"eadi lVh jhZY id YZiZgb^cZ ]dl bVcn
XdbedcZcih id gZiV^c HiZkZch! '%%'# >ciZgcVa Xdch^hiZcXn lVh VhhZhhZY l^i] i]Z
8gdcWVX]Éh Vae]V hiVi^hi^X [dg i]Z idiVa hXVaZ Vh lZaa Vh [dg i]Z gZhjai^c\ [VXidgh#
HjWhXVaZ"idiVaXdggZaVi^dchVcY^ciZg"hjWhXVaZXdggZaVi^dchlZgZXVaXjaViZY!VhlZaa
Vh i]Z h`ZlcZhh VcY `jgidh^h d[ i]Z ^iZbh# 8dckZg\Zci VcY Y^kZg\Zci kVa^Y^in lVh
ZmVb^cZYjh^c\XdggZaVi^dcXdZ[[^X^ZcihWZilZZchXdgZhdci]ZHG>H"NVcYbZVhjgZh
d[87I"gZaZkVciXd\c^i^kZXVeVX^i^Zh^#Z#!i]Z8;HVcYH>AH!VcYhXdgZhdci]ZH9F
gZheZXi^kZan# 6\Z igZcYh VcY \ZcYZg"gZaViZY igZcYh ^c i]Z YViV lZgZ ZmeadgZY jh^c\
i"iZhih VcY XdggZaVi^dch# ;dg i]Z V\Z"gZaViZY VcVanhZh! i]Z hVbeaZ lVh Y^k^YZY ^cid
ild\gdjeh!cVbZanX]^aY]ddYidZVganVYdaZhXZcXZ-"&(nZVgh0c2&&%VcYb^Y"id
aViZVYdaZhXZcXZ&)"&-nZVgh0c2&%*#
Results
9jZ id i^bZ a^b^iVi^dch! V cjbWZg d[ eVgi^X^eVcih Y^Y cdi XdbeaZiZ Vaa bZVhjgZh
^cXajYZY ^c i]Z eVX`V\Z c 2 .(#I"iZhih gZkZVaZY cd h^\c^[^XVci Y^[[ZgZcXZh dc
fjZhi^dccV^gZhXdgZhWZilZZci]Z\gdjed[eVgi^X^eVcihl]^X]XdbeaZiZYVaabZVhjgZh!
VcYi]dhZl]dY^YcdiVaaeÉh>#&'#I]ZgZ[dgZ!XVhZhlZgZZmXajYZYeV^gl^hZidVaadl
[dg i]Z bVm^bjb cjbWZg d[ gZhedcYZcih ^c i]Z VcVanhZh# I]Z cjbWZg d[ XVhZh ^c
ZVX]VcVanh^h^hegZhZciZY^cIVWaZ)#
IVWaZ(#
;VXidgAdVY^c\hVcY8gdcWVX]Éh6ae]Vh[dgi]ZHG>H"NHjWhXVaZhc2'&*
>iZbh ;VXidgAdVY^c\h
;& ;'
>d[iZcZmVb^cZbn[ZZa^c\h #,) "#&.
>d[iZci]^c`VWdji]dl>[ZZaVWdjii]^c\h #+. "#%&
>ÒcY^igZVaan^ciZgZhi^c\idZmVb^cZl]Vi>i]^c`VWdji #+. "#%'
>d[iZciV`Zi^bZidi]^c`WVX`dcbni]dj\]ih #++ "#%)
>]VkZVYZÒc^iZcZZYidjcYZghiVcY]dlbnb^cYldg`h #+) "#'-
>ÉbcdigZVaan^ciZgZhiZY^chijYn^c\bnWZ]Vk^djg #+' #%%
>gVgZanheZcYi^bZÈhZa["gZÓZXi^c\É #+% #&%
>iÉh^bedgiVci[dgbZidignidjcYZghiVcYl]Vibn[ZZa^c\hbZVc #+% "#'&
>YdcÉid[iZci]^c`VWdjibni]dj\]ih #*. #'(
>iÉh^bedgiVci[dgbZidWZVWaZidjcYZghiVcY]dlbni]dj\]ihVg^hZ #** "#')
>YdcÉigZVaani]^c`VWdjil]n>WZ]VkZ^ci]ZlVni]Vi>Yd #)+ #'(
>Ébd[iZcXdc[jhZYVWdji]dl>gZVaan[ZZaVWdjihdbZi]^c\ "#&( #,&
>d[iZcÒcY^iY^[ÒXjaiidgZVaanjcYZghiVcY]dl>[ZZaVWdjii]^c\h "#&. #+.
>d[iZccdi^XZi]Vi>Éb[ZZa^c\hdbZi]^c\!Wji>d[iZcYdcÉi`cdll]ViZmVXian>Éb[ZZa^c\ "#%- #+-
BnWZ]Vk^djgd[iZcejooaZhbZ "#&( #++
>jhjVaan`cdll]n>[ZZai]ZlVn>[ZZa #&' #*-
I]^c`^c\VWdjibni]dj\]ihbV`ZhbZbdgZXdc[jhZY #'* #*,
α2#-) α2#,,
CdiZ#6aa^iZbhl^i]GVgZgZkZghZhXdgZY#;VXidgadVY^c\hVWdkZ#)%VeeZVg^cWdaY#
, + , ,
Principal component analysis
I]Z@V^hZg"BZnZg"Da`^cbZVhjgZ#-+VcY7VgiaZiiÉhIZhiχ'&.%!c2'&*2&%,&#')!
e<#%&Xdc[^gbZYi]Vii]ZYViVlZgZhj^iVWaZ[dgXdcYjXi^c\Veg^cX^eVaXdbedcZci
VcVanh^hE86#;djg[VXidghlZgZ[djcYl^i]Z^\ZckVajZh\gZViZgi]Vc&!Wji^cheZXi^dc
d[i]ZhXgZZeadigZkZVaZYild[VXidghVWdkZi]Zed^cid[^c[aZm^dc#I]ZhZild[VXidgh
VXXdjciZY[dg(.#(d[i]ZidiVakVg^VcXZ#6[iZgkVg^bVmgdiVi^dc![VXidgadVY^c\hlZgZ
Vaa \gZViZg i]Vc dg ZfjVa id %#)%! l^i] i]Z ZmXZei^dc d[ ild ^iZbh >iZbh * VcY +#
I]Zild[VXidghgZ[aZXiZYXdchigjXihh^b^aVgidi]ZHZa["GZ[aZXi^dcVcY>ch^\]i[VXidgh
gZedgiZY ^c i]Z <gVci Zi Va# '%%' hijYn# I]Z [^ghi [VXidg ^cXajYZY Vaa ilZakZ d[ i]Z
^iZbh[gdbi]Zdg^\^cVaHZa["GZ[aZXi^dchjWhXVaZ#I]ZhZXdcY[VXidgXdbeg^hZYhZkZc
d[i]ZZ^\]i^iZbh[gdbi]Zdg^\^cVa>ch^\]ihjWhXVaZ#>iZb([gdbi]Z>ch^\]ihjWhXVaZ
adVYZYdci]Z[^ghi[VXidg!gVi]Zgi]Vcdci]ZhZXdcY[VXidg#
6[iZggZbdk^c\>iZb(VcYi]Zild^iZbhl^i]V[VXidgadVY^c\<#)%!VhZXdcY
eg^cX^eVa XdbedcZci VcVanh^h l^i] kVg^bVm gdiVi^dc lVh XdcYjXiZY# I]Z gZhjaih d[
i]ZVcVanh^hVgZh]dlc^cIVWaZ(#I]^hi^bZ!i]Zild[VXidghVXXdjciZY[dg)(#&d[
i]ZidiVakVg^VcXZ!VcYi]Z[VXidghlZgZ^c`ZZe^c\l^i]i]ZhjWhXVaZhd[i]Zdg^\^cVa
fjZhi^dccV^gZ#I]ZVae]V[dgi]Zl]daZhXVaZlVh#,,#I]ZVae]Vh[dgi]ZhjWhXVaZhVgZ
egZhZciZY^cIVWaZ(#HZeVgViZ[VXidgVcVanhZhlZgZVahdXVgg^ZYdjil^i]i]ZildV\Z
\gdjeh-"&(nZVghVcY&)"&-nZVghidkZg^[ni]ZXdch^hiZcXnd[i]Z[VXidghigjXijgZ#
:VX] VcVanh^h n^ZaYZY V ild [VXidg hdaji^dc ^c l]^X] i]Z HZa["GZ[aZXi^dc VcY >ch^\]i
hjWhXVaZhXdbeg^hZYZmVXiani]ZhVbZ^iZbhVh[djcY[dgi]Z\gdjeVhVl]daZ#
:mVb^cVi^dcd[i]Zh`ZlcZhhVcY`jgidh^hd[i]Z&,^iZbhgZkZVaZYild^iZbh
l^i] ha^\]ian ZaZkViZY cZ\Vi^kZ `jgidh^h >iZb &+ `jgidh^h 2 "&#%,0 >iZb . `jgidh^h 2
"&#%+#>ilVhYZX^YZYidgZiV^ci]ZhZ^iZbhh^cXZi]ZhZlZgZgZ\VgYZYVhZhhZci^Vaid
i]ZhXVaZ#8dggZaVi^dchWZilZZci]ZHG>H"NidiVahXdgZVcYZVX]d[i]Z[VXidghn^ZaYZY
i]Z[daadl^c\/HZa["GZ[aZXi^dcg2#-'!e<#%&!VcY>ch^\]ig2#)-!e<#%&#I]ZgZlVh
V cdc"h^\c^[^XVci cZ\Vi^kZ XdggZaVi^dc WZilZZc i]Z HZa["GZ[aZXi^dc VcY i]Z >ch^\]i
[VXidgh#
Convergent and divergent validity
Id ^ckZhi^\ViZ XdckZg\Zci kVa^Y^in! hXdgZh dc i]Z HG>H"N hjWhXVaZh lZgZ XdggZaViZY
l^i]hXdgZhdci]Z8;HVcYH>AHIVWaZ)#6hZmeZXiZY!hXdgZhdci]ZHZa["GZ[aZXi^dc
hjWhXVaZVcYi]Z>ch^\]ihjWhXVaZXdggZaViZYbdYZgViZanVcYh^\c^[^XVcianl^i]hXdgZh
dc i]Z 8;H# Cd h^\c^[^XVci VhhdX^Vi^dch lZgZ [djcY WZilZZc hXdgZh dc i]Z HG>H"N
hjWhXVaZhVcYi]ZH>AH#L^i]gZheZXiidY^kZg\ZcikVa^Y^in!hXdgZhdci]ZHZa["GZ[aZXi^dc
hjWhXVaZlZgZedh^i^kZanXdggZaViZYl^i]hXdgZhdci]Z:bdi^dcVaHnbeidbhhjWhXVaZ
d[ i]Z H9F IVWaZ )# I]Z >ch^\]i hjWhXVaZ VcY i]Z :bdi^dcVa Hnbeidbh hjWhXVaZ
lZgZcZ\Vi^kZanXdggZaViZY#
Gender and age trends in self-reflection and insight
Dc VkZgV\Z! \^gah hXdgZY ]^\]Zg dc i]Z HZa["GZ[aZXi^dc hjWhXVaZ gZaVi^kZ id Wdnh!
i'&( 2 "'#,.! e < #%&# I]ZgZ lZgZ cd h^\c^[^XVci \ZcYZg Y^[[ZgZcXZh dc i]Z >ch^\]i
hjWhXVaZ# Cd V\Z Z[[ZXih lZgZ [djcY l]Zc ndjc\Zg -"&( nZVgh VcY daYZg &)"&-
nZVgh eVgi^X^eVcihÉ hjWhXVaZ hXdgZh lZgZ XdbeVgZY ^c V i"iZhi# 8adhZg ^cheZXi^dc
l^i]^c i]Z ild V\Z \gdjeh gZkZVaZY V lZV` Wji h^\c^[^XVci XdggZaVi^dc WZilZZc V\Z
VcYHZa["GZ[aZXi^dchjWhXVaZhXdgZh^ci]Z&)"&-nZVgV\Z\gdjeg2#(&!e<#%&!c2
&%*#
IVWaZ)#
8dggZaVi^dchWZilZZcHG>H"NHjWhXVaZh!BZVhjgZhd[8d\c^i^kZ8VeVX^i^ZhVcYVc>cYZmd[>ciZgcVa^o^c\EgdWaZbh
8;H H>AH H9F:bdi^dcVaHnbeidbh
HG>H"HG #() #%* #&.
HG>H">C #', "#&' "#*&
CdiZ/HG>H"HG2HZa["GZÓZXi^dchjWhXVaZ0HG>H">C2>ch^\]ihjWhXVaZ08;H28d\c^i^kZ;aZm^W^a^inHXVaZc2
'&*0H>AH2H]^eaZn>chi^ijiZd[A^k^c\HXVaZÄ6WhigVXi^dcHjWhXVaZc2&&.0H9F2HigZc\i]hVcY9^[ÒXjai^Zh
FjZhi^dccV^gZc2'%*#
8dggZaVi^dc^hh^\c^ÒXVciVii]Z%#%&aZkZa'"iV^aZY#
Discussion
6c^c^i^VaZmeadgVidgn[VXidgVcVanh^h^YZci^[^ZYi]gZZeddgan[jcXi^dc^c\HG>H"N^iZbh#
DcZ d[ i]ZhZ ^iZbh >iZb (/ È> jhjVaan cdi^XZ bn i]dj\]ihÉ lVh Vahd [djcY id WZ V
egdWaZbVi^X^iZb^ci]ZhijY^ZhWn<gVciZiVa#'%%'VcYGdWZgihVcYHiVg`'%%-#
I]Z i]gZZ ^iZbh lZgZ gZbdkZY VcY V hZXdcY E86 lVh XdcYjXiZY# Jca^`Z GdWZgih
VcY HiVg` '%%-! l]d [djcY i]Vi V i]gZZ [VXidg hdaji^dc lVh i]Z WZhi [^i! lZ [djcY
ild [VXidgh l]^X] b^ggdgZY i]Z HZa["GZ[aZXi^dc VcY >ch^\]i hjWhXVaZh d[ i]Z VYjai
HG>H <gVci Zi Va#! '%%'# I]ZgZ lVh V cdc"h^\c^[^XVci cZ\Vi^kZ XdggZaVi^dc WZilZZc
i]Zild[VXidgh!ZX]d^c\i]ZgZhjaihd[i]ZhijYnWn<gVciVcYXdaaZV\jZh'%%'#I]Z
^ciZgcVaXdch^hiZcXnd[i]ZHG>H"N^cHijYn'lVhXdch^YZgVWan]^\]Zgi]Vc^cHijYn&!
VcYlVhXdbeVgVWaZidi]ZVYjaiHG>H<gVciZiVa#!'%%'!VcYiddi]ZgbZVhjgZhd[
ehnX]dad\^XVab^cYZYcZhh[dgVYdaZhXZcihZ#\#!7dnaVc!'%%+#
I]ZXdckZg\ZcikVa^Y^ind[i]ZHG>H"NlVhhjeedgiZYWni]ZVhhdX^Vi^dchl^i]
^iZbh[gdbVbZVhjgZd[Xd\c^i^kZ[aZm^W^a^in8;H!VahdjhZY^c<gVciVcYXdaaZV\jZhÉ
'%%' ZkVajVi^dc d[ XdckZg\Zci kVa^Y^in# 6h <gVci VcY XdaaZV\jZh '%%' [djcY i]Vi
dcan>ch^\]ihXdgZhXdggZaViZYedh^i^kZanl^i]8;HhXdgZh!i]Z[^cY^c\hd[i]ZXjggZci
hijYn bVn gZ[aZXi Z^i]Zg i]Z ZmXajh^dc d[ V cjbWZg d[ i]Z 8;H ^iZbh ^c i]Z XjggZci
hijYn!dgi]ZVeea^XVi^dcd[i]ZbZVhjgZl^i]Vndjc\Zg!9jiX]edejaVi^dc#8dcigVgn
id ZmeZXiVi^dch! i]ZgZ lVh cd gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc hXdgZh dc i]Z >ch^\]i hjWhXVaZ
VcY V bZVhjgZ d[ VWhigVXi gZVhdc^c\ H>AH! l]^X] bVn ^cY^XViZ i]Vi i]ZhZ VgZ
cdc"dkZgaVee^c\ Xd\c^i^kZ XVeVX^i^Zh# I]^h ^ciZgegZiVi^dc lVh Vahd cdiZY ^c V hijYn
Wn =ViX]Zg VcY XdaaZV\jZh &..%! l]d gZedgiZY XdbeaZm eViiZgch d[ XdggZaVi^dch
WZilZZchXdgZhdcbZVhjgZhd[VWhigVXigZVhdc^c\VcYehnX]dad\^XVab^cY[jacZhh#
HijYn ' egdk^YZY hjeedgi [dg i]Z Y^kZg\Zci kVa^Y^in d[ i]Z HG>H"N# B^ggdg^c\
i]ZgZhjaihd[<gVciZiVa#'%%'!VcZ\Vi^kZXdggZaVi^dclVh[djcYWZilZZci]Z>ch^\]i
, - 8]VeiZg(
, . 6hhZhh^c\I]ZgVen"GZaZkVci8d\c^i^kZ8VeVX^i^Zh^cNdjc\EZdeaZ/I]ZHG>H"N
hjWhXVaZ VcY Vc ^cYZm d[ ^ciZgcVa^o^c\ egdWaZbh# I]^h hj\\Zhih i]Vi i]Z >ch^\]i
hjWhXVaZbVn^cYZZYWZbZVhjg^c\ehnX]dad\^XVaanVYVei^kZhZa["VlVgZcZhh#H^b^aVg
gZhjaih ]VkZ WZZc gZedgiZY ^c VYjai edejaVi^dch jh^c\ gZaViZY bZVhjgZh d[ ^ch^\]i
Z#\#!i]Z>ciZgcVaHiViZ6lVgZcZhhhjWhXVaZd[i]ZEgH8H0@^c\gZZGjWVX`!&..+#
6h ^c <gVci VcY XdaaZV\jZÉh '%%' hijYn! V edh^i^kZ VhhdX^Vi^dc lVh [djcY WZilZZc
i]Z HZa["GZ[aZXi^dc hjWhXVaZ VcY Vc ^cYZm d[ ^ciZgcVa^o^c\ egdWaZbh# L]^aZ i]Z V^b
d[i]ZHG>HlVhidbZVhjgZXdchigjXi^kZgVi]Zgi]VcYnh[jcXi^dcVahZa["gZ[aZXi^dc!^i
hZZbhi]Vii]ZHZa["GZ[aZXi^dchjWhXVaZbVnbZVhjgZVgjb^cVi^kZhZa["[dXjh!l]^X]
^hVhhdX^ViZYl^i]Zbdi^dcVahnbeidbhWdi]^cVYjaihVcY^cndjc\eZdeaZ#
<^gahhXdgZYh^\c^[^XVcian]^\]Zgi]VcWdnhdci]ZHZa["GZ[aZXi^dchjWhXVaZ#
6ai]dj\]i]^h[^cY^c\XdcigVhihl^i]i]ZgZhjaihd[<gVciZiVa#'%%'VcYGdWZgihVcY
HiVg` '%%-! ^i ^h ^c a^cZ l^i] hijY^Zh ^cid kVg^djh EB"gZaViZY XdchigjXih ^c VYjaih!
l]^X] gZedgi i]Vi [ZbVaZh VgZ \ZcZgVaan bdgZ deZc id ^cigdheZXi^dc Z#\#! 8hVc`
8dclVn!'%%)#I]ZegZhZcXZd[\ZcYZgY^[[ZgZcXZh^cgjb^cVi^dc[gdbVhZVganVh&'
nZVgh d[ V\Z ?dhZ 7gdlc! '%%- bVn Vahd Xdcig^WjiZ id i]Z gZaVi^dch]^e WZilZZc
\ZcYZgVcYi]ZHZa["GZ[aZXi^dchjWhXVaZ[djcY^ci]ZXjggZcihijYn#
6\Z"gZaViZY igZcYh ^c hZa["gZ[aZXi^dc lZgZ dcan [djcY ^c ndjc\ eZdeaZ V\ZY
&)id&-nZVgh#I]ZhZgZhjaihhZZbid^cY^XViZi]Vii]ZYZkZadebZcid[hZa["gZ[aZXi^dc
h`^aah bVn ^ciZch^[n ^c b^Y" id aViZ VYdaZhXZcXZ! gVi]Zg i]Vc i]ZgZ WZ^c\ V a^cZVg
egd\gZhh^dc^ch`^aaYZkZadebZci#I]^h^h^cXdcigVhiidi]Z[^cY^c\hd[gZhZVgX]^cid
i]ZgZaViZYXdchigjXid[EB!l]^X]hj\\Zhii]ViEBXdci^cjZhidYZkZadei]gdj\]dji
VYdaZhXZcXZ =ViX]Zg Zi Va#! &..%# I]Z aVX` d[ V\Z Z[[ZXih dc i]Z >ch^\]i hjWhXVaZ
bVngZ[aZXii]Zcdi^dci]Vi^ch^\]i^hVc^cY^k^YjVaY^hedh^i^dc!gVi]Zgi]VcVXVeVX^in
l]^X]g^eZchdkZgi^bZ#>cYZZY!i]ZYZkZadebZcid[^ch^\]ibVnWZjcgZaViZYidi]Z
YZkZadebZcid[hZa["gZ[aZXi^dc#
General discussion
I]ZgZhjaihd[i]ZegZhZcihijYnhj\\Zhii]Vii]ZHG>H"N!VbZVhjgZd[hZa["gZ[aZXi^dc
VcY^ch^\]iVYVeiZY[dgjhZl^i]X]^aYgZcVcYVYdaZhXZcih!^hVeea^XVWaZl^i]ndjc\
eZdeaZVcY^hehnX]dbZig^XVaanVYZfjViZ#HijYn&^ckdakZYi]ZVYVeiVi^dcd[i]ZVYjai
HG>H id bV`Z ^i hj^iVWaZ [dg V ndjc\Zg V\Z \gdje# DkZgVaa! i]Z ^iZbh d[ i]Z HG>H"N
lZgZjcYZghiVcYVWaZ[dgi]ZeVgi^X^eVcih#Ndjc\ZgX]^aYgZc^ci]ZhVbeaZ]VYbdgZ
egdWaZbhl^i]i]ZbZVhjgZi]VcdaYZgeVgi^X^eVcih#JhZd[i]ZHG>H"NbVni]ZgZ[dgZ
WZ bdhi Veegdeg^ViZ l^i] VYdaZhXZcih VcY daYZg X]^aYgZc# L^i] ndjc\Zg X]^aYgZc!
^ciZgVXi^kZVcYXdcXgZiZiVh`hV^bZYVibZVhjg^c\hZa["gZ[aZXi^dcVcY^ch^\]ibVnWZ
bdgZhj^iVWaZi]VceZc"VcY"eVeZgbZVhjgZh#6ediZci^VaaZVY[dgi]ZYZkZadebZcid[
hjX]iVh`h^h[djcY^ci]ZÈi]dj\]i$[ZZa^c\$WZ]Vk^djgXVgYhdgiiVh`Él]^X]^hV^bZYVi
VhhZhh^c\ Vcdi]Zg 87I"gZaZkVci XVeVX^in! cVbZan Y^hi^c\j^h]^c\ WZilZZc i]dj\]ih!
[ZZa^c\h!VcYWZ]Vk^djghFjV`aZnZiVa#!'%%)#
;daadl^c\ bdY^[^XVi^dch hj\\ZhiZY Wn HijYn &! HijYn ' gZedgiZY dc i]Z
[VXidghigjXijgZ!^ciZgcVaXdch^hiZcXn!VcYkVa^Y^ind[i]ZHG>H"N#>cVYY^i^dc!\ZcYZg
VcY V\Z igZcYh ^c HG>H"N hXdgZh lZgZ Vahd ZmeadgZY# H^b^aVg id i]Z gZhjaih d[ i]Z
[VXidg VcVanh^h gZedgiZY Wn <gVci Zi Va# '%%'! i]Z HG>H"N lVh [djcY id Xdbeg^hZ
ildcdc"XdggZaViZYVcY^ciZgcVaanXdch^hiZcihjWhXVaZhbZVhjg^c\hZa["gZ[aZXi^dcVcY
^ch^\]i#Hjeedgi[dgi]ZXdckZg\ZcikVa^Y^ind[i]ZHG>H"NhjWhXVaZhlVhZk^YZcXZYWn
VhhdX^Vi^dchl^i]VbZVhjgZd[V87I"gZaZkVciXd\c^i^kZXVeVX^in!XdggZhedcY^c\l^i]
[^cY^c\h[gdbi]ZZkVajVi^dcd[i]ZVYjaiHG>H<gVciZiVa#!'%%'#9^kZg\ZcikVa^Y^in
lVhYZbdchigViZY[dgi]Z>ch^\]ihjWhXVaZ!Wjicdi[dgi]ZHZa["GZ[aZXi^dchjWhXVaZ#
GVi]Zg i]Vc jh^c\ i]Z l]daZ HG>H"N Vh V bZVhjgZ d[ ÈVYVei^kZÉ hZa["gZ[aZXi^dc! i]Z
>ch^\]i hjWhXVaZ bVn egdk^YZ i]Z WZhi Zhi^bViZ d[ i]Z ineZ d[ Xd\c^i^kZ XVeVX^i^Zh
bdhigZaZkVciideVgi^X^eVi^dc^c87I#
I]Z [^cY^c\h d[ i]Z XjggZci hijYn VgZ egdb^h^c\ l^i] gZheZXi id i]Z
VYb^c^higVi^dc d[ i]Z HG>H"N l^i] X]^aYgZc VcY VYdaZhXZcih! Wji hZkZgVa a^b^iVi^dch
lVggVciXdch^YZgVi^dc#>ciZgbhd[i]ZhVbeaZ!i]ZbV_dg^ind[i]ZeVgi^X^eVcihlZgZ
d[9jiX]dg^\^c!VcYi]ZgZ[dgZi]ZgZa^VW^a^inVcYkVa^Y^ind[i]ZHG>H"Nl]ZcVeea^ZY
^cbdgZY^kZghZedejaVi^dchdg^cdi]ZgXjaijgZhVcYXdjcig^ZhgZfj^gZh^ckZhi^\Vi^dc#
HZXdcY!i]Z\ZcZgVa^oVW^a^ind[i]Z[^cY^c\hidVXa^c^XVahVbeaZ^hjcXZgiV^c!\^kZci]Vi
i]ZXjggZcihijYnbVYZjhZd[VXdbbjc^inhVbeaZd[ndjc\eZdeaZl^i]adlaZkZah
d[ hZa["gZedgiZY ehnX]deVi]dad\^XVa hnbeidbh# I]^gY! i]Z YZaZi^dc d[ hZkZgVa ^iZbh
[daadl^c\i]ZZmeadgVidgn[VXidgVcVanh^hbVn]VkZ^c[ajZcXZYi]ZXdciZcikVa^Y^ind[
i]ZbZVhjgZ!XVaa^c\[dg[jgi]ZgZmVb^cVi^dcd[i]ZhigjXijgVaVcYXdckZg\ZcikVa^Y^in
d[i]Z&,"^iZbkZgh^dcd[i]ZHG>H"N#
I]Z gZhjaih d[ i]Z egZhZci gZhZVgX] ]VkZ Wdi] gZhZVgX] VcY Xa^c^XVa
^bea^XVi^dch# ;daadl^c\ i]Z ldg` d[ GdWZgih VcY HiVg` '%%-! Xdc[^gbVidgn [VXidg
VcVanhZhXVcWZXdcYjXiZYidXaVg^[nl]Zi]ZgVilddgi]gZZ[VXidghigjXijgZWZhi[^ih
YViV\Vi]ZgZYk^Vi]ZHG>H"N#;jgi]Zg!XdckZg\ZcikVa^Y^inXVcWZgZ"VhhZhhZYjh^c\
di]ZgbZVhjgZhd[EBVcY!\^kZci]Zadl8gdcWVX]ÉhVae]VÉh^ci]ZXjggZcihijYn!i]Z
[jaakZgh^dcd[i]Z8;H#;^cVaan!gZhZVgX]h]djaY^ckZhi^\ViZi]ZgZaVi^dch]^eWZilZZc
hZa["gZ[aZXi^dc! ^ch^\]i! VcY bZVhjgZh d[ gjb^cVi^dc! \^kZc i]Vi i]Z XjggZci hijYn
egdk^YZh Zk^YZcXZ [dg V a^c` WZilZZc i]Z HZa["GZ[aZXi^dc hjWhXVaZ VcY ^ciZgcVa^o^c\
egdWaZbh#GZhZVgX]ZghXVcWZ\^cidVhhZhhi]ZegZY^Xi^kZkVa^Y^ind[hZa["gZ[aZXi^dcVcY
^ch^\]i^cndjc\eZdeaZ!gZaVi^kZiddi]Zgedhh^WaZegZY^Xidghd[igZVibZcigZhedchZ!
^c dgYZg id WZiiZg jcYZghiVcY i]Z bZY^Vi^c\ dg bdYZgVi^c\ gdaZ i]Vi hjX] Xd\c^i^kZ
XVeVX^i^ZhbVn]VkZYjg^c\igZVibZci#;dgXa^c^X^Vch!Xa^ZcigZhedchZhidi]ZHG>H"N
bVnegdk^YZVc^cY^XVi^dcd[i]ZZmiZciidl]^X]i]Zndjc\eZghdc^hVWaZidZc\V\Z
^c WZ]Vk^djgVa VcY Xd\c^i^kZ i]ZgVeZji^X ^ciZgkZci^dch hjX] Vh 87I# 8a^c^X^Vch bVn
X]ddhZ id VYVei i]Z YZa^kZgn dg i^b^c\ d[ Xd\c^i^kZ i]ZgVeZji^X ^ciZgkZci^dch WVhZY
dci]Z^g`cdlaZY\Zd[VkV^aVWaZhZa["gZ[ZXi^dcVcY^ch^\]ih`^aah#;dgZmVbeaZ!ndjc\
eZdeaZ l^i] adl aZkZah d[ hZa["gZ[aZXi^dc VcY ^ch^\]i bVn WZcZ[^i [gdb VYY^i^dcVa
Zbe]Vh^h ^c igZVibZci dc igV^c^c\ ^c hZa["bdc^idg^c\ d[ i]dj\]ih! [ZZa^c\h! VcY
WZ]Vk^djghHVjiZgZiVa#!'%%.#
>c XdcXajh^dc! i]Z [^cY^c\h d[ HijYn & VcY HijYn ' hjeedgi i]Z jhZ d[ i]Z
- % - &
HG>H"N Vh V ehnX]dbZig^XVaan hdjcY VcY YZkZadebZciVaan"Veegdeg^ViZ bZVhjgZ d[
Xd\c^i^kZXVeVX^i^Zh^cndjc\eZdeaZ#I]^hbZVhjgZegdk^YZhVbjX]"cZZYZYbZVch
id[VX^a^iViZi]ZZmeadgVi^dcd[hZa["gZ[aZXi^dcVcY^ch^\]i^cX]^aYgZcVcYVYdaZhXZcih
WngZhZVgX]ZghVcY87IXa^c^X^Vch#I]ZVYb^c^higVi^dcd[i]ZHG>H"N^cWdi]gZhZVgX]
VcY Xa^c^XVa XdciZmih XVc Vaadl [dg YZkZadebZciVaan"^c[dgbZY igZVibZci YZa^kZgn
l^i] i]Z V^b d[ Zc]VcX^c\ i]Z Z[[^X^ZcXn VcY Z[[ZXi^kZcZhh d[ Xd\c^i^kZ"WZ]Vk^djgVa
^ciZgkZci^dch#