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The @school project : developmental considerations in the design and delivery of cognitive-behavioural therapy for adolescent school refusal

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therapy for adolescent school refusal

Sauter, F.M.

Citation

Sauter, F. M. (2010, June 23). The @school project : developmental considerations in the design and delivery of cognitive-behavioural therapy for adolescent school refusal. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15718

Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown)

License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden Downloaded

from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/15718

Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable).

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Chapter 4

Developmentally-Appropriate Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Adolescent School Refusal: A Case Study

Floor M. Sauter, David Heyne, T.H. Ollendick, Brigit M. Van Widenfelt, & P. Michiel Westenberg

Manuscript submitted for publication

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Abstract

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Introduction

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Case study

Referral and background information

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(7)

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(8)

. ) . *

Course of treatment

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(9)

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