University of Groningen Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia

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(1)University of Groningen. Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia. IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below.. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record. Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database. Citation for published version (APA): Gremmen, M. C. (2018). Social network processes and academic functioning: The role of peers in students' school well-being, academic engagement, and academic achievement. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.. Download date: 17-07-2021.

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(17) $I1* /SQRSJ=$)'2$)"ZQWW012 )10= 4$1#RYXR012 )10$)T/"/ =STZR012 )10$)U1#"/ =STZY012 )10$)V1#"/ ) STWY012 )10$)W1#"/ @ *4 3 /=RYQ012 )10IS@Q]J$)*1!$''*211# .2 01$*))$/ =0 1# 6$)*1/ $3 -/ )1'*)0 )1*/$)*14)11*-/1$$-1 1# (0 '3 0@#$0' !120 4$1#YYYW012 )10IUZ@Y]*60>

(18) " ^RQ@S6 /0=^R@S=)" ^X@RGRT@YJ@ . 30. . .

(19) Negative social positions among peers and academic functioning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

(20) Chapter 2. '& *! -. / -*-2'/$16@ 0$)" 0$($'/ -. / )*($)1$*) -/* 2/ 0 !*/ 012 )10C. !/$ )0#$-0=012 )10$)$1 4#$#012 )101# 6- / $3 0(*01-*-2'/ID#*/ 1# (*01-*-2'/012 )10$)6*2/'00<EJ@*/ #012 )1=4 *2)1 1# )2( /*!/ $3 )*($)1$*)0 ) / * 1#$0 $)1* 2((6 0*/ 0= 4$1# $1# / Q I1 ' 01 *) / $3 )*($)1$*)J*/RI)*/ $3 )*($)1$*)0J@ ($( 02/ 0 #**' 4 ''G $)"@ 12 )10 / 0-*) 1* 0 3 ) $1 (0 *) /)$)" 1# $/ - / -1$*)0 *! 1# . 0#**')1# $/'00/**(1*00 001# $/0#**'4 ''G $)"@5(-' 0/ D ! '0! 10#**'E ) D ! ' 1 0 $) 1# '00E ) )04 /0 4 / "$3 ) *) !*2/G-*$)1 0' IR ^) 3 /= S ^0*( 1$( 0=T^*!1 )=U^'460J@5-'*/1*/604 ''0*)!$/(1*/6!1*/)'60 00#*4 1#11# 0 3 )$1 (0( 02/ *) !1*/I4$1#!1*/'*$)"0 14 )@WS)@YTJ@ 1 ( 0*/ 04 / 3 /" )!*/( )$)1 /)''6*)0$01 )10' I;^@YZJ@ '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1@ 12 )10 / 0-*) 1* 1#/ $1 (0 *) /)$)" 1# $/ - / -1$*)0 *) 1# $/ ($ - /!*/() @ # 0 $1 (0 4 / D 1#$)& ( *$)" 4 '' 1 0#**'E= D 1#$)& ( 0(/1 012 )1E= ) D ( *) *! 1# 01 012 )10 *! 1# '00E@ 5-'*/1*/6)*)!$/(1*/6!1*/)'60 00#*4 1#11# 1#/ $1 (0( 02/ *) !1*/ I!1*/ '*$)"0 14 ) @VZ ) @XXJ@ 1 ( 0*/ 0 4 / 3 /" ) !*/( ) $)1 /)''6 *)0$01 )10' I;^@YRJ@ *)1/*'3/$' 0 " 4000 00 60&$)"012 )10C6=(*)1#=)6 /*!$/1#@" $)6 /0*)1# 6*!. 1*'' 1$*)40'2'1 @ 5402((6* $)1*QI"$/'J)RI*6J@ #) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)40* 02((63/$' =0*012 )10 $1# /0*/ Q I0 ) J*/RI-/ 0 ) J*)3$1$($71$*)=!/$ )' 00) 00=- // % 1$*))'&*!- / -*-2'/$16@1*1'0*/ 40'0*'2'1 =/)"$)"- /012 )1 14 )QI)*) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0J)UI''!*2/) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0J@. 32. .

(21) Negative social positions among peers and academic functioning. '2'1 0/$-1$3 011$01$0 1* 00 00 1# -/ 3' ) *! '' ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0)1# *// '1$*)0 14 )1# 0 ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0)0#**'4 ''G $)" )0 '!G- / $3 ($#$ 3 ( )1@'0*=4 '2'1 1# -/ 3' ) *!''$!! / )1 *($)1$*)0*!) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0@20 .2 )1'6=4 20 ($5 (* '--/*#$) 1* )'67 0 3 /' (2'1$' 3 ' (* '0 4$1# 012 )10 ) 01 $) '00/**(0@ $/01= ($) !! 10(* '40 01$(1 1* 5($) 1# !! 1*! #2)$.2 ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)*) ''*21*( ( 02/ 0I#6-*1# 0$0RJ@ *)=2(2'1$3 !! 10(* '40 01$(1 =6 5($)$)"1# $1$*)' !! 1*!#3$)"1' 01*) =1' 0114*=1' 011#/ =*/1' 01 !*2/) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0*)1# *21*( ( 02/ 0I#6-*1# 0$0SJ@#$/=4 5($) 1# -/ 3' ) )( )0*!''$!! / )1*($)1$*)0*!) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0*(-/ 1* 012 )104#*$)*1#3 )6) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)I#6-*1# 0$0TJ@ 0 ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0 ) 0#**' 4 ''G $)" ) ($ #$ 3 ( )1 $!! / /*00" "/*2-0) 14 )*60)"$/'0=4 *)1/*'' !*/012 )10C" I$)6 /0J) 0 5$)''(* '0I @"@=*6 /N*6 /=SQRUJ@ 0/$-1$3 011$01$0@ '2'1 1# )2( /)- / )1" *!012 )101#1 $1# /#. 0- $!$ ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*) IRJ */ )*1 IQJ@ /$ )' 00) 00 IX@Z]J 40 1# ' 01 *((*) ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)=!*''*4 63$1$($71$*)ISQ@V]J='&*!- /-*-2'/$16ISV@Z]J= )- // % 1$*)ISZ@Z]J@ #**' 4 ''G $)" I

(22) ^ T@QZ= ^ Q@VWJ 40 *) 3 /" #$"# / 1#) 0 '!G- / $3 ($#$ 3 ( )1I

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

(24) Chapter 2. 02'10$)' S@R0#*40$")$!$)1) "1$3 ($) !! 10*! #) "1$3 - // '1$*)*) 0#**' 4 ''G $)" I$) '$) 4$1# #6-*1# 0$0 RJ@ *4 3 /= !*/ 0 '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1=1# ) "1$3 !! 1!*/3$1$($71$*)/ # 0$")$!$) =1# ) "1$3 !! 1!*/ !/$ )' 00) 00 40 (/"$)''6 0$")$!$)1= 4# / 0 1# ) "1$3 !! 1 !*/ / % 1$*) $ )*1 / #0$")$!$) @*/ *3 /='&*!-*-2'/$1640-*0$1$3 '600*$1 4$1#0 '!G- / $3 ($#$ 3 ( )1@# 0 / 02'10/ *)'6-/1$''6$)'$) 4$1##6-*1# 0$0R=04 5- 1 0$")$!$)1) "1$3 !! 10!*/'') "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0@ $1$*)' )'60 0 $)$1 ) "1$3 0$")$!$)1 !! 1 *! 1# 1*1' )2( / *! ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0*)012 )10C0#**'4 ''G $)"I^GQ@RV=$_@QQR= ^RTZQZ@XJ) 0('' /21'0*) "1$3 !! 1*)0 '!G- / $3 ($#$ 3 ( )1I^GQ@QT=$_@QQR= ^ RXSSU@WJ= 4# ) *)1/*''$)" !*/ 012 )10C " ) 0 5@ #20= 1# (*/ ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0= 1# (*/ ) "1$3 012 )10C 0#**' 4 ''G $)" ) 0 '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1@ ' S@R

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

(26) Negative social positions among peers and academic functioning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

(27) Chapter 2. *)1/$21 (*01 01/*)"'6 1* 1# ) "1$3 !! 10 *! ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0 *) 0#**' 4 ''G $)")!/$ )' 00) 000 (01**)1/$21 0 *)(*0101/*)"'6@$"2/ S@S0#*401#11# / '1$*) 14 ) '' *($)1$*)0 ) 0 '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1 40 4 & / *(-/ 1*0#**'4 ''G $)"@)'61#/ *($)1$*)0/ # 0$")$!$) =1# *($)1$*) *! 3$1$($71$*) ) !/$ )' 00) 00= 1# *($)1$*) *! 3$1$($71$*)= !/$ )' 00) 00= ) $0'$&$)"=)1# $)$3$2' !! 1*!3$1$($71$*)@ #20= / 02'10 $) *1# $"2/ S@R ) S@S $)$1 1#1 0- $''6 3$1$($71$*) 40 ) "1$3 '6 00*$1 4$1# 012 )10C 0#**' 4 ''G $)" ) 0 '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1= 0 1#$0 ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*) 40 -/1 *! '' (*01 ) "1$3 *($)1$*)0@ */ *3 /= !/$ )' 00) 00 40 *!1 ) $)3*'3 @ #$0 $0 $) '$) 4$1# *2/ 1#$/ #6-*1# 0$0 1#1 0- $''63$1$($71$*)4*2' ) "1$3 '600*$1 4$1#012 )10C*21*( 0=!*''*4 6 !/$ )' 00) 00@ $)''6=)$)0- 1$*)*!1# (* '!$1$)$1 01#11# ($) !! 10(* '0/ -*/1 $)' R!$1 01=!*''*4 61# !2''*($)1$*)0(* '0*!$"2/ 0S@R)S@S)1# 2)/ -*/1 )'60 0 4$1# D)2( / *! ) "1$3 - / / '1$*)0E 0 )2( /$' *3/$1 @ # 2(2'1$3 (* '0/ -*/1 $)' S@S0#*41# 4*/01!$1@ . 36. .

(28) Negative social positions among peers and academic functioning. Figure 2.1: School well-being means and 95% Confidence Intervals for each possible combination of negative social positions compared to the mean of students without any negative social position (vertical line). V = Victimization, F = Friendlessness, R = Rejection, P = a lack of Popularity AIC of full interaction model controlling for sex and age = 13762.2. 2. 37.

(29) Chapter 2. $"2/ S@S? 7$&*!*!"(!"'"@=C#"" "(&* '#& $#'' #!"(#"#"(*'# $#'(#"'#!$&(#(!"#'()"('+(#)( "-"(*'# $#'(#"8*&( "92 D(!.(#"0D&" ''"''0D(#"0D ##$) &(- #) "(&(#"!# #"(&# "#&',"D:?;:<2: . S. )1# 0 *)0126=4 5($) 1# /*' *!1# !*2/) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0I3$1$($71$*)= !/$ )' 00) 00=- // % 1$*)=)'&*!-*-2'/$16J*)012 )10C1 # /G/ -*/1 ($ )"" ( )1) ($#$ 3 ( )1@ . */1#$0-/1*!1# 0126=4 '0*20 1!/*(1#

(30) $-/*% 1I0 126R> 1#*J@ ) -1 ( /SQRV=4 --/*# 1# WU$)1 /3 )1$*)0#**'01#1#3 )20$)"

(31) $!/*( 1# 01/1*!1# $)1 /3 )1$*))0& 1 # /0!/*("/ U1*W1*-/1$$-1 $)1#$0 51/ -/*% 1 *) /)$)" 012 )10C ($ *21*( 0@ 4 )16G14* 1 # /0 4 / 4$''$)" 1* -/1$$-1 )!$'' *21.2 01$*))$/ *) /)$)" #012 )1C0 ($ )"" ( )1) #$ 3 ( )1 $) 1* /F*3 ( / SQRV= /*2) 1# 0( 1$( 0 1#

(32) $ Y 43 !*/ 012 )10@ 0& 1 # /01*20 ($)$01/1$3 $)!*/(1$*)*)012 )10C0#**'/ 02'10) 1# $/0#**'/ -*/1/04# )!$''$)"*211# .2 01$*))$/ @ 38. .

(33) Negative social positions among peers and academic functioning. # !$)'10 1*)1$) 1!/*(*1#1 # /0)012 )10@# ( )'00/**( 0$7 *!1# 0 !*2/1#1*0$51#"/ '00/**(040ST@WI^V@R=)" ^RQGTSJ=4$1#1*1' *!UZQ012 )10@ *4 3 /=20$)")1$3 *)0 )1-/* 2/ =XR012 )10IRU@V]J$)*1!$'' *211# .2 01$*))$/ =01# 6$)*1/ $3 -/ )1'*)0 )1=$)*14)11*-/1$$-1 1# (0 '3 0*/$)*1/ 12/)1# *)0 )1!*/(@#$0' !1204$1#URZ-/1$$-)10IUV@R]*60>

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

(35) Chapter 2. . * '') "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)002((63/$' 0=0$($'/1*126R@ '2'1 0/$-1$3 011$01$0 1* 00 00 1# -/ 3' ) *! '' ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0 ) 1# *// '1$*)0 14 )1# 0 ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0)0#**'4 ''G $)")0 '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1@ 20 .2 )1'6= 4 20 ($5 (* ' --/*# $) 1* )'67 (2'1$' 3 '(* '04$1#012 )10) 01 $)'00/**(0@$/01=4 01$(1 ($) !! 10(* ' 1* 5($) 1# !! 1 *! # 2)$.2 ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*) *) 1# *21*( ( 02/ 0 I#6-*1# 0$0RJ@ *)=4 )'67 2(2'1$3 !! 10*!1' 01*) 1*!*2/) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0*)1# *21*( ( 02/ 0I#6-*1# 0$0SJ@)!*/12)1 '6=$140)*1( )$)"!2'1* 5($) *($)1$*)0 *! ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0= 2 1* 1# 0('' 0(-' 0$7 ) *)0 .2 )1'61# 0('')2( /*!012 )10$) #1 "*/6@ *)1/*'' !*/012 )10C" $)6 /0)0 5$)''(* '0@ 0/$-1$3 011$01$0@ '2'1 1# )2( /)- / )1" *!012 )101#1#0- $!$. ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)IRJ*/)*1IQJ@$1$($71$*)IX@Z]J401# ' 01*((*)=!*''*4 6 !/$ )' 00) 00IY@W]J=- // % 1$*)IRV@Y]J=)'&*!- /-*-2'/$16ITR@T]J@ ($#$ 3 ( )1I

(36) ^Q@XZ=^Q@ZUJ40*)3 /" #$"# /4# ) ($ )"" ( )1I

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

(38) Negative social positions among peers and academic functioning. $)$1 ) "1$3 0$")$!$)1 !! 1 *! 1# 1*1' )2( / *! ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0 *) 012 )10C ($ )"" ( )1I^GQ@RR=$^@QSV= ^RQXX@ZJ) ($#$ 3 ( )1 I^GQ@RY=$^@QQU= ^RSXV@SJ@#20=012 )104$1#(*/ ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0# '*4 / ($ )"" ( )1)#$ 3 ( )1@ ' S@T

(39) " (' # (* # #'(#"' #" ()"('3 ! "!"( " ! *!"(8()-;9 /( 1 /. ($ )"" ( )1 ZV] . 2. ($#$ 3 ( )1 ZV] . )1 / -1 R@ZXQ Q@XST S@XWS Q@XYR $1$($71$*) GQ@RXZ Q@RWT KGQ@VQHQ@RUL GQ@SRV Q@SRS KGQ@WTHQ@SQL /$ )' 00) 00 GQ@SYR Q@RWR KGQ@WQHQ@QUL GQ@QQZ Q@SQV KGQ@URHQ@UQL % 1$*) GQ@TRXMM Q@RRZ KGQ@VVHGQ@QYL GQ@SZR Q@RVV KGQ@WQHQ@QRL *-*-2'/$16 GQ@RWX Q@RQQ KGQ@QTHQ@TWL GQ@RXW Q@RSV KGQ@USHQ@QXL 5IR^*6J GQ@VTUMMM Q@QYU KGQ@XQHGQ@TXL GQ@SZQMM Q@RRR KGQ@VRHGQ@QXL " GQ@QYR Q@QWW KGQ@SRHQ@QVL GQ@RZXMM Q@QXR KGQ@TUHGQ@QWL M MM MMM #(2 $_@QV@ $_@QR@ $_@QQR@*/ ($ )"" ( )1 ^RQXS@U@*/ ($ #$ 3 ( )1 ^RSXX@T 2(2'1$3 !! 10*!) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0@ 01$(1 1# $1$3 !! 1*! # 51/. ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)*)012 )10C ($*21*( 0I$@ @=1' 01*) =1' 0114*=1' 01 1#/ =*/1' 01!*2/) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0>0 ' S@UJ@$")$!$)13/$1$*)0 14 ) '00/**(0 4 / !*2) !*/ ($ )"" ( )1 IRT@Z] *! 3/$) 2 1* '00/**( $!! / ) 0=$^@QRZJ=21)*1!*/ ($#$ 3 ( )1IS@S]*!3/$) 2 1*'00/**( $!! / ) 0=$^@TWRJ@ */ ($ )"" ( )1=)*0$")$!$)12(2'1$3 !! 104 / !*2)@$1#/ "/ 1* ($#$ 3 ( )1=4 *)'6!*2))$1$3 ) "1$3 0$")$!$)1 !! 1!*/#3$)"*) 3 /020 7 /* ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)@ $/'0 4 / (*/ ($''6 )"" 1#) *60@ ($#$ 3 ( )1400$")$!$)1'6#$"# /!*/"$/'0)6*2)" /012 )101#)!*/*60) *' /012 )10=/ 0- 1$3 '6@ # 0 / 02'10/ )*1$)'$) 4$1##6-*1# 0$0S1#1 #$1$3 ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*) 4*2' #3 0$")$!$)1 $1$3 ) "1$3 !! 1 *) 012 )10C ($ )"" ( )1 ) ($ #$ 3 ( )1@ 3$)" 3 /020 )*1 #3$)" ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*) 40 ) "1$3 '6. . 41.

(40) Chapter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

(41) Negative social positions among peers and academic functioning. # 2)$.2 =*($) =)2(2'1$3 !! 10*!) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0. 12 )10*!1 )#3 '*4 /4 ''G $)")#$ 3 ( )14# )1# 6/ 3$1$($7 I&(*1* N#4/17=SQRQJ=!/$ )' 00I$00 'G 3/)N *& )=SQQZJ=/ % 1 I2#0 1'@=SQQWJ=*/'& -*-2'/$16I01 /"=SQQTJ@2// 02'10/ $)'$) 4$1#1# 0 !$)$)"0)#6-*1# 0$0R=04 !*2) ) "1$3 !! 10 *! '' ) "1$3 0*$' / '1$*)0 *) 0#**' 4 ''G $)" ) ($ *21*( 0= 4$1# 5 -1$*) *! 1# !! 1 *! '& *! -*-2'/$16 *) 012 )10C 0 '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1@ *4 3 /= )*1 '' !! 10 / .2''6 $(-*/1)1 ) 01/*)" / !! 10 4 / !*2) !*/ 0#**' 4 ''G $)" ) ($ )"" ( )1 1#) !*/ 0 '!G- / $3 ) 1 # /G/ -*/1 ($#$ 3 ( )1@ #20=0*$'-*0$1$*)0(*)"- /00 (1*(11 /(*/ !*/#*4012 )10! '$)'00 )4# 1# /1# 6/ (*1$31 *(-/ 1*1# $/ ($#$ 3 ( )1@#$0*2'$)$1 1#1 0#**' 4 ''G $)" ) )"" ( )1 / !$/01 !! 1 6 012 )10C 0*$' -*0$1$*)0= 4$1# '1 /*)0 .2 ) 0!*/1# $/ ($#$ 3 ( )1@ )*1# /4*/0=012 )10($"#1#$ 3 '*4 / *3 / 1$( 4# ) 1# 6 #3 (*/ ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0= 21 $1 (6 !$/01 ) "1$3 '6 $)!'2 ) #*4 1# 6 ! '@ 0 *)0 .2 ) *! ' 00 0#**' )"" ( )1= 012 )10C ($ #$ 3 ( )1)/*-04 ''=!*/$)01) 60- )$)"' 001$( *)#*( 4*/&I*1*/*!!N /)*'=SQRX> 6)#= /) /=N 3 )1#'=SQRTJ@'0*= ' ( )1/60#**'012 )10" ) /''6 11# (2# 3'2 1* 1# *-$)$*)0 *! 1 # /0 ) -/ )10= 4#* 1/6 1* 01$(2'1 ($ #$ 3 ( )1)2) /0*/ 1# $(-*/1) *!0#**'$)"I $''N60*)=SQQZJ@*00$'6=- / / '1 ) 00 $0 (*/ '*0 '6 / '1 1* ($ #$ 3 ( )1 $) 0 *)/6 0#**'= 4# ) 012 )100- ) 3 )(*/ 1$( 4$1#- /0)/ (*/ $)'$) 1* #3 */$)"1*1# $/ )*/(0I$1&*4N2'$")$=SQRQJ@ . 2/1# /(*/ = / 02'10 / "/$)" 1# 2(2'1$3 !! 1 *! ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0. I#6-*1# 0$0SJ$)$1 ($5 / 02'10@#$1$3 ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)#0$")$!$)1'6 $1$3 ) "1$3 !! 1 *) 012 )10C 0#**' 4 ''G $)"@ *4 3 /= *)'6 *) ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)400$")$!$)1'6/ '1 1*012 )10C0 '!G- / $3 )1 # /G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1))*0$")$!$)1 !! 104 / !*2)/ "/$)" ($ )"" ( )1@#$0$0$) '$) 4$1#1# 4 & / !! 10!*/ ($#$ 3 ( )1*(-/ 1*0#**'4 ''G $)"@ */ *3 /= $) *1# 126 R ) 126 S= ) "1$3 0$")$!$)1 *// '1$*)0 4 / !*2) 14 ) 012 )10C 1*1' )2( / *! ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0 ) '' ($ *21*( ( 02/ 0@ '0**(-/ 1# "**) 00*!!$1 14 )1# (* '04$1#1# 1*1')2( /. . 43. 2.

(42) Chapter 2. *! ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0 ) 1# 2(2'1$3 !! 10@ 02'10 0#*4 1#1 $) *1# 012$ 0= 5 -1!*/ ($#$ 3 ( )1=1# !! 1*!) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0$02(2'1$3 $)3 /6 0$(-' 0 )0 I$@ @=-/*-*/1$*)'1*1# )2( /*!) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0J=)1#1$1* 0)*1 1**2/2) /01)$)"4# )4 $)3 01$"1 01 -0$)1# 2(2'1$*)0 -/1 '6I$@ @=1# / / )*)*)G'$) /$16C0*/1#/ 0#*'0J@ ) =1# (*/ ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0012 )10#3 = 1# (*/ ) "1$3 1# $/*21*( 0@ . $)''6=$)126R4 4 / ' 1* 5($) 4# 1# /0- $!$*($)1$*)0*!) "1$3 . 0*$'-*0$1$*)04 / / '1 1*'*4 /0*/ 0*)012 )10C0#**'4 ''G $)")0 '!G- / $3 ($#$ 3 ( )1I#6-*1# 0$0TJ@ 5- 1 1#1! '$)"0*!0! 16I)*3$1$($71$*)J 4*2' (*01$(-*/1)1!*/012 )10=1# )! '$)"0*!!! 1$*)I!/$ )0#$-0J) -1) $)1# - /"/*2-I)*- // % 1$*)J=!*''*4 601120$)1# - /"/*2-I-*-2'/$16J@ )'$) 4$1# *2/ 5- 11$*)0= 4 !*2) 1#1 0- $''6 3$1$($71$*) 40 *!1 ) -/1 *! 1# *($)1$*)0*!) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)04$1#'*4 /4 ''G $)")#$ 3 ( )1!*/012 )10@ 1/*)" / !! 10 4 / !*2) !*/ 0#**' 4 ''G $)" 1#) !*/ ($ #$ 3 ( )1@ 02'10 0#*4 -/1$2'/'6'*4 /( )0!*/012 )104#*4 / 3$1$($7 )'0*4# )1# 6#)* !/$ )0@ // '1$*)04$1#$)60=02#02''6$)")!/$ )0#$-0=$) 12/) *211* '*0 / / '1 1* 012 )10C 4 ''G $)" ) 0 '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1 1#) 4# ) 012 )104 / )*1)*($)1 6- /00 $)"'$& */-*-2'/@#$0$0/ '1 1*1# $ 1#1 ! '$)"0*!0! 16)!! 1$*)/ (*01$(-*/1)1)1#1*)) 1$*)04$1#*1# /- /0/ 0$) 0!*/-*0$1$3 ($)0*$' 3 '*-( )1I$0 ) /"=SQQT>0- '" 1'@= SQRT>0'*4=RZXQ>*)7*=SQRTJ@ 1/ )"1#0) $($11$*)0 1/ )"1#0*!*2/01264 / 1#14 )*1*)'6!*20 *)0- $!$*/! 4) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0=21*)1# !! 10*!!*2/($)) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0$)1# '00/**(@ !*20 *)2(2'1$3 !! 10)4# 1# /0*( *($)1$*)0*!) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)04 / (*/ ) "1$3 '6/ '1 1*012 )10C*21*( 01#)*1# /0@#$0-/*3$ 0(*/ $)0$"#10$)1*1# /*' 1#1- // '1 ) 00)-'6$)012 )10C4 ''G $)") ($!2)1$*)$)"@'0*=*2/0126 $)'2 0 '!G= - /G= ) 1 # /G/ -*/1 ( 02/ 0 ) 4 5($) 3/$*20 ($ !2)1$*)$)" ( 02/ 0= 1#1 $0= 012 )10C 0#**' 4 ''G $)"= 0 '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1= ) 1 # /G/ -*/1 ($ )"" ( )1 ) #$ 3 ( )1 4$1#$) '/" 0(-' *!012 )10I126RJ@ 44. .

(43) Negative social positions among peers and academic functioning. . *4 3 /=*2/01260#*2''0* 3$ 4 $)'$"#1*!0 3 /''$($11$*)0@$/01=01#$0$0. /*00G0 1$*)'0126=4 4 / )*1' 1*/4*)'20$*)0*)012 )10C 3 '*-( )1@ 1 4*2' $)1 / 01$)"!*/!212/ 012$ 01*!*''*4#)" 0$)*1#012 )10C0*$'-*0$1$*)0) 1# $/ ($!2)1$*)$)"*3 /'*)" /- /$**!1$( @ *)=1# / ($"#1 $)!'2 ) *!0#/ ( 1#*3/$) 14 )3$1$($71$*)' 3 '0) 0#**' 4 ''G $)" ) 0 '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1 $) 126 R= 0 1# 0 4 / '' / -*/1 6 012 )10@ 012 )1 4#* $0 " ) /''6 ) "1$3 ($"#1 $)$1 #$"# 3$1$($71$*) ' 3 '0 0 4 '' 0 '*4 0#**' 4 ''G $)" ) 0 '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1@ 3 /1# ' 00=''*1# /) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)04 / 00 00 6- /)*($)1$*)0@ . #$/=4 !*20 *)'&*!-*-2'/$16=1#1$0=012 )104#*$)*1/ $3 -*-2'/$16. )*($)1$*)0@ *4 3 /=1# 0 ) *!-*-2'/$16* 0)*1) 00/$'6( )1#1012 )10/ 2)-*-2'/@#20=!212/ 012$ 0($"#1'0*$)'2 $/ 12)-*-2'/$16( 02/ @'0*=!212/ 012$ 0)00 001# .2'$16*!012 )10C!/$ )0#$-01* 5($) 4# 1# /!/$ )0#$-0!2'!$'' 012 )10C0*$') 0@2/1# /=1#$04*2'"$)$)0$"#1$)1# 16- *!!/$ )0#$- 14 )14* 012 )10 ) 4# 1# / !/$ )0 (*1$31 */ (*1$31 012 )10 !*/ 0#**'@ # ) !/$ )0 (*1$31 012 )10!*/0#**'4*/&=-*0$1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)I#3$)"!/$ )0J(6$(-'6#$"# 0#**'4 ''G $)"21'*4 ($#$ 3 ( )1@*/ *3 /=!212/ 012$ 0)'0*1& $)1* *2)1 *1# / *)1 512' !1*/0= 02# 0 1 # /0 ) -/ )10 4#* ) '0* -'6 /*' $) )#)$)"012 )10C4 ''G $)") ($ )"" ( )1)#$ 3 ( )1I'**&= - 11$=N ''()=SQQVJ=)$)1#$046!2)1$*)02!! /@ . $)''6='$($11$*)1#10#*2' 1& )$)1**2)1$01#1012 )10$)*2/0(-' 0. 4 / -/1*!1#

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