University of Groningen Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia

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(1)University of Groningen. Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia. IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below.. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record. Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database. Citation for published version (APA): Gremmen, M. C. (2018). Social network processes and academic functioning: The role of peers in students' school well-being, academic engagement, and academic achievement. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.. Download date: 17-07-2021.

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(13) Chapter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

(14) Same- and cross-behavior selection and influence processes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

(15) Chapter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

(16) Same- and cross-behavior selection and influence processes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

(17) Chapter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

(18) Same- and cross-behavior selection and influence processes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

(19) Chapter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

(20) Same- and cross-behavior selection and influence processes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

(21) Chapter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

(22) " ( " )(-(/"/-(.#/#1&).0-) )&.(/.C< -#(.) -#(. )' -#(.=D(#/.#(/-/#)(2#/"-#+-)#/48-.+/#1&4C&)%8KIJND;

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

(24) Same- and cross-behavior selection and influence processes. / )-"1#(!/".'!(-8#(!#(/".'&..)-//".'&)/#)(;)-3'+&8 /" /#(#/.2"/"-!#-&.()'#(/')-!#-&.()4.()'#(/')- )4.. -#(.;#(&&482#(&0/"-)..A"1#)-.&/#)( /./2(()/" -#.%"1#)-.#(/"(/2)-%4('#.+-/8 )-3'+&/" E /8 2"#"#(#/.2"/"-)&.(/.2#/""#!"C&)2D.)-.)(&)")&0..&/)/"-.2") ""#!"C&)2D.)-.; " "1#)- 4('#. +-/ ) /" ')& )(.#./. ) /" )&&)2#(! /.; - - /) /" -/ ) "(! #( 8 &#(,0(48 ( &)")& 0. /2( /#' +)#(/.8#(#/#(!2"/"-/"-#.()0!""(!#(/"."1#)-.;" " C.'A"1#)- #( &0( /D ./#'/. 2"/"- )&.(/.= '# "#1'(/8 &)")&0.)-&#(,0(42-"#!"- )-)&.(/.2"). -#(.&.)""#!"-.)-. )(/".'"1#)-8.")2#(!2"/"-)&.(/./(/)"1.#'#&-&4/)/"#- -#(. )1- /#'; )-)1-8 2 ./#'/ /" ) +, " C-)..A"1#)- #( &0( /D8 #(#/#(! 2"/"- -#(.= 8 &)")& 0.8 )- &#(,0(4 #( &0( )&.(/.= "1#)- #( # -(/ )'#(; (8 #/ #(#/.8 )- 3'+&8 2"/"- )&.(/."(!/"#--#.%"1#)-.#(-.+)(./)/"#- -#(.=; &.) #(&0 /" / C)1-&& /((4D ( /" ! //))(/-)& )-/")1-&&'((1-#() )&.(/.="1#)-."#.&//- / ( )(&4 #(&0 )- 1-#&. 2#/" ')- /"( /2) /!)-#.8 "- ; (!/#1 +-'/-#(#/.+0&&#(!/)2-./"'(82"-.+).#/#1+-'/-#(#/.+0."#(! 24 -)' /" '(; &.)8 /" / ) #(!- )( /" "1#)-. 2. ./#'/ C;!;8 ) -#1 -#(."#+ ()'#(/#)(. '% ( )&.(/ -#(%@#(! &#(,0(/@"1#(! "#!" !-.7D.2&&./")0/!-C;!;8)!#1( -#(."#+()'#(/#)(.'%()&.(/ -#(%@#(! &#(,0(/@"1#(! "#!" !-.7D; #(&&48 2 )(/-)&& )- )&.(/.= !(-8 /-%8(8&)")&0.8)-&#(,0(4C+(#(!)(/")0/)'1-#&D; . . . 155. 6.

(25) Chapter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

(26) Same- and cross-behavior selection and influence processes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

(27) Chapter 6. V;MMA;NMD8(&#(,0(4C-(!V;MIA;NPD;"#.#(#/./"/)&.(/.2#/""#!"-.)-. )(/"."1#)-.2-')-#(&#(/)"1"#!"-.)-.)(/".'"1#)-)1-/#'; . &O;M # " + ,& ! !% " +403.,& +41/2,& +41//,(. . . . &)")&. . . . J. K. L. J. K. L. 1(/"!- J. A;JJE. A;JNEE. A;JMEE. A;JOEE. A;JPEE. A;KIEE. . K. A;JLEE. A;JREE. A;KIEE. A;KLEE. A;JPEE. A;JREE. . L. A;JLEE. A;JQEE. A;JREE. A;KJEE. A;JPEE. A;KMEE. #!"/"!-. . J. A;KNEE. A;JQEE. A;JREE. A;KOEE. A;KJEE. A;JNEE. . . K. A;JQEE. A;KKEE. A;KJEE. A;KMEE. A;KJEE. A;JMEE. . . L. A;JREE. A;JNEE. A;JQEE. A;KJEE. A;JPEE. A;JKE. #(/"!-. . J. A;JREE. A;JPEE. A;KIEE. A;JNEE. A;JMEE. A;JMEE. . . K. A;KIEE. A;JQEE. A;JOEE. A;JI. A;JJE. A;JNEE. . . L. A;KKEE. A;KLEE. A;KKEE. A;JOEE. A;JPEE. A;JQEE. &#(,0(4. (V-)#(/1-!;EEW;IJ9-W;IN;. . /2)-% 1-#&.; .-#+/#)(. ) /" (/2)-%. ( "(!. #( "1#)-. - +-.(/ #(. &O;N;"1-!(0'-) -#(."#+()'#(/#)(.!#1(1-#/2(N;KN(Q;OL -)../"."))&4-.;" -#(."#+(/2)-%.2-"-/-#54')-/-#+-)#/4 #(3 #( && 4-.8 2#/" +-/##+(/. -#+-)/#(! )0/ NKU ) /" -#(."#+ ()'#(/#)(.; "- 2. &.) /((4 )- -#(."#+. /) )0- #( )".#1 .0!-)0+.8 #(#/ 4 /-(.#/#1#/4 #(3 #( /" (/2)-% ) )( 1-! MNU; 0-/"-8 ')./ -#(."#+ ()'#(/#)(. )0-- /2( )&.(/. ) /" .' !(- C)0/ QMUD; " ')0(/ ) "(!#(! ()'#(/#)(.+-./0(/-(!./2(M;PJ(O;IR(#(#/..0 ##(/+)2-9#/..0' )1-&&/)-.C/".)A&& ''#(!#./(D#./"'#(/-'#((/) .//#./#&+)2- ) /"./04(-)0!"&4)--.+)(./)/"-)&+&44.'+&.#5#(-!-..#)(')&.; " -#(3#(#/./"')0(/) ./#&#/4#( -#(."#+()'#(/#)(.; ()--/) &/)//./-0/0-&(/2)-% /.C("()(/-)& )-(/2)-%#(/-+((D8/"#. #(3.")0&"#!"-/"(LIUC.(./-/&;8KIJLD82"#"#./". )-1-421;. 158. .

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(54) ". Same- and cross-behavior selection and influence processes. 6. 159.

(55) Chapter 6. - 1'1-97"/!J -" cJc 7'1<7 8'" 6"79-87 1% 8'" ("/ /->7(7 <(8' 6"&6! 81. !1-"7 "/87M- 1'1-97"/!%168'"7";"/8'G"(&'8'/!/(/8'&6!"J'"8-"(/ -9!"7 8'""78(.8"/!8'"78/!6!"6616%16" '"%%" 8J78(.8"7 /"(/8"646"8"!7-1&1!!7 %166"-8(1/7'(481"=(78T%6("/!7'(44681%8'".1!"-U16%16"';(1681 '/&"T- 1'1-97" 16H(4-">"8-JG_]^c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

(56) Same- and cross-behavior selection and influence processes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cJd 7'1<7 8'" 6"79-87 1% 8'" ("/ /->7(7 <(8' 6"&6! 81. !1-"7 "/87M !"-(/59"/8 "';(167 /! %16 8'" 7";"/8'G "(&'8'G /! /(/8' &6!"J '" /"8<16,7869 896""%%" 87<"6"7(.(-6818'"1/"7(/-"aJ968'"6G<"%19/!(/8'"7";"/8' &6!" 8'8 !1-"7 "/87 <'1 "/&&"! (/ !"-(/59"/8 "';(167 6" "(;"! .16" /1.(/8(1/7 T!"-(/59"/ >-8"6U/!8'88'">&;".16"/1.(/8(1/7T!"-(/59"/ >"&1UG<'( ''44"/7(/ 8'"/(/8'&6!"7<"--J-71G6"-8"!818'"7."Q"';(16 !".( 7"-" 8(1/'>418'"7(7G<" %19/! 7(&/(%( /8 417(8(;" 7"-" 8(1/ "%%" 87 %16 (/ -- 7 '11- >"67J '(7 (/!( 8"7 8'8 !1-"7 "/87 7"-" 8"! 4""67 7 %6("/!7 7"! 1/ 7(.(-6(8("7 (/ J "-" 8(1/ "%%" 87 %16 !"-(/59"/ ><"6"1/->%19/!(/8'"/(/8'&6!"T7."Q"';(166(7,7"-" 8(1/'>418'"7(7UJ(8' 6"&6! 81 8'" 6177Q"';(16 7"-" 8(1/ '>418'"7(7G (8 <7 7'1</ 8'8 7";"/8' /! "(&'8' &6!"67 <'1 <"6" !"-(/59"/8 ;1(!"! '(&'Q '(";(/& 4""67 T!"-(/59"/ > "&1 = -8"6UG <'( '(7(/-(/"<(8'8'""=4" 88(1/7J /8'"/(/8'&6!"G'(&'Q '(";(/&!1-"7 "/87<"6".16" -(,"-> 81 7"-" 8 !"-(/59"/8 4""67 7 %6("/!7J 1 18'"6 6177Q"';(16 7"-" 8(1/ "%%" 87 <"6" %19/!J. . 161. 6.

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