University of Groningen Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia

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(1)University of Groningen. Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia. IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below.. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record. Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database. Citation for published version (APA): Gremmen, M. C. (2018). Social network processes and academic functioning: The role of peers in students' school well-being, academic engagement, and academic achievement. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.. Download date: 17-07-2021.

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(23) # ;+( *') - #'$&'8&("#&'9 '"&7'($&'2. Arrangement. Groups. Rows. Seating. Model 1: entire subgroup (‘groupmates’). Model 2: direct neighbors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

(24) Near-seated peers and academic functioning. . / 3$*20 012$ 0 #3 '$($1 1# $/ !*20 *) 012 )10C !/$ )0 4# ) 5($)$)" $)!'2 ) -/* 00 0$)1# $/ ($!2)1$*)$)"@*/ *3 /=1# 0 012$ 0#3 5($) *' 0 )10= (*01'6$)1# !$/016 /0*!0 *)/6 21$*)@2/1# /(*/ =#)" 0$) ($*21*( 0 #3 )012$ *)'00/**(' 3 '$)01 *!/ '1$*)0#$-' 3 '=($00$)"0*$') 14*/& $)!*/(1$*)@ $1# *2/ 0126= 4 $( 1* / 0-*) 1* 1# '' !*/ 5($)$)" 1# $)1 /1$*) 14 ) 012 )10C / '1$*)0#$-0= 1# $/ #3$*/0= ) 1# $/ -/*5$($16 4$1# 0*$' ) 14*/& )'60$0I$3 / 1'@=SQRQJ@126$)"-/*5$($16$0 0- $''6$)1 / 01$)"$) ' ( )1/60#**'= 4# / 012 )100- )1# (%*/$16*!1# 6$)1# '00/**(=0 1 ) /1**)'60*( - /0@ #$0-/*5$($16 14 )012 )10($"#1' 1*$)!'2 ) =2 1**)114$1# #*1# /) 0*$'' /)$)"-/* 00 0@ 3 /1# ' 00=1**2/&)*4' " )*0126#0$)3 01$"1 1# $/ 1 $)!'2 ) *!) /G0 1 - /0*)012 )10C ($ )"" ( )1)#$ 3 ( )1*3 /1$( @ . # / !*/ =4 5($) 4# 1# /012 )10C) /G0 1 - /0$)!'2 ) 1# $/ ($. #$ 3 ( )1) )"" ( )1@0) /G0 1 - /0($"#1'0* 012 )10C!/$ )0=4 '0* $( 1* 0126 4# 1# / $)!'2 ) $0 01/*)" / $) 0 *! ) /G0 1 !/$ )0@ ) */ / 1* 0126 $)!'2 ) -/* 00 0=$1$0$(-*/1)11**)1/*'!*/0 ' 1$*)-/* 00 0=0) /G0 1 - /0) *( !/$ )0@ ' 1$*)-/* 00 0/ ! /1*!!$'$1$*)04$1#0- $!$- /0@60 ' 1$)"!/$ )0 4#*1# )) 5 /1$)!'2 ) *3 /1# (=012 )10)*'01 /1# $/*4) ($ 3 '*-( )1 $))$)$/ 146I /& )=' )0= /$ 0=N1 "'$#=SQRT>0"** 1'@=SQRTJ@ . #$0012640-/1*!'/" /0126*)0 1$)"//)" ( )10)- /!!$'$1$*)0@/1$$-)10 4 / VVZ012 )10)1# $/1 # /0$)SR'00/**(0IVR@Z]*60>

(25) " ^RQ@WV6 /0=^ Q@ZT=/)" YGRS>ZW@U]*!-/1$$-)104 / */)$)1# 1# /')0J@# 64 / $)!*2/1#1* 0$51# "/ 1 0 3 ) / "2'/ ' ( )1/6 0#**'0 $) 1# 1# /')0= '*1 $) ($' G'00 *((2)$1$ 0$)1# 0*21#G 01 /) 1# /')0@# ( )'00/**(0$7 40SW@WSI^U@USJ= /)"$)"!/*(RX1*TX012 )10- /'00/**(@*/YY@W]*!012 )10=*1#-/ )104 / */) $) 1# 1# /')0= W@W] *! 1# 012 )10 # *) -/ )1 1#1 40 */) *210$ *! 1# 1# /')0=)U@Y]#-/ )104#*4 / *1#*/)*210$ *!1# 1# /')0@. . 55. 3.

(26) Chapter 3. #**'04 / / /2$1 4$1#' 11 / 5-'$)$)"1# 0126)6!*''*4G2--#*) ''0@ !1 / 1# 0 ''0= SR 1 # /0 4 / 4$''$)" 1* -/1$$-1 @ # -/ )10 */ "2/$)0 *! '' 012 )10 $) 1# 0 '00/**(0 / $3 ' 11 / $) 4#$# 1# 0126 ) 012 )10C 10&0 4 / 5-'$) @# 6*2'$)$1 $!1# 6$)*14)11# $/#$'1*-/1$$-1 @$3 -/ )10'' !*/ 51/$)!*/(1$*)) 3 )12''6-/1$$-1$*)40/ !20 !*/14*#$'/ )@ /1$$-1$)" 1 # /0 ) 012 )10 4 / 3$0$1 14$ $) 1# $/ *4) '00/**(= $) 1* /F*3 ( / SQRT ) $) )2/6 SQRU@ # 0 (*( )10 4 / 0- $!$''6 #*0 )= 0 1# 0 4 / /$"#1!1 /#*'$6/ &=4# )1 # /0#)" 1# 0 1$)"//)" ( )10@ ) 1#$046=4 )02/ 1#11# 0 1$)"//)" ( )104 / %201( 61# 1 # /1$( R I-/ G00 00( )1J)/ ($) 1# 0( 2)1$'$( SI-*01G00 00( )1J@1*1#1$( -*$)10= 012 )104 / -' 0 -/1 '6$)1# '00/**(4$1#-/1$1$*)0 14 )1# 1' 0@# 6!$'' $)0*$*( 1/$.2 01$*)0*)) 1**&0)4 / $)!*/( *211# $/)*)6($1604 ''01# -*00$$'$16 1* 4$1#/4 !/*( 1# 0126 1 )6 1$( @ $(2'1) *20'6= 1 # /0 !$'' $) .2 01$*))$/ 0 !*/ '' 012 )10 *) /)$)" 1# $/ ($ )"" ( )1 ) ($ #$ 3 ( )1@# )012 )104 / )*1-/ 0 )12/$)"1# 00 00( )1=1# 6#1# -*00$$'$16 1*-/*3$ 1# $/)04 /01'1 /1$( -*$)1@# / 0-*)0 /1 403 /6#$"#IZX@X]1$( R)ZX@R]1$( SJ@ # /004 ''0012 )10/ $3 0(''-/ 0 )11*1#)&1# ( !*/1# $/-/1$$-1$*)@ ($#$ 3 ( )140( 02/ 20$)".2 01$*))$/ !*/1 # /0@#$0.2 01$*))$/ . 40 0- $''6 0$") !*/ 1#$0 0126 ) 40 0 *) 1# ($) 0#**' 02% 10 $) 21# ' ( )1/60#**'0=4$1#/1$)"1 "*/$ 00$($'/1*1# 1 "*/$ 0*)0#**'/ -*/1/0@*/ #012 )1=1 # /0#1*$)$1 #*44 ''012 )1- /!*/( *)0 3 ) ($$1 (0= 20$)"$)!*/(1$*)!/*(012 )10C0#**'1 010)10&0@# 6)04 / *)0 3 )G-*$)1 $& /1 0' I/)"$)"!/*(BGT^3 /64 &C1*BT^3 /6"**CJ@*/ 5(-' ?D *4* 0A@I)( J - /!*/( *) 1# 02% 1 H ')"2" E@ # .2 01$*))$/ *)0$01 *! 1# $1 (0 B')"2" C= B(1# (1$0C=B$*'*"6C=B" *"/-#6C=B#$01*/6C=B/1C=)B"6()01$0C@ /$)$-'*(-*) )1)'60$0 51/1 14**(-*) )10@# !1*/'*$)"0*!1# !$/01*(-*) )1/)" !/*(@YTG@ZV= 5 -1!*//10I@VSJ)"6()01$0I@USJ@# 0 $1 (0 '* #$"#*)0 *)*(-*) )1I@WT)@XWJ=4#$#(& 00 )0 01#*0 02% 10/ . 56. .

(27) Near-seated peers and academic functioning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

(28) Chapter 3. ' T@R. (#&-'$(#"#&!*!"(""!"("(")!&#'()"(' (( +("'$(#&'2 1 "*/6. */ 0I5J. RI3 /6'*4J S T U V WI3 /6#$"#J. GT`5`GR@V GR@V_5`GQ@V GQ@V_5`Q@R Q@R_5`R@V R@V_5`S@V S@V_5`T@Q. )"" ( )1 #$ 3 ( )1 RS RS SQRS RQX VWXQ XSVY RRZRRS RQTRRU RXZRWW SRZSTY RSRRQX RRTRQR WQVX TYTX. /$ )0#$-0 4 / ( 02/ 4$1# - / )*($)1$*)0@ '' 012 )10 4 / -/*3$ 4$1# ) $)$3$2''-1*-@/*01 /-- / *)1# 0/ )4$1#1# !$/01)( 0*!'''00( ( /0$) /)*( */ /@ # #$' # $!! / )1 */ /= 21 1# 0( */ / !*/ # 0*$*( 1/$ .2 01$*)@# .2 01$*)0-- / *)1# 0/ ))012 )10*2'0 ' 1*/ 0 ' 1'00 ( ( /0 6 '$&$)" *) 1#*0 012 )10C !$/01 )( 0@ #$'/ ) 4 / !$/01 0& B4#* $0 6*2/ )2( /*) 01!/$ )$)6*2/'00/**(C@!1 /)*($)1$)"*) *!1# $/'00(1 0=#$'/ ) 4 / 0& B4#*/ 6*2/*1# / 01!/$ )0$)6*2/'00/**(<C@*/1#$0.2 01$*)=-/1$$-)10 *2')( 0()6*/0! 4'00(1 001# 64)1 =''*4$)"*1#0( G0 5)/*00G 0 5#*$ 0@12 )10*2')*1)( 1# (0 '3 0*/012 )10*210$ *!1# $/'00@''!/$ )0 I)2( /*) 01!/$ ))*1# / 01!/$ )0J4 / 0 ' 1 !*/1# )'60 0@)04 /0!/*( 012 )104#*)*($)1 ''1# $/- /04 / 1/ 1 0 $)"($00$)"=4#$#--'$ 1*14* 012 )10$)1# !$/0143 )14*012 )10$)1# 0 *)43 @ /G0 1 - /04 / 1 /($) 60&$)"1 # /01*/4(-*!1# $/I0 '!G#*0 )J '00/**(C0 !2'10 1$)"//)" ( )102/1 '6)-/ $0 '60-*00$' @# !2'1 0 1$)"//)" ( )140 !$) 01# //)" ( )14# / 012 )1001!*/1# (%*/$16*! 1# 0#**'6=/ "/' 00*!-*1 )1$'1 (-*//6/ //)" ( )10!*/ /1$)1$3$1$ 0I) ) /" N $'' 00 )= SQRVJ@ # / $3 (-0 I0 1$)" //)" ( )10J !/*( 1# 1 # /0 *// 0-*) 4$1# 1# 12' '6*21 *! 1# '00/**( 0 *0 /3 2/$)" 1 *'' 1$*)@ 2/1# /(*/ =1 # /04 / 5-'$$1'60& )*11*#)" 1# $/0 1$)"//)" ( )1 14 ) 1# 14*( 02/ ( )10@# 6/ $3 '*"**&1*$)$1 4# 1# /0*( #)" 0# ) . 58. .

(29) Near-seated peers and academic functioning. ( )646@ # /0#/'6( )6#)" 0$) 14 )1# 14*( 02/ ( )10=1#1$0= (5$(''6 *) 04$1# *! 14* 012 )10@ # / !*/ = 1# 0 1$)" //)" ( )10 *2' *)0$ / 001' 14 )1# 14*1$( -*$)10@ 4*16- 0*!0 1$)"//)" ( )104 / 20 =0 1$)"//)" ( )10$)0(''"/*2-0 )$)/*40@!1# SR'00/**(0=RV'00/**(04 / */")$7 $)0(''"/*2-0=4$1#1# 0$7 *! 1# "/*2-0 /)"$)" !/*( T 1* W 012 )10@ ) 0$5 '00/**(0= 1 # /0 #*0 !*/ 0 1$)" //)" ( )1$)/*40=4$1#S*/T1' 0) 511* #*1# /@ 540* Q!*/*60)R!*/"$/'0@ " 4000 00 60&$)"012 )101# $/6)(*)1#*!$/1#=) 511*1# $/2// )1" @ *($)$)"1#$0$)!*/(1$*)4$1#1# 1 *)4#$# #012 )1!$'' *211# .2 01$*))$/ = 01)/$7 " *!1# 012 )140'2'1 @ $ ). )*/ /1*)04 /1# / 0 /#.2 01$*)0=4 --'$ 01*#01$1*/G0 ) 14*/&G #3$*/ *G 3*'21$*) (* '0 I1 "'$#= )$% /0 N /0*)= SQRQJ= !$'$11 $) 1# $(2'1$*). )3 01$"1$*)!*/(-$/$' 14*/&)'60$0I J0*!14/ -&" $)I$-' 6 1'@=SQRWJ@ */ 0- $!$''6= 4 20 $ ) 01= 1# 201*(G( 3 /0$*) $)'2$)" 201*(G( 6$*3/$1 $)!'2 ) !! 11* 01$(1 !! 10!*/*)01)1) 14*/&@ )'67 1# *G 3*'21$*)*!012 )10C!/$ )0#$-) 14*/&04$1# $1# /1# $/ ($ )"" ( )1*/1# $/ ($ #$ 3 ( )1@ 0- $!$''6 / 00 1# !! 10 *! 0 1$)" ) 14*/&0 *) 1# 0 *21*( 0@ . 4*(* '04 / 01$(1 =*) 4$1# ($ )"" ( )1)*) 4$1# ($. #$ 3 ( )101# 012 )1C0*21*( ( 02/ @ ($#$ 3 ( )1140($00$)"!*/ 14*'00/**(01$( S=0*(* '04$1# ($#$ 3 ( )14 / )'67 !*/RZ$)01 *!SR'00/**(0@ ' 1$*) !! 104 / $)'2 $)1# !/$ )0#$--/1*!1# (* '0=4#$' $)!'2 ) !! 104 / $)'2 $)1# #3$*/-/1@*#$ 3 #$"#011$01$'-*4 /4#$' 02!!$$ )1'6*2)1$)"!*/-*1 )1$' 14 )G'00# 1 /*" ) $16=/)*( !! 10(* '40 01$(1 I$@ @=6 0$)'*)"$12$)'0*$') 14*/&)'60 0>0 1$*)RR@T*!$-' 6 1'@= SQRWJ@ . 59. 3.

(30) Chapter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

(31) Near-seated peers and academic functioning. "$3 ))/ $3 =/ 0- 1$3 '6@'0*=4 01$(1 1# *!"(6"!"('! &(- !! 1=4#$#( 02/ 04# 1# /012 )104$1##$"#I*/'*4J ($0*/ 00 ' 1 *1# /0 4#*'0*0*/ #$"#I*/'*4J@#$0$)$1 04# 1# /0$($'/$16 14 ) "*)'1 /$)/ 0 0 1# -/*$'$16*!!/$ )0#$- 14 )1# (@ #3$*/6)($0@# #3$*/6)($0-/1*!1# (* '*) /)0#)" 0$)012 )10C ($ )"" ( )1)#$ 3 ( )1@0/)*(-/( 1 /0=1# !*''*4$)" !! 104 / $)'2 @($&!(&'$)$1 - /012 )11# 3 /" )2( /*!#)" *--*/12)$1$ 0 14 ) 1# 14* 1$( -*$)10 4$1# / 0- 1 1* '*4 /$)" */ /$0$)" 1# $/ ($@ )!'2 ) -/* 00 06) /G0 1 - /0)!/$ )04 / 01$(1 4#$' *)1/*''$)"!*/1# *3 /'' 1 ) )$ 0*! ($#$ 3 ( )1F )"" ( )1I "&)%)&(0#- J@*/ *3 /=4 *)1/*'' $)1# ($#$ 3 ( )1(* '!*/012 )10C )"" ( )1)$)1# ($ #$ 3 ( )1(* '!*/1# $/ )"" ( )1@$)''6=4 *)1/*'' $)*1#(* '0!*/012 )10C 0 5)" @"$)=''*)1/*'04 / $)'2 0/)*( !! 10@ # !*''*4$)"1#/ 3 /" '1 /I$)!'2 ) J !! 104 / $)'2 0!$5 -/( 1 /0 $) 1# #3$*/ 6)($0 -/1 *! 1# (* '@ $/01= 1# *& (& # &"' !! 1 40 $)'2 = 01$(1$)"4# 1# /012 )10C ($#$ 3 ( )1F )"" ( )140#$"# /F'*4 / !*/012 )104#*0 !/$ )0C0*/ 04 / '0*#$"# /F'*4 /@#$0 !! 11#20*) /)01# ($) !! 1 *! !/$ )0= / "/' 00 *! 1# $/ 0 1$)"@ *)= 1# *& (& # &#)$!(' 6 "#&'. !! 1. 40. 01$(1 =. $)$1$)". 4# 1# /. 012 )10C. ($. #$ 3 ( )1F )"" ( )140#$"# /F'*4 /!*/012 )104#*0 ) /G0 1 - /0I/ "/' 00 !/$ )0#$-J '0* 0*/ #$"# /F'*4 /@ #$0 !! 1 1#20 *) /)0 '' "/*2-(1 0 F ) $"#*/0@ #$/=(*& (&#&"'+#&&#)$!('6"#&' !! 140 01$(1 =1* $)3 01$"1 4# 1# / 012 )1 *3 / 1$( 1 ) 1* " 1 #$"# / ($ #$ 3 ( )1 */ )"" ( )1 0*/ 0 4# ) 1# $/ ) /G0 1 !/$ )0 '0* 0*/ #$"# /@ #$0 !! 1 1#20 *) /)0''"/*2-(1 0F) $"#*/01#14 / '0*!/$ )0?1# ) 1 !! 1!*/1#$0"/*2-*! - /0) '2'1 6$)"2-1# 1#/ $)!'2 ) !! 10@ . . . 61. 3.

(32) Chapter 3. 0/$-1$3 011$01$0*!) 14*/&3/$' 0. 0/$-1$*)0 *! ) 14*/& ) $)$3$2' 3/$' 0 / -/ 0 )1 $) ' T@S@ # 3 /" )2( /*!!/$ )0#$-0- /012 )1040W@TSI$( RJ)X@UTI$( SJ@# !/$ )0#$-) 14*/& 40 #/1 /$7 6 #$"# / $-/*$16= 4$1# -/1$$-)10 / $-/*1$)" *21 WW] *! 1# !/$ )0#$-1$ 0@/)0$1$3$1640'0*#$"#I*)3 /" VZ]J=$)$1$)"1 ) )6!*/!/$ )0*! !/$ )01* !/$ )0@*01!/$ )0#$-)*($)1$*)04 / 14 )1# 0( 0 5I*21YX]J= 4#$#$0$)*/) 4$1#-/ 3$*20012$ 0I )01/N1 "'$#=SQRSJ@ . # /6C0) 14*/&21**// '1$*)* !!$$ )14020 1*$)$1 1# "/ 1*. 4#$# !/$ )0 $!! / !/*( 1# $/ ) /G0 1 - /0 $) 1 /(0 *! ($ #$ 3 ( )1 ) )"" ( )10*/ 0I1 "'$# 1'@=SQRQJ@# 3'2 0*! /6C0'$ 14 )Q)S@'2 0 '*4 /I#$"# /J1#)R$)$1 1#1012 )104#*/ !/$ )0F) /G0 1 - /0/ '*0 /1* I(*/ $01)1!/*(J #*1# /1#) 5- 1 2) //)*() 00=$)1 /(0*!1# $/ ($ #$ 3 ( )1) )"" ( )10*/ 0@ )1# -/ 0 )10126=1# $) 540*)3 /" @ZT!*/ !/$ )0#$-0)@ZS!*/0 1$)"0=4$1#*(-/' * !!$$ )10!*/ ($#$ 3 ( )1) )"" ( )1@#$0$)$1 01#1*1#1# !/$ )0#$-)1# 0 1$)") 14*/&4 / )*101/*)"'6 01/212/ *) #$ 3 ( )1 ) )"" ( )1@ # ) 0 -/1$)" 012 )10C "/*2- (1 0 4#* 4 / !/$ )0*/)*1!/$ )0=4 0 ' 00'*0 ) 00$) ($*21*( 0 14 ))*)G!/$ )0 4#* / ) /G0 1 1#) !/$ )0 4#* / ) /G0 1 = 0- $''6 1 S= 4# / 1# 0 ) /G 0 1 )*)G!/$ )0/ 3 )(*/ $01)11#) 5- 1 2) //)*() 00I /6C0*3 RJ@ # (($)"$01) IYV@TJ$)$1 0)*)3 /" 02!!$$ )1)2( /*!#)" 0$) !/$ )0#$-1$ 01*$ )1$!61# -/( 1 /0@# /$) 50#*401# (*2)1*!01$'$16$) !/$ )0#$- 1$ 0 ) $0 WR]@ ) */ / 1* *)21 '*)"$12$)' ) 14*/& )'60$0 $) $ ) 4$1# .21 011$01$'-*4 /!*/ 1 1$)")*)1/*''$)"!*/ )*" )*20 !! 10I/ $-/*$16= 1/)0$1$3$16= 1@J=1#$0$) 50#*2' #$"# /1#)TQ])'*4 /1#)XQ]I0 )01/ 1'@= SQRTJ@ . . . 62. .

(33)

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(42) . Near-seated peers and academic functioning. 3. 63.

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(53) Chapter 3. "(" (( # & '()"(' +#&' ! *!"( (" -#)"& '()"('3 # '""((#',+'#)"3

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(105) 70

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(123) Near-seated peers and academic functioning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

(124) Chapter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