University of Groningen Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia
Hele tekst
(2) . &-+'.-!'& . . E.
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(7) Chapter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(10) Chapter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(17) Introduction. 0!- !& - )+ +'.)9 +, !$+& '-& $''# - ,!&!!&- .$-, >996 )+&-, & - +,?'+.!&6'$,&-,'-&!,-&- %,$/,%'++'%- ,)+,'&,& -+2-'!&)-&&,.))'+-+'%)+,9'$,&-,,)&%'+-!%0!- )+,- & !& &2 '- + -!% )+!' !& - $! '.+, >!-#'0 @ .$!&!6 FDED?9 '&,*.&-$26 - /!'+, - - )+&-, & - +, )++$2 ,6 !, &'- $02, &'+%-!/ &2%'+9 +-!.$+$2 /!'+,- -+$--',--.,%'&)+,+ ! $2--+-!/'+'$,&-, &- 2&'.+ '- +-'&!&- , /!'+,&'&'+%-'- !+&'+%,9 .,6 '$,&-,; /!'+,&%'-!'&$&,'!$/$')%&-%! -%'+.!2- !+ )+'&-1-- &2- !+)+&-,&- +,9 . .+- +%'+6'$,&!,-!%)+!'!&0 ! %! !/%&-!,'-&$,,. ))+!,60 +,&'+%=+#!&6/!&- /!'+'%,%'+/$.>$$&6!,,+6 @ 0#!&,6 EMMI?9 !- !& - , ''$ '&-1- 0!- '$+ )+,6 0 ' ,!&$ - !+ /'$/!& %-.+!-22!&/'$/%&-!&&-!,'!$ /!'+,+- +- &%! !/%&-6'$+)+, %! - .&-!'& , +'$ %'$, -' - 2'.&+ )+,6 & - +2 &-!/$2 !&$.& - !+ %! !/%&->'!--6EMMG?9 &!-!'&6-- !,- ,'!$,--.,'&-!,'!$ /!'+,-&,-'+!,60 ! %! -'.&-+)+'.-!/'+- /$')%&-'%! !/%&-9 !+6!+&,!&)+)+',,,%! -'.&-0&, ''$2+,9-- & ')+!%+2, ''$6%',-,-.&-,$+2#&'0 '- +'+02+,6,'%!&,$-!'& &!&$.&)+',,,%! -$+2 /-#&)$9 &'&-++260 &,-.&-,-+&,!-!'& -','&+2.-!'&6- 2&-+&&-!+&0)+'&-1-& /-'!&- !+,'!$ )',!-!'&%'&- ,)+,!&- $,,+''%9,)!$$2!&- !+,-2+','&+2.-!'&6 - !,%2+,.$-!&%'+2&%!+!&, !)&-0'+#- &!&$-+, ''$2+,9 &'- + !%)'+-&- !-!'& -' .++&- #&'0$ 0'.$ -' .
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(21) %'+- '+'. $29 &,-.&-, !/ 0$$ !& , ''$6 - !, & $ -' !&+, '+ +, --+-!/&,, '+ !$!-!'&9 &6 ,$-!'&)+',,,%! -,-+'&+'+0#+'+$'0= !/!&,-.&-,'%)+-' ! = !/!& ,-.&-,9 '+'/+6 !&$.& )+',,, ++!& %! &%&- & !/%&- & 0'+# .)0+, '+ '0&0+,9 ! )+'+%!& ,-.&-, %! - & & %! !/%&- ' $'0+ !/!& )+,6 .- !- %2 $,' )',,!$ - - $'0 )+'+%!& ,-.&-, / $-+!'., - '& ! + )+'+%!& ,-.&-,9 + ),6 . 15. 1.
(22) Chapter 1. %!&'+%,!&- $,,+''%,)$2+'$!&- ,,-+&- ,&!+-!'&,',$-!'&& !&$.& )+',,,6 !&!-!& 0 - + %! !/%&- !, +$- -' ,--., !& - $,,+''%9 !&$$26!-0'.$!&-+,-!&-'1)$'+
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
(24) Introduction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
(25) Chapter 1. !.+E9E8
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(37) Introduction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(41) !6!&-'+FDEF9 . !-!'&$$26)+-!.$+$2'+- !,!,,+--!'&6 ))+' - JH!&-+/&-!'&, ''$,. - - / & .,!&
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(43) !-- - 0,'$$-%'&,-.&-,9 . 19. 1.
(44) Chapter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
(45) Introduction. . '.-$!&'- !/%)!+!$,-.!,!&- !,!,,+--!'&)+'/!,&'/+/!0'- +,+ -')!,6 - & ,%)$, .,6 & - &$2-!$ ,-+-!, >, $ E9E?9 ,-.!, !& )-+, F=J 0+ 0+!--& '+ ).$!-!'& !& )+=+/!0 "'.+&$, & %2 + , ,-&$'&+,+ +-!$,9 +'+6,'%'/+$)-0&- )-+,>996!&-& %- ', ,+!)-!'&? !, !&/!-$9 . -' !+&- ,-&+, -0& - "'.+&$,6 ,%$$ !+&, !& -+%!&'$'2 %2 '.+9 & )-+ K6 - %!& !&!&, ' $$ ,-.!, 0!$$ !,.,,6,!&-!!&)+-!$!%)$!-!'&,6,0$$,!+-!'&,'.-.++,+ 9 . . 21. 1.
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(57) 7",8" !"#"!. '" " "'. "!. ! !. . Chapter 1.
(58)
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