University of Groningen Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia

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(1)University of Groningen. Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia. IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below.. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record. Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database. Citation for published version (APA): Gremmen, M. C. (2018). Social network processes and academic functioning: The role of peers in students' school well-being, academic engagement, and academic achievement. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.. Download date: 17-07-2021.

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(19) ! (.#/4. %!. !!. ".#./((4/) )-' -&/#)(."#+.C()'#(/ )/"-.D -#+ "/((4/)2- -#+-)/#)() -#1 ()'#(/#)(. /-(.-#+ -(.#/#1&).0- CYY9YD:. (/-'#-4 .+-)+)-/#)(&&4/) /"/((4/) )-'. -&/#)(Y; C-#(.) -#(.)' -#(.D 4&L )("#--"#&4&.) !(-&#5-#+-)#/4 .' &/#)(.)0-')-) /( /2(/)-.2#/"/" .'!(- &/ /)-.2#/""#!"-!-. "1"#!"-#(!- C')--#1 ()'#(/#)(.D !) /)-.2#/""#!"-!-. "1"#!"-)0/!- C')-!#1(()'#(/#)(.D !)E &/#)(.)0-')-) /( &/ /2(./0(/.2#/"/" .'!-. 1&/ "/((4) ./0(/. /)!/!-..#'#&-/) /").) -#(. . . . 4 . . . 85.

(20) Chapter 4. . (/"+-.(/./0423'#( -#(."#+.&/#)((#( &0(+-)...#()&.(/.= '# "#1'(/ )1- /#'; )0. )( # -(/ ."))& 4-.8 /"/ #.8 /" #-./ ( .)( 4- ) .)(-4 ."))&8 )( ./0(/.= 1-! !-. ( /"#- !-. )( .+# # &0./-.) .0$/.8()(/"./-(!/".(#-/#)(.) .&/#)((#( &0(+-)... )-&)2A"#1#(!("#!"A"#1#(!./0(/.;#/"#(."))&4-82 )0.)( -#(."#+. 2#/"#( &..-))' . ./0(/. )&&)2 && )0-.. 2#/" /" .' &..'/. ( - /"0. .0--)0(4/"' )-/"(/#-4; . (-".&.)(#(&0#(/"')&8.-1#2./044-).()(-((-. CKIJND.")2/"/!#-&.)(1-!)0/+- )-')4.#(&&."))&.0$/.;#(&&482#(&0 /#'.+(/)(")'2)-%(./#. /#)(2#/"."))&.)(/-)&1-#&.8./"). /)-.( #( &0(./0(/.=)((/(..2#/"."))&(+-#( &0(.#(."))&; /".( )0( /"/./0(/.2")-')-(!!(+0/')- )-/#(/"#-."))&2)-%8"#1//- C-)(-)8KIIND;1#2.)(")'2)-%-.-"+-)1#)(.#./(/1#( )-+).#/#1 #( &0( ) /#' .+(/ )( ")'2)-% )( ./0(/.= '# "#1'(/ C))+-8 JRQR9 ))+-8)#(.)(8F/&&8KIIOD;0-/"-')-8+-1#)0../0#..")2/"/ &#(!/. #( ."))& #. ) /( ..)#/ 2#/" &.. '#./-/'(/.8 ')- )((/(..8 ( &.. "-..'(/. 2"#" ( #/. ./0(/.= '# "#1'(/ C-))% F #&&)0!"/48 KIJN9 #.(-!80'-%A5/#(-8F--48KIIL90..&F)+"'8KIJKD; . / ./' -)' /" C)#& /2)-% (&4.#. ) #.% "1#)- #( -&4 )&.(D ./0482"#"#.&)(!#/0#(&+-)$/)(/".)#&1&)+'(/) -&4)&.(/.2#/" .+# # )0.)()&.(/.=#(1)&1'(/#(-#.%"1#)-C#$%./-/&;8KIJN9-(%(/&;8 KIJND;2).)(-4."))&.#(-0-&-.2-.%(2#&&#(!/)+-/##+/:)(#(/" '#&C)(&)/#)(D()(#(/"()-/") /"/"-&(.C2#/" )0-#./#(/&)/#)(.D8 )1-#(!/" 0&&-(!) '#/-%.; . &&./0(/.-#1(#( )-'/#)(&//- )-/"'.&1.(/"#-+-(/.8#(2"#". /"4 2- .% /) +-/##+/; ./0(/. 2#." /) - -#( -)' +-/##+/#)(8 )- # /"#- +-(/.#.!-2#/"/"#-"#&-(=.+-/##+/#)(8/"42--,0.//).(-+&4-. 86. .

(21) Selection and influence processes in academic achievement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

(22) Chapter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

(23) Selection and influence processes in academic achievement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

(24) Chapter 4. ) ."))&.+(#(!)()#(!")'2)-%)-)(&-(#(! )-/./?)(JIA+)#(/.&82#/"/" )&&)2#(!)+/#)(.:JC()/#'D8KC&../"("& (")0-+-4D8LC"& (")0-+-4D8MC)( ")0-+-4D8NC/2)")0-.+-4D8OC/"-")0-.+-4D8PC )0-")0-.+-4D8QC #1 ")0-.+-4D8RC.#3")0-.+-4D8(JICP")0-.+-4)-')-D; /#. /#)( 2#/" ."))& 2. '.0-8 0.#(! /" #/' > )2 ) 4)0 & )0/ ."))& / +-.(/7?;(.2-.2-'.0-)( )0-A+)#(/.&82#/"/" )&&)2#(!)+/#)(.:JC)()/ &#%#//&&D8KC)()/&#%#/'0"D8LC)&#%#/#/D8(MC&#%#/&)/DC.&.) -%"8 ))58"-#$1-.8()-..&-8F)&&-!"8KIJKD; (-2.)I )-!#-&.(J )-)4.; #(. )&.(/.= 1&)+'(/ ) '# "#1'(/ 2. 3'#( 0.#(! /" #'0&/#)(. (1./#!/#)( )-'+#-#&/2)-%(&4.#.C#(D.) /2-+%!#(C#+&48(#$-.8F -#)8KIJN9(#$-./&;8KIJID8+%!1-.#)(J;J;KQK;#( #&#//./"./#'/#)( ) ./)"./# /)-A. .#'0&/#)( ')&. /) (&45 /" )A1)&0/#)( ) (/2)-%. ( "1#)-;#/"/".')&.82-&/)..../")(/-#0/#)(.) .&/#)((#( &0( +-)... /) -#(.= .#'#&-#/4 #( "#1'(/ . 2&& . /" #-/#)(. ) /". +-)... C/!&#"8(#$-.8F-.)(8KIJID;#'#&-#/4#.0(-./))"-#()--&/#)(&.(.:/2) ./0(/.-.#'#&-/)/"!-/"//"#-"#1'(/.)-.# -#(/".'#-/#)( -)'/"1-!./0(/=."#1'(/#(/"&..-))'; . /0(/. - ..0'8 . )( #(#1#0& +- -(.8 /) "(! )/" /"#- -#(."#+.("1#)-.)(/#(0)0.&4/2().-1/#)(')'(/.;)&)(1-!(#.. )(&4+)..#&2"(/"-#.()0!"./#&#/4.2&&."(!/2(/#'+)#(/.;-#(."#+. '4"(!C#;;8-/#(!(2 -#(."#+.)--)++#(!(3#./#(!)(D.2&&."1#)-. C#;;84!)#(!)()-')-./+.0+)-)2(#("1#)-D#(-.+)(./)/"0--(/(/2)-% ./-0/0- ( /" <"1#)-= ) )/"- ./0(/. #( /" (/2)-%; / #. /"0. 4('# +-).. 2"-/"')&)(/-)&. )-"(!.#( -#(."#+.("1#)-..2&&../-0/0-&( #(#1#0& /.)("(!.#( -#(."#+.('#"#1'(/;. 90. .

(25) Selection and influence processes in academic achievement. ""(!.#( -#(."#+.('#"#1'(/-')&./"-.0&/) ./0(/.= #.#)(.8 -1&#(! ( 0(-&4#(! +- -( '.0- C<)$/#1 0(/#)(=D #(#/#(! ")2 <./#. #=/"./0(/.-2#/"/"#-&)&(/2)-%(#!")-")))( #!0-/#)(; . ( /" +-.(/ ./048 2 ./#'/ -#(."#+ 4('#. C#(&0#(! .&/#)(. +-'/-.D ( /" "1#)-& 4('#. C#(&0#(! #( &0( +-'/-.D )- '# "#1'(/;"+-'/-.#(/"')&-3+&#(#(/" )&&)2#(!.0+-!-+"C')& .+# #/#)(D(-/./0.#(!!A-/#).C+-'/-./#'/#1#4#/../(---)-D8 $0./&#%#()/"-!(-&#5&#(-')&.;"./#'/.-)/#(4'3#'0' &#%&#"))./#'/#)(C(#$-.8

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

(27) Chapter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

(28) Selection and influence processes in academic achievement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