University of Groningen Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia

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(1)University of Groningen. Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia. IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below.. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record. Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database. Citation for published version (APA): Gremmen, M. C. (2018). Social network processes and academic functioning: The role of peers in students' school well-being, academic engagement, and academic achievement. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.. Download date: 17-07-2021.

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(8) Nederlandse samenvatting. ;6("/!7 '44"/ ;/ -""6-(/&"/G '9/ ?(84-87"/ (/ !" ,-7 "/ ")/;-1"!(/&7461 "77"/ ."8 "86",,(/&8187 '11-"861,,"/'"(!"/7 '11-46"788("7J . //""6-""6-(/&"/!"7(77 '11-;"6-8"/G,1."/?"14""//("9<"7 '11-."8;""-/("9<" -""%8(+!7&"/18"/J(//"/!"?"&61"4.1"8"/?"14/("9<'9/4-",?1","/"/;6("/!7 '44"/ 7-9(8"/J 11%!789, a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b '" (, 78897/16."/ (/ ;6("/!7 '477"-" 8(" "/ ")/;-1"!(/&7461 "77"/(/7 '11-46"788("71/!"6?1 '8J

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(12) Nederlandse samenvatting.

(13)

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

(16) Nederlandse samenvatting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

(17) ,9//"/ <16!"/ / !" ;6("/!"/ ."8 <(" -""6-(/&"/ !!<"6,"-(+, !"?" (/8"6"77"7 1% &"!6&(/&"/!"-"/J . (8 7-9(8 / (+ ""6!"6 1/!"6?1",G <6(+ '9-4/"8<"6,"/ ?(+/ 1/!"6?1 '8 /78. ;6("/!7 '47/"8<"6,"/J / !"?" 789!("7 (7 / -""6-(/&"/ ""/ -&"."/" ;6& &"78"-! 1;"6 <"-,"-""%8(+!7&"/18"/'"-4"/<//""6?"461-"."/'""/T(+;116""-!."8'9(7<"6,G'"8 6"46"6"/;/""/-",,"/!1%<//""6("./!?( '/("8&1"!;1"-8UJ"/;1-&"/!"784?19 ?(+/ 1. '("6 .""6 74" (%("," ;6&"/ 1;"6 8" 78"--"/G !97 ."8 <"-," -""%8(+!7&"/18"/ ?" (+;116""-!L'9(7<"6,.,"/M1%L7."/74168"/9(8"/7 '11-8(+!MJ . 6/78?19-""6-(/&"/&";6&!,9//"/<16!"//6'9/4"6 "48("7."8"86",,(/&. 818'9/"(&"/&"!6&"/'"8&"!6&;/;6("/!"/J 1"?("/-""6-(/&"/'9/"(&"/ !".(7 '" .18(;8("7"/7 '11- (+%"67F/'1""116!"-"/?"'9/"(&"/&"!6&8"/14?( '8";/;6("/!"/F 1 ,/ ",","/ <16!"/ 1% 4"6 "48("7 1;"6""/,1."/ ."8 !" <"6,"-(+,'"(!J 1..(&" -""6-(/&"/;(/!"/'"8(+;116""-! 11-1.8"&"/'9/;6("/!"/8"?"&&"/!8?"&""/'9(7<"6, '""/&".,81%/("8'""/&"-""6!G8"6<(+-?"!8<"-'""/&"!/J1,,/'("6."" (/?( '8 &",6"&"/ <16!"/ (/ ;6("/!7 '477"-" 8(" "/ Q(/;-1"!461 "77"/J / -""6-(/&"/ ,/ &";6&! <16!"/ '1" "4-!" ;6("/!7 '44"/ ?(+/ 1/878/ "/ 1% !(8 &"6"-8""6! (7 / "4-!""(&"/7 '44"/1%&"!6&;/-""%8(+!7&"/18"/J"6!"6,/&";6&!<16!"/(/<"-," .8" ?" !"/,"/ !8 ;6("/!"/ ""/ 61- 74"-"/ (/ '9/ &"!6& "/ 1% ?" '9/ &"!6& ;"6/!"6! '""/!116"4-!";6("/!7 '44"/J. . . . "6!"6"1/8<(,,"-(/&"/;/788(78(7 '"8" '/(","/.,"/'"81;"/!("/.1&"-(+,1. /78!"61-;/;6("/!7 '44"/11,/!"6"/"8<"6,"/8"&"-(+,"68(+!8"1/!"6?1","/J "8(7 (/8"6"77/8;116;"6;1-&1/!"6?1",1..""6788(7 '"/"8<"6,"/8"",(+,"/G(+;116""-!1. .""6(/?( '88",6(+&"/(/!"61-;//(+'"(!;/"4-!"-""%8(+!7&"/18"/T?1-7?(84-87"/U 14 '"8 &"!6& ;/ -""6-(/&"/J (//"/ !(8 1/!"6?1", ,9//"/ (+;116""-! 7868"&("$/ ;/ -""6,6 '8"/1.86"/8!"?(84-87(/!"-(/&&"-(/,8<16!"//<8!!<"6,"-(+,&""968(/!" ,-7"/,9//"/;"67 '(--"/!"8>4"/(/!"-(/&"/."8"-,6;"6&"-","/<16!"/J1,,9//"/!116 /("9<" 1/8<(,,"-(/&"/ (/8"6 8("7 8977"/ ;"67 '(--"/!" &"!6&(/&"/ ;/ -""6-(/&"/ "/ '9/ ;6("/!"/ 1/!"6?1 '8 <16!"/J (8 ("!8 .1&"-(+,'"!"/ 1. 1.4-"=" (/8"6 8("7 8977"/ &"!6&(/&"/ (/ ,68 8" 6"/&"/G .6 '"8 (7 11, (/8"6"77/8 1. 1;"6""/,1.78(&" 1/!"6-(&&"/!"." '/(7."/8"1/!"6?1","/J1,/!".8";/?"-% 1/861-"<"--( '8?1<"- 7 '11-46"788("7-76(7( 1&"!6&;/+1/&"6"/;"6,-6"/J. . 198.

(18) Nederlandse samenvatting. . "67 '(--"/ 8977"/ +1/&"/7 "/ ."(7+"7 ?19!"/ 11, /1& .""6 1/!"6?1 '8 ,9//"/. <16!"/G/&"?("/;6("/!7 '44"/;,&"7-18"/<16!"/8977"/-""6-(/&"/."8!"?"-%!"7",7" "/ ;6("/!7 '44"/ 8977"/ +1/&"/7 "/ ."(7+"7 ;"67 '(--"/J 1 (7 "6 ;, .""6 ".18(1/"-" "861,,"/'"(! (+ ."(7+"7 !/ +1/&"/7G '""/ ?(+ .""6 (/8"6 8("7 (/ 8<""8--"/G (7 "6 ""/ 78"6,"6" %1 97 14 '"8 "6(+ '16"/ (/ !" 71 (-" &61"4 "/ <"6,"/ ?" ;, .""6 7."/ / 7 '11-8,"/J6?(+/7-" '87"/,"-"789!("7!("?( ''""/&"6( '814;"67 '(--"/(/78"6,8"7;/ ;6("/!7 '477"-" 8(""/Q(/;-1"!461 "77"/8977"/+1/&"/"/."(7+"7J /""/789!("?(+/78"6," 7"-" 8(""%%" 8"/(/7 '11-46"788("7;116."(7+"7&";1/!"/G.6&""/7"-" 8("(++1/&"/7"/ &"-(+,"")/;-1"!(/&;116+1/&"/7"/."(7+"7J61.-(+,8'"8"-/&6(+,1.&"7- '874" (%("," ;"67 '(--"/8"1/!"6?1","/"/!"." '/(7."/!("'("6(/""/61-,9//"/74"-"/J . 1;"/!("/?19'"8(/8"6"77/8?(+/1.-""6-(/&"/8";1-&"/;/%!"7(77 '11-818?". /6 !" 6"(!7.6,8 &/ 1. 14 !"?" ./("6 .""6 (/?( '8 8" ;"6,6(+&"/ (/ (/!(;(!9"-" 7 '11--114/"/ ;/ -""6-(/&"/J (8 ,/ ,"//(7 ;"6&618"/ 1;"6 <"-," 1.78/!(&'"!"/ "/ <"-," (/!(;(!9"-" "/ 1/8"=89"-" 74" 8"/ (/;-1"! ,9//"/ '""/ 14 <61. 71..(&" -""6-(/&"/46"78"6"/?1-7;"6< '8G8"6<(+-/!"6"/-&"61%'1&"646"78"6"/!/;"6< '8J "8(7" '8"6.1"(-(+,1.71 (-"/"8<"6,(/%16.8("1;"6""/!"6&"-(+,-/&"8(+!74"6(1!"8" ;"6,6(+&"/G /&"?("/ -""6-(/&"/ <(77"-"/ ;/ 7 '1-"/ "/ !" -""%8(+!7&"/18"/ 8"-,"/7 ;"6/!"6"/J . "/ 7-188" ?19 "6 .""6 (/?( '8 ;"6,6"&"/ .1"8"/ <16!"/ (/ ." '/(7."/ '8"6. ;6("/!7 '477"-" 8(" "/ Q(/;-1"! (/ &"!6& "/ '1" "4-!" (/8"6;"/8("7 "/ !" /4, ;/ -""6,6 '8"/"/19!"67 !".(7 '%9/ 8(1/"6"/,9//"/";16!"6"/J ,.1"!(&1/!"6?1","67 / 1. (/ /("9<" 789!("7 1/!"6-(&&"/!" 8'"16("$/ "=4-( ("8"6 8" 8"78"/G (+;116""-! !116 &"!6&;/"/(/8"6 8("78977"/-""6-(/&"/8"17"6;"6"/"/!116(/8"6;"/8("7148"?"88"/ <6(/'"8/"8<"6,;/-""6-(/&"/<16!8"4-!T(+;116""-!!"?(84-87"/U1.!""%%" 8"/ 8"1/!"6?1","/14;6("/!7 '476"-8("7"/&"!6&;/-""6-(/&"/J .

(19) 1681.G!(8461"%7 '6(%8("!8;"67 '(--"/!";"6/("9<"/!""/(/8"6"77/8"(/?( '8"/(/. !"(/8"6 8("8977"/71 (-"6"-8("7;/-""6-(/&"/."8'9/-""%8(+!7&"/18"/"/'9/ !".(7 ' %9/ 8(1/"6"/J 1",1.78(& 1/!"6?1", ?19 .""6 ,"//(7 ,9//"/ ;"6&6"/ !116 .""6 &"!"8(--""6!"(/%16.8("8";"6?."-"/1;"6!"71 (-"6"-8("7;/-""6-(/&"/"/&"69(,8" .,"/;//("9<"1/8<(,,"-(/&"/(//"/71 (-"/"8<"6,/->7"1. 1.4-"="/"8<"6,"/"/ &"!6&(/&"/8"/->7"6"/J . 199.

(20) . . 200. .

(21)

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