Cover Page
The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/20679 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.
Author: Koier, Elizabeth
Title: Interpreting particles in dead and living languages : a construction grammar approach to the semantics of Dutch ergens and Ancient Greek pou
Issue Date: 2013-03-28
&+$37(5
%DFN WR WKH OLWHUDWXUH
,QWURGXFWLRQ
,Q VHFWLRQ DERYH DQ RYHUYLHZ ZDV JLYHQ RI WKH OLWHUDWXUH DQG GHVFULSWLRQV RI ڗ
,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ , ZLOO FRPH EDFN WR WKH REVHUYDWLRQV DQG H[DPSOHV PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH DQG VKRZ WKDW PDQ\ RI WKHVH REVHUYDWLRQV ϮW WKH ϮQGLQJV SUHVHQWHG DERYH
$V ZH VDZ LQ VHFWLRQ WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO GRPDLQV LQ ZKLFK PRGDO ڗ PD\
KDYH KDG D IXQFWLRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH GHVFULSWLRQV LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH 7KHVH GRPDLQV DUH UHSHDWHG EHORZ
WKH HSLVWHPLF GRPDLQ RI XQFHUWDLQW\ 'HQQLVWRQ :DNNHU 6LFNLQJ :DFNHU
QDJHO %ROOLQJ 6FKZ\]HU'HEUXQQHU
WKH HYLGHQWLDO GRPDLQ LH SURRI :DFNHUQDJHO
WKH LURQ\ GRPDLQ 'HQQLVWRQ %RGLQ 0D]RQ
WKH GRPDLQ RI LQWHUSHUVRQDO UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ VSHDNHU DQG DGGUHVVHH 6LFNLQJ
WKH DFFHVVLELOLW\ RI WKH FRQWHQW RI WKH SURSRVLWLRQ IRU WKH DGGUHVVHH REYLRXV
QHVVWULYLDOLW\ 6LFNLQJ %RGLQ 0D]RQ
WKH DPRXQW RI VSHFLϮFDWLRQGHWDLO SURYLGHG LUJHQGZLH 6FKZ\]HU'HEUXQQHU
6LFNLQJ 6ODWHU ,WDOLH
:H ZLOO QRZ GLVFXVV WKHVH GRPDLQV RQH E\ RQH
7KH REVHUYDWLRQV LQ WKH VHFRQGDU\ OLWHUDWXUH LQ WKH OLJKW RI WKH QHZ ϮQGLQJV
7KH REVHUYDWLRQV LQ WKH VHFRQGDU\ OLWHUDWXUH LQ WKH OLJKW RI WKH QHZ ϮQGLQJV
7KH HSLVWHPLF GRPDLQ
$OUHDG\ LQ VHFWLRQ , LQWURGXFHG WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ DUJXPHQWDWLYH RULHQWD
WLRQ DQG DUJXPHQWDWLYH VWUHQJWK 9HUKDJHQ 7KH PDLQ UHDVRQ ZH QHHG WKDW GLVWLQFWLRQ LV WKDW DV ZDV QRWHG E\ 6LFNLQJ PDQ\ LQVWDQFHV RI ڗ ZHUH QRW OLNHO\ RQO\ WR EH FRQQHFWHG WR WKH XQFHUWDLQW\ RI WKH VSHDNHU DERXW WKH WUXWK RI WKH SURSRVLWLRQ $V ZDV GLVFXVVHG LQ VHFWLRQ WKH DUJXPHQWDWLYH RULHQWDWLRQ RI ڗ
DOVR VHHPHG WR EH UHOHYDQW HJ H[DPSOH মࠗݰڗࣹࣹड़ڗဎ
URXQG ቨኂበዘᇀ
ࣹๆSWFO ᆦኂᅐኹዧᅐቈ
ڗڗ
ڗ
์ۭࠗԆLV
ዘᇀኹወዘ
ࠗڗࠗڗ WKLVቨኂበዘᇀ
ڗRI ZKLFK ወᅵቈᇀᅵቨዘᇀ
ဎSWFO ኹዧᅐቈ
ࠗඨWKH ቨኂበኹቈ
ํۭशǓࠗǓ H[WUHPHV ቨኂበኹቈ
ǓဎࠗǓश༚
HYHU\ZKHUH ႐ᅡጟ
රIURP ኹወᅵኹ
ࠗڗWKH ႐ወዧᇀᅵቨዘᇀ
ࢆๆۭڗ
PLGGOH ᇀᅵቨዘᇀ
໒ۭڗဎHTXDOO\
႐ᅡጟ
රๆश༰
EH DZD\ IURP
ዘᇀኹወዘዘዼᄽሦ
༱Ǔ(QJOLVK ´7KH URXQG RI FRXUVH LV WKDW RI ZKLFK WKH H[WUHPHV DUH HYHU\ZKHUH HTXDOO\ GLVWDQW IURP WKH FHQWHUµ ´<HVµ
3O 3UP H ,W ZDV IRXQG WKDW PRGDO ڗ VHHPV WR KDYH D SRVLWLYH DUJXPHQWDWLYH RULHQWDWLRQ LQ JHQHUDO 7KDW LV WKH VSHDNHU LV JXLGLQJ WKH DGGUHVVHH LQ WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI DFFHSWLQJ KLV VWDWHPHQW DV WUXH ,Q WKLV UHVSHFW , DP IROORZLQJ :DFNHUQDJHO ZKR FODLPHG WKDW ڗ ZDV XVHG LQ VHQWHQFHV ZKLFK WKH VSHDNHU ZDV FRQYLQFHG ZHUH WUXH 7KHUH DUH HYHQ H[DPSOHV LQ ZKLFK ڗ·V DUJXPHQWDWLYH RULHQWDWLRQ LV QRW RQO\ SRVLWLYH EXW DOVR LWV DUJXPHQWDWLYH VWUHQJWK LV YHU\ KLJK
%RWK WKH DUJXPHQWDWLYH RULHQWDWLRQ DQG WKH DUJXPHQWDWLYH VWUHQJWK PD\ KDYH EHHQ DQ UKHWRULFDO HϸHFW RI D PRUH JHQHUDO IXQFWLRQ RI PRGDO ڗ 7KLV PRUH JHQ
HUDO IXQFWLRQ VHHPV WR EH WR SUHVHQW WKH FRQWHQW RI WKH ڗFODXVH DV DFFHVVLEOH WR WKH DGGUHVVHH HLWKHU YLD UHDVRQLQJ RU EHFDXVH WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ KDV EHHQ JLYHQ SUH
YLRXVO\ RU EHFDXVH LW LV SDUW RI WKH FRPPRQ NQRZOHGJH DQG ZRUOG YLHZV RI ERWK WKH VSHDNHU DQG WKH DGGUHVVHH 7KLV PD\ EH XVHG IRU UKHWRULFDO SXUSRVHV LQ DUJXPHQWV
VLQFH PDUNLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ DV DOUHDG\ DFFHVVLEOH PDNHV LW YHU\ KDUG IRU WKH DGGUHVVHH WR TXHVWLRQ WKDW LQIRUPDWLRQ
,Q /6- LW LV VDLG WKDW LQ VRPH FDVHV ڗ LV VWUHQJWKHQHG E\ HSLVWHPLF DGYHUEV OLNH ໒ۭङߥ ¶SHUKDSV· DQG ࠗඥशǓ ¶SUREDEO\ SHUKDSV· ,I WKLV LV WKH FDVH WKLV ZRXOG RI FRXUVH EH D JRRG DUJXPHQW LQ IDYRU RI DQ HSLVWHPLF PRGDO LH FRQFHUQLQJ WKH WUXWK RI WKH SURSRVLWLRQ YDOXH IRU ڗ , ZLOO GLVFXVV WKH H[DPSOHV JLYHQ E\ /6- EHORZ EXW ϮUVW ZH ZLOO VHH ZKHWKHU ڗ LV FRPPRQO\ FRPELQHG ZLWK WKHVH DGYHUEV ,Q DOO WH[WV XS WR WKH FODVVLFDO SHULRG ໒ۭङߥ DQG ڗ DUH IRXQG LQ WKH VDPH FODXVH WLPHV RI ZKLFK RQO\
WLPHV LQ HDFK RWKHU·V GLUHFW VXUURXQGLQJV LH ZLWKLQ WZR ZRUGV RI HDFK RWKHU 7KH FRPELQDWLRQ RI ࠗඥशǓ DQG ڗ LV HYHQ OHVV IUHTXHQW 7KH\ DUH RQO\ IRXQG LQ WKH VDPH
%DFN WR WKH OLWHUDWXUH
FODXVH WLPHV H[DPSOH EHORZ DQG 3O 3KGU F 7KLV VXJJHVWV WKDW LI ڗ ZDV XVHG DV D ZD\ RI VWUHQJWKHQLQJ WKH HSLVWHPLF LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LW ZDV QRW FRQYHQWLRQDO WR GR VR
/6- PHQWLRQ WKH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOHV DV LQVWDQFHV RI VWUHQJWKHQLQJ
2LGLSRXV ͘໑ शݰ༔ ࠗԆ රࢆ่ ࢆ༖ ۭဎǓड़ड़ඦǓဎࠗඦ ङ
ݰ็ۭɘ͘Ԇߥ ۭࠗǓ۟ࢆඪۭ۟ǓԆ ࠗဎ ɘڗ༘ࠗݰ· ݰඪဎ ˗ڗမ
ဎ͘ݰ ඦड़ǓԆ ٗࠗڗࢆ͘ဎ ํဎ ࠗ͘ ࣹඨݰ ࢆǓݰရ
ࣹ༔ݰධ ဎට˗͘Ԇ ࠗရ˗͘ ࠗරဎ˗ݰ ۭࢆࢆࠗ͘ݰڗߥ
ड़ड़ङߥ ࠗ͘ ࠗڗߥ ࣹڗဎࠗǓߥ ဟۭ͘ݰ ڗ໑็ࠗǓߥ
ํࣹဎङ· ์ࢆǓࠗڗ
ࠗ༚WKH ᅡ႐ዧዘᇀ
˗·EXW ᅐኂቨሦ
์Ԇۭࠗ༔ࢆ༰ NQRZOHGJH ᅡ႐ዧዘᇀ
ۭ\RX ቨኂበዘᇀ
ࢆڗPH ᇀᅵቨዘᇀ
ݰڗशڗԆߥ
KDYH DQG DGYDQWDJH RYHU
ዘᇀኹወዘኂኹዧ
ࠗඦश·SUREDEO\
႐ᅡጟ
ဎSWFO ኹዧᅐቈ
ڗڗ
ڗ
ࠗဎWKH ႐ᅐᅐዘᇀ
ɘڗ༘ࠗݰ·
PDQ႐ᅐᅐዘᇀ
໑˗ဗဎKDYLQJ VHHQ ኹዧᅐ႐ኂወቨኂበዘᇀ
ඦݰڗߥ
EHIRUH
႐ᅡጟ
&KRUXV ํࣹဎङǓ ࣹඦݰ ۭඦݵ· ໒ۭ۟Ԇ ෟǓ໘ڗ ࣹඨݰ ༫ဎ
͘໒͘ݰ ࠗԆߥ ड़ड़ڗߥ Ԇۭࠗߥ သߥ ဎڗࢆ͘ߥ රဎ༔ݰ
2LGLSRXV (OGHUV LI LW LV ULJKW IRU PH ZKR KDYH QHYHU PHW WKH PDQ WR JXHVV
, WKLQN , VHH WKH KHUGVPDQ ZH KDYH EHHQ ORRNLQJ IRU IRU D ORQJ WLPH ,Q KLV YHQHUDEOH ROG DJH KH WDOOLHV ZLWK WKLV VWUDQJHU·V \HDUV DQG PRUHRYHU , UHFRJ
QL]H WKRVH ZKR EULQJ KLP , WKLQN DV VHUYDQWV RI PLQH %XW \RX PD\ KDYH DQ DGYDQWDJH LQ NQRZOHGJH RYHU PH SUREDEO\ ڗ KDYLQJ VHHQ WKH KHUGVPDQ EH
IRUH &KRUXV <HV , NQRZ KLP EH VXUH +H ZDV LQ WKH VHUYLFH RI /DLXV³WUXVW\
DV DQ\ VKHSKHUG
6 27
,Q H[DPSOH 2LGLSRXV LV WDONLQJ WR WKH FKRUXV RI HOGHUO\ PHQ IURP 7KHEHV WKH FLW\
LQ ZKLFK WKH\ DUH DQG RI ZKLFK 2LGLSRXV LV WKH QHZ NLQJ 7KH\ DUH ZDLWLQJ IRU WKH DU
ULYDO RI WKH VKHSKHUG ZKR DFFRUGLQJ WR DQRWKHU VKHSKHUG RQFH JDYH WKH DEDQGRQHG FKLOG 2LGLSRXV WR KLP 7KLV RWKHU VKHSKHUG DOUHDG\ WROG WKHP WKDW WKLV PDQ KDG EHHQ LQ WKH VHUYLFH RI WKH SUHYLRXV NLQJ RI 7KHEHV /DLXV :H ϮQG ࠗඦश· ဎ ڗ DW WKH HQG RI WKH FODXVH DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH HGLWRU ZKR KDV SODFHG D FRPPD DIWHU ࠗඦश· ဎ ڗ 7KLV SRVLWLRQ LV UHPDUNDEOH VLQFH ࠗඥशǓ JHQHUDOO\ KDV D SUHIHUHQFH IRU WKH ϮUVW SRVLWLRQ LQ WKH FODXVH .RLHU DQG WKH SDUWLFOH ဎ LV JHQHUDOO\ IRXQG LQ WKH VHFRQG SRVLWLRQ DIWHU DQ LQWRQDWLRQ EUHDN *ROGVWHLQ +RZHYHU WKH SDUWLFOH ဎ VHHPV WR EHORQJ ZLWK WKH RSWDWLYH ݰڗशڗԆߥ ZKLFK LV SUREDEO\ ZK\ WKH HGLWRU ZDQWHG WR NHHS ࠗඦश· ဎ
ڗ LQ WKH VDPH FODXVH DV WKH YHUE 7KHUHIRUH WKHUH DUH WZR SRVVLEOH UHDGLQJV RQH LQ ZKLFK ڗ EHORQJV WR WKH SDUWLFLSOH FODXVH DQG RQH LQ ZKLFK ڗ LV LQWHUSUHWHG DV SDUW RI WKH PDLQ FODXVH ,I ZH DFFHSW WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WKDW ࠗඦश· ဎ ڗ EHORQJV WR WKH SDUWLFLSOH FODXVH WKH SUHVHQFH RI WKH YHUE ݰඥङ ¶WR VHH· DOORZV XV WR LQWHUSUHW ڗ
7KH WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKLV H[DPSOH ZDV VOLJKWO\ PRGLϮHG
7KH REVHUYDWLRQV LQ WKH VHFRQGDU\ OLWHUDWXUH LQ WKH OLJKW RI WKH QHZ ϮQGLQJV
DV ORFDWLYH ¶KDYLQJ VHHQ KLP VRPHZKHUH· EXW ZH DOVR PD\ LQWHUSUHW ڗ PRGDOO\ DV LQ ¶DV ZH ERWK NQRZ \RX KDYH SUREDEO\ VHHQ WKH PDQ EHIRUH· 7KLV SDUDSKUDVH PD\
VRXQG D ELW DZNZDUG EXW D SDUWLFOH ZLWK DV RQH RI LWV IXQFWLRQV WKH PDUNLQJ RI DF
FHVVLELOLW\ LQ 'XWFK LPPHUV LV DOVR XVHG LQ FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK PDUNHUV RI HSLVWHPLF XQFHUWDLQW\ DV FDQ EH VHHQ IURP WKH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOH
=LM
7KH\NULMJHQ
JHW PLVVFKLHQ
SHUKDSV LPPHUV LPPHUV VWUDNV
ODWHU ZHHU DJDLQ]LWWLQJ
D SODFHLQ LQKHW
WKHNDELQHW
FDELQHW
7KH\ ZLOO DV \RX NQRZ ODWHU EH SDUW RI WKH FDELQHW DJDLQ
,Q WKLV 'XWFK H[DPSOH LPPHUV PDUNV WKDW WKH VSHDNHU DVVXPHV WKDW WKH DGGUHVVHH NQRZV KRZ WKH GHPRFUDF\ ZRUNV DIWHU WKH HOHFWLRQV WKH SDUWLHV WKDW DUH QRZ SDUW RI WKH FDELQHW PD\ EHFRPH SDUW RI LW DJDLQ EXW QHHGV WR UHPLQG WKH DGGUHVVHH RI WKLV IDFW LQ RUGHU IRU KLV DUJXPHQW WR PDNH VHQVH :KHWKHU WKH SDUW\ WKH\ DUH WDONLQJ DERXW UHDOO\ EHFRPHV SDUW RI WKH FDELQHW DJDLQ LV QRW ZKDW LV DVVXPHG WR EH VKDUHG
RQO\ WKH IDFW WKDW WKLV PD\ EH WKH FDVH LV SUHVHQWHG DV NQRZQ LQIRUPDWLRQ
,I ZH UHWXUQ WR H[DPSOH ZH VHH WKDW LI ZH ZDQW WR NHHS ࠗඦश· ဎ ڗ ZLWK WKH PDLQ YHUE D PRGDO UHDGLQJ ¶LQ NQRZOHGJH \RX PD\ SUREDEO\ KDYH DQ DGYDQWDJH RYHU PH DV \RX NQRZ· LV DOVR ϮQH VLQFH WKH\ ERWK NQRZ WKDW LW LV OLNHO\ WKDW WKH HOGHUO\ PHQ NQRZ D VKHSKHUG ZKR ZDV RQFH D VHUYDQW RI /DLXV DQG WKH\ DOVR NQRZ WKDW 2LGLSRXV KDV QRW \HW EHHQ NLQJ ORQJ HQRXJK WR NQRZ WKLV PDQ $Q H[WUD UHLQIRUFHPHQW RI WKH XQFHUWDLQW\ H[SUHVVHG E\ ࠗඥशǓ DV LV WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI /6- LV FRPPXQLFDWLYHO\
QRW QHFHVVDU\ ,W FDQQRW EH H[FOXGHG EXW WKLV H[DPSOH FDQQRW EH VHHQ DV D VWURQJ DUJXPHQW LQ IDYRU RI DQ HSLVWHPLF UHDGLQJ IRU ڗ
([DPSOH LV SDUW RI D FRQYHUVDWLRQ EHWZHHQ (OHFWUD DQG DQ ROG PDQ 7KLV ROG PDQ KDV FRPH XS WR (OHFWUD·V KRXVH WR WHOO KHU WKDW WKHUH DUH IUHVK RϸHULQJV DW WKH JUDYH RI KHU IDWKHU ZKR ZDV PXUGHUHG E\ WKH FXUUHQW NLQJ DQG KHU PRWKHU )RU WKLV UHDVRQ LW LV YHU\ GDQJHURXV WR EULQJ RϸHULQJV WR WKH JUDYH 7KHUH LV RQO\ RQH SHUVRQ ZKR ZRXOG KDYH D VWURQJ HQRXJK FRQQHFWLRQ WR $JDPHPQRQ (OHFWUD·V IDWKHU WR GHI\
WKLV UXOH (OHFWUD·V EURWKHU 2UHVWHV ZKR KDV JURZQ XS DEURDG EHFDXVH KLV IDWKHU·V PXUGHUHU WKUHDWHQHG WR NLOO KLP DV ZHOO :LWK WKH RϸHULQJV ZHUH ORFNV RI KDLU RI WKH VDPH FRORU DV (OHFWUD·V KDLU ZKLFK DOVR SRLQWV LQ WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI D IDPLO\ PHPEHU RI (OHFWUD $IWHU KH KDV WROG (OHFWUD DOO WKLV WKH ROG PDQ VXJJHVWV WKDW LW PD\ EH WKDW WKH RϸHULQJV ZHUH PDGH E\ 2UHVWHV
ර۟ǓࢆǓۭ· ိ Ǔ່ ࠗໆߥ ڗࠗ· රဎ۟ݰပङဎ ํࠗड़ٗ
ݰߥ ࠗࢆɘڗဎ ์ड़່۟͘ဎ ڗ ࣹඨݰ ݰࣹ͘ໆङဎ ࣹ็ ࠗԆߥ
රड़ड़·EXW ᅐኂቨሦ
༫ड़۟·FDPH
ዘᇀ႐ኂወ
໒ۭङߥSHUKDSV ႐ᅡጟ
ڗڗ
ڗ
ۭߥ\RXU
ኹኂዘዘቨኂበዘᇀ
Ǔۭໆࣹဎٗࠗڗߥ EURWKHU ቨኂበዘᇀ
ड़ඦ۟ݰධ
VHFUHWO\
႐ᅡጟ
ࢆڗड़ဗဎ ˗· ์۟ǓࢆǓۭ· ۟ड़Ԇڗဎ ࠗࢆɘڗဎ Ǔࠗݰߥ
$QG , ZRQGHUHG FKLOG ZKR HYHU GDUHG FRPH WR WKH WKH WRPE IRU LW ZDV QR
KWWSZZZJRHLHYUDDJQOYUDDJEHVWDDWIUDFWLHWZHHGHNDPHUNDPHUOHGHQ
%DFN WR WKH OLWHUDWXUH
$UJLYH DW OHDVW %XW SHUKDSV \RXU EURWKHU KDV VRPHKRZ FRPH VHFUHWO\ DQG RQ KLV UHWXUQ KDV GRQH KRQRU WR KLV IDWKHU·V ZUHWFKHG JUDYH
( (O
([DPSOH LV FRPSDUDEOH WR H[DPSOH LQ WKDW D SRVVLELOLW\ LV SUHVHQWHG DV D NQRZQ RSWLRQ WR ERWK VSHDNHU DQG DGGUHVVHH ,Q WKLV FDVH LW ZRXOG FRPPXQLFDWLYHO\
EH SRVVLEOH WR VWUHQJWKHQ ໒ۭङߥ IRU LQVWDQFH EHFDXVH WKH ROG PDQ H[SHFWV (OHFWUD ZLOO EH VNHSWLFDO DQG QRW LQFOLQHG WR EHOLHYH WKLV UHDOO\ LV WKH FDVH +RZHYHU WKHUH LV OLWWOH HYLGHQFH WKDW WKLV LV UHDOO\ WKH FDVH DQG WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ ¶EXW SHUKDSV DV ZH ERWK NQRZ \RXU EURWKHU KDV FRPH VHFUHWO\· LV DOVR SRVVLEOH 7KHUHIRUH WKLV H[DPSOH LQ LWVHOI LV QRW D UHDVRQ WR WKLQN ڗ KDV DQ HSLVWHPLF IXQFWLRQ
)URP WKLV GLVFXVVLRQ ZH FDQ FRQFOXGH WKH IROORZLQJ )LUVW WKH H[DPSOHV RI VWUHQJWK
HQLQJ RI WKH HSLVWHPLF YDOXH RI ڗ PHQWLRQHG LQ /6- DUH H[FHSWLRQDO VLQFH WKH\ GR QRW RFFXU YHU\ IUHTXHQWO\ 6HFRQG WKHVH H[DPSOHV GR QRW QHHG WR EH LQWHUSUHWHG DV FDVHV RI VWUHQJWKHQLQJ DQG WKHUHIRUH , GRQ·W FRQVLGHU WKHP WR EH FRXQWHUH[DPSOHV WR WKH YLHZ WKDW ZDV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV GLVVHUWDWLRQ 7KH JHQHUDOO\ SRVLWLYH DUJXPHQ
WDWLYH RULHQWDWLRQ RI ڗ WRJHWKHU ZLWK FROORFDWLRQV OLNH ˗༓ ༫ ඥဎࠗङߥ DQG YHUEV RI NQRZLQJ DV ZHOO DV WKH REVHUYDWLRQ WKDW KDV EHHQ PDGH E\ VHYHUDO DXWKRUV WKDW ڗ LV IUHTXHQWO\ IRXQG LQ WUXLVPV DUH LQ P\ YLHZ VWURQJ LQGLFDWLRQV WKDW WKH PDLQ IXQFWLRQ RI ڗ LV QRW LQ WKH HSLVWHPLF GRPDLQ
7KH HYLGHQWLDO GRPDLQ
:DFNHUQDJHO LQWURGXFHV WKH HYLGHQWLDO GRPDLQ LQ WKH GLVFXVVLRQ DERXW WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI PRGDO ڗ +LV PDLQ REVHUYDWLRQ LV WKDW LQ +RPHU ڗ LV IUH
TXHQWO\ XVHG LQ VHQWHQFHV LQ ZKLFK WKH VSHDNHU KDV QR SURRI WKDW KLV VWDWHPHQW LV WUXH $V :DFNHUQDJHO REVHUYHV WKLV LV RIWHQ WKH FDVH LQ VWDWHPHQWV DERXW WKH JRGV
0RVW RI WKHVH VHQWHQFHV VWDWH VRPHWKLQJ DERXW WKH JRGV WKDW LV JHQHUDOO\ DVVXPHG LQ
*UHHN UHOLJLRQ DV LQ ͘໑
LIᅐኂቨሦ
ࢆඦड़ǓYHU\
႐ᅡጟ
Ǔݰࠗ͘ݰߥ VWURQJ ቨኂበዘᇀ
์ۭۭԆ
\RX DUH
ዘᇀኹወዘ
۟͘ߥJRG ቨኂበዘᇀ
ڗڗ
ڗ
ۭڗ\RX ᅡ႐ዧዘᇀ
ࠗWKH ႐ᅐᅐዘᇀ
ࣹ·SWFO ኹዧᅐቈ
ํ˗ङ͘ဎ KDV JLYHQ
ዘᇀ႐ኂወ ,I \RX DUH YHU\ VWURQJ LW ZDV D JRG ڗ ZKR JDYH \RX WKLV JLIW
,O
$V , KDYH DUJXHG HODERUDWHO\ LQ VHFWLRQ DQG HOVHZKHUH WKH PDLQ IXQFWLRQ RI
ڗ VHHPV WR EH WKDW WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ SURYLGHG LQ WKH ڗFODXVH LV DOUHDG\ DFFHVVLEOH WR WKH DGGUHVVHH HLWKHU EHFDXVH KH DOUHDG\ NQRZV LW EHFDXVH LW LV JHQHUDO NQRZOHGJH RI WKH ZRUOG DV LW ZDV VHHQ LQ *UHHN VRFLHW\ RU EHFDXVH WKH DGGUHVVHH PD\ DUULYH DW D FHUWDLQ FRQFOXVLRQ RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW LV SUHVHQWHG 7KLV PHDQV WKDW
ڗ LV JHQHUDOO\ IRXQG LQ VWDWHPHQWV IRU ZKLFK QR SURRI LV QHHGHG RU WKDW IXQFWLRQ DV DUJXPHQWV IRU D FHUWDLQ YLHZ WKHPVHOYHV 7KHUHIRUH :DFNHUQDJHO·V REVHUYDWLRQ ϮWV WKLV GHVFULSWLRQ YHU\ ZHOO +RZHYHU WKLV ODFN RI SURRI PD\ QRW EH D NH\ SURSHUW\
7KLV WUDQVODWLRQ ZDV VOLJKWO\ PRGLϮHG WR DGDSW LW WR RXU QHZ ϮQGLQJV
7KH REVHUYDWLRQV LQ WKH VHFRQGDU\ OLWHUDWXUH LQ WKH OLJKW RI WKH QHZ ϮQGLQJV
RI ڗVHQWHQFHV VR PXFK DV DQ HϸHFW RI WKH W\SH RI VHQWHQFHV LQ ZKLFK D PDUNHU RI DFFHVVLELOLW\ LV XVHG
7KH GRPDLQ RI LURQ\
$OWKRXJK ڗ FHUWDLQO\ PD\ RFFXU LQ VHQWHQFHV ZKLFK KDYH DQ LURQLF QXDQFH WKLV LV QRW WKH FDVH IRU ڗVHQWHQFHV LQ JHQHUDO 7KHUHIRUH ZH PD\ DVN ZKHWKHU WKH LURQLF LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ GHSHQGV RQ WKH SUHVHQFH RI ڗ DQG LI VR ZKDW LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ
ڗ DQG WKH FRQWH[W PDNHV LW LURQLF VLQFH ڗ LV QRW FODLPHG WR EH D PDUNHU RI LURQ\
*HQHUDOO\ LURQ\ RFFXUV LI D IRUP LV XVHG LQ D VLWXDWLRQ LQ ZKLFK LW LV IRU VRPH UHDVRQ QRW FRQVLGHUHG DSSURSULDWH RU LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK *ULFHDQ PD[LPV VXFK DV WUXWKIXO
QHVV :DOGH DQG (UOHU 7KLV PHDQV WKDW WR VD\ WKDW D IRUP LV XVHG LURQLFDOO\
RQH QHHGV WR EH YHU\ FHUWDLQ DERXW ZKDW ZRXOG FRQVWLWXWH WKH ¶QRUPDO· XVH RI D IRUP
'HQQLVWRQ JLYHV WKH IROORZLQJ GHVFULSWLRQV RI LURQLF ڗ
¶)URP ڗ PHDQLQJ ¶VRPHZKHUH· LV GHYHORSHG WKH VHQVH ¶, VXSSRVH· ¶, WKLQN· WKH SDUWLFOH FRQYH\LQJ D IHHOLQJ RI XQFHUWDLQW\ LQ WKH VSHDNHU
+HQFH IXUWKHU ڗ LV XVHG LURQLFDOO\ ZLWK DVVXPHG GLϲGHQFH E\ D VSHDNHU ZKR LV TXLWH VXUH RI KLV JURXQG·
,Q KLV GHVFULSWLRQ RI ˗༓ڗ KH DGGV WKLV
¶VWULFWO\ VSHDNLQJ WKH FHUWDLQW\ RI ˗༓ LV WRQHG GRZQ E\ WKH GRXEWIXOQHVV RI ڗ %XW RIWHQ WKH GRXEW LV RQO\ DVVXPHG ࢆࠗ͘· ͘໑ݰڗဎ͘Ǔߥ QRW DOZD\V
¶LURQLFDOO\· LQ WKH PRGHUQ VHQVH RI WKH ZRUG ¶SUHVXPDEO\· , EHOLHYH· ¶, LPDJLQH· EHLQJ YLUWXDOO\ HTXLYDOHQW WR ¶RI FRXUVH·
,W VHHPV WKDW WKH LURQLF XVH RI ڗ LV PDLQO\ FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKH XVH RI WKH XQFHUWDLQW\ PDUNHU ڗ LQ VLWXDWLRQV LQ ZKLFK IRU VRPH UHDVRQ XQFHUWDLQW\ LV QRW DSSURSULDWH 7KLV PD\ EH EHFDXVH WKH VSHDNHU LV TXLWH VXUH
+RZHYHU DV ZDV DUJXHG DERYH WKHUH DUH JRRG UHDVRQV WR WKLQN WKDW WKH PDLQ IXQFWLRQ RI ڗ ZDV QRW WR H[SUHVV XQFHUWDLQW\ 7KLV LPSOLHV WKDW WKH XVH RI ڗ LQ VLWXDWLRQV LQ ZKLFK XQFHUWDLQW\ ZRXOG QRW EH DSSURSULDWH QHHG QRW EH VHHQ DV LURQLFDO DQ\PRUH 7KLV GRHV QRW PHDQ WKDW WKH FRQWH[W FDQ·W EH LURQLF EXW WKDW QHHG QRW EH OLQNHG WR WKH XVH RI ڗ , DJUHH ZLWK 9HUGHQLXV WKDW WKH DYDLODEOH PDWHULDO GRHV QRW JLYH XV UHDVRQ WR WKLQN WKDW WKHUH LV VRPH VSHFLDO LURQLF XVH RI ڗ +RZHYHU WKHUH DUH JRRG UHDVRQV WR WKLQN WKDW PRGDO ڗ IHHOV DW KRPH LQ VHQWHQFHV ZLWK D SRVLWLYH DUJXPHQWDWLYH RULHQWDWLRQ DV ZDV DUJXHG LQ VHFWLRQ , ZLOO QRZ GLVFXVV DQ H[DPSOH WKDW LV PHQWLRQHG DV DQ LQVWDQFH RI LURQLF ڗ
,Q H[DPSOH .O\WDLPQHVWUD LV H[SODLQLQJ ZK\ VKH KDV D YHU\ PL[HG IHHOLQJ DERXW WKH PHVVDJH VKH MXVW UHFHLYHG WKDW KHU VRQ 2UHVWHV LV GHDG 2Q WKH RQH KDQG D PRWKHU LV QHYHU JODG WKDW KHU FKLOG LV GHDG RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG WKLV PHDQV WKDW 2UHVWHV FDQ·W UHYHQJH KLV IDWKHU ZKRP VKH PXUGHUHG WRJHWKHU ZLWK KHU QHZ SDUWQHU
%DFN WR WKH OLWHUDWXUH
ڗࠗڗԆ ࢆඥࠗٗဎ ࣹ͘ မߥ ࣹඨݰ ဎ ࢆඥࠗٗဎ ड़ๆࣹڗԆߥ
͘໒ ࢆڗԆ ۟Ǔဎཬဎࠗڗߥ ۭࠗႎ ํशङဎ ࠗ͘ࢆ༓ݰԆǓ
ݰڗۭ༘ड़۟͘ߥ ۭࠗԆߥ ༘ࠗߥ ์ࢆ༘ߥ ॣश༘ߥ ࣹࣹ͘နߥ
ࢆǓۭࠗမဎ රڗۭࠗඨߥ Ǔ ࠗݰڗݵ༘ߥ ์ࢆ༘ߥ ݵࣹඨߥ ර͘͘ဎڗࠗڗ Ǔ ࢆႎ ์͘ ༘ۭࠗ˗͘ श۟ڗဎߥ
์༘ड़۟͘ဎ ڗๆࠗႎ ͘໔˗͘ဎ ์ࣹǓड़မဎ ˗ๆ ࢆڗԆ ݵཬဎڗߥ Ǔࠗݰဖڗߥ ˗͘ဎႎ ์ٗ͘ड़͘Ԇ ࠗ͘ड़່͘ဎ
ဟۭࠗ· ڗࠗ͘ ဎࠗߥ ဎڗဎ ڗࠗ· ์ ༜ࢆ็ݰǓߥ
์ࢆ่ ۭࣹࠗ͘ඦ͘Ԇဎ ༜˗ဎ රड़ड़· ݰڗۭࠗǓࠗမဎ शݰဎڗߥ ˗Ԇ༘ࣹ็ ࢆ· Ǔ໑่ဎ သߥ ۟Ǔဎڗࢆ็ဎٗဎ
ဎဎ ˗·³༜ࢆ็ݰධ ࣹඨݰ ࠗ༚˗· ර༔ड़ड़ǓࣹࢆǓԆ ݵɘڗ
ݰߥ ༘ۭࠗ˗· ์͘ໆဎڗ ۟· ༝˗͘ ࣹඨݰ ࢆ͘ໆङဎ ɘड़ඦɘٗ
ဎڗԆڗߥ ༫ဎ ࢆڗԆ ࠗڗࢆဎ ์ໆဎڗۭ· ර͘
ॣश༘ߥ ݰǓࠗڗဎ ǓࢆǓ³
ဎဎQRZ ႐ᅡጟ
˗·EXW ᅐኂቨቨ
๊ٗड़ඥ
ZLWKRXW DQ[LHW\
႐ᅡጟ
ڗڗ
ڗ
ࠗမဎWKH ᇀᅵቨኹቈ
༘ۭࠗ˗·
RI KHU ᇀᅵቨዘᇀ
ර͘Ԇड़မဎ WKUHDWV ᇀᅵቨኹቈ
ڗဎ͘श·
EHFDXVH RI ኹኂዘዧ
༜ࢆ͘ݰۭ͘ڗࢆ͘ဎ
ZH ZLOO SDVV RXU GD\V
ኹቈᆦዼዧ
1R QRW LQ YDLQ KRZ FDQ \RX VD\ ´LQ YDLQµ ZKHQ \RX KDYH EURXJKW PH VXUH SURRIV RI KLV GHDWK" +H VSUDQJ IURP P\ RZQ OLIH \HW GHVHUWLQJ P\ EUHDVW DQG P\ QXUWXUH KH EHFDPH D IXJLWLYH FRPSOHWHO\ DOLHQ IURP PH $QG PH RQFH KH OHIW WKLV ODQG KH VDZ QR PRUH EXW FKDUJLQJ PH ZLWK WKH PXUGHU RI KLV IDWKHU
KH PDGH WHUULEOH WKUHDWV VR WKDW QHLWKHU E\ QLJKW QRU E\ GD\ FRXOG VZHHW VOHHS FRYHU PH EXW WKH LPPLQHQW PRPHQW PDGH PH OLYH DOZD\V DV LI , ZHUH DERXW WR GLH 1RZ KRZHYHU VLQFH WRGD\ , DP ULG RI WHUURU RI KLP DQG RI WKLV JLUO³ WKDW JUHDWHU SODJXH ZKR VKDUHG P\ KRPH ZKLOH FRQVXPLQJ XQGLOXWHG P\ OLIH
EORRG³ QRZ IRU DOO KHU WKUHDWV ڗ , VKDOO SDVV P\ GD\V LQ SHDFH
6 (O
,Q UHDOLW\ 2UHVWHV LV QRW GHDG EXW WKLV PHVVDJH LV SDUW RI KLV SODQ WR PXUGHU KLV PRWKHU LQ ZKLFK KH ZLOO VXFFHHG 7KHUHIRUH ZH PD\ FDOO WKLV VWDWHPHQW WUDJLF LURQ\
EXW WKDW LV QRW GXH WR WKH SUHVHQFH RI ڗ VLQFH WKH WUDJLF LURQ\ ZRXOG DOVR EH SUHVHQW ZLWKRXW WKH XVH RI ڗ LQ WKLV VHQWHQFH 6LQFH .O\WDLPQHVWUD·V DGGUHVVHH LV EHFDXVH RI KHU H[SODQDWLRQ IXOO\ DZDUH RI WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV RI WKH GHDWK RI 2UHVWHV .O\WDLPQHV
WUD SUHVHQWV GHGXFLEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ KHU ODVW VHQWHQFH VLQFH WKH WKUHDW WKDW PDGH KHU OLIH XQSHDFHIXO KDV GLVDSSHDUHG WKH QHZV RI 2UHVWHV· GHDWK KDV PDGH LW SRVVLEOH WR KDYH D SHDFHIXO OLIH
7KH REVHUYDWLRQV LQ WKH VHFRQGDU\ OLWHUDWXUH LQ WKH OLJKW RI WKH QHZ ϮQGLQJV
7KH DFFHVVLEOLW\ RI WKH FRQWHQW RI WKH SURSRVLWLRQ IRU WKH DG
GUHVVHH REYLRXVQHVVWULYLDOLW\
2QH RI 6LFNLQJ·V REVHUYDWLRQV LV WKDW ڗ IUHTXHQWO\ RFFXUV LQ REYLRXV RU WULYLDO VWDWH
PHQWV DQ H[DPSOH RI ZKLFK ZH DOUHDG\ VDZ LQ H[DPSOH ,Q P\ YLHZ WKLV LV D YHU\
LPSRUWDQW REVHUYDWLRQ EHFDXVH WKH H[DPSOHV RI WKLV XVH KDYH VHYHUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WKDW DUH SUHVHQW LQ PDQ\ RWKHU H[DPSOHV RI PRGDO ڗ DV ZHOO )LUVW REYLRXV DQG WULY
LDO VWDWHPHQWV FRQWDLQ LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW LV JHQHUDOO\ NQRZQ RU GHGXFLEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG VHFRQG LW LV YHU\ FOHDU WKDW WKH VSHDNHU GRHV QRW GRXEW WKH FRQWHQW RI KLV VWDWH
PHQW DQG WKDW WKHVH VHQWHQFHV KDYH D SRVLWLYH DUJXPHQWDWLYH RULHQWDWLRQ LH WKH VSHDNHU ZDQWV WKH DGGUHVVHH WR EHOLHYH WKDW ZKDW KH VD\V LV WUXH 7KHVH FKDUDFWHULV
WLFV DUH IRXQG LQ PDQ\ LQVWDQFHV RI ڗ DQG WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKH FROORFDWLRQDO HYLGHQFH WKH\ IRUP DQ LPSRUWDQW LQGLFDWLRQ IRU WKH IXQFWLRQV WKDW ڗ PD\ KDYH KDG
,Q WKH IROORZLQJ H[DPSOH 6RFUDWHV KDV EHHQ DVNLQJ WKH VDPH W\SH RI REYLRXV TXHVWLRQV IRU D ZKLOH ZKLFK LV VKRZQ E\ WKH XVH RI ඥဎࠗङߥ ˗༓ ڗ $W VRPH SRLQW KH VWDWHV WKDW D MXVW PDQ GRHV ZKDW LV MXVW 7KLV LV DOPRVW WDXWRORJLFDO DQG FDQ WKXV EH PDUNHG DV NQRZQ RU DW OHDVW GHGXFLEOH LQIRUPDWLRQ ,W KDG WR EH VDLG DQ\ZD\ WR EH PDUNHG H[SOLFLWO\ DV SDUW RI WKH FRPPRQ JURXQG VR DV WR IXQFWLRQ DV WKH EDVLV IRU 6RFUDWHV· IROORZLQJ V\OORJLVWLF DUJXPHQW 7KH IXQFWLRQ RI ڗ LV WR VKRZ WKDW 6RFUDWHV NQRZV WKDW KH LV VWDWLQJ VRPHWKLQJ WKDW LV REYLRXV DQG WKDW LW LV DOUHDG\ SDUW RI WKH FRPPRQ JURXQG +RZHYHU E\ XVLQJ ڗ KH DOVR PDUNV WKDW KH LV GHOLEHUDWHO\ EULQJ
LQJ LW WR WKH IRUHJURXQG
মݞ Ǔ ࠗඨ ໑ǓࠗݰԆඨ ໑ǓࠗݰԆཬߥ Ǔ ࠗවड़ड़Ǔ ڗࠗङ Ǔࠗඨ ࠗဎ Ǔࠗဎ ड़ཬࣹڗဎ ࢆ͘ࢆǓ۟ٗဗߥ
๊ǓۭࠗǓ ࠗڗԆڗࠗཬߥ ์ۭࠗԆဎ ڗڗဎ ༜ ์Ԇۭࠗ༓ࢆٗ ๊Ǔۭࠗڗဎ ර͘ݰࣹඥࠗ͘ǓԆ
Г܀ݺ Ҡඥဎ ࣹ͘
মݞ ܀ڗဎ Ǔࠗඨ ࠗڗࠗڗဎ ࠗဎ ड़ཬࣹڗဎ Ǔ ࠗඨ ˗ǓԆǓ ࢆ͘ࢆǓ۟ٗဗߥ ˗ǓԆڗߥ
Г܀ݺ Ҡඥဎࠗङߥ ˗༓ ڗ
মݞ ཾ WKHቨኂበዘᇀ
˗่DQG ᅐኂቨቨ
˗ǓԆڗߥ MXVWቨኂበዘᇀ
˗ǓԆඥ MXVW WKLQJV ႐ᅐᅐኹቈቨ
ڗ
ኹዧᅐቈ
ݰඥࠗࠗ͘Ԇ
GRHVዘᇀኹወዘ
Г܀ݺ ༱Ǔ
6RFUDWHV 7KHQ KH ZKR KDV OHDUQW PHGLFLQH LV D PHGLFDO PDQ DQG VR RQ ZLWK WKH UHVW RQ WKH VDPH SULQFLSOH DQ\RQH ZKR KDV OHDUQW D FHUWDLQ DUW KDV WKH TXDOLϮFDWLRQ DFTXLUHG E\ KLV SDUWLFXODU NQRZOHGJH"
*RUJLDV &HUWDLQO\
6RFUDWHV $QG VR RQ WKLV SULQFLSOH KH ZKR KDV OHDUQW ZKDW LV MXVW LV MXVW"
*RUJLDV &HUWDLQO\ REYLRXVO\
6RFUDWHV $QG WKH MXVW PDQ ڗ GRHV ZKDW LV MXVW
*RUJLDV <HV
3O *UJ E
%DFN WR WKH OLWHUDWXUH
7KH GRPDLQ RI LQWHUSHUVRQDO UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ VSHDNHU DQG DGGUHVVHH
$V , VDLG DERYH , DJUHH ZLWK 6LFNLQJ WKDW LQWHUSHUVRQDO UHODWLRQV PD\ KDYH SOD\HG D UROH LQ WKH XVH RI PRGDO ڗ +RZHYHU DV , KDYH DUJXHG LQ VHFWLRQ WKH LQWHUSHUVRQDO IXQFWLRQV RI PRGDO ڗ PD\ QRW KDYH EHHQ VR PXFK LQ WKH DUHD RI WKH VRFLDO UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ VSHDNHU DQG DGGUHVVHH EXW PRUH LQ WKH DUHD RI H[SHFWDWLRQ PDQDJHPHQW 7KHVH WZR DUHDV DUH RI FRXUVH FORVHO\ UHODWHG EXW QRW FRPSOHWHO\ WKH VDPH ,I D VSHDNHU SODQV WR YLRODWH *ULFH·V PD[LP RI TXDQWLW\ DV LV WKH FDVH LI KH VD\V VRPHWKLQJ RI ZKLFK KH SUHVXPHV WKH DGGUHVVHH WR EH DZDUH KH PD\ PDUN WKLV WR FDQ
FHO WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV IURP VXFK D YLRODWLRQ LH WKDW WKH DGGUHVVHH LV VWXSLG 6LFNLQJ GHVFULEHG FDVHV OLNH WKLV DV LQWURGXFLQJ LQ D FDVXDO ZD\ ZKDW LV REYLRXV RU HYHQ WULYLDO VR DV WR DYRLG DQ\ LPSUHVVLRQ RI VPXJQHVV RU SHGDQWU\ +H VD\V WKDW WKLV LV GRQH E\ PHDQV RI D SDUWLFOH WKDW H[SUHVVHV WKDW WKH VWDWHPHQW LV MXVW D VXUPLVH VR WKDW GLVSXWLQJ LW QHHG QRW LPSDLU WKH EDVLV IRU DQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ EHWZHHQ WKH SDUW
QHUV LQ WKH FRQYHUVDWLRQ 7KH REVHUYDWLRQ WKDW WKHVH VHQWHQFHV GR QRW VHHP DSSUR
SULDWH ZLWKRXW ڗ LV FRPSOHWHO\ LQ OLQH ZLWK WKH DUJXPHQW PDGH DERYH +RZHYHU
WKH H[SODQDWLRQ RI ZK\ WKH XVH RI ڗ FDQFHOV WKHVH LPSOLFDWLRQV LV VRPHZKDW GLϸHU
HQW ,I D VSHDNHU SUHVHQWV VRPHWKLQJ WKDW LV REYLRXV RU WULYLDO DV D VXUPLVH WKLV PD\
HYHQ ZRUVHQ WKH LPSOLFDWXUHV EHFDXVH LW VXJJHVWV WKDW WKH DGGUHVVHH FRXOG EH VWXSLG HQRXJK WR EH XQIDPLOLDU ZLWK EDVLF IDFWV RU FRPPRQO\ VKDUHG NQRZOHGJH ,I ZH WDNH H[DPSOH EHORZ DJDLQ DV DQ H[DPSOH ZH VHH WKDW DGGLQJ D SDUWLFOH WKDW LPSOLHV WKDW WKH VSHDNHU LV VXUPLVLQJ ZRXOG JHQHUDOO\ PDNH WKH LQVXOW HYHQ ZRUVH EHFDXVH LW VXJJHVWV WKDW WKH VSHDNHU WKLQNV LW QHFHVVDU\ WR KHGJH WKLV W\SH RI VWDWHPHQW SUH
VXPDEO\ EHFDXVH KH WKLQNV WKH DGGUHVVHH PD\ QRW EH IDPLOLDU ZLWK LW +RZHYHU LI ڗ
LV WDNHQ WR EH D PDUNHU RI DFFHVVLELOLW\ WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV DUH FRPSOHWHO\ FDQFHOOHG DQG GR QRW SOD\ D UROH DQ\PRUH ZKLFK LV LQ OLQH ZLWK WKH REVHUYDWLRQ PDGH DERYH WKDW
ڗFODXVHV DUH JHQHUDOO\ QRW TXHVWLRQHG DQG UHFHLYH VWURQJO\ SRVLWLYH DQVZHUV
মࠗݰڗࣹࣹड़ڗဎ URXQG ቨኂበዘᇀ
ࣹๆSWFO ᆦኂᅐኹዧᅐቈ
ڗڗ
ڗ
์ۭࠗԆLV
ዘᇀኹወዘ
ࠗڗࠗڗ WKLVቨኂበዘᇀ
ڗRI ZKLFK ወᅵቈᇀᅵቨዘᇀ
ဎSWFO ኹዧᅐቈ
ࠗඨWKH ቨኂበኹቈ
ํۭशǓࠗǓ H[WUHPHV ቨኂበኹቈ
ǓဎࠗǓश༚
HYHU\ZKHUH ႐ᅡጟ
රIURP ኹወᅵኹ
ࠗڗWKH ႐ወዧᇀᅵቨዘᇀ
ࢆๆۭڗ
PLGGOH ᇀᅵቨዘᇀ
໒ۭڗဎHTXDOO\
႐ᅡጟ
රๆश༰
EH DZD\ IURP
ዘᇀኹወዘዘዼᄽሦ
༱Ǔ(QJOLVK ´7KH URXQG RI FRXUVH LV WKDW RI ZKLFK WKH H[WUHPHV DUH HYHU\ZKHUH HTXDOO\ GLVWDQW IURP WKH FHQWHUµ ´<HVµ
3O 3UP H
&RQFOXVLRQ
7KH DPRXQW RI VSHFLϮFDWLRQGHWDLO SURYLGHG
7KHUH DUH VHYHUDO DXWKRUV ZKR PHQWLRQ WKH IROORZLQJ GHVFULSWLRQV DQG WUDQVODWLRQV
¶LUJHQGZLH· DFNQRZOHGJHPHQWRIWKHODFNRIIXUWKHUVSHFLϮFDWLRQ DQG ¶VRPHKRZ· DOWKRXJK WKHVH WUDQVODWLRQV DQG LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV GR QRW VHHP WR KDYH EHFRPH SDUW RI WKH FRP
PXQLVRSLQLR RQ ڗ 7KHVH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV GR QRW EHORQJ WR RQH RI WKH SUHYLRXV JURXSV
EXW WKH\ GR VHHP WR KDYH RQH WKLQJ LQ FRPPRQ ZKLFK ZH PD\ FDOO LQGHϮQLWHQHVV
YDJXHQHVV RU D JHQHUDOL]LQJ IXQFWLRQ ,Q VHFWLRQ WKLV FDWHJRU\ ZDV GLVFXVVHG HODERUDWHO\ DQG LW ZDV DUJXHG WKDW WKHUH LV D FOHDUO\ GHOLPLWHG JURXS RI LQVWDQFHV RI
ڗ LQ FRQGLWLRQDO FODXVHV ZLWK WKH LQGHϮQLWH SURQRXQ ࠗԆߥ DQG LQ WKH SRHWLF WH[WV LQ HLWKHURU VHQWHQFHV WKDW VHHP WR KDYH ZKDW ZLOO EH FDOOHG D JHQHUDOL]LQJ ORFD
WLYH IXQFWLRQ 7KDW LV LQ PDQ\ FDVHV D ORFDWLYH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LV SRVVLEOH DOWKRXJK WKH PDLQ IXQFWLRQ RI ڗ LQ WKHVH FDVHV VHHPV WR EH WR VLJQDO WKDW LW LV QRW LPSRUWDQW ZKHUH VRPHWKLQJ KDSSHQHG ,Q D IHZ FDVHV WKLV VHHPV WR EH H[WHQGHG WR D JHQHUDO PDUNLQJ RI D ODFN RI VSHFLϮFDWLRQ ZKLFK FDQ EH VHHQ IURP WKH IDFW WKDW WKH SODFH LQ ZKLFK LW KDSSHQHG LV VSHFLϮHG LQ WKH GLUHFW FRQWH[W DOWKRXJK LI WKLV ZDV QRW WKH FDVH WKH\ ZRXOG EH SHUIHFW H[DPSOHV RI D ORFDWLYH XVH
$OPRVW DOO LQVWDQFHV RI JHQHUDOL]LQJ ORFDWLYH ڗ PD\ EH OLQNHG WR VSHFLϮF FRQ
WH[WV DR FRQGLWLRQDO FODXVHV WKH XVH RI ࠗԆߥ DQG DOWKRXJK WKH\ FDQQRW DOZD\V EH LQWHUSUHWHG DV ORFDWLYH WKH\ GR QRW VHHP WR EH FRQQHFWHG WR WKH PRGDO XVHV RI ڗ
7KLV PHDQV WKDW ZH PD\ VHH WKLV JURXS DV D WKLUG FDWHJRU\ DOWKRXJK PRVW H[DPSOHV DUH LQ WKH FODVVLFDO SHULRG VWLOO FOHDUO\ UHODWHG WR ORFDWLYH ڗ
&RQFOXVLRQ
,Q WKLV FKDSWHU ZH KDYH VHHQ WKDW WKH GHVFULSWLRQ RI ڗ DV D PDUNHU RI DFFHVVLELOLW\
HLWKHU EHFDXVH WKH FRQWHQW RI WKH ڗFODXVH LV JHQHUDOO\ NQRZQ RU EHFDXVH LW LV GHGXFLEOH IURP ZKDW LV NQRZQ ZLWK D SRVLWLYH DUJXPHQWDWLYH RULHQWDWLRQ DOORZHG XV WR H[SODLQ DQG FRQQHFW PDQ\ RI WKH REVHUYDWLRQV RQ ڗ WKDW KDYH EHHQ PDGH LQ WKH VHFRQGDU\ OLWHUDWXUH RQ WKH SDUWLFOH 7KLV ZD\ WKH PHWKRGV WKDW ZHUH XVHG KDYH FRQWULEXWHG WR D PRUH FRKHUHQW YLHZ RQ WKH SDUWLFOH DQG LWV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV