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Public support for Vigilantism Haas, N.E.

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Haas, N. E. (2010, November 23). Public support for Vigilantism.

Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Leiden. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16171

Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown)

License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden

Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16171

Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable).

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