Remittance inflows and economic development in Rwanda

(1)

UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl)

Kadozi, E.

Publication date

2019

Document Version

Other version

License

Other

Link to publication

Citation for published version (APA):

Kadozi, E. (2019). Remittance inflows and economic development in Rwanda.

General rights

It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).

Disclaimer/Complaints regulations

If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.

(2)

536731-L-sub01-bw-Kadozi 536731-L-sub01-bw-Kadozi 536731-L-sub01-bw-Kadozi 536731-L-sub01-bw-Kadozi Processed on: 11-10-2019 Processed on: 11-10-2019 Processed on: 11-10-2019

Processed on: 11-10-2019 PDF page: 203PDF page: 203PDF page: 203PDF page: 203 9.0 REFERENCES

Abida, Z., & Sghaier, I. M. 2014. “Remittances, Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Case of North African Countries.” Romanian Economic Journal,

Vol,17(51), pp.22-34.

Abdih, Y., Chami, R., Dagher, J., & Montiel, P. 2012. “Remittances and institutions: Areremittances a curse?”. World Development, Vol.40(4), pp.657-666.

Abreu, A. 2010. “The new economics of labor migration: beware of Neoclassicals bearing gifts.” Forum for Social Economics, Vol. 41(1), pp. 46-67.

Acemoglu, D., Gallego, F. A., & Robinson, J. A. 2014. “Institutions, human capital, and development.” Annual Review of Economics, Vol, 6(1), pp. 875-912.

Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. 2001. “The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation.” American Economic Review, Vol, 91(5), pp. 1369-1401.

Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. 2002. “Reversal of fortune: Geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution.” Quarterly

Journal of Economics, Vol, 117(4), pp. 1231–1294.

Acharya, C. P., & Leon-Gonzalez, R. 2012. “The impact of remittance on poverty and inequality: A micro-simulation study for Nepal.” Discussion Paper.11-26 .Tokyo, Japan.GRIPS Policy Research

Adams Jr, R. H. 1998. “Remittances, investment, and rural asset accumulation in Pakistan.”

Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol, 47(1), pp.155-173.

Adams, R. H. 1991. “The effects of international remittances on poverty, inequality, and development in rural Egypt.” Intl Food Policy Res Inst. Vol (86), pp.33-58

Adams Jr, R. H. 2006. “International remittances and the household: Analysis and review of global evidence.” Journal of African Economies, Vol, 15(2), pp. 396-425.

Adams Jr, R. H. 2011. “Evaluating the economic impact of international remittances on developing countries using household surveys: A literature review.” Journal of

Development Studies, Vol, 47(6), pp, 809-828.

Adams Jr, R. H., & Page, J. 2005a. “Do international migration and remittances reduce poverty in developing countries?” World Development, Vol, 33(10), pp, 1645-1669. Adams, R. H. J. 2006. “Remittances and Poverty in Ghana.” The World Bank.WPS3838.

Washington, DC 20433

Adelman, I., & Taylor, J. E. 1990. “Is structural adjustment with a human face possible? The case of Mexico.” The Journal of Development Studies, Vol, 26(3), pp. 387-407. Addison, E. K. Y. 2004 “The Macroeconomic Impact of Remittances in Ghana.”

Presentation by the Director of Research, Bank of Ghana, at the conference on migration and development, Accra, September 2004.

Adenutsi, D. E. 2010. “Do international remittances promote human development in poor countries? Empirical evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” MPRA Paper No. 29347. Munich Personal RePEc Archive

Aggarwal, R., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Peria, M. S. M. 2011. “Do remittances promote financial development?” Journal of Development Economics, Vol, 96(2), pp. 255-264. Ahamada, I., & Coulibaly, D. 2011.“How does financial development influence the impact

of remittances on growth volatility?.” Economic modelling, Vol, 28(6), pp. 2748-2760.

Ajayi, M. A., Ijaiya, M. A., Ijaiya, G. T., Bello, R. A., & Adeyemi, S. L. 2009. “International remittances and well-being in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Journal of

Economics and International Finance, Vol, 1(3), pp. 078-084.

(3)

Processed on: 11-10-2019 PDF page: 204PDF page: 204PDF page: 204PDF page: 204

Akampumuza, P., & Matsuda, H. 2017. “Weather shocks and urban livelihood strategies: The gender dimension of household vulnerability in the Kumi District of Uganda.”

The Journal of Development Studies, Vol, 53(6), pp. 953-970.

Akinpelu, Y. A., Ogunbi, O. J., Bada, O. T., & Omojola, O. S. 2013. “Effects of remittance inflows on economic growth of Nigeria.” Developing Country Studies, Vol, 3(3),pp. 113 123.

Amuedo‐Dorantes, C., & Pozo, S. 2006. “Remittance receipt and business ownership in the Dominican Republic.” World Economy, Vol, 29(7), pp. 939-956.

Amuedo-Dorantes, C., Georges, A., & Pozo, S. 2008. “Migration, remittances, and children’s schooling in Haiti.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and

Social Science, Vol, 630(1), pp. 224-244.

Adenutsi, D. E. 2010. “Do international remittances promote human development in poor countries? Empirical evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa.” The International Journal

of Applied Economics and Finance, Vol, 4(1), pp. 31-35

Andersson, L. 2014. “Migration, remittances and household welfare in Ethiopia.” (UNU-

MERIT Working Papers; No. 004). Maastricht: UNU-MERIT.

Andersson, L. 2013. “Migration, remittances and household welfare in Ethiopia. In: Essays

onDevelopment and Experimental Economics: Migration, Discrimination and Positional Concerns.” Sweden, University of Gothenburg

Anderson, T. W., & Hsiao, C. 1982. “Formulation and estimation of dynamic models using panel data.” Journal of Econometrics, Vol, 18(1), pp. 47-82.

Anyanwu, J. C., & Erhijakpor, A. E. 2010. “Do international remittances affect poverty in Africa?” African Development Review, Vol, 22(1), pp. 51-91.

Arellano, M., & Bond, S. 1991. “Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations.” The Review of Economic

Studies, Vol, 58(2), pp. 277-297.

Aron, J. 2000. “Growth and institutions: a review of the evidence.” The World Bank

Research Observer, Vol, 15(1), pp. 99-135.

Atanda, M. S., & Charles, O. 2014. “Inward remittances and economic growth in Sub- Saharan African countries: application of panel cointegeration approach.” Research

Journal of Financeand Accounting, Vol, 5(12), pp. 105-115.

Baldé, Y. 2009. “Migrants’ remittances and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.”

Laboratoire d’Analyse et de Prospective Economique. Université de Limoges,

FRANCE

Barham, B., & Boucher, S. 1998. “Migration, remittances, and inequality: estimating the net effects of migration on income distribution.” Journal of Development Economics,

Vol, 55(2), pp. 307-331.

Becker, Gary, 1974, “A Theory of Social Interaction,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol.

82, pp. 1063-93.

Beijer, G. 1970. “International and national migratory movements.” International

Migration, Vol, 8(3), pp. 93-109.

Benhabib, J., & Spiegel, M. M. 1994. “The role of human capital in economic development: evidence from aggregate cross-country data.” Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol,

34(2), pp. 143-173.

Beyene, B. M. 2014. “The effects of international remittances on poverty and inequality in Ethiopia.” The Journal of Development Studies, Vol, 50(10), pp.1380-1396. Biller, S. 2007. “Remittances.” UICIFD Briefing No. 3: University of Iowa Center for

International Finance and Development, pp. 1-10. Iowa City, USA

Binford, L. 2003. “Migrant remittances and (under) development in Mexico.” Critique of Anthropology, Vol, 23(3), pp. 305-336.

(4)

Bohra-Mishra, P., & Massey, D. S. 2011. “Individual decisions to migrate during civil conflict.” Demography, Vol, 48(2), pp. 401-424.

Brady, D., & Spence, M. 2010. “Leadership and politics: A perspective from the commission on growth and development. Leadership and Growth.” pp. 1-17.Washington, DC: World Bank,

Borjas, George J. 1987. “Self-selection and the Earnings of Immigrants”, American

Economic Review, Vol, 77(4), pp. 531-53.

Bouoiyour, J., & Miftah, A. 2015. “The impact of migrant workers' remittances on the living standards of families in Morocco: A propensity score matching approach.”

Migration letters, Vol, 12(1), pp.13.

Bohra-Mishra, P. 2013a. “Labour migration and investments by remaining households in rural Nepal.” Journal of Population Research, Vol, 30(2), pp. 171-192.

Bohra-Mishra 2011. “Migration and Remittance Motives among Nepalese Migrants.”

Dissertation. Princeton University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.

Brambor, T., Clark, W. R., & Golder, M. 2006. “Understanding interaction models: Improving empirical analyses.” Political analysis, Vol, 14(1), pp. 63-82.

Buch, C. M., & Kuckulenz, A. 2010. “Worker remittances and capital flows to developing countries.” International Migration, Vol, 48(5), pp. 89-117.

Bugamelli, M., & Paternò, F. 2005. “Do workers' remittances reduce the probability of current account reversals?” CEP Discussion Paper No 714. London, UK. London School of Economics and Political Science and Economic and Social Research Council.

Caliendo, M., & Kopeinig, S. 2008. “Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching.” Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol, 22(1), pp. 31-72. Campos, R., & de Palomo, A. L. 2002. “Invirtamos en Educación para Desafiar el

Crecimiento Económico y la Pobreza.” Fundación Salvadoreña para el Desarrollo

Económico y Social, San Salvador (May).

Catrinescu, N., Leon-Ledesma, M., Piracha, M., & Quillin, B. 2006. “Remittances,

institutions and economic growth.” IZA Discussion Papers No. 2139. Institute for the

Study of Labor. Bonn: IZA.

Catrinescu, N., Leon-Ledesma, M., Piracha, M., & Quillin, B. 2009. "Remittances, institutions, and economic growth. " World Development, Vol, 37(1), pp. 81-92. Chami, R., Fullenkamp, C., & Jahjah, S. 2005. “Are immigrant remittance flows a source of

capital for development?” IMF Staff papers, Vol, 52(1), pp. 55-81.

Chang, H. J. 2011. “Institutions and economic development: theory, policy and history.”

Journal of Institutional Economics, Vol, 7(4), pp. 473-498.

Christiaensen, L., Scott, C., & Wodon, Q. 2002. “Poverty measurement and analysis.”

WorldBank Working Paper No. 45362. Munich Personal RePEc Archive

Chukwuone, N. A., Amaechina, E., Enebeli-Uzor, S. E., Iyoko, E., & Okpukpara, B. 2012. “Analysis of impact of remittance on poverty in Nigeria.” Working Paper 2012-09. Partnership for Economic Policy

Clarke, G., & Wallsten, S. 2004. “Do remittances protect household in developing countries against shocks? Evidence from a natural disaster in Jamaica.” Washington. DC: Mimeo, World Bank.

Clemens, M. A., & Ogden, T. 2014. “Migration as a strategy for household finance: A research agenda on remittances, payments, and development.” Center for Global

(5)

Concept of Economic Development and Its Measurement.

https://www.scribd.com/document/250466256/Concept-of-Economic-Development-and-Its-Measurement (24th June 2019)

Córdova Ernesto López 2005. “Globalization, Migration, and Development: The Role of Mexican Migrant Remittances.” Economía Journal, Vol. 82, pp217-248

Cox Edwards, A., & Ureta, M. 2003. “International migration, remittances, and schooling: evidence from El Salvador.” Journal of Development Economics, Vol, 72(2), pp. 429-461.

Crump, R. K., Hotz, V. J., Imbens, G. W., & Mitnik, O. A. 2009. “Dealing with limited overlap in estimation of average treatment effects.” Biometrika, Vol, 96(1), pp. 187-199.

Das, A., Banga, R., & Sahu, P. K. 2011. “Impact of remittances on poverty in developing countries.” Technical report, York and Geneva. United Nations.

Deaton, A. 1997. “The Analysis of Household Surveys: a Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy.” The World Bank, Washington, DC. Reissue Edition with a New Preface

De Haas, H. 2007. “Remittances, Migration and Social Development: A Conceptual Review of the Literature.” Program Paper No. 34. Geneva, Switzerland United Nations Research Institute for Social Development

Dewan Muktadir-Al-Mukit & Nazrul Islam 2016. “Relationship between Remittance and Credit Disbursement of the Banking Sector” Bangladesh Journal of Business and

Management Research. Vol.1(1), pp. 39-52

Elbadawi, I. A., de Rezende Rocha, R., & Mundial, B. 1992. “Determinants of expatriate workers' remittances in North Africa and Europe.” Working paper No. 1038. Country Economics Department, World Bank. Washington. Dc

Faini, Riccardo 2006 : “Remittances and the brain drain”. IZA Discussion Papers, No.

2155, Bonn, German. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)

Fayissa, B., & Nsiah, C. 2010. “The impact of remittances on economic growth and development in Africa.” The American Economist, Vol, 55(2), pp. 92-103.

Fayissa, B., & Nsiah, C. 2010. “Can remittances spur economic growth and development? Evidence from Latin American countries (LACs).” Working Paper Series, March. Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro

Ferdaous, J. 2016. “Impact of remittances and FDI on economic growth: A panel data analysis.” Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, Vol, 8(2), pp, 58.

Finscope 2012, “Financial inclusion Report in Rwanda.” Country Report.Kigali, Rwanda, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) and Access to Finance Rwanda Finscope 2016, “Financial inclusion Report in Rwanda.” Country Report. Kigali, Rwanda,

National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) and Access to Finance Rwanda Flabbi, L., & Gatti, R. 2018. “A Primer on Human Capital.” Policy Research Working

Paper 8309. UNC-Chapel Hill, Washington. Dc. World Bank Group.

Fonta, W. M., Nwosu, E. O., & Onyukwu, O. O. 2016. “The development outcomes of remittance inflows to West Africa: the case of Nigeria.” Forthcoming in Development

Policy Review

Fonta William. 2013. “International Remittances, Poverty and Inequality: The West Africa Case.” Final Technical Report for Nigeria. West and Central Africa Regional Office, IDRC.

Gapen, M. T., Chami, M. R., Montiel, M. P., Barajas, M. A., & Fullenkamp, C. 2009. “Do workers' remittances promote economic growth?” IMF Working Paper WP/09/153. Washington. Dc. International Monetary Fund.

(6)

Gitter, S. R., & Barham, B. L. 2007. “Credit, natural disasters, coffee, and educational attainment in rural Honduras.” World Development, Vol, 35(3), pp. 498-511. Giuliani, P., & Ruiz Arranz, M. 2005. “Remittances, financial development and growth.”

IMF Working paper 05/234. Washington DC: International Monetary Fund.

Giuliani, P., & Ruiz-Arranz, M. 2009. “Remittances, financial development, and growth.”

Journal of Development Economics, Vol, 90(1), pp. 144-152.

Glytsos, N. P. 2002. “The role of migrant remittances in development: Evidence from Mediterranean countries.” International Migration, Vol, 40(1), pp. 5-26.

Grabel, I. 2008. “The Political Economy of Remittances: What do we know? What do we need to know?” PERI Working Paper Series, 184. Gordon Hall, USA. Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Amhert

Gubert, F. 2002. “Do migrants insure those who stay behind? Evidence from the Kayes area (Western Mali).” Oxford Development Studies, Vol, 30(3), pp. 267-287.

Gupta, S., Pattillo, C. A., & Wagh, S. 2007. “Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Financial Development in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Working Paper No. 7-38. Washington DC . International Monetary Fund.

Gupta, S., Pattillo, C. A., & Wagh, S. 2009. “Effect of remittances on poverty and financial development in Sub-Saharan Africa.” World development, Vol, 37(1), pp. 104-115. Gustafsson, B., & Makonnen, N. 1993. “Poverty remittances in Lesotho.” Journal of

African Economies, Vol, 2(1), pp. 49-73.

Hagen‐Zanker, J., & Siegel, M. 2007. “The determinants of remittances: A review of the literature.” Working Paper WP003. Maastricht, The Netherlands. Maastricht Graduate School of Governance

Hakura, M. D., Chami, M. R., & Montiel, M. P. 2009. “Remittances: an automatic output stabilizer?” IMF Working Paper WP/09/91. Washington DC. International Monetary Fund.

Harris, J. R., & Todaro, M. P. 1970. “Migration, unemployment and development: a two- sector analysis.” The American Economic Review, Vol, 60(1), pp. 126-142. Haughton, J., & Khandker, S. R. 2009. “Handbook on poverty+ inequality.” USA

,Washington, DC .World Bank

Heinrich, C., Maffioli, A., & Vazquez, G. 2010. “A Primer for Applying Propensity-Score Matching.” Impact-Evaluation Guidelines. NW Washington, D.C. Inter-American Development Bank,

International Monetary Fund. 2005. “World Economic Outlook.” Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.

Ibrahim Ahamada, Dramane Coulibaly 2011, “How does financial development influence the impact of remittances on growth volatility?” Economic modelling, Vol, 28(6), pp.

2748-2760.

Jadotte, E. 2009. “International Migration, Remittances and Labour Supply: The Case of the Republic of Haiti.” Research Paper No. 2009.28. Helsinki, Finland. UNU-WIDER.

Jimenez‐Soto, E. V., & Brown, R. P. 2012. “Assessing the poverty impacts of migrants’ remittances using propensity score matching: the case of Tonga.” Economic Record,

Vol, 88(282), pp. 425-439.

Kapur, D. 2004. Remittances: “The New Development Mantra?” G-24 Discussion Papers

29. New York and Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

Kelsall, T. 2016. “Thinking and Working with Political Settlements.” Working paper 541. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute.

Kindleberger, P. C. 1958. “Economic Development.” Journal of Agricultural Economics,

(7)

Kireyev, M. A. 2006. “The Macroeconomics of Remittances: The Case of Tajikistan.” IMF

Working Papers No 06/2. Washington, DC. International Monetary Fund.

Knoema. 2017. “Rwanda – Under-Five Mortality Rate.” https://knoema.com/atlas/ Rwanda/Child-mortality-rate (25th May 2018).

Koechlin, V., & Leon, G. 2006. “International remittances and income inequality: An empirical investigation.” Journal of Economic Policy Reform, Vol, 10(2), pp.123-141. Kozel, V., & Alderman, H. 1990. “Factors determining work participation and labour

supply decisions in Pakistan's urban areas.” The Pakistan Development Review, Vol,

29(1), pp. 1-18.

Lachaud, J. P. 1999. “Pauvreté, ménages et genre en Afrique subsaharienne.” Série de

recherche 03.Groupe d'Economie du Développement de l'Université Montesquieu

Bordeaux IV.

Le, T. 2009. “Trade, remittances, institutions, and economic growth.” International

Economic Journal, Vol, 23(3), pp. 391-408.

Le, T. 2011. “Remittances for economic development: The investment perspective.”

Economic Modelling, Vol, 28(6), pp. 2409-2415.

Leuven, E., & Sianesi, B. 2003. “PSMATCH2: Stata module to perform full Mahalanobis and propensity score matching, common support graphing, and covariate imbalance testing.” Boston College Department of Economics.”

https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:boc:bocode:s432001(23June, 2019)

López-Videla, B., & Machuca, C. E. 2014. “The effects of remittances on poverty at the household level in Bolivia: a propensity score matching approach.” Políticas

Públicas. MPRA Working Paper No. 55201, Vol, 2 (1)

Lucas, R. E. 2005. “International Migration and Economic Development: Lessons from Low- Income Countries.” Edward Elgar Publishing. Sweden

Lucas, R. E., & Stark, O. 1985. “Motivations to remit: Evidence from Botswana.” Journal

of Political Economy, Vol, 93(5), pp. 901-918.

Mathur, S. K. 2005. “Absolute convergence: Its speed for selected countries for 1961- 2001.” Journal of Indian School of Political Economy, Vol, 16(1), pp. 25-44. Matuzeviciute, K., & Butkus, M. 2016. “Remittances, development level, and long-run

economic growth.” Economies, Vol, 4(4), pp. 28.

Clemens.A Michael, Daivd McKenzie 2014. “Why Don’t Remittances Appear to Affect Growth?” CGD Working Paper 366. Washington, DC: Center for Global

Development.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation and International Organization for Migration (MINAFFET) 2010. “Enhancing Linkages between the Rwandan Government and Diaspora to Promote Investment and Development Report.” Country Report. Geneva. International Organization for Migration

Mo Ibrahim Foundation. 2016. “Ibrahim Index of African Governance Index Report: a Decade of African Governance 2006-2015.” London, UK. Mo Ibrahim Foundation Mo Ibrahim Governance Index Report. 2018. “Ibrahim Index of African Governance.”

http://mo.ibrahim.foundation/news/2018/2018-ibrahim-index-african-governance- reading-results (7th May, 2019).

Motelle, S. I. 2011. “The role of remittances in financial development in Lesotho: Evidence from alternative measures of financial development.” Journal of Development and

Agricultural Economics, Vol, 3(6), pp. 241-251.

Muhammad, S. D., & Umer, M. 2010. “The bound testing approach for co-integration and causality between financial development and economic growth in case of Pakistan.”

(8)

Mundaca, G. 2005. “Can remittances enhance economic growth? The role of financial markets development.” Unpublished, Oslo, Norway. University of Oslo

Natanelov, V., McKenzie, A. M., & Van Huylenbroeck, G. 2013. “Crude oil-corn-ethanol- nexus: A contextual approach.” Energy Policy, Vol, 63, pp. 504-513.

National Bank of Rwanda 2015. “Foreign Private Capital in Rwanda Report.” Country

Report. Kigali, Rwanda. National Bank of Rwanda

National Bank of Rwanda. 2015a. “Annual Financial Stability Report, 2014-2015.” Kigali, Rwanda. National Bank of Rwanda

National Bank of Rwanda. 2015b. “Quarterly Economic and Financial Report: Developments and Perspective.” Kigali, Rwanda. National Bank of Rwanda National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, NISR. 2015a. “National Institute of Statistics of

Rwanda (NISR), Rwanda Poverty Profile Report, 2013/14,2015.” Results of

Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV) Report. Kigali, Rwanda.

National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda

National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda, NISR 2015b, “Foreign Private Capital in Rwanda.”Country Report. Kigali, Rwanda. National Bank of Rwanda

Niimi, Y., & Ozden, C. 2006. “Migration and remittances: causes and linkages.” World

Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4087. Washington, DC; The World Bank

Norton, E. C., Wang, H., & Ai, C. 2004. “Computing interaction effects and standard errors in logit and probit models.” Stata Journal, Vol, 4, pp. 154-167.

Nyamongo, E. M., Misati, R. N., Kipyegon, L., & Ndirangu, L. 2012. “Remittances, financial development and economic growth in Africa.” Journal of Economics and

Business, Vol, 64(3), pp. 240- 260.

Nyberg-Sorensen, N. 2004. “Migrant Remittances as a Development Tool: The Case of Morocco.” IOM Migration Research Series No. 2. Geneva. International Organisation for Migration.

Odozi, J. C., Taiwo Awoyemi, T., & Omonona, B. T. 2010. “Household poverty and inequality: The implication of migrants’ remittances in Nigeria.” Journal of Economic

Policy Reform, Vol, 13(2), pp. 191-199.

Ojapinwa, T. V., & Odekunle, L. A. 2013. “Workers’ remittance and their effect on the level of investment in Nigeria: An empirical analysis.” International Journal of

Economics and Finance, Vol, 5(4), pp. 89-99.

Olowa, O. W., Awoyemi, T. T., Shittu, M. A., & Olowa, O. A. 2013. “Effects of remittances on poverty among rural households in Nigeria.” European Journal of

Sustainable Development, Vol, 2(4), pp. 263-284

Oluwafemi, A., & Ayandibu, A. O. 2014. “Impact of remittances on development in Nigeria: Challenges and prospects.” Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology,

Vol, 5(3), pp. 311-318.

Orozco, M. 2013. “Migrant Remittances and Development in the Global Economy.” Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Orozco, M. 2007. “Central America: Remittances and the Macroeconomic Variable.” MIF

Fomin. Washington, DC. Inter‐American Development Bank.

Orrenius, P. M., Zavodny, M., Canas, J., & Coronado, R. 2010. “Do remittances boost economic development? Evidence from Mexican states.” Law and Business Review of

the Americas, Vol, 16, pp. 803.

Perspectives des migrations internationales. 2006. “International Migration Outlook.”

Annual Report 2006 Edition. Paris, France. OCDE.

Pritchett, L., Woolcock, M., & Andrews, M. 2013. “Looking like a state: techniques of persistent failure in state capability for implementation.” The Journal of Development

(9)

Quartey, P., & Blankson, T. 2004. “Do Migrant Remittances Minimize the Impact of Macro- Volatility on the Poor in Ghana?” AERC Research Paper 158. Nairobi, Kenya. African Economic Consortium (AERC)

Rajan, R. G., & Subramanian, A. 2008. “Aid and growth: What does the cross-country evidence really show?” The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol, 90(4), pp. 643-665.

Randazzo, T., & Piracha, M. 2014. “Remittances and Household Expenditure Behaviour in Senegal.” Working Paper No. 8106. Alemania: The Institute for the Study of Labor IZA.

Rapoport, H., & Docquier, F. 2006. “The economics of migrants' remittances.” Handbook

of the economics of giving, altruism and reciprocity, Vol (2), pp. 1135-1198.

Rapoport, H., & Docquier, F. 2005. “The Economics of Migrant Remittances.” Handbook

of the Economics Reciprocity, Giving and Altruism. Discussion Paper, Vol. 1531.

IZA.

Ratha, D. 2013. “The impact of remittances on economic growth and poverty reduction.”

Policy Brief, Vol, 8(1), pp. 1-13

Ratha, D., Mohapatra, S., Ozden, C., Plaza, S., Shaw, W, Shimeles, A. 2011a. “Leveraging Migration for Africa: Remittances, Skills, and Investments.” Washington DC, USA.World Bank.

Ratha, D., Mohapatra, S., & Silwal, A. 2011b. “Migration and Remittances Factbook.”2nd

Edition. Washington DC 20433. The World Bank.

Ratha, Dilip,Sanket Mohapatra, K. M. Vijayalakshmi and Zhimei Xu 2007. “Migration and Development Brief 3 No. 43089.” Washington DC: World Bank Annual Publication. Ratha, D., & Riedberg, J. 2005. “On reducing remittance costs.” Unpublished paper.

Development Research Group. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Ratha, D. 2016. “Migration and remittances Factbook.” Migration and Development Brief

26.Washington, DC: World Bank.World Bank.

Ravallion, M. 2009a. “Should the randomistas rule?” The Economists' Voice, Vol, 6(2).pp. 3-4

Ravallion, M. 2009b. “Evaluation in the Practice of Development.” Policy Research

Working Paper 4547. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

Regmi, G., & Tisdell, C. 2002. “Remitting behaviour of Nepalese rural-to-urban migrants: Implications for theory and policy.” Journal of Development Studies, Vol, 38(3), pp. 76-94.

Reyes, G. E. 2001. “Four main theories of development: modernization, dependency, world-systems and globalization.” Nómadas. Revista Crítica de Ciencias Sociales y

Jurídicas, Vol, 4(2), pp. 109-124.

Rodrik, D., & Subramanian, A. 2003. “The primacy of institutions. Finance and

Development.” Vol, 40(2), pp. 31-34.

Rodrik, D. 2003. “Institutions, integration, and geography: In search of the deep

determinants of economic growth. In Search for Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth.” Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Rodrik, Dani. 2004. “Institutions and economic performance-getting institutions right.”

CESifo DICE Report, Vol, 2(2), pp. 10-15.

Rodrik, D. 2016. “An African growth miracle? Journal of African Economies.” Vol, 27(1), pp. 10-27.

Rodriguez, E. 1998. “International Migration and Income Distribution in the Philippines.”

Economic Development and Cultural Change Vol, 48(2), pp. 329-350.

Romer, P. M. 1990. “Endogenous technological change.” Journal of Political Economy, Vol, 98(5), pp.71-102.

(10)

Rosenbaum, P. R. 2002. “Overt Bias in Observational Studies”. Observational studies. Springer Series in Statistics 692, pp. 1-17. New York, NY, Springer.

Rosenbaum, P. R. 2015. “Two R packages for sensitivity analysis in observational studies.”

Observational Studies, Vol, 1(1), pp.1-17.

Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. 1983. “The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects.” Biometrika, Vol, 70(1), pp. 41-55. Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. 1985. “Constructing a control group using multivariate

matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score.” The American

Statistician, Vol, 39(1), pp. 33-38.

Rwanda Report 2016: “Progress towards Universal Health Coverage.” Geneva. Switzerland, International Labour Organization (ILO).

http://www.socialprotection.org/gimi/gess/RessourcePDF.action?ressource.ressourceI d=53613 (25th May 2018).

Sasin, M. J., & McKenzie, D. 2007. “Migration, Remittances, Poverty, and Human Capital: Conceptual and Empirical Challenges.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4272,Washington DC .The World Bank.

Sen, A. 1985. “A sociological approach to the measurement of poverty: a reply to Professor Peter Townsend.” Oxford Economic Papers, Vol, 37(4), pp. 669-676.

Shafiq, M., Haq, U. I., Khan, A., & Khan, S. 2012. “The role of foreign remittances and economic growth in poverty alleviation: Time series evidence from Pakistan.” World

Applied Sciences Journal, Vol, 19(3), pp. 366-369.

Shenyang Gao, & Fraser, M. W. 2010. “Propensity Score Analysis, Statistical Methods and Application.” Advanced Quantitative Techniques in the Social Sciences Series No.11. Los Angeles, USA, SAGE.

Siddique, A., Selvanathan, E. A., & Selvanathan, S. 2012. “Remittances and economic growth: empirical evidence from Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka.” Journal of

Development Studies, Vol, 48(8), pp. 1045-1062.

Singer, H., & Ansari, J. 1977. “Rich and Poor Countries.” London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.

Singh, R. J. 2010. “From shock absorber to shock transmitter: Determinants of remittances in sub-Saharan Africa.” Migration Letters, Vol, 7(2), pp. 231-240.

Solimano, A. 2003a. "Remittances by emigrants: issues and evidence.” Macroeconomía del

desarrollo serie 26 .Santiago de Chile. Santiago, Chile. United Nations

Solimano, A. 2003b. “Remittances by Emigrants.” Discussion Paper No. 2003/89, WIDER.

Helsinki, Finland

Sosa, L. C., & Durango, C. A. M. 2006. “Migration as a Safety Net and Effects of Remittances on Household Consumption: The Case of Colombia.” Borradores de

Economía; No. 414.Bogota, Banco de la República

Ssozi, J., & Asongu, S. A. 2016. “The Effects of Remittances on Output per Worker in Sub‐Saharan A frica: A Production Function Approach.” South African Journal of

Economics, Vol, 84(3), pp. 400-421.

Stahl, C. W., & Arnold, F. 1986. “Overseas workers’ remittances in Asian development.”

International Migration Review, Vol, 20(4), pp. 899-925.

Staiger, D., & Stock, J. H. 1997. “Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments.”Econometrica, Vol, 65, pp. 557-86.

Stark, O., & Bloom, D. E. 1985. “The new economics of labor migration.” The American

Economic Review, Vol, 75(2), pp. 173-178.

Stark, O. 1991. “The migration of labor.” Cambridge, Massachusetts/Oxford, England, Basil Blackwell. x, 406 p.

(11)

Stark, O, and J. Edward Taylor 1989, “Relative Deprivation and International Migration.”

Demography, Vol 26, pp.1-14

Stark, O, and J. Edward Taylor 1991, “Migration Incentives, Migration types: the role of deprivation”, The Economic Journal, Vol, 101, pp.1163-1178

Stevanovic, N. 2012. “Remittances and Moral Economies of Bangladeshi.Immigrants in Light of the Economic Crisis”. PhD thesis, New York. Columbia University.

Stiglitz, J., Sen, A. K., & Fitoussi, J. P. 2009. “The measurement of economic performance and social progress revisited: reflections and overview.” Reflections and Overview.

hal-01069384

Stock, J. H., Wright, J. H., & Yogo, M. 2002. “A survey of weak instruments and weak identification in generalized method of moments.” Journal of Business & Economic

Statistics, Vol, 20(4), pp. 518-529.

Sukati, M. 2013. “Cointegration Analysis of Oil Prices and Consumer Price Index in South Africa using STATA Software.” MPRA Working Paper No. 49797. Munich Personal RePEc Archive

Taylor, E. J. 1999. “The new economics of labour migration and the role of remittances in the migration process.” International Migration, Vol, 37(1), pp. 63-88.

Taylor, J. E. 1992. “Remittances and inequality reconsidered: Direct, indirect, and intertemporal effects.” Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol, 14(2), pp.187-208.

Taylor, J. E., Mora, J., & Adams, R. 2005. “Remittances, Inequality and Poverty: Evidence from Rural Mexico.” Uunpublished draft manuscript. Davis, University of California Terry, Donald F., Wilson, Steven R.2005. “Beyond Small Change: Making Migrant

Remittances Count.” Washington, D.C. Inter-American Development Bank Todaro, M. P. 1969. “A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less

developed countries.” The American Economic Review, Vol, 59(1), pp.138-148. Transparency International. 2015. “Corruption Perceptions Index 2015.”

https://www.transparency.org/cpi2015 (27th March 2017).

Turner, S. 2013. “Staging the Rwandan diaspora: The politics of performance.” African

Studies, Vol, 72(2), pp. 265-284.

Udah, E. B. 2011.“Remittances, human capital and economic performance in Nigeria.”

International Journal of Human Development and Sustainability, Vol,4(1),pp.103117.

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Rwanda. 2017. “Education Budget Brief: Investing in Child Education in Rwanda 2017/2018.” Country Technical Report. Kigali, Rwanda UNICEF

Valeriani, E., & Peluso, S. 2011. “The impact of institutional quality on economic growth and development: An empirical study.” Journal of Knowledge Management,

Economics and Information Technology, Vol, 1(6), pp. 1-25.

Vanwey, L. K. 2004. “Altruistic and contractual remittances between male and female migrants and households in rural Thailand.” Demography, Vol, 41(4), pp.739-756. Viterna, J., & Robertson, C. 2015. “New directions for the sociology of development.”

Annual Review of Sociology, Vol, 41, pp. 243-269

Winters, L. A., & Martins, P. M. 2004. “When comparative advantage is not enough: Business costs in small remote economies.”World Trade Review, Vol,3(3), pp. 347-383.

Woodruff, C., & Zenteno, R. 2007. “Migration networks and microenterprises in Mexico.”

Journal of Development Economics, Vol, 82(2), pp. 509-528.

World Bank. 2003. “World Development Report 2003: Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World.” Washington, DC: The World Bank.

World Bank. 2006. “Global Economic Prospectus: Economic Implications of Remittances and Migration.” Washington, DC: The World Bank.

(12)

World Bank and Rwanda 2018. “Future Drivers of Growth in Rwanda; Innovation, Integration, Agglomeration, and Competition”. Country Study Report, Washington DC, USA. World Bank..

World Bank. 2011. “Migration and Remittances Factbook.” 2nd Edition. Washington DC. The World Bank.

World Bank. 2015a. “Migration and Development Brief 26. Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development.” Washington DC: World Bank Group

World Bank. 2015b. “Assessing Africa's policies and institutions : 2017 CPIA results for Africa.” Africa Report. Washington, DC: World Bank

Group.www.worldbank.org/africa/CPIA (13th_{April 2018).}

World Bank. 2016a. “Migration and Remittance Fact Book.” 3rd_{Edition. Washington, DC:}

World Bank. World Bank

World Bank Doing Business Report. 2015. “Going Beyond Efficiency, Economy Profile.”

A World Bank Group Flagship Report. 12th_{edition. Washington DC. World Bank}

World Bank Doing Business Report. 2017. “Country Report, Rwanda.” A World Bank

Flagship Report. Washington DC. World Bank Group

World Development 2014, “World Bank Development Indicators.” https://data.worldbank.org/indicator (6th May 2019)

Wouterse, F. 2010. “Migration and technical efficiency in cereal production: Evidence from Burkina Faso.” Agricultural Economics, Vol, 41(5), pp. 385-395.

Yaméogo, N. D. 2014. “Analysis of household expenditures and the impact of remittances using a latent class model: the case of Burkina Faso.” Documento de trabajo Series, (200). Túnez, Túnez: African Development Bank.

Yang, D. 2004. “International Migration, Human Capital, and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Philippine Households with Members Working Overseas.” Discussion Paper

No. 531. Ann Arbor, MI: School of Public Policy, University of Michigan.

Yang, D., & Choi, H. 2007. “Are remittances insurance? Evidence from rainfall shocks in the Philippines.” The World Bank Economic Review, Vol, 21(2), pp. 219-248. Zghidi, N., Sghaier, I. M., & Abida, Z. 2018. “Remittances, institutions, and economic

growth in North African countries.” Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Vol, 9(3), pp. 804-821.