• No results found

Cover Page The handle

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Cover Page The handle"

Copied!
7
0
0

Bezig met laden.... (Bekijk nu de volledige tekst)

Hele tekst

(1)

Cover Page

The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/20679 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.

Author: Koier, Elizabeth

Title: Interpreting particles in dead and living languages : a construction grammar approach to the semantics of Dutch ergens and Ancient Greek pou

Issue Date: 2013-03-28

(2)

&+$37(5 

5HVHDUFK TXHVWLRQV DQG LQWURGXFWLRQ WR HUJHQV

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ

,I ZH ZHUH WR DVN 'XWFK VSHDNHUV RXW RI WKH EOXH ZKDW HUJHQV PHDQV WKH\ ZRXOG VD\

VRPHWKLQJ OLNH DW VRPH SODFH



7KLV LV QRW VXUSULVLQJ DV HUJHQV LV WKH JHQHUDO ZRUG IRU VRPHZKHUHDQ\ZKHUH LQ 'XWFK



$Q H[DPSOH FDQ EH IRXQG LQ  

 ,N

, UHDOLVHHUGH UHDOL]HG PH

PH LQHHQV VXGGHQO\ GDW

WKDW LN , KHW

WKH PHV NQLIH QLHW

QRW ]RPDDU MXVW HUJHQV

ᅵወᇀᅵቨዘ QHHU GRZQ NRQ

FRXOG OHJJHQ

SXW

'H JULMSJUDJH KDQGMHV YDQ PLMQ GRFKWHUWMH NHQQHQGH YRRU]DJ LN RQDDQJH

QDPH JHYROJHQ

6XGGHQO\ , UHDOL]HG WKDW , FRXOG QRW MXVW SXW WKH NQLIH GRZQ DQ\ZKHUH HUJHQV  , NQHZ WKH JUDEE\ OLWWOH ϮQJHUV RI P\ OLWWOH GDXJKWHU WRR ZHOO QRW WR IRUHVHH XQSOHDVDQW FRQVHTXHQFHV



+RZHYHU WKHUH DUH PDQ\ H[DPSOHV LQ ZKLFK WKLV ORFDWLYH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LV LPSRVVL

EOH )RU LQVWDQFH LQ H[DPSOH   D ORFDWLYH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LV YHU\ XQOLNHO\ EHFDXVH D ORFDWLRQ LQ WKH SK\VLFDO ZRUOG GRHV QRW VHHP WR EH DSSURSULDWH LQ WKLV FRQWH[W 7KH

7KLV ZDV WHVWHG RQ  QDWLYH 'XWFK VSHDNHUV ZKR DOO DQVZHUHG LPPHGLDWHO\ ZLWK D GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH LQGHϮQLWH ORFDWLYH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ

8QOLNH (QJOLVK 'XWFK GRHV QRW KDYH WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WR GLϸHUHQWLDWH EHWZHHQ VRPHZKHUH DQG DQ\

ZKHUH

)URP &*1 FRPSRQOIQ

(3)

  ,QWURGXFWLRQ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI HUJHQV LQ WKLV H[DPSOH FDQ EH SDUDSKUDVHG E\ LQ VRPH SDUW RI P\

PLQG ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ ZH ϮQG LQ WKH SDUDSKUDVH DQRWKHU ORFDWLYH HOHPHQW LQ WKDW GRHV QRW UHIHU WR D SODFH LQ WKH SK\VLFDO ZRUOG 6RPHWKLQJ ORFDWLYH VHHPV WR KDYH UHPDLQHG LQ WKLV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ DOWKRXJK LW VHHPV WR UHIHU WR D SODFH LQ VRPHRQH·V PLQG



$V ZH ZLOO VHH LQ FKDSWHU  RQH FDQ HYHQ DGG LQVLGH WR HUJHQV ZLWKRXW DQ\ FKDQJH WR WKH PRGDO LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ

 0DDU

%XW WRFK

VWLOO WRFK VWLOO KDG

KDG LN

, YURHJHU

ZKHQ , ZDV D FKLOG HUJHQV ᅵወᇀᅵቨዘ yyN

DOVR DOWLMG

DOZD\V JHORRIG EHOLHYHG GDW

WKDW PLMQ P\ PRHGHUV

PRWKHU·V YHUKDDO VWRU\ PDDU

RQO\ HHQ

D YHU]LQVHO

ϮJPHQW RI KHU LPDJLQDWLRQ ZDV

ZDV HHQ D VSURRNMH

IDLU\WDOH ]RDOV OLNH DOOH

DOO DQGHUH RWKHUV GLH

WKDW ]H VKH PH

PH KDG KDG YHUWHOG

WROG DOOHHQ RQO\ ]RQGHU

ZLWKRXW

´]LM ¶WKH\ OHHIGHQ OLYHG QRJ

HYHU DIWHU ODQJ ORQJ HQ

DQG JHOXNNLJµ

KDSSLO\·

%XW VWLOO ZKHQ , ZDV D FKLOG , KDG HUJHQV DOVR EHOLHYHG WKDW P\ PRWKHU·V VWRU\

ZDV RQO\ D ϮJPHQW RI KHU LPDJLQDWLRQ D IDLU\WDOH OLNH DOO WKH RWKHU RQHV VKH KDG WROG PH RQO\ ZLWKRXW ¶DQG WKH\ OLYHG KDSSLO\ HYHU DIWHU·



$SDUW IURP WKLV PRGDO LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ HUJHQV KDV \HW DQRWKHU XVH

 0DDU

%XW KHEEHQ KDYH MXOOLH

\RX QLNV

QRWKLQJ PHHJHPDDNW

H[SHULHQFHG YDQGDDJ"

WRGD\" ,N , EHGRHO

PHDQ ZH

ZH PRHWHQ PXVW ·W

LW WRFK ኹዧᅐቈ ZHO

ኹዧᅐቈ HUJHQV ᅵወᇀᅵቨዘ 

 RYHU

DERXW NXQQHQ FDQ KHEEHQ

KDYH ZDW ZKDW HFKW

UHDOO\ HUJHQV ᅵወᇀᅵቨዘ 

 RYHU DERXW JDDW JRHV WRFK

ኹዧᅐቈ RI RU QLHW"

QRW"

%XW GLG QRWKLQJ KDSSHQ WR \RX WRGD\" , PHDQ ZH VKRXOG EH DEOH WR ϮQG VRPH

WKLQJ HUJHQV WR WDON DERXW WKDW LV UHDOO\ PHDQLQJIXO VKRXOGQ·W ZH"

 

7KH LQGHϮQLWH HUJHQV LV DOVR XVHG DV WKH LQGHϮQLWH REMHFW RI D SUHSRVLWLRQ LQVWHDG RI VRPHWKLQJ DV LQ ERWK LQVWDQFHV RI HUJHQV LQ H[DPSOH   7KLV LV QRW WR VD\ WKDW LW LV LPSRVVLEOH WR XVH LHWV ¶VRPHWKLQJ· LQ WKLV NLQG RI VLWXDWLRQ EXW LW LV MXVW QRW WKH VWDQGDUG ZD\ WR GR LW :KHQ D 'XWFK VSHDNHU ZDQWV WR XVH DQ LQGHϮQLWH SURQRXQ

$ ORFDWLRQ LQ VRPHRQH·V PLQG LV RI FRXUVH D PHQWDO VSDFH 7KLV ODVW WHUP LV DOVR D WHFKQLFDO WHUP IURP 0HQWDO 6SDFH 7KHRU\ )DXFRQQLHU  >@  ,Q FKDSWHU  ZH ZLOO FRPH EDFN WR WKLV DQG GLVFXVV HUJHQV IURP ZLWKLQ 0HQWDO 6SDFH 7KHRU\

)URP 'RUUHVWHLQ  

$GDSWHG IURP &*1 FRPSDQOIQ

7R LPSURYH UHDGDELOLW\ WKH H[DPSOHV WKDW ZHUH XVHG LQ WKH VXUYH\V KDYH EHHQ DGDSWHG 5HVWDUWV ZHUH WDNHQ RXW DV ZHOO DV DJUHHPHQW PLVWDNHV ,Q DGGLWLRQ DOO H[DPSOHV WKDW ZHUH XVHG KDG  ZRUGV RQ HDFK VLGH RI HUJHQV ZKLOH VWLOO EHLQJ FRPSOHWH VHQWHQFHV

(4)

5HVHDUFK TXHVWLRQV DQG LQWURGXFWLRQ WR HUJHQV 

ZKLFK GHSHQGV RQ D SUHSRVLWLRQ WKH ORFDWLYH LQGHϮQLWH DGYHUE ZLOO EH XVHG LQVWHDG RI WKH LQGHϮQLWH SURQRXQ VRPHWKLQJ

7KH WKUHH XVHV DERYH DUH WKH RQHV PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH VWDQGDUG 9DQ 'DOH GLFWLR

QDU\ RI 'XWFK ZKLFK SDUDSKUDVHV WKH PRGDO LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ DV LQ HQLJ RS]LFKW RQGHU ]HNHU DVSHFW ¶LQ VRPH UHVSHFW· 7KH ODUJHVW VFLHQWLϮF GLFWLRQDU\ RI 'XWFK WKH :RRUGHQ

ERHN GHU 1HGHUODQGVH 7DDO :17  LQ DQ DUWLFOH SXEOLVKHG LQ  GRHV QRW PHQWLRQ WKH PRGDO RSWLRQ EXW LW GRHV JLYH D WHPSRUDO XVH SDUDSKUDVHG DV ¶HYHU· 7KLV XVH LV QRW SUHVHQW LQ WKH V\QFKURQLF FRUSRUD XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\



:KDW LV SUHVHQW WKRXJK

LV D PRUH FRQFUHWH WHPSRUDO XVH ZKLFK LV PRUH FRPSDUDEOH WR D PHWDSKRULFDO H[

WHQVLRQ IURP SODFH WR WLPH DV LQ   $OWKRXJK DW VRPH SRLQW LQ WLPH LV D YHU\ FRPPRQ PHWDSKRU WKH SDUDSKUDVH WKDW LV XVHG LQ WKH GLFWLRQDULHV IRU ORFDWLYH HUJHQV DW VRPH SODFH FDQQRW EH XVHG LQ WKLV FRQWH[W

 6SHDNHU  :DQQHHU :KHQ KHHIW

KDV ]H VKH WRHQ

WKHQ RRN DOVR DOZHHU

DJDLQ KDDU

KHU ULMEHZLMV

GULYHUV OLFHQVH JHKDDOG"

JRW"

:HHW .QRZ MH

\RX GDW WKDW QRJ"

VWLOO" 6SHDNHU  (UJHQV (ወᇀᅵቨዘ LQ

LQ ·W

WKH QDMDDU

IDOO 6SHDNHU  2NWREHU 2FWREHU RI

RU ]R VR Kq"

ኹዧᅐቈ" 6SHDNHU  -D

<HV RNWREHU

2FWREHU QRYHPEHU 1RYHPEHU GDFKW

WKRXJKW LN , RRN

DOVR

6SHDNHU  :KHQ GLG VKH SDVV KHU GULYHUV OLFHQVH H[DP EDFN WKHQ" 'R \RX VWLOO UHPHPEHU" 6SHDNHU  (UJHQV LQ WKH IDOO 6SHDNHU  2FWREHU RU VRPHWKLQJ LVQ·W LW" 6SHDNHU  <HV , DOVR WKRXJKW VRPHWKLQJ OLNH 2FWREHU 1RYHPEHU



7KH ORFDWLYH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LV QRW RQO\ PHWDSKRULFDOO\ H[WHQGHG WR D WHPSRUDO RQH EXW DOVR PRUH JHQHUDOO\ WR D SRLQW RQ D VFDOH DV LQ H[DPSOH  

 (QNHOH

6HYHUDO JHYDOOHQ FDVHV ]HL

VDLG PLQLVWHU PLQLVWHU 9DQ

9DQ %R[WHO

%R[WHO HQ

DQG GDDUPHH

ZLWK WKDW EHGRHOW PHDQV LH

KH HUJHQV ᅵወᇀᅵቨዘ WXVVHQ

EHWZHHQ GH WKH YLMI

ϮYH HQ DQG GH

WKH WLHQ

WHQ JHYDOOHQ FDVHV YDQ

RI LOOHJDDO

LOOHJDO QDPDNHQ

UHSURGXFWLRQ

6HYHUDO FDVHV PLQLVWHU 9DQ %R[WHO VDLG DQG E\ VHYHUDO FDVHV KH PHDQV HUJHQV EHWZHHQ ϮYH DQG WHQ FDVHV RI LOOHJDO UHSURGXFWLRQ



7KLV ODVW XVH LPSOLHV WKDW WKH VSHDNHU LV QRW YHU\ SUHFLVH $ FRPSDUDEOH XVH ZKLFK HYRNHV OHVV RI D VFDOH LV IRXQG LQ H[DPSOH   ,Q WKLV H[DPSOH ZH PD\ SDUDSKUDVH HUJHQV ZLWK WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ DERXWDURXQG

 ,N , VSHHO

SOD\ RUJHO RUJDQ YDQDI

IURP PLMQ P\ WLHQGH

WHQWK HUJHQV

ᅵወᇀᅵቨዘ LN , KHE

KDYH WRW XQWLO PLMQ

P\ DFKWWLHQGH HLJKWHHQWK

7KH IROORZLQJ FRUSRUD ZHUH XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ WKH &RUSXV *HVSURNHQ 1HGHUODQGV &*1  WKH (LQG

KRYHQ FRUSXV DQG D FRUSXV RI QRYHOV )RU D PRUH HODERUDWH GHVFULSWLRQ VHH FKDSWHU 

$GDSWHG IURP &*1 FRPSDQOIQ

$GDSWHG IURP &*1 FRPSIQOIQ

(5)

  5HVHDUFK TXHVWLRQV YHHO PDQ\ OHV

OHVVRQ JHKDG

KDG KRHZHO DOWKRXJK PHW

ZLWK WZHH WZR 

 GULH WKUHH MDDU

\HDUV RQGHUEUHNLQJ

LQWHUUXSWLRQ

, KDYH EHHQ SOD\LQJ WKH RUJDQ IURP DERXW WHQ \HDUV ROG HUJHQV XQWLO P\ HLJK

WHHQWK ELUWKGD\ , WRRN PDQ\ OHVVRQV WKRXJK ZLWK D EUHDN RI WZR  WKUHH \HDUV LQ EHWZHHQ



,Q WRWDO ZH KDYH QRZ VHHQ VL[ GLϸHUHQW XVHV RI HUJHQV 7KLV UDLVHV WKH TXHVWLRQ RI KRZ DQ DGGUHVVHH NQRZV ZKLFK LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ WR FKRRVH

 5HVHDUFK TXHVWLRQV

7KH PDLQ TXHVWLRQ LQ WKLV SDUW RQ HUJHQV ZLOO EH KRZ D ODQJXDJH XVHU GHFLGHV RQ KLV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI HUJHQV ZKHQ VR PDQ\ SRVVLELOLWLHV DUH DYDLODEOH :KDW NQRZOHGJH RI WKH ODQJXDJH GRHV D ODQJXDJH XVHU QHHG DQG ZKDW NLQG RI SURSHUWLHV RI WKH FRQWH[W DUH UHTXLUHG IRU D VSHFLϮF LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ" 7KHVH DUH QRW HDV\ TXHVWLRQV $V 5LHPHU   VWDWHV

µ,Q QDWXUDO ODQJXDJH>@ VHQWHQFHV >ZKLFK DUH DPELJXRXV EHFDXVH WKH\

FRQWDLQ SRO\VHPRXV LWHPV >(.@@ GR QRW W\SLFDOO\ FUHDWH FRQIXVLRQ :K\

QRW LV VWLOO D P\VWHU\ :H GR QRW \HW NQRZ KRZ KXPDQV VXFFHHG LQ SLFN

LQJ WKH ULJKW VHQVHV RI DPELJXRXV ZRUGV WKH UHOHYDQW SV\FKRORJLFDO SUR

FHVVHV DUH VLPSO\ QRW DW DOO XQGHUVWRRGµ

,Q WKH FRPLQJ FKDSWHUV , ZLOO IRFXV RQ WKH SURSHUWLHV RI WKH FRQWH[W RI HUJHQV DQG VHH ZKHWKHU ZH FDQ OLQN SHRSOH·V LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ WR WKH SUHVHQFH RI VSHFLϮF IHDWXUHV RI WKH FRQWH[W )RU WKLV VWXG\ , ZLOO XVH ERWK VXUYH\V DQG FRUSXV GDWD ,Q DGGLWLRQ , ZLOO WU\ WR ϮQG RXW ZKHWKHU WKH UHJXODULWLHV WKDW ZHUH IRXQG RQ WKH V\QFKURQLF OHYHO

FDQ EH H[SODLQHG E\ WKH KLVWRULFDO GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI HUJHQV

7KHRUHWLFDOO\ WKHUH DUH PDQ\ ZD\V SHRSOH PD\ GLVDPELJXDWH HUJHQV XVLQJ WKH FRQWH[W )RU WKLV VWXG\ , KDYH FRQVLGHUHG WKUHH RSWLRQV

 $ GHIDXOW EDVHG DSSURDFK 7KH ODQJXDJH XVHU DVVXPHV HUJHQV LV LQWHUSUHWHG DV ORFDWLYH XQOHVV WKH FRQWH[W IRUFHV KLP WR WKLQN RWKHUZLVH

 $ FRQWH[W EDVHG DSSURDFK 7KH ODQJXDJH XVHU XVHV KLV NQRZOHGJH RI WKH FRQ

WH[W



WR GHWHUPLQH WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ ,I WKHUH LV QR FRQWH[W RU WKH FRQWH[W LV DPELJXRXV KH ZLOO MXVW JXHVV

 $ FRPELQDWLRQ RI ERWK ,I WKHUH LV QR FRQWH[W WKH ODQJXDJH XVHU XVHV DV GHIDXOW WKH PRVW FRQFUHWH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ LH ORFDWLYH  ,Q RWKHU FDVHV KLV NQRZOHGJH RI WKH FRQWH[W ZLOO EH XVHG WR GHFLGH

)URP KWWSVLQYLVLRQIUHHFRPRUJDQLVWDUWKWP

%\ NQRZOHGJH RI WKH FRQWH[W , PHDQ ERWK FRPPXQLFDWLYH NQRZOHGJH DQG FRQYHQWLRQV DV ZHOO DV NQRZOHGJH RI OLQJXLVWLF FRQYHQWLRQV DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQV

(6)

5HVHDUFK TXHVWLRQV DQG LQWURGXFWLRQ WR HUJHQV 

$V ZH ZLOO VHH LQ WKH FRPLQJ FKDSWHUV WKHUH DUH VRPH LQGLFDWLRQV WKDW WKH ODVW RSWLRQ FRXOG DFFRXQW EHVW IRU WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH VXUYH\V RQ HUJHQV +RZHYHU IXU

WKHU UHVHDUFK ZLOO VKRZ ZKHWKHU WKLV FRQFOXVLRQ LV JHQHUDOL]DEOH RYHU RWKHU SRO\

LQWHUSUHWDEOH IRUPV DV ZHOO

,Q FKDSWHU  WKUHH VXUYH\V ZLOO EH GLVFXVVHG ,Q WKHVH VXUYH\V ZH ZLOO FRPSDUH WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI HUJHQV LQ PLQLPDOO\ PRGLϮHG H[DPSOHV



IURP D FRUSXV ZLWK WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI WKH VDPH VHQWHQFHV ZKHQ YHU\ OLWWOH FRQWH[W ZDV SURYLGHG DQG ZKHQ WKH FRQWH[W ZDV PRGLϮHG 2Q WKH EDVLV RI WKH UHVXOWV ZH ZLOO SURSRVH D JHQHU

DOL]DWLRQ RQ ZKLFK SURSHUWLHV RI WKH FRQWH[W OHDG WR ZKLFK LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV

,Q FKDSWHU  WKH JHQHUDOL]DWLRQV RQ WKH SURSHUWLHV RI WKH FRQWH[W WKDW VHHPHG WR PDNH WKH GLϸHUHQFH LQ WKH VXUYH\V ZLOO EH WHVWHG DJDLQVW PRUH FRUSXV GDWD ,Q FKDSWHU

 ZH ZLOO ORRN DW WKH SUDJPDWLF SURSHUWLHV RI WKH H[DPSOHV RI HUJHQV LQ WKH FRUSRUD

,Q FKDSWHU  ZH ZLOO LQYHVWLJDWH ZKHWKHU WKH W\SHV RI FRQWH[W WKDW ZHUH GLVWLQ

JXLVKHG LQ WKH V\QFKURQLF FRUSXV DOVR SOD\HG D UROH LQ WKH KLVWRULFDO GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH YDULRXV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI HUJHQV

5HVWDUWV ZHUH WDNHQ RXW DV ZHOO DV DJUHHPHQW PLVWDNHV ,Q DGGLWLRQ DOO H[DPSOHV KDG  ZRUGV RQ HDFK VLGH RI HUJHQV ZKLOH VWLOO EHLQJ FRPSOHWH VHQWHQFHV

(7)

Referenties

GERELATEERDE DOCUMENTEN

7KH ORZ VFRUHV RI WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV FOHDUO\ VKRZSRRUNQRZOHGJHRI'XWFKZRUGVWUHVV 2Q WKH ZKROH WKH VSHDNHUV UHOLHG RQ WKHLU ILQDO / SDWWHUQ WR VWUHVV WKH VWLPXOL UHJDUGOHVV RI WKH

WKH VWXG\ RI WKH GLDFKURQLF GHYHORSPHQW RI IRUPV KDV VKRZQ WKDW FRQWH[W LV UHOHYDQW DW DOPRVW DOO VWDJHV RI WKHLU GHYHORSPHQW 6LQFH ODQJXDJHV FKDQJH FRQWLQXDOO\ WKLV VXJJHVWV

WKH VWXG\ RI WKH GLDFKURQLF GHYHORSPHQW RI IRUPV KDV VKRZQ WKDW FRQWH[W LV UHOHYDQW DW DOPRVW DOO VWDJHV RI WKHLU GHYHORSPHQW 6LQFH ODQJXDJHV FKDQJH FRQWLQXDOO\ WKLV VXJJHVWV

$V ZDV DOUHDG\ VDLG DERYH LQ WKH VHFWLRQ RQ WKH YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH WUDQVODWLRQV RI ›ڗ࿰ WKH YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH WUDQVODWLRQV RI ͘໒ ›ڗ࿰ VHQWHQFHV LV UHODWLYHO\ KLJK 2Q WKH EDVLV RI

DQG WKH UHVSRQVLYHQHVV RI  DXWKRULWLHV WR WKH ZLVKHV RI  WKH FRPPXQLW\ -DFNVRQ  6XQVKLQH

WR WKH GHVLUHG RXWFRPH ,Q RWKHU ZRUGV WKH LQMXVWLFH WKUHDWHQV WKH QRWLRQ RI  D

% DQG 7 O\PSKRF\WHV DUH WKH SULPDU\ HIIHFWRU FHOOV RI.. WKH DGDSWLYHLPPXQHUHVSRQVH &amp;DUGLQDOIHDWXUHV

HIIHFW 6HFRQGO\ WKH HIIHFW RI WKH HOLPLQDWLRQ RI &amp;S* VHTXHQFHV LQ WKH. '1$YDFFLQHRURIWKHDGGLWLRQRI¶WROHUL]LQJ·