University of Groningen Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia

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(1)University of Groningen. Social network processes and academic functioning Gremmen, Mariola Claudia. IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below.. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record. Publication date: 2018 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database. Citation for published version (APA): Gremmen, M. C. (2018). Social network processes and academic functioning: The role of peers in students' school well-being, academic engagement, and academic achievement. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.. Download date: 17-07-2021.

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(17) Introduction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

(18) Chapter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

(24) !&,-.&-,;%!/$')%&-9!+,-6- ,-+.-.+ ')+!%+2&,'&+2.-!'&!+,$'-9 +,,-.&-,!&)+!%+2, ''$%',-$2 ,!- !& !16 - +=-+%!& ,-!& ++&%&-, .+!& $$ , ''$ $,,'&,6 ,-.&-, !& ,'&+2, ''$'-& /- +'%-' '',0 +- 2,!-!&- $,,+''%9'&6 0!- !&+,!& 6 ,-.&-,; --!-., ++!& , ''$!& &9 $- '. %! &%&- & !/%&- + !%)'+-&- '+ ,-.&-,; .-.+ &,6 - + + !+&,!&/$.,&--!-.,++!&, ''$!&)+!%+2, ''$'%)+-','&+2 , ''$9-.&-,!&)+!%+2, ''$+&+$$2,-!$$+-'%-- 1)--!'&,'- +, &)+&-,-' !/0$$9'+- -+,'&6 ! %! !/%&-%! -%'+/$. &))+!-2)+,- &$'0%! !/%&-9 ! = !/!&,-.&-,%! -,- &'+%, , +%, ' ++& '+ 2'.&+ ,-.&-,6 & )',!-!/$2 '&-+!.- -' %! !/%&-'- !+2'.&+)+,9 !, %! - !+&- '+ ,-.&-, !& ,'&+2 , ''$6 0 ! !&$., &0 /$')%&-$ ) ,6 '$,&9 '$,& +$-, -+&,!-!'&$ ) , -0& !$ '' & .$- ''9 '$,&-, --%)- -' 1)$'+ - !+ '0& !&-!-!, & )',!-!'& 14.

(25) Introduction. 0!- !& - )+ +'.)9 +, !$+& '-& $''# - ,!&!!&- .$-, >996 )+&-, & - +,?'+.!&6'$,&-,'-&!,-&- %,$/,%'++'%- ,)+,'&,& -+2-'!&)-&&,.))'+-+'%)+,9'$,&-,,)&%'+-!%0!- )+,- & !& &2 '- + -!% )+!' !& - $! '.+, >!-#'0 @ .$!&!6 FDED?9 '&,*.&-$26 - /!'+, - - )+&-, & - +, )++$2 ,6 !, &'- $02, &'+%-!/ &2%'+9 +-!.$+$2 /!'+,- -+$--',--.,%'&)+,+ ! $2--+-!/'+'$,&-, &- 2&'.+ '- +-'&!&- , /!'+,&'&'+%-'- !+&'+%,9 .,6 '$,&-,; /!'+,&%'-!'&$&,'!$/$')%&-%! -%'+.!2- !+ )+'&-1-- &2- !+)+&-,&- +,9 . .+- +%'+6'$,&!,-!%)+!'!&0 ! %! !/%&-!,'-&$,,. ))+!,60 +,&'+%=+#!&6/!&- /!'+'%,%'+/$.>$$&6!,,+6 @ 0#!&,6 EMMI?9 !- !& - , ''$ '&-1- 0!- '$+ )+,6 0 ' ,!&$ - !+ /'$/!& %-.+!-22!&/'$/%&-!&&-!,'!$ /!'+,+- +- &%! !/%&-6'$+)+, %! - .&-!'& , +'$ %'$, -' - 2'.&+ )+,6 & - +2 &-!/$2 !&$.& - !+ %! !/%&->'!--6EMMG?9 &!-!'&6-- !,- ,'!$,--.,'&-!,'!$ /!'+,-&,-'+!,60 ! %! -'.&-+)+'.-!/'+- /$')%&-'%! !/%&-9 !+6!+&,!&)+)+',,,%! -'.&-0&, ''$2+,9-- & ')+!%+2, ''$6%',-,-.&-,$+2#&'0 '- +'+02+,6,'%!&,$-!'& &!&$.&)+',,,%! -$+2 /-#&)$9 &'&-++260 &,-.&-,-+&,!-!'& -','&+2.-!'&6- 2&-+&&-!+&0)+'&-1-& /-'!&- !+,'!$ )',!-!'&%'&- ,)+,!&- $,,+''%9,)!$$2!&- !+,-2+','&+2.-!'&6 - !,%2+,.$-!&%'+2&%!+!&, !)&-0'+#- &!&$-+, ''$2+,9 &'- + !%)'+-&- !-!'& -' .++&- #&'0$ 0'.$ -' .

(26)

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(29) %'+- '+'. $29 &,-.&-, !/ 0$$ !& , ''$6 - !, & $ -' !&+, '+ +, --+-!/&,, '+ !$!-!'&9 &6 ,$-!'&)+',,,%! -,-+'&+'+0#+'+$'0= !/!&,-.&-,'%)+-' ! = !/!& ,-.&-,9 '+'/+6 !&$.& )+',,, ++!& %! &%&- & !/%&- & 0'+# .)0+, '+ '0&0+,9 ! )+'+%!& ,-.&-, %! - & & %! !/%&- ' $'0+ !/!& )+,6 .- !- %2 $,' )',,!$ - - $'0 )+'+%!& ,-.&-, / $-+!'., - '& ! + )+'+%!& ,-.&-,9 + ),6 . 15. 1.

(30) Chapter 1. %!&'+%,!&- $,,+''%,)$2+'$!&- ,,-+&- ,&!+-!'&,',$-!'&& !&$.& )+',,,6 !&!-!& 0 - + %! !/%&- !, +$- -' ,--., !& - $,,+''%9 !&$$26!-0'.$!&-+,-!&-'1)$'+

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

(32) Introduction. -0& &+=,- )+,6 -0& +!&,6 - +'$ ' +'.) &'+%,6 & - !&-+)$2 -0& +!,# /!'+, & %! !/%&-6 1)-!& - - .&+ !/%&- ' ,-.&-,&1)$!&2)+)+',,,!&- $,,+''%&, ''$9. & - !+,- )+- > )-+ F & G?6 '., '& )+!%+2 , ''$ ,-.&-,9 )-+ F '&+&,- +'$'&-!/,'!$)',!-!'&,%'&)+,>!996/!-!%!3-!'&6+!&$,,&,,6 )+ +"-!'&6 & $# ' )').$+!-2? '& ,-.&-,; , ''$ 0$$=!& & %! !/%&-2%&,'%.$-!$/$&$2,,9 &$$,.,*.&-,-.!,6 .,$'&!-.!&$,'!$ &-0'+#&$2,,>!&?9 & )-+G6 !&/,-!-- +'$'&+=,-)+,&+!&, !&)+!%+2, ''$,-.&-,;%!&%&-&%! !/%&-9 ,'& )+- > )-+ H=J? '.,, '& ,'&+2 , ''$ ,-.&-,9 ,-.2 !& )-+ H !, '.- +!&, !) ,$-!'& & !&$.& )+',,, ++!& %! !/%&-!&- !+,--0'2+,','&+2, ''$9'- ,-.&-,;/+, ''$+, &$.,-+=,)!!+,+1%!&9 &1- )-+'.,,'&- +'$')+&'+%, !& - ,-+&- & !+-!'& ' +!&, !) )+',,, ++!& '$,&-,; %! !/%&-> )-+I7,'&.- '+?9 ,-$26&1--',%= /!'+,$-!'&&!&$.& )+',,,6 +',,= /!'+ )+',,, -0& '$,&-,; %! !/%&- & +!,# /!'+,>$' '$.,&$!&*.&2?+&$23!& )-+J9. 0!$$$'+-%'+'&- -&+,+ %- ',.,!&- !+&- )-+, !&- '$$'0!&)++) ,9!&$$26- !&-+'.-!'&!&$.,+!'/+/!0'$$,-.!,9. . 17. 1.

(33) Chapter 1. !.+E9E8

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

(45) Introduction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

(46) !->)+!%+2, ''$?.

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(49) !6!&-'+FDEF9 . !-!'&$$26)+-!.$+$2'+- !,!,,+--!'&6 ))+' - JH!&-+/&-!'&, ''$,. - - / & .,!&

(50) ! +'% - ,-+- ' - !&-+/&-!'& !& )-%+ FDEI9 ,# - +, -' )+-!!)- !& & 1-+ )+'"- ++!& ,-.&-,; %! &%&- & %! !/%&-9 +'% EI , ''$,6 FF - +, )+-!!)- & !$$ '.- *.,-!'&&!+ '&+&!& ,-.&-;, %! &%&- & !/%&- >-'+<'/%+FDEI?9 &- !,026 0,$-'%- !-0!- - '&'!&

(51) !-- - 0,'$$-%'&,-.&-,9 . 19. 1.

(52) Chapter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

(53) Introduction. . '.-$!&'- !/%)!+!$,-.!,!&- !,!,,+--!'&)+'/!,&'/+/!0'- +,+ -')!,6 - & ,%)$, .,6 & - &$2-!$ ,-+-!, >, $ E9E?9 ,-.!, !& )-+, F=J 0+ 0+!--& '+ ).$!-!'& !& )+=+/!0 "'.+&$, & %2 + , ,-&$'&+,+ +-!$,9 +'+6,'%'/+$)-0&- )-+,>996!&-& %- ', ,+!)-!'&? !, !&/!-$9 . -' !+&- ,-&+, -0& - "'.+&$,6 ,%$$ !+&, !& -+%!&'$'2 %2 '.+9 & )-+ K6 - %!& !&!&, ' $$ ,-.!, 0!$$ !,.,,6,!&-!!&)+-!$!%)$!-!'&,6,0$$,!+-!'&,'.-.++,+ 9 . . 21. 1.

(54) 22. . "#"!+"$!!"! !" #"

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(63) 8" !"#"!.

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(65) 7",8" !"#"!. '" " "'. "!. ! !. . Chapter 1.

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(68) Chapter 2. 01/1. '$)"0! 10#**')! '$)"*)) 1 1*- /0/ $(-*/1)1!*/012 )10C0*$') ($ 3 '*-( )1@# 2// )10126!*20 *)1# /*' *!!*2/) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0 (*)" - /0 I3$1$($71$*)= !/$ )' 00) 00= - / / % 1$*)= ) '& *! -*-2'/$16J *) 012 )10C0#**'4 ''G $)")0 '!G- / $3 ($#$ 3 ( )1I126RJ=)1 # /G / -*/1 ($ )"" ( )1) ($#$ 3 ( )1I126SJ@)$.2 )2(2'1$3 !! 10 4 / 5($) = 0 4 '' 0 $!! / ) 0 14 ) *($)1$*)0 *! ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0@/1$$-)104 / 1#$/1*0$51#"/ 012 )10I126R? ^YYYW=

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(70) " ^RQ@ZJ@ $5 (* ')'60 00#*4 1#1 #2)$.2 ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)40) "1$3 '6 / '1 1* 012 )10C ($ !2)1$*)$)"= 4$1# 01/*)" / !! 10 !*/ 0#**' 4 ''G $)" ) ($ )"" ( )1 1#) !*/ ($ #$ 3 ( )1@ '0*= 1# 1*1' )2( / *! ) "1$3 -*0$1$*)040) "1$3 '6/ '1 1*012 )10C ($!2)1$*)$)"@2(2'1$3 !! 104 / -/1$2'/'6!*2)!*/0#**'4 ''G $)"@$)''6=*($)1$*)01#1$)'2 3$1$($71$*)4 / (*01 ) "1$3 '6 / '1 1* 012 )10C ($ !2)1$*)$)"= !*''*4 6 !/$ )' 00) 00@ 2/ / 02'100#*41# $(-*/1) *!-*0$1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0(*)"- /0!*/012 )10C0#**'4 ''G $)"= ($ )"" ( )1=)$)1# )1# $/ ($#$ 3 ( )1@

(71) 64*/0?3$1$($71$*)>!/$ )0#$->/ % 1$*)>-*-2'/$16> ($#$ 3 ( )1. . 24. .

(72) Negative social positions among peers and academic functioning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

(73) Chapter 2. *4 3 /= $1 $0 ' 00 4 '' 2) /01** #*4 1# )!) (#" *! 0 3 /' ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0 (*)"- /0!! 10 ($!2)1$*)$)"@/ 012 )104$1#)$)/ 0$)")2( /*!) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0 4*/0 *!!< */ *3 /= $1 $0 2)' / 1* 4#1 51 )1 0- $!$ #!"(#"' *! ) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0/ -/1$2'/'6 1/$( )1'@# 0 .2 01$*)0/ / ' 3)1=01# 6(6 # '-$ )1$!6$)"#$'/ )4#*/ 0- $''61/$0&!*/) "1$3 *)0 .2 ) 0*!) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0*)1# $/ ($!2)1$*)$)"@ ) =0- $!$$)0$"#10($"#1-/*3$ 01 -1*4/0 0$")$)"$)1 /3 )1$*)01#1$)/ 0 012 )10C0#**'4 ''G $)") ($*21*( 03$ 1# $/- // '1$*)0@ # / !*/ =$)1#$001264 5-'*/1*/6 5($) !*2/) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0(*)" '00(1 0=1#1$0= $)"3$1$($7 ='&*!/ $-/*'!/$ )0#$-0= $)"/ % 1 =))*1 $)"*)0$ / -*-2'/@ !*20*)1# )"%)0#!"0))!) (* !! 10*!1# 0 ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0 *) 012 )10C 0#**' 4 ''G $)" ) 0 '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1 I126 RJ ) 1 # /G- / $3 ($. )"" ( )1 ) ($. #$ 3 ( )1I126SJ@# / 01# 2(2'1$*)*!) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0$)$1 04# 1# / # $1$3 ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*) #0 ) 51/ !! 1 *) 012 )10C *21*( 0= 1# *($)1$*) *! ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0 *) /)0 4# 1# / 0- $!$ *($)1$*)0 / (*/ 1/$( )1'1#)*1# /0@ . / 3$1$($71$*)@ 2# / 0 /# #0 !*20 *) 1# *)0 .2 ) 0 *! $)" 3$1$($7 !*/. 012 )10C ($%201( )1I0 &(*1*N#4/17=SQRQ!*/( 1G)'61$/ 3$ 4J@ 12 )10 4#* 5- /$ ) 2''6$)" 1 0#**' #3 '*4 / ($ #$ 3 ( )1 1#) 1# $/ - /04#*/ )*13$1$($7 I*)7*=SQRTJ@ '!G/ -*/1 3$1$($71$*)$0'*)"$12$)''6/ '1 1* '*4 / "/ 0 ) '*4 / 1 # /G/1 ($ )"" ( )1 /*00 ($' G0#**' 6 /0 I0- '" =2)" *)"=*=N *4=SQRT> 23*) )=)"=N0-$)*7=SQRRJ@$1$($71$*)(6 / '1 1* '*4 ($ #$ 3 ( )1 20 *! 1# -06#*'*"$' *)0 .2 ) 0 *! 3$1$($71$*)1#1)$)#$$1012 )10C-/1$$-1$*)$)1# '00/**() / 0 012 )10C 0 '!G 01 (I N/**-G*/*)=SQQTJ=4#$#$)12/)'*4 /01# $/(*1$31$*)) ($ "/ 0@'0*=/ )1- /0*)G )1 / )'60 0*)0- $!$3$1$($71$*)1/% 1*/$ 0)1# $/ 00*$1$*) 4$1# ($ *21*( 0 ) %201( )1 0#*4 ' / '$)& 14 ) - / 3$1$($71$*)) ($*21*( 0I =11 &'=N

(74) *# ) /! /G =SQRXJ@&#&0. 26. .

(75) Negative social positions among peers and academic functioning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

(76) Chapter 2. - / $3 -*-2'/$16 ) 1# / 02'1 *! *1# -*0$1$3 I @"@= -/*0*$'J */ ) "1$3 I @"@= ""/ 00$3 J #3$*/0= ($5 / 02'10 #3 ) !*2) 4$1# / "/ 1* $10 / '1$*)0#$- 4$1# ($ *21*( 0 I $%0= $'' 00 )= #*'1 = " /0= N -$%& /()= SQRQ> #4/17 1 '@= SQQWJ@ '1#*2"# 1#$0 / '1$*)0#$- $0 ($"2*20= 01120 $0 ) $(-*/1)1 "*' !*/ 012 )10 I *)1) N $'' 00 )= SQQZJ ) 4# ) 1# 6 !$' 1* / # 1#$0 "*'= $1 ) *)0$ / ) "1$3 5- /$ ) @ )'0 + ,$( (( # $& $#$) &(- ' "(* - & ( (# '()"('3!+ 7"0"!"(0"*!"(8:92 12 )10$!! /$)1# $/1*1')2( /*!) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0@0*!6 1=-/ 3$*20012$ 0 #3 )*1 5($) 4# 1# / ) $)/ 0$)" )2( / *! ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0 $0 (*/ ) "1$3 '6 00*$1 4$1# ($ !2)1$*)$)"@ /"2 1#1 1# 02( *! 1# 0 ) "1$3 0- 10($"#1)*1 00*$1 1* ($!2)1$*)$)"$)'$) /46=21/1# /1#11# ) "1$3 !! 1 *! ) 51/ ) "1$3 - / / '1$*) ($"#1 01/*)" / 1#) 1# !! 1*!-/ 3$*20*) @*/ 5(-' = $)"3$1$($7 ) 2!! / 1*0*( 51 )16*1# / 0*$' / 0*2/ 0= 02# 0 !/$ )0#$-0@ #$0 $(-'$ 0 1#1 1# (*/ ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0 012 )10 #3 = 1# ' 00 2!! /$)" - / / '1$*)0 1# 6 #3 = 1#20 1# (*/ ) "1$3 # $1$*)') "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)4$'' *)1# $/ ($!2)1$*)$)"@0 *)1#$0$ =#)& '#"-$#(''8;9'((!#&"(*'# $#'(#"'& '#& ((#!#&"(* '## + 7"0!"!"(0"!*!"(0+('(&#"&(#" "(*('#,(&"(*'# $#'(#"'2 . 0$ 01# 2(2'1$*)*!) "1$3 0*$'-*0$1$*)0=1# / ($"#1 $!! / ) 0 14 ). 0- $!$ *($)1$*)0 *! ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0@ ) *1# / 4*/0= 1# !*2/ ) "1$3 0*$' -*0$1$*)0($"#1$!! /$)1 /(0*!1# $/$(-*/1) !*/012 )10)1# 51 )11*4#$#1# 6 1$3 '6 5- /$ ) $1) "1$3 '6@'1#*2"#1# 60 (1**G*2/.2$1 *!1 )=1# / ($"#1 0- $!$0*$'-*0$1$*)01#1 5-'$)1# ) "1$3 !! 10*)012 )10C ($!2)1$*)$)"@ 12 )10C/ $-/*'!/$ )0#$-0=- /01120=)- /) 14*/&!!$'$1$*)0I$@ @= $)"'$& */ $0'$& J / $)1 // '1 21 '0* / -/ 0 )1 $01$)1 0- 10 *! 012 )10C - / 5- /$ ) 0 I 01=/#(G /())=N /12-=SQQR>$!!*/G($1#)/*4) ''=SQQTJ@*/ 0- $!$''6= 1# 0 (6 */ / 0 *)1# $/$(-*/1) !*/012 )10C! '$)"0*!/ '1 ) 00$)1# '00/**(@. 28. .

(77) Negative social positions among peers and academic functioning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

(78) Chapter 2. $)" ) 0 '!G- / $3 ($ #$ 3 ( )1= 4 '0* 00 00 012 )10C ($ )"" ( )1) ($#$ 3 ( )10 *)1 # // -*/10$)0(''10 1$)'2$)" $!! / )1012 )10I126SJ@ R . # 1 !*/ 1#$0 0126 $0 -/1 *! '/" / -/*% 1 3'21$)" 1# !! 1$3 ) 00 *! 1# $(-' ( )11$*) *! 1#

(79) $ )1$G2''$)" -/*"/( $) 1# 1# /')0@ ) SQRR= ' ( )1/6 0#**'0 4 / / /2$1 !*/ 1#

(80) $ -/*"/( ) ZZ 0#**'0 -/1$$-1 = *! 4#$# WU $)1 /3 )1$*)0#**'0@/$*/1*1# $(-' ( )11$*))'0* !*/ 1# 12'1*'' 1$*)= 1# .2 01$*))$/ 40 1 01 $) -$'*1 0126 I6 SQRSJ 1* )02/ 1#1 012 )10 4*2' 2) /01)''.2 01$*)0@!1 /4/0=012 )10*(-' 1 )$)1 /) 1G0 .2 01$*))$/ $) 1# 0#**'0C*(-21 /'02/$)"/ "2'/0#**'#*2/0=14$ - /0#**'6 /I1* /) 6J@2/$)"1# 00 00( )10=1 # /04 / -/ 0 )1)$01/$21 $)$3$2'-004*/01* 1# $/ 012 )10 1* 00 1# .2 01$*))$/ = ) 1* )04 / ) 00$01 012 )10 4$1# 1# .2 01$*))$/ 4# ) ) 00/6@ 12 )10 !$'' *21 1# .2 01$*)0 6 1# (0 '3 0 ) $!!$2'1 1*-$04 / 5-'$) $)$)01/21$*)'3$ *0@2 01$*))$/ 04 / *(-' 1 *)3*'2)1/6 0$0)14 / )*)6($7 @/ )10/ $3 $)!*/(1$*)*211# 0126)- /($00$*) !*/(0!/*(1# 0#**'@/ )104#*$)*14)11# $/#$'1*-/1$$-1 4 / / .2 01 1* / 12/)1# !*/(1*1# 0#**'@ # /0'0*$)!*/( 012 )10*211# / 0 /#)0& */'*)0 )1@*1#-/ )10)012 )104 / ' 1*4$1#/4!/*(-/1$$-1$*)1)61$( @ 20 1!/*(1# 0 *)43 *!

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(82) " ^RQ@S6 /0=^R@S=)" ^X@RGRT@YJ@ . 30. . .

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