University of Groningen Degradation of dental resin composites during intra-oral wear Yulianto, Heribertus Dedy Kusuma

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Degradation of dental resin composites during intra-oral wear Yulianto, Heribertus Dedy Kusuma

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Publication date: 2017

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Yulianto, H. D. K. (2017). Degradation of dental resin composites during intra-oral wear. University of Groningen.

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ϵϵ

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ϭϬϬ

Summary

Background ĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞƚŽƌĞƉůĂĐĞŵŝƐƐŝŶŐƚŽŽƚŚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ƚŽĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐĂŶĚƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞŽƌĂůĐĂǀŝƚǇŝƐĂĐŽŵƉůĞǆ͕ŚŽƐƟůĞ ĂŶĚ ĂŐŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘ tŚĞŶ ƉůĂĐĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƌĂů ĐĂǀŝƚǇ ŽǀĞƌ Ă ůŽŶŐĞƌ ƉĞƌŝŽĚŽĨƟŵĞ͕ƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐƵŶĚĞƌŐŽĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶƐŚĂƉĞ͕ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚ ĐŽůŽƌĂƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůǁĞĂƌ͕ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌǇĐĂƌŝĞƐĚƵĞƚŽŝŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞŽƌĂů ŚǇŐŝĞŶĞĂŶĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ͘ KǀĞƌƚŚĞǇĞĂƌƐŵĂŶǇĐŚĂŶŐĞƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ƌĞƐŝŶƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ŵĂĚĞ ĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐ ĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĂŶĚĚƵƌĂďŝůŝƚǇ͘ŶŝŶĚĞƉƚŚĂŶĚĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞ ĞƟŽůŽŐǇ ŽĨ ;ĨͿĂŝůŝŶŐ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƐ ŝƐ ŽĨ ŐƌĞĂƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ďŽƚŚ ĨƌŽŵ Ă ĚĞŶƚĂů ŚĞĂůƚŚ ĂŶĚ ĨƌŽŵ ĂŶ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ Ă ƉƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƐŝƚĞ ĨŽƌ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘ ĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶĚƵƌŝŶŐŝŶƚƌĂŽƌĂůǁĞĂƌŝƐƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĞīĞĐƚŽĨƐĞǀĞƌĂůĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů͕ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂůĂŶĚƉŚǇƐŝĐĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ǁŝƚŚƟŵĞĂƐĂŶŽǀĞƌƌƵůŝŶŐĨĂĐƚŽƌĨŽƌĂůů͘,Žǁ ƚŚĞǇǁŽƌŬƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌŝƐŶŽƚǁĞůůƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ͘/ŶǀŝƚƌŽĂŐŝŶŐŵŽĚĞůƐĞŵƉůŽǇĞĚĨŽƌ ƚŚĞĞǀĂůƵĂƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐŵĞƌĞůǇƐƚƵĚǇƐŝŶŐůĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞǁŝƚŚ ůĂĐŬƚŚĞƐǇŶĞƌŐǇŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞŝŶƚŚĞŽƌĂůĐĂǀŝƚǇ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ůŝƩůĞŝƐŬŶŽǁŶ ĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞǆŝŶƚĞƌƉůĂǇŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨĂĐƚŽƌƐĚƵƌŝŶŐǁĞĂƌĂŶĚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌǇŽƌĂů ŚǇŐŝĞŶĞƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŽŽƚŚďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐ͕ĂīĞĐƚƐƚŚĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĚĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͘ dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ƚŚĞĂŝŵŽĨƚŚŝƐWŚƐƚƵĚǇǁĂƐƚŽŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨŽƌĂů ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ Ă ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĚĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐďǇŽďƐĞƌǀŝŶŐƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽŝƚƐĐŽůŽƌƐƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ͕ƚŚĞďŝŽĮůŵ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƉŚǇƐŝĐŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůĚĞƚĞƌŝŽƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂŶŝŶǀŝǀŽƐƚƵĚǇŵŽĚĞů͘ &ŝŶĂůůǇ͕ĂŶĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐ͕ƐŽŵĞůŝŐŚƚŝƐƐŚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞŵƵůƟĨĂĐƚŽƌŝĂů ĞƟŽůŽŐǇ ŽĨ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͘ ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ŵĂĚĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŵĂǇ ĂŝĚ ŽƚŚĞƌƐ ǁŚĞŶ ĚĞƐŝŐŶŝŶŐ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ ĂŶĚ ĐůŝŶŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƚŽƚŚĞƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŽĨƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐĂƌĞƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞůŽŶŐĞƌůĂƐƟŶŐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƚŽƚŚĞ ďĞŶĞĮƚŽĨƉĂƟĞŶƚƐ͘

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ϭϬϭ

dŚĞĐůŝŶŝĐĂůƐƚƵĚǇ͕ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ͕ĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ dŚĞ ďĂĐŬďŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ WŚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ŝƐ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ďǇ Ă ĐůŝŶŝĐĂů ƐƚƵĚǇ ŝŶ ǁŚŝĐŚ ϭϲ ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌƐ ǁŽƌĞ ƌĞŵŽǀĂďůĞ ĂĐƌǇůŝĐ ƉĂůĂƚĂů ĂƉƉůŝĂŶĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ ĚŝƐŬƐ ŽĨ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ;ĞĂƵƟĮů //͕ &ŝůƚĞŬ ϯϱϬ ydͿ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ;>ĂǀĂ hůƟŵĂƚĞͬD͕ƐƚĞŶŝĂΘ͕ͿĚƵƌŝŶŐƉĞƌŝŽĚƐŽĨϯϬĚĂǇƐ͘dŚƌĞĞƌĞŐŝŵĞƐŽĨ ŵĂŶƵĂůďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐǁĞƌĞĂƉƉůŝĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƉĞƌŝŽĚ͗ďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐǁŝƚŚĂŇƵŽƌŝĚĂƚĞĚ ƚŽŽƚŚƉĂƐƚĞ͕ ďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐ ǁŝƚŚ ǁĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ŶŽ ďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞ ĞīĞĐƚ ŽĨ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ ŽƌĂů ĐĂǀŝƚǇ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ ǁĞĂƌ ĂŶĚ ďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐŽŶǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ͘ dŚĞ ĂĐƌǇůŝĐ ĂƉƉůŝĂŶĐĞƐ ǁĞƌĞ ƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ƚŚĞƌŵŽƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞ ĐŚŝƉ ;dŚĞƌĂDŽŶΠͿƚŽŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĂĐƚƵĂůǁĞĂƌŝŶŐƟŵĞ͘dŚŝƐƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĞǆĐůƵƐŝŽŶŽĨ ŽŶĞǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨůĂĐŬŽĨĐŽŵƉůŝĂŶĐĞ͘,ĞŶĐĞĂĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚĂƚĂƐĞƚĨŽƌ ϭϱ ǀŽůƵŶƚĞĞƌƐ ǁĂƐ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ ǀĂůŝĚ ĂŶĚ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂŶĂůǇƐĞƐ͘ ĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ ĂŶĚ ĨŽĐƵƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƵĚǇ͕ Ă ƐĞůĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐǁĂƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶChapters 2͕3ĂŶĚ4͘ dŚĞ ƌĂƟŽŶĂůĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƚŽƚĂů WŚ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĂŶĚ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ĂŝŵƐ ĂƌĞ ůĂŝĚ ŽƵƚ ŝŶ Chapter 1 ĂŶĚ ďĂƐĞĚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽďƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ ŝŶ Chapters 2͕ 3 ĂŶĚ 4͕ ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶ ĨŽƌ ƐĞǀĞƌĂů ƉĂƌƟĞƐ ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƌƐ͕ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ĐůŝŶŝĐŝĂŶƐͿĂƌĞďƌŽƵŐŚƚŝŶƚŽĐŽŶƚĞǆƚŝŶƚŚĞGeneral discussionĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ͘ Chapter 2ĚĞĂůƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽůŽƌƐƚĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨƚŚƌĞĞƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ;ĞĂƵƟĮů //͕&ŝůƚĞŬϯϱϬydĂŶĚƐƚĞŶŝĂΘͿǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞďƵůŬĮůůĞƌĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͕ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ĮůůĞƌ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ĂŶĚ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͘ ŽůŽƌ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ;ȴEͿ ǁĞƌĞĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞ>͕Ă͕ď͕ĐŽůŽƌĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚĞƐǇƐƚĞŵ;/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶŽŶ/ůůƵŵŝŶĂƟŽŶͿ͘ ^ŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ĚŝƐĐŽůŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚ ŝŶ Ăůů ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ǁĂƐ ĐĂƵƐĞĚ ďǇ Ă ƐůŝŐŚƚůǇ ĚĂƌŬĞƌ͕ ŵŽƌĞ ƌĞĚĚŝƐŚ ĂŶĚ ǇĞůůŽǁŝƐŚ ĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ͕ ƚŚĂƚǁĂƐŝŶŐĞŶĞƌĂůŶŽƚŝŵƉĂĐƚĞĚďǇƚŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽƌƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐ͘dŚĞ ĚŝƐĐŽůŽƌĂƟŽŶ ȴE ƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ďƵůŬ ĮůůĞƌ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͕ ďƵƚ ŶŽƚ ǁŝƚŚ ĮůůĞƌ ƉĂƌƟĐůĞ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞĂƚƚŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂŶĚǁĂƐĂůǁĂǇƐĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞĚďǇĂĚŽƵďůŝŶŐŽƌƚƌŝƉůŝŶŐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ йE ĞǆƉŽƐĞĚ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ͘ DĂũŽƌ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ ŝŶ йE ŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚĂŌĞƌŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂůǁĞĂƌǇŝĞůĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƚŚĂƚĂŵŝŶĞƐ;ŝ͘Ğ͘ƉŚŽƚŽͲĐŽͲ ŝŶŝƟĂƚŽƌͿĚŝīƵƐĞĨƌŽŵƚŚĞďƵůŬƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƚŽĂƩƌĂĐƚĚŝƐĐŽůŽƌĂŶƚƐ͘ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ŝƚǁĂƐĐŽŶĐůƵĚĞĚƚŚĂƚŝŶƚŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĂŶĚƐǇƐƚĞŵĂƟĐ ĞīĞĐƚƐ ŽĨ ďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐ Žƌ ŶŽ ďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐ͕ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƵƐĂƟǀĞ ĚŝƐĐŽůŽƌĂŶƚ ŝƐ ƉƌĞƐƵŵĂďůǇ

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ϭϬϮ

ƚŚĞƉŚŽƚŽŝŶŝƟĂƚŽƌĐĂŵƉŚŽƌƋƵŝŶŽŶĞ͕ŬŶŽǁŶƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĂǇĞůůŽǁŝƐŚŚƵĞ͘dŚŝƐ ƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐƚŚĂƚĐŽůŽƌƐƚĂďŝůŝƚǇŽĨĚĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐŵŝŐŚƚďĞŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚďǇ ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐƚŚĞƚǁŽͲĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƉŚŽƚŽͲŝŶŝƟĂƚŽƌͬĐŽͲŝŶŝƟĂƚŽƌƐǇƐƚĞŵ͘ dŚĞĨŽĐƵƐŽĨChapter 3ůŝĞƐŽŶƚŚĞďŝŽĮůŵĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂů ǁĞĂƌ͘ Ɛ ĂůƌĞĂĚǇ ŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƐ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂů ǁĞĂƌ ůŝŵŝƚƐ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ ůŝĨĞͲƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ĂƩƌŝďƵƚĞĚ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĂŐŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ ŽƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐďŝŽĮůŵĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘^ŝŶĐĞďŝŽĮůŵĨŽƌŵƐŽŶ ĂůůƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐĞǆƉŽƐĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŽƌĂůĐĂǀŝƚǇ͕ǁŚŝůĞďŝŽĮůŵŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐŵĂǇƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĂŵŽƵŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚǇƉĞƐ ŽĨ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟǀĞ ĞŶǌǇŵĞƐ͕ ǁĞ ŚǇƉŽƚŚĞƐŝǌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ƌĞůĂƚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ďŝŽĮůŵ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͘ dŚŝƐ ŚǇƉŽƚŚĞƐŝƐ ŝƐ ƚĞƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ Chapter 3 ƵƐŝŶŐ ƐĂŵƉůĞƐ ŽĨ ĚŝƐƟŶĐƚůǇ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ;ĞĂƵƟĮů//ĂŶĚ>ĂǀĂhůƟŵĂƚĞͬDͿ͘ĞĂƵƟĮů//ŝƐĂŶĂŶŽͲŚǇďƌŝĚŝƐͲ'Dͬ d'DĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞǁŝƚŚŐůĂƐƐŝŽŶŽŵĞƌƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐ;ϴϯǁƚйͿ͕ǁŚŝůĞ>ĂǀĂhůƟŵĂƚĞ ͬD ZĞƐƚŽƌĂƟǀĞ ŝƐ Ă ͬD ŵŝůůĞĚ͕ ŶĂŶŽͲĐĞƌĂŵŝĐ ŝƐͲ'D͕ hD͕ d'D͕W'D͕ďŝƐͲDƌĞƐŝŶ;ϴϬǁƚйĮůůĞĚͿ͘dŚĞǇĚŝīĞƌŝŶƚŚĞŝƌĂŵŽƵŶƚ ŽĨĞƐƚĞƌͲůŝŶŬĂŐĞƐ͕ĂƐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚƵƐŝŶŐyͲƌĂǇWŚŽƚŽĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶ^ƉĞĐƚƌŽƐĐŽƉǇ;yW^Ϳ͘ WZͲĞŶĂƚƵƌŝŶŐ'ƌĂĚŝĞŶƚ'ĞůůĞĐƚƌŽƉŚŽƌĞƐŝƐƉĂƩĞƌŶƐŽĨďŝŽĮůŵƐŽŶďŽƚŚ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐĂŌĞƌŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂůǁĞĂƌƐŚŽǁĞĚĂŚŝŐŚĞƌƉƌĞǀĂůĞŶĐĞŽĨ^ƚƌĞƉƚŽĐŽĐĐƵƐ ŵƵƚĂŶƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŚŝŐŚ ĞƐƚĞƌͲůŝŶŬĂŐĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ƚŚĂŶ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ůŽǁ ĞƐƚĞƌͲůŝŶŬĂŐĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇŝŶƚŚĞĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐ͘ŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶĂŌĞƌ ǁĞĂƌ ǁĂƐ ĞǆƉƌĞƐƐĞĚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ŽĨ ĮůůĞƌ ƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐ͕ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚĂĚǀĂŶĐŝŶŐ͕ƌĞĐĞĚŝŶŐĂŶĚĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵǁĂƚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ ĂŶŐůĞƐƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞĂƐƐŝĞĂŶĚĂǆƚĞƌĞƋƵĂƟŽŶ͘ĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶĂŌĞƌŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂůǁĞĂƌ ǁĂƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůǇƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌŽŶƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĞƌͲůŝŶŬĂŐĞƚŚĂŶŽŶƚŚĞůŽǁĞƐƚĞƌͲůŝŶŬĂŐĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇŝŶĂďƐĞŶĐĞŽĨďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐ͕ǁŚŝůĞŶŽƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŝŶ ĮůůĞƌĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞůŽǁĞƐƚĞƌͲůŝŶŬĂŐĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ͕ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟǀĞŽĨĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ͕ ǁĞƌĞŽďƐĞƌǀĞĚ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞ ƚŚĂƚ ďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂů ĞƐƚĞƌĂƐĞƐ ŝŶ ďŝŽĮůŵƐ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ^͘ ŵƵƚĂŶƐ ĂƌĞ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂďůǇ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ŝŶ ǀŝǀŽ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐĂŚŝŐŚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĞƐƚĞƌͲůŝŶŬĂŐĞƐ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨĂĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞͲĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟǀĞŵŝĐƌŽďŝŽŵĞĐĂŶďĞƐůŽǁĞĚĚŽǁŶďǇďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞƐĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐĞŵƉŚĂƐŝǌĞƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƉƌŽƉĞƌŽƌĂůŚǇŐŝĞŶĞŽĨĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽŝŶƚ ŽƵƚ Ă ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂů ƉĂƚŚǁĂǇ ĨŽƌ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ůĞƐƐ ĂŵĞŶĂďůĞ ƚŽ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶĚƵƌŝŶŐŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂůǁĞĂƌ͘

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ϭϬϯ

/ĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ƚŽ ĚĞƚĞĐƚ ĞĂƌůǇ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƌĞƐŝŶƐ͕ĞŝƚŚĞƌĂŌĞƌŝŶǀŝƚƌŽĞǆƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐŽƌŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂůǁĞĂƌŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĂƐƚŚĞƵƐĞŽĨŵŽƌĞƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞŵĞƚŚŽĚƐǁŝůůĂůůŽǁƐŚŽƌƚĞƌĞǆƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƟŵĞƐ ƚŽƌĞĂĐŚƐƚĂƟƐƟĐĂůůǇƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĂŶĚƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƐ͘dŚĞĂŝŵŽĨƚŚĞƐƚƵĚǇ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚŝŶChapter 4ǁĂƐƚŽĐŽŵƉĂƌĞƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂů ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĂŶĚ ŵŽƌĞ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞͲƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ĂƐ ĂƉƉůŝĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐ ĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƐƚŽŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƚŚĞĞĂƌůǇĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͘ ĂƚĂĨƌŽŵĂůůĨŽƵƌƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ;ĞĂƵƟĮů//͕&ŝůƚĞŬϯϱϬyd͕>ĂǀĂhůƟŵĂƚĞ ͬDĂŶĚƐƚĞŶŝĂΘͿǁĞƌĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ͘ĂƌůǇĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶǁĂƐ ĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚǁŽĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ;ŚĂƌĚŶĞƐƐĂŶĚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƌŽƵŐŚŶĞƐƐ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐͿ ĂŶĚ ƚǁŽ ůĞƐƐ ĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂů ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞͲƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐ ƚŽ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĮůůĞƌĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ;ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ͕ĂĚǀĂŶĐŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞĐĞĚŝŶŐ ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚĂŶŐůĞƐĂŶĚyW^ĂŶĂůǇƐĞƐͿ͘ dŚĞ ĚǇŶĂŵŝĐ ƌĂŶŐĞ ŽǀĞƌ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞƐƌĂŶŐĞĚǁĂƐůĂƌŐĞƐƚĨŽƌƚŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƌŽƵŐŚŶĞƐƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚ ďǇ ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ ĂŶŐůĞ ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ ĂŶĚ yW^ ĂŶĂůǇƐĞƐ͘ DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ ĮůůĞƌ ĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ ĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚĨƌŽŵŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚĐŽŶƚĂĐƚĂŶŐůĞƐĐŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƌŽƵŐŚŶĞƐƐĚĂƚĂ͘ dŚŝƐůĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶƚŚĂƚĞĂƌůǇĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŝƐďĞƐƚƐƚƵĚŝĞĚďǇƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ƌŽƵŐŚŶĞƐƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐŽƌĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐŽĨĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ͕ĂĚǀĂŶĐŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞĐĞĚŝŶŐ ǁĂƚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂĐƚĂŶŐůĞƐĂƐƚŚĞǇŵŽƐƚƐĞŶƐŝƟǀĞůǇƌĞŇĞĐƚĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂƚĂƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĂŶĚ ƚŚĞŝƌƌĞƐƵůƚƐĨŽƌĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶĐŽŶĮƌŵĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͘yW^ŝƐĂůƐŽƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ ĨŽƌ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ĂŶĂůǇƐŝƐ ŽĨ ĞĂƌůǇ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ͕ ďƵƚ ŝƚƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ƉĂƌƟĂůůǇ ƌĞŇĞĐƚƚŚĞďƵůŬŵĂƚƌŝǆŵĂŬŝŶŐŝƚƐůŝŐŚƚůǇůĞƐƐƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ͘,ĂƌĚŶĞƐƐ͕ƚŚŽƵŐŚƐƵŝƚĂďůĞ ƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶďƵůŬŵĂƚƌŝǆĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ͕ŝƐƵŶƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐ ĞĂƌůǇĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐƐƟůůĐŽŶĮŶĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͘ /ŶƚŚĞGeneral discussion͕ĂŶŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚŝŶ ĚĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ŝƐ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ƚŽ ĚĞŶƟƐƚƌǇ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉĂƚŚǁĂǇ ƚŽ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ĂƌĞ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚ͘ ďĞƩĞƌ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨƉĂƚŚǁĂǇƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨ;ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽͿ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚĞŶƚĂůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŽƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ŵĂǇďƵŝůĚŽŶĐƵƌƌĞŶƚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚůĞĂĚƚŽŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŽŶŽŶĞ ŽĨŵŽƌĞ ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐŽĨƉƌĞƐĞŶƚůǇƵƐĞĚĚĞŶƚĂůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ dŚĞ ŝĚĞĂů ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟǀĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƐŚŽƵůĚ ŚĂǀĞ ĞǆĐĞůůĞŶƚ ŽƉƟĐĂů ƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ͕ ƐŚŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞƉŚǇƐŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŵĂƚĐŚŝŶŐƚŚŽƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƚŽŽƚŚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƚŚĂƚŝƚ ŝƐ ƌĞƉůĂĐŝŶŐ͕ ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞ ĂƐ ǁĞĂƌ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶƚ ĂƐ ƚŚĞ ĞŶĂŵĞů ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ŽĨ ŝƚƐ ƐŽƵŶĚ

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ϭϬϰ

ĂŶƚĂŐŽŶŝƐƚŽƌĂƐƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟǀĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŽƉƉŽƐŝŶŐŝƚĂŶĚďĞĂďůĞƚŽƌĞƐŝƐƚĨĂƟŐƵĞ͘ /ƚ ŵƵƐƚ ďĞ ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ ƚŽ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ ĂŶĚ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶ ĂŶ ĞǆĐĞůůĞŶƚ ďŽŶĚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂŶĚĞŶĂŵĞůĂŶĚĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůǇĚĞŶƟŶ͕ďĞƚĂƐƚĞůĞƐƐ͕ƌĞƉĂŝƌĂďůĞ ĂŶĚ ďŝŽĐŽŵƉĂƟďůĞ͕ ŚĞŶĐĞ ŶŽƚ ďĞ ĐǇƚŽƚŽǆŝĐ͘ /Ŷ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ƐŚŽƵůĚ ďĞĞĂƐǇƚŽŚĂŶĚůĞĂŶĚƉŽůŝƐŚĂďůĞ͕ĐŚĞĂƉĂŶĚŝĨŝƚǁĞƌĞĂŶƟŵŝĐƌŽďŝĂůĂƐǁĞůů͕ŝƚ ǁŽƵůĚƚƌƵůǇďĞƚŚĞ͚ŚŽůǇŐƌĂŝů͛ŽĨƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟǀĞĚĞŶƟƐƚƌǇ͘ůŝŶŝĐĂůƌĞĂůŝƚǇŝƐƚŚĂƚǁĞ ĂƌĞŶŽƚƚŚĞƌĞǇĞƚ͘ /Ŷ ƚŚĞ General discussion͕ ƚŚĞ ĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ ĂƌĞ ďƌŽƵŐŚƚ ŝŶƚŽ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͘ ^ĐŚĞŵĂƟĐ ĮŐƵƌĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞ ĂŶĚ ƐƵŵŵĂƌŝǌĞ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐĨƌŽŵůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĞĂŶĚŽƵƌĮŶĚŝŶŐƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƚŚĞƐŝƐ͘dŚĞǇŝŶǀŽůǀĞƚŚĞƚĞŶƚĂƟǀĞůǇƉƌĞƐƵŵĞĚƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ ŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͘ /ƚ ŝƐ ĐůĞĂƌ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůͲĨĂĐƚŽƌ ĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐǇ ŝƐ ĂŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŬĞǇͲŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌ ƚŽ ƉƌĞĚŝĐƚ ƚŚĞ ŽŶƐĞƚ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ͘ WŽůǇƵƌĞƚŚĂŶĞ ďĂƐĞĚ ŵŽŶŽŵĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ ŶĂŶŽĮůůĞƌ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ ;йǁĞŝŐŚƚͿ ĞǆŚŝďŝƚĞĚ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĞĂĚŝĞƐƚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽŶƚŚƌĞĞĂƐƐĞƐƐĞĚƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ŚŝŐŚĞƌŚĂƌĚŶĞƐƐĂŶĚ ůŽǁĞƌ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞͲƌŽƵŐŚŶĞƐƐ ĂƐ ƐŚŽǁŶ ŝŶ Chapter 4 ĂŶĚ ďĞƩĞƌ ĐŽůŽƌ ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂƐ ƐŚŽǁŶŝŶChapter 2͘ dŚĞŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌďĂƐŝƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽůŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶĂŝƐƉƌĞƐƵŵĂďůǇƌĞůĂƚĞĚ ƚŽƚŚĞĮůůĞƌĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͕ŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŶŐƚŚĂƚĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐŚĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚĮůůĞƌĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ ǁŝůů ďĞ ŵŽƌĞ ƐƚĂďůĞ͘ dŚŝƐ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐƵůƚ ŽĨ ƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ǁĞĂƌ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ͘ KƵƌ ĚĂƚĂ ƵŶĚĞƌƐĐŽƌĞ ƐƵĐŚ ƉƌĞƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ ƐŝŶĐĞ ŝƚ ŝƐŝŶĂĐĐŽƌĚĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƌƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƌŽƵŐŚŶĞƐƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘/ƚŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŚĂŶŐĞ ŽĨ ƉŚǇƐŝĐĂů ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƚĞƌŵŽƐƚͲƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ĂīĞĐƚƐ ŝƚƐ ĐŽůŽƌ ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ ƌŽƵŐŚŶĞƐƐ͘ ,ĞŶĐĞ͕ ƚŚĞ йĮůůĞƌ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐĞ ƚǁŽƐƵƌĨĂĐĞͲĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐƵŶĚĞƌŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂůĞǆƉŽƐƵƌĞ͘ Ɛ ĂůƐŽ ĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͕ ďĂĐƚĞƌŝĂ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƌĂů ĐĂǀŝƚǇ ĐĂŶ ƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůǇ ĐĂƵƐĞ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ͘ tĞ ƐŚŽǁĞĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŽƌĂů ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟǀĞͲŵŝĐƌŽďŝŽŵĞƌŝĐŚŝŶ^͘ŵƵƚĂŶƐǁĂƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨŵĂƚƌŝǆƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ;Chapter 3Ϳ͘ 'ĞŶĞƌĂů ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐ ĨŽƌ ĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĂŶĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƉŽůǇŵĞƌŝĐŵŽŶŽŵĞƌĂŶĚƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ĨŽƌŵƵůĂƟŽŶƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞĚ ďŝŽĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ ĂŶĚ Ă ůĞƐƐ ĐĂƌŝŽŐĞŶŝĐ ŵŝĐƌŽďŝŽŵĞĂĚŚĞƌĞŶĐĞĂƐƚŚŝƐǁŝůůĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƚŚĞƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƌĞƐŝŶ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƚŽĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŽƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘