Degradation of dental resin composites during intra-oral wear Yulianto, Heribertus Dedy Kusuma
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Yulianto, H. D. K. (2017). Degradation of dental resin composites during intra-oral wear. University of Groningen.
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Dental resin composites
ĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĐŽŵĞ ĂŶ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂů ƉĂƌƚ ŽĨ ŵŽĚĞƌŶ ĚĞŶƟƐƚƌLJ ;:ĂŶĚƚ Ğƚ Ăů͘ ϮϬϬϵͿ͘ EŽǁĂĚĂLJƐ͕ ĚĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ ǁŽƌůĚǁŝĚĞ ƚŽ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĞ ŵŝƐƐŝŶŐ ƚŽŽƚŚ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͕ ƚŽ ŵŽĚŝĨLJ ƚŽŽƚŚ ĐŽůŽƌ ĂŶĚ ĂŶĂƚŽŵŝĐĂů ĐŽŶƚŽƵƌ͕ ƚŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ ĂŶĚ ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ ;^ƂĚĞƌŚŽůŵ ϭϵϴϭ͕ KŝůŽ ϭϵϵϮ͕ &ĞƌƌĂĐĂŶĞ ϭϵϵϰ͕ DƵƌĚŽĐŚͲ<ŝŶĐŚ ĂŶĚ DĐ >ĞĂŶ ϮϬϬϯ͕ ^ĐŚŵĂůnj ĂŶĚ ƌĞŶŚŽůƚͲ ŝŶĚƐůĞǀ ϮϬϬϵ͕ ^ĂŬĂŐƵĐŚŝ ĂŶĚ WŽǁĞƌ ϮϬϭϮ͕ DƵƐƚĂĨĂ ĂŶĚ DĂƟŶůŝŶŶĂ ϮϬϭϰͿ͘ dŚĞ ůŝĨĞƟŵĞ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ŝƐ ĚŝĸĐƵůƚ ƚŽ ƉƌĞĚŝĐƚ͘KŶƚŚĞůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵ͕ƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶƐŚĂƉĞ͕ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚ ĐŽůŽƌ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂů ǁĞĂƌ ;&ƌĞƵŶĚ ĂŶĚ DƵŶŬƐŐĂĂƌĚ ϭϵϵϬ͕'ƂƉĨĞƌŝĐŚ ϭϵϵϲ͕ &ĞƌƌĂĐĂŶĞϮϬϭϭ͕KƉĚĂŵĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϮ͕ĞŵĂƌĐŽĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϮ͕ĞůĂǀŝnjĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϰ͕ sĂŶŝũŬĞŶĂŶĚ>ŝŶĚďĞƌŐϮϬϭϱ͕sĂŶĚĞ^ĂŶĚĞĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ƐŚŽƌƚůŝĨĞƟŵĞŽĨ Ă ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ ŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶ ĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ǁŝƚŚ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ ĨĂŝůƵƌĞ ĚƵĞ ƚŽ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJ ĐĂƌŝĞƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƌŐŝŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŽŽƚŚ ĞŶĂŵĞůŽƌĚĞŶƟŶĂŶĚĂĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ;WĂůůĞƐĞŶĂŶĚsĂŶŝũŬĞŶϮϬϭϱ͕ ĞĐŬ Ğƚ Ăů͘ ϮϬϭϱͿ͘ ^ŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ǁĂƐ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ϭϵϲϬƐ͕ ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŚĂǀĞƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĂĚǀĂŶĐĞĚ ŵŽĚĞƌŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐǁŝƚŚĞdžĐĞůůĞŶƚǁĞĂƌƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ĚƵƌĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ĂŶĚĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐƚŚĂƚ ŵŝŵŝĐŶĂƚƵƌĂůƚĞĞƚŚ;&ĞƌƌĂĐĂŶĞϮϬϭϭͿ͘dĂďůĞϭƐƵŵŵĂƌŝnjĞƐƚŚĞŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐ ŽĨ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂů ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ ŽĨ ĚĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ƐŝŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŝƐ'DŝŶϭϵϲϬ͘
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Table 1 ^ƵŵŵĂƌLJŽĨƚŚĞŵĂũŽƌƐƚĞƉƐŝŶƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨĚĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ
;&ĞƌƌĂĐĂŶĞϮϬϭϭ͕DƵƐƚĂĨĂĂŶĚDĂƟŶůŝŶŶĂϮϬϭϰͿ͘
Year Developmental steps in resin composites 1960 /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƉŽůLJŵĞƌŵĂƚƌŝdžŽĨŝƐ'D 1970 ZĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĚŝĂŵĞƚĞƌ ŽĨ ĮůůĞƌ ƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐ ĨƌŽŵ ŵĂĐƌŽĮůůĞƌ ƚŽ ŵŝĐƌŽĮůůĞƌ 1980 /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŚLJďƌŝĚ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ƚǁŽ ƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨ ĮůůĞƌƐ ;ĮŶĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐŽĨϮƚŽϰђŵĂŶĚŵŝĐƌŽĮŶĞƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐŽĨϬ͘ϬϰƚŽϬ͘Ϯђŵ͘ /Ŷϭϵϴϱ͕ƚŚĞĮƌƐƚŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚͬDƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞǁĂƐĨĂďƌŝĐĂƚĞĚ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶďĞƌĞƉĂŝƌĞĚĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚŵŽƌĞĞĂƐŝůLJƚŚĂŶĐĞƌĂŵŝĐƐ͘ 1990 /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŇŽǁĂďůĞĂŶĚƉĂĐŬĂďůĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͘ Ͳ &ůŽǁĂďůĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ůŽǁ ĞůĂƐƟĐŝƚLJ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĞ ƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚĨŽƌƵƐĞŝŶĐĞƌǀŝĐĂůĂďĨƌĂĐƟŽŶĂƌĞĂƐĂŶĚĐĂŶďĞ ĂƉƉůŝĞĚďLJĂƐLJƌŝŶŐĞ͘ Ͳ WĂĐŬĂďůĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐŚĂǀĞĂǀĞƌLJŚŝŐŚǀŝƐĐŽƐŝƚLJĂŶĚŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞ ĐŽŵƉƌĞƐƐĞĚƵƐŝŶŐĂŚĂƌĚͲŇĂƚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞLJĐŽŶƚĂŝŶ ĚŝŵĞƚŚĂĐƌLJůĂƚĞƌĞƐŝŶŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐǁŝƚŚĮůůĞƌůŽĂĚŝŶŐƐƵƉƚŽϲϲйͲ ϳϬйďLJǀŽůƵŵĞ͘&ŝůůĞƌƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐǁŝƚŚƉŽƌŽƵƐŽƌŝƌƌĞŐƵůĂƌƐŚĂƉĞ ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŵŽĚŝĮĞĚƌĞƐŝŶŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŽŵĂŬĞ ƚŚĞŵƉĂĐŬĂďůĞ͘ 2000 /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨŶĂŶŽĮůůĞƌĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘ 2008 hƐĞŽĨŶĞǁŵĞƚŚĂĐƌLJůĂƚĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐƚŽŝŶŚŝďŝƚǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐƐŚƌŝŶŬĂŐĞ ĂŶĚƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶƐƚƌĞƐƐ͘ 2010 ^ĞůĨͲĂĚŚĞƐŝǀĞŇŽǁĂďůĞĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞďĞĐŽŵĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŝŶƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚ͘ 2012-2014 dŚĞ ůĂƚĞƐƚ ĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚ ŝŶ ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŶĂŶŽĐůƵƐƚĞƌ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ;ŶĂŶŽƐŝnjĞĚ ƐŝůŝĐĂ ĂŶĚ njŝƌĐŽŶŝĂ ƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐͿ͘ ZĞĐĞŶƚůLJƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚǁŽĚŝƐƟŶĐƚƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĚĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶŶĂŶŽƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐ͗ Ͳ EĂŶŽĮůůĞƌƐ͕ ŶĂŶŽƐŝnjĞĚ ƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐ ƌĂŶŐŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵ ϭͲϭϬϬ Ŷŵ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŵĂƚƌŝdž Ͳ EĂŶŽŚLJďƌŝĚƐ͕ ŶŽƚ Ă ƚƌƵĞ ŶĂŶŽĮůůĞĚ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŝƚ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨďůĞŶĚĞĚŶĂŶŽƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐĂŶĚŵŝĐƌŽƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐ;Ϭ͘ϰƚŽ ϱђŵͿ
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ĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐĂƌĞĐŽŵƉŽƐĞĚŽĨĨŽƵƌŵĂũŽƌĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ͗ĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ƉŽůLJŵĞƌ ŵĂƚƌŝdž ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ƵƐƵĂůůLJ ŵĞƚŚĂĐƌLJůĂƚĞ ďĂƐĞĚ͕ ŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĮůůĞƌ ƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐ ;ĐŽŵŵŽŶůLJŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚĨƌŽŵƋƵĂƌƚnj͕ŐůĂƐƐŽƌƐŽůͲŐĞůĚĞƌŝǀĞĚĐĞƌĂŵŝĐͿ͕ĐŽƵƉůŝŶŐ ĂŐĞŶƚƐ ƐƵĐŚ ĂƐ ƐŝůĂŶĞƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĂŶ ŝŶŝƟĂƚŽƌͲĂĐĐĞůĞƌĂƚŽƌ ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘ ĐŽŵŵŽŶůLJ ƵƐĞĚ ŵŽŶŽŵĞƌ ŝƐ Ϯ͕ϮͲďŝƐ ϰ;ϮͲŚLJĚƌŽdžLJͲϯͲŵĞƚŚĂĐƌLJůŽdžLJƉƌŽƉŽdžLJͿͲ ƉŚĞŶLJůƉƌŽƉĂŶĞ͕ ĂůƐŽ ŬŶŽǁŶ ĂƐ ďŝƐƉŚĞŶŽů ŐůLJĐŝĚLJů ŵĞƚŚĂĐƌLJůĂƚĞ;ŝƐ'DͿ ;^ĂŬĂŐƵĐŚŝĂŶĚWŽǁĞƌϮϬϭϮ͕DƵƐƚĂĨĂĂŶĚDĂƟŶůŝŶŶĂϮϬϭϰͿ͘dŚĞƐĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐ ĂƌĞƌĂƚŚĞƌǀŝƐĐŽƵƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŵĂŬĞƐŝƚĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĮůůĞƌƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐ͘ƵĞ ƚŽƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞůLJŚŝŐŚǀŝƐĐŽƐŝƚLJ͕ůŽǁŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌͲǁĞŝŐŚƚĚŝůƵĞŶƚŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐƐƵĐŚ ĂƐƚƌŝĞƚŚLJůĞŶĞŐůLJĐŽůĚŝŵĞƚŚĂĐƌLJůĂƚĞ;d'DͿ͕ŽƌŝƐͲD͕ĂƌĞďůĞŶĚĞĚŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞǀŝƐĐŽƵƐŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞďĞƩĞƌǁŽƌŬĂďůĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƚĞŶĐLJĂŶĚŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐŝŶ ƚŚĞĐůŝŶŝĐ͘dŚĞƐĞŵŽŶŽŵĞƌƐĂƌĞĂĚĚĞĚďLJƚŚĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƌŶŽƚŽŶůLJƚŽƌĞĚƵĐĞ ƚŚĞǀŝƐĐŽƐŝƚLJďƵƚĂůƐŽƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘/ŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĮůůĞƌƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐĂƌĞĂ ŵĂũŽƌƉĂƌƚŽĨƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐďLJǀŽůƵŵĞĂŶĚǁĞŝŐŚƚ͘ŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ĚĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐĂƌĞĐůĂƐƐŝĮĞĚďLJƚŚĞƐŝnjĞĂŶĚƚLJƉĞŽĨƚŚĞĮůůĞƌƐ͗ŵĂĐƌŽĮůůĞƌ͕ ŵŝĐƌŽĮůůĞƌ͕ ŶĂŶŽĮůůĞƌ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŚLJďƌŝĚ͕ ŵŝdžƚƵƌĞƐ ŽĨ ĮůůĞƌƐ ǁŝƚŚ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐŝnjĞƐ ;^ĐŚŵĂůnjĂŶĚƌĞŶŚŽůƚͲŝŶĚƐůĞǀϮϬϬϵ͕^ĂŬĂŐƵĐŚŝĂŶĚWŽǁĞƌϮϬϭϮͿ͘&ŝůůĞƌƐĂƌĞ ŵĞĂŶƚƚŽƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐĞƚŚĞƌĞƐŝŶŵĂƚƌŝdžĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŵƵƐƚŚĂǀĞĂƐŝnjĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ƚŚĂƚĮƚƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŵĂƚƌŝdžƐƉĂĐĞ͘dLJƉĞĂŶĚĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĚĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐŝŶƐ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂƌĞƐƵŵŵĂƌŝnjĞĚŝŶdĂďůĞϮ͘ Table 2ĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨĚĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƚLJƉĞƐ ĂŶĚƐŝnjĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĮůůĞƌƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐ;^ĂŬĂŐƵĐŚŝĂŶĚWŽǁĞƌϮϬϭϮ͕DƵƐƚĂĨĂĂŶĚDĂƟŶůŝŶŶĂ ϮϬϭϰͿ Type of Filler WĂƌƟĐůĞƐŝnjĞ ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ ZĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĞĚƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ DĂĐƌŽĮůůĞƌ DŝĐƌŽĮůůĞƌ EĂŶŽĮůůĞƌ Ϭ͘ϲʹϯ͘Ϭђŵ ± 0.04 m ϭͲϭϬϬŶŵ >ŽǁǁĞĂƌƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ ƌĂƚŚĞƌŽƉĂƋƵĞ ,ŝŐŚƉŽůŝƐŚƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚĞƐƚŚĞƟĐƐ ,ŝŐŚƉŽůŝƐŚƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ ŚŝŐŚƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚ͕ŚŝŐŚ ĞůĂƐƟĐŝƚLJ EŽƚƵƐĂďůĞĨŽƌĂĞƐƚŚĞƟĐ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƐ ůĂƐƐϭ͕ůĂƐƐϮ͕ůĂƐƐϯ ůĂƐƐϭ͕ůĂƐƐϮ͕ůĂƐƐϯ͕ ůĂƐƐϰ͕ůĂƐƐϱ͕ůĂƐƐϲ ;DKĂƌĞĂƐͿϭϯ
ŽŶĚŝŶŐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ƌĞƐŝŶ ŵĂƚƌŝdž ĂŶĚ ŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĮůůĞƌ ƉĂƌƟĐůĞƐ ĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŝƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ĨŽƌ Ă ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵů ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ͘ ^ŝůĂŶĞ ĐŽƵƉůŝŶŐ ĂŐĞŶƚƐ͕ ĂƐ ϯͲŵĞƚŚĂĐƌLJůŽdžLJƉƌŽƉLJůƚƌŝŵĞƚŚŽdžLJƐŝůĂŶĞ ;DW^Ϳ͕ ϯͲĂĐƌLJůŽdžLJƉƌŽƉLJůƚƌŝŵĞƚŚŽdžLJƐŝůĂŶĞ ;DWd^Ϳ͕ ϯͲŝƐŽĐLJĂŶĂƚŽƉƌŽƉŚLJůƚƌŝĞƚŚŽdžLJƐŝůĂŶĞ ;ϯͲDW^ͿĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂďƌŝĚŐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞƐŝŶŵĂƚƌŝdžĂŶĚŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĮůůĞƌƐ ĂƐ ƐĐŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞĚ ŝŶ &ŝŐ͘ ϭ͘ ^ŝůĂŶĞ ĐŽƵƉůŝŶŐ ĂŐĞŶƚƐ ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶ Ă ƐŝůŝĐŽŶĂƚŽŵŝŶƚŚĞĐĞŶƚĞƌŽĨƚǁŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŽƌŐĂŶŽĂŶĚŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐĂďůĞŐƌŽƵƉƐ ;&ŝŐ͘ ϭͿ͘ dŚĞ ĐŽƵƉůŝŶŐ ĂŐĞŶƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ Ă ĐƌŝƟĐĂů ƌŽůĞ ƚŽ ĞŶŚĂŶĐĞ ƚŚĞ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂů ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞĂŶĚƚŽŵŝŶŝŵŝnjĞŝƚƐǁĞĂƌĚƵƌŝŶŐŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂůƵƐĞ ;DƵƐƚĂĨĂĂŶĚDĂƟŶůŝŶŶĂϮϬϭϰͿ͘ ,LJĚƌŽůLJƐĂďůĞ ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĂů ŐƌŽƵƉ /ŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐ ĨŝůůĞƌ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ^ŝůĂŶĞ KƌŐĂŶŽ ĨƵŶĐƚŝŽŶĂů ŐƌŽƵƉ KƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞƐŝŶ ŵĂƚƌŝdž Figure 1dŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŽĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉǁŝůůďŝŶĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝĐƌĞƐŝŶŵĂƚƌŝdž͕ǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞ ŚLJĚƌŽůLJƐĂďůĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŐƌŽƵƉǁŝůůĂƩĂĐŚƚŽĂŶŝŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĮůůĞƌŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͘ dŚĞĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĂĐƌŽƐƐͲůŝŶŬĞĚŶĞƚǁŽƌŬĚƵƌŝŶŐƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶŝƐĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚǀŝĂ ĨƌĞĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůĐŚĂŝŶƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐŵĞƚŚĂĐƌLJůĂƚĞƉŽůLJŵĞƌ͘ dŚĞƌĞĂĐƟŽŶŝƐŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚďLJůŝŐŚƚŽƌĂĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĨƌĞĞƌĂĚŝĐĂůƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝŶ ƚƵƌŶ ĂƩĂĐŬ ƚŚĞ ĐĂƌďŽŶ ĚŽƵďůĞ ďŽŶĚƐ͕ ĐĂƵƐŝŶŐ ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞ ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĞĚ ƌĞƐŝŶ ŝƐ ŚŝŐŚůLJ ĐƌŽƐƐͲůŝŶŬĞĚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨ ĚŝĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůĐĂƌďŽŶĚŽƵďůĞďŽŶĚƐ͘dŚĞĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ŵĞƚŚŽĚ͕ ƚŚĞ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕ ůŝŐŚƚ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƚLJ ĂŶĚ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƟŵĞ ĂŶĚ ǁŚĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ŝƐ ĨŽƌ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ Žƌ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ƵƐĞ͘ /ŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƐ ĂƌĞ ƉƌĞͲƐŚĂƉĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƉŽƐƚͲĐƵƌĞĚ Ăƚ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ ĂŶĚ ůŝŐŚƚ ŝŶƚĞŶƐŝƟĞƐ ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ŽƌĂů ĐĂǀŝƚLJ͕ ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐĂƌĞĂƉƉůŝĞĚĂŶĚĐƵƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŽƌĂůĐĂǀŝƚLJ͘ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐ͕ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ͕ ĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐĂŶĚĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐŽĨĚŝƌĞĐƚĂŶĚŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐĂƌĞůŝƐƚĞĚ ŝŶdĂďůĞϯ͕ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝƌĐůŝŶŝĐĂůŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ϭϰ
Table 3ĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐ͕ĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐĂŶĚĐůŝŶŝĐĂůŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚĂŶĚĚŝƌĞĐƚƌĞƐŝŶ
ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͘
Resin composites Advantages Disadvantages ůŝŶŝĐĂůŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ
ŝƌĞĐƚƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ĂƐLJƚŽƉŽůŝƐŚ͕ĞĂƐLJ ƚŽŚĂŶĚůĞ͕ůŽǁ ĐŽƐƚ͕ŵƵůƟƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶƐ͘ >ŽǁĞƌĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨ ĐƵƌŝŶŐ͕ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƐŚƌŝŶŬĂŐĞƚŚĂŶ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͘ ^ŵĂůůĐĂǀŝƟĞƐĨŽƌ ůŝŵŝƚĞĚŽĐĐůƵƐĂů ĂƌĞĂ͘ /ŶĚŝƌĞĐƚƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ >ĞƐƐƉŽƌŽƐŝƚLJ͕ůĞƐƐ ƉŽůLJŵĞƌŝnjĂƟŽŶ ƐŚƌŝŶŬĂŐĞ͕ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨĐƵƌŝŶŐ͕ ůŽǁĞƌǁĞĂƌ͕ďĞƩĞƌ ĂŶĂƚŽŵLJĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚǁŝƚŚƚŽŽƚŚ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƚŚĂŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͘ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ ĐŽƐƚĂƌĞŚŝŐŚ͕ ŶĞĞĚƐƉĞĐŝĂů ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘ DƵůƟƉůĞĐĂǀŝƟĞƐ͕ ĐƌŽǁŶƐĂŶĚ ďƌŝĚŐĞƐ͘ īĞĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽŶƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ dŚĞ ĂŐŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŽƌĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ĐĂŶ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĞ ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶ ŐŝǀĞ ƌŝƐĞ ƚŽ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ŝŶ ƉŚLJƐŝĐŽͲĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ͕ ƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐŽďƐĞƌǀĂďůĞĂƐĐŽůŽƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ;&ƌĞƵŶĚĂŶĚDƵŶŬƐŐĂĂƌĚϭϵϵϬ͕>ĂƌƐĞŶ ĂŶĚDƵŶŬƐŐĂĂƌĚϭϵϵϭ͕^ƚĞŝŶďĞƌŐĂŶĚLJĂůϮϬϬϮ͕ŝĐŬĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϰ͕/ŬĞĚĂĞƚĂů͘ ϮϬϬϳ͕ĞLJƚŚĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϴ͕ĞůĂǀŝnjĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϭϰͿ͘īĞĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ ŽŶ ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ĂƌĞ ƐƵŵŵĂƌŝnjĞĚ ŝŶ &ŝŐ͘ Ϯ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ǁŝƚŚƟŵĞĂƐĂŶŽǀĞƌƌƵůŝŶŐĨĂĐƚŽƌĨŽƌĂůů ;tŝŶŬůĞƌĞƚĂů͘ϭϵϵϭ͕KŝůŽϭϵϵϮ͕&ĞƌƌĂĐĂŶĞϭϵϵϰ͕DĂŝƌĞƚĂů͘ϭϵϵϲ͕^ĂŶƚĞƌƌĞĞƚĂů͘ ϮϬϬϭ͕&ƷĐŝŽĞƚĂů͘ϮϬϬϴ͕ĂLJŶĞϮϬϭϮͿ͘
ϭϱ
Figure 2dŚƌĞĞ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͘ ůƚŚŽƵŐŚ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚ ĂƐ ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ ĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů͕ ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂů ĂŶĚ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐǁŽƌŬŝŶĐŽŶĐĞƌƚĚƵƌŝŶŐŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂůǁĞĂƌ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ůŝƩůĞŝƐƐƟůůƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚ ĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞǁĂLJƚŚĞƐĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐǁŽƌŬƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ͘ŝīĞƌĞŶƚŝŶǀŝƚƌŽŵŽĚĞůƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚƚŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚŽĨƚŚĞŽƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŽŶƚŚĞĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŽĨ ĚĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝŶǀŝƚƌŽĂŐŝŶŐŵŽĚĞůƐĨŽƌĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐƐƚƵĚLJ ŽŶůLJƐŝŶŐůĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞǁŝƚŚůĂĐŬƚŚĞƐLJŶĞƌŐLJŽĨĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽƉĞƌĂƟǀĞŝŶƚŚĞ ŽƌĂůĐĂǀŝƚLJ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ƐƟůůůŝƩůĞŝƐŬŶŽǁŶŚŽǁƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝŶƚĞƌƉůĂLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ĨĂĐƚŽƌƐĚƵƌŝŶŐǁĞĂƌĂŶĚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJŽƌĂůŚLJŐŝĞŶĞƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŽŽƚŚďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨĚĞŶƚĂůƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͘/ŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨĚĞŶƚĂůĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂďĞƩĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŝƐĚŝƌĞůLJŶĞĞĚĞĚ͘ϭϲ
Aims of this thesis
dŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůĂŝŵŽĨƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJŝƐƚŽĐŽŵƉĂƌĞƚŚĞĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂůǁĞĂƌĂŶĚ ďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ ƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐ ŽĨ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ĂŶĚ ŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚ ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͘ ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂŝŵƐĂƌĞ͗ Ͳ ƚŽ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĐƵŵƵůĂƟǀĞ ĞīĞĐƚ ŽĨ ĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ŚƵŵĂŶ ŽƌĂů ĐĂǀŝƚLJ ŽŶ ŽƉƟĐĂů ĐŽůŽƌ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŚŽǁ ƚŚŝƐ ƌĞůĂƚĞƐ ƚŽ ďƵůŬ ĮůůĞƌ ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĂŶĚƐƵƌĨĂĐĞĮůůĞƌƉĂƌƟĐůĞĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞ;ŚĂƉƚĞƌϮͿ͖ Ͳ ƚŽŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞƚŚĞŝŶǀŝǀŽĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨŝŶƚƌĂͲŽƌĂůǁĞĂƌĂŶĚƚŽŽƚŚďƌƵƐŚŝŶŐ ŽŶƚŚĞŵŝĐƌŽďŝĂůĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨŽƌĂůďŝŽĮůŵĨŽƌŵĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞƐ ŽĨ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ ǁŝƚŚ Ă ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ĞƐƚĞƌͲůŝŶŬĂŐĞƐ ŝŶ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ĐŽƌƌĞůĂƚĞ ďŝŽĮůŵ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ;ŚĂƉƚĞƌϯͿ͖ Ͳ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉĂƌĞ ƚŚĞ ŽďƚĂŝŶĞĚ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ŽĨ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĞ ƵƐĞĚ ƚŽ ŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƌůLJ ĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ĚĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŝŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ ;ŚĂƉƚĞƌϰͿ͘ ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůLJ͕ƐŽŵĞĐŽŵŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƌĂůƌĞĐŽŵŵĞŶĚĂƟŽŶƐǁŝůůďĞŵĂĚĞĂŶĚ ƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚ͗ ϭͿ ƚŚĂƚƌĞůĂƚĞƚŽƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂůƉĂƚŚǁĂLJŽĨƚŚĞĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĚĞŶƚĂů ƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞƐ͖ ϮͿ ƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĂŝĚŝŶĨƵƚƵƌĞĚĞŐƌĂĚĂƟŽŶƐƚƵĚŝĞƐ͖ ϯͿ ƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐĐůŝŶŝĐĂůĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĂƐƚŽƚŚĞĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨĂƌĞƐŝŶĐŽŵƉŽƐŝƚĞ͕ ĂŶĚĞĚƵĐĂƟŶŐĂƉĂƟĞŶƚŽŶŚŽǁƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞůŽŶŐĞƌůĂƐƟŶŐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ;ŚĂƉƚĞƌϱͿ͘