University of Groningen
Hidden threats revealed
Likumahua, Sem
DOI:
10.33612/diss.133347923
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Publication date: 2020
Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
Citation for published version (APA):
Likumahua, S. (2020). Hidden threats revealed: Potentially toxic microalga species and their associated toxins in Ambon Bay, Eastern Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.133347923
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Hidden threats revealed
Potentially toxic microalga species and their associated toxins in
Ambon Bay, Eastern Indonesia
2
Hidden threats revealed
Potentially toxic microalga species and their associated toxins in
Ambon Bay, Eastern Indonesia
Sem Likumahua
PhD Thesis
Ocean Ecosystems,
Energy and Sustainability Research Institute,
University of Groningen
October 2020
Cover design and artwork: Sem Likumahua
Layout:
Sem Likumahua
Printed by:
GVO printers & designers, NL
ISBN:
978-94-6332-660-5
The research reported in this thesis was carried out at the department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG) of the university of Groningen (the Netherlands), according to the requirements of the Graduate School of Science and Engineering. This research was funded by Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP), Ministry of Fund, Republic of Indonesia.
© 2020 Sem Likumahua
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any forms or by means, without permission of the author, or when applicable, of publisher of the scientific papers.
Hidden threats revealed
Potentially toxic microalga species and their associated toxins in
Ambon Bay, Eastern Indonesia
PhD thesis
to obtain the degree of PhD at the University of Groningen
on the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. C. Wijmenga
and in accordance with the decision by the College of Deans. This thesis will be defended in public on Tuesday, 6 October 2020 at 12.45 hours
by
Sem Likumahua
born on 5 September 1980 in Ambon, Indonesia
Hidden threats revealed
Potentially toxic microalga species and their associated toxins in
Ambon Bay, Eastern Indonesia
Sem Likumahua
PhD Thesis
Ocean Ecosystems,
Energy and Sustainability Research Institute,
University of Groningen
October 2020
Cover design and artwork: Sem Likumahua
Layout:
Sem Likumahua
Printed by:
GVO printers & designers, NL
ISBN:
978-94-6332-660-5
The research reported in this thesis was carried out at the department of Ocean Ecosystems, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG) of the university of Groningen (the Netherlands), according to the requirements of the Graduate School of Science and Engineering. This research was funded by Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan (LPDP), Ministry of Fund, Republic of Indonesia.
© 2020 Sem Likumahua
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any forms or by means, without permission of the author, or when applicable, of publisher of the scientific papers.
Hidden threats revealed
Potentially toxic microalga species and their associated toxins in
Ambon Bay, Eastern Indonesia
PhD thesis
to obtain the degree of PhD at the University of Groningen
on the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. C. Wijmenga
and in accordance with the decision by the College of Deans. This thesis will be defended in public on Tuesday, 6 October 2020 at 12.45 hours
by
Sem Likumahua
born on 5 September 1980 in Ambon, Indonesia
Supervisor
Prof. A.G.J. Buma
Co-supervisor
Dr. M.K. de BoerAssessment Committee
Prof. K.R. Timmermans Prof. A. Cembella Prof. M. Burford 5Table of contents
Chapter I Introduction and Thesis Outline 7 Introduction to Hamful Algal Blooms (HABs) 8 1. HAB detection and monitoring 10 2. Toxic species and human poisonings 12
3. Dinoflagellate cysts 15
4. HABs in South East Asian countries 17 5. HAB outbreaks in Indonesian waters 20 6. Algal proliferations and potentially toxic species in Ambon
Bay 21
Thesis outline 24
Chapter II Recent blooming of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum in Ambon Bay, eastern Indonesia 29
Abstract 30
1. Introduction 31
2. Materials and methods 33
3. Results 35
4. Discussion 40
5. Conclusion 45
Chapter III First record of the dynamics of domoic acid producing
Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in Indonesian waters as a function of
environmental variability
47
Abstract 48
1. Introduction 49
2. Materials and methods 51
3. Results 57
4. Discussion 69
5. Conclusion 74
Acknowledgement 75
Chapter IV Variability of dinoflagellates and their associated toxins in relation with environmental drivers in Ambon Bay, eastern Indonesia
77
Abstract 78
1. Introduction 79
2. Materials and methods 81
3. Results 86
4. Discussion 96
5. Conclusion 103
Acknowledgement 104
Supplementary materials 105
Chapter V Relationships between Dinophysis miles, its pectenotoxins and environmental conditions in an Indonesian semi-enclosed bay
111
Supervisor
Prof. A.G.J. Buma
Co-supervisor
Dr. M.K. de BoerAssessment Committee
Prof. K.R. Timmermans Prof. A. Cembella Prof. M. BurfordTable of contents
Chapter I Introduction and Thesis Outline 7 Introduction to Hamful Algal Blooms (HABs) 8 1. HAB detection and monitoring 10 2. Toxic species and human poisonings 12
3. Dinoflagellate cysts 15
4. HABs in South East Asian countries 17 5. HAB outbreaks in Indonesian waters 20 6. Algal proliferations and potentially toxic species in Ambon
Bay 21
Thesis outline 24
Chapter II Recent blooming of Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum in Ambon Bay, eastern Indonesia 29
Abstract 30
1. Introduction 31
2. Materials and methods 33
3. Results 35
4. Discussion 40
5. Conclusion 45
Chapter III First record of the dynamics of domoic acid producing
Pseudo-nitzschia spp. in Indonesian waters as a function of
environmental variability
47
Abstract 48
1. Introduction 49
2. Materials and methods 51
3. Results 57
4. Discussion 69
5. Conclusion 74
Acknowledgement 75
Chapter IV Variability of dinoflagellates and their associated toxins in relation with environmental drivers in Ambon Bay, eastern Indonesia
77
Abstract 78
1. Introduction 79
2. Materials and methods 81
3. Results 86
4. Discussion 96
5. Conclusion 103
Acknowledgement 104
Supplementary materials 105
Chapter V Relationships between Dinophysis miles, its pectenotoxins and environmental conditions in an Indonesian semi-enclosed bay
111
6
1. Introduction 113
2. Materials and methods 114
3. Results 119
4. Discussion 129
5. Conclusion 135
Acknowledgement 136
Supplementary materials 137
Chapter VI Spatial distribution of modern dinocysts in surface sediments of Ambon Bay, eastern Indonesia, related to environmental conditions and harmful blooms
141
Abstract 142
1. Introduction 143
2. Materials and methods 145
3. Results 150 4. Discussion 159 5. Conclusion 165 Acknowledgement 166 Supplementary materials 167 Summary 169 Samenvatting 177 Ringkasan 184 References 192 Acknowledgments 220
About the author 222
List of publications during the PhD study 223
