Appendices
List of Appendices
A: SNV and Chepang i
B: Classification of Export Challenges xii
C: Interviews xiii
D: What is an NTFP xv
E: Members EU xvii
F: Approved Countries Honey Export EU xviii
Appendix A: SNV and Chepang
This report is written by Dirk Aleven for SNV Nepal in order to support the Chepang people of Nepal. SNV (the Netherlands Development Organisation) is a Dutch NGO based in
Kathmandu, Nepal. In order to give a description of the situation in which the defined problems arise, this chapter will give you an insight in the situation of Nepal and of the Chepang people. It also gives a brief introduction in the organisation of SNV and the role of SNV in the development of Nepal.
A.1 Political Situation of Nepal
The beautiful country of Nepal is situated in South-East Asia in the middle between China and India. Nepal is known for its impressing surroundings of the Himalayan; eight of worlds fourteen mountains higher than 8000 meter are situated in Nepal! Since Tenzing Norgay Sherpa and Sir Edmund Hillary on May 29th 1953 successfully climbed the Mount Everest, tourism started to become an important income for Nepal nowadays.
Unfortunately Nepal is also known by the outer world as a country which faces tough intern political stress since a few years. The problems are given special attention since the Maoist insurgency in 1996. Before coming to the current political situation, a short chronologically political history is given below.
Nepal, the world's only Hindu monarchy, was controlled by a hereditary Prime Ministership until 1951. The nation's first election was held in 1959, but in 1960 King Mahendra dismissed the cabinet, dissolved parliament, and banned political parties. A 1962 constitution created a non-party panchayat (council) system of government. After a 1980 referendum approved a modified version of the panchayat system, direct parliamentary elections were held in 1981. A dispute with India led to India's closing of most border crossings from March 1989 to July 1990, and the resultant economic crisis demanded for political reform. After months of violence, King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev dissolved the parliament. The opposition formed an interim government in April 1990, and a new constitution creating a constitutional monarchy and a bicameral legislature became effective on November 9th, 1990.
Multiparty legislative elections held in May 1991 were won by the centrist Nepali Congress party; the Communists became the leading opposition party. Mid-term elections in November 1994, which were called after the government lost a parliamentary vote, resulted in a new parliament and the communists, who emerged as the single largest party, formed a minority government.1 In the period between 1994 and 1999 the parliament has been replaced
several times due to parliamentary vote of no-confidence and re-elections. Finally in 1999 the Nepali Congress came back to power with an absolute majority.
In 2001 Nepal’s crown prince shocked the world when killing ten members of his royal family, including the queen, the King and himself. A few days later the new and current King
Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev was announced. This was not his first time as a King, also at the age of 4 years old, in the time the Rana ruled (1846-1951), he had been King for 1 year!
King Gyanendra had a big influence on the political system of Nepal. The biggest impact by far had his announcement of dissolving the complete parliament in February 2005 showing his dissatisfaction on the current dealing of the parliament with the Maoist. Doing this he assumed power over Nepal, leading to a lot of comment from the Western world.
One of the Maoist’s main goals was to overthrow the current regime and turn Nepal into a Marxist republic. They argue that people of lower casts have been treated as second-class citizens or even worse and they would like to reclaim the power from the higher class. To achieve these goals the Maoist use terrorist attacks. What began as a small group of people in 1996 who were not taken serious, is now seen as a real military threat in Nepal. The valley of Kathmandu, which is the economical and political centre, is still in hands of the current regime of king Gyanendra, but most of the rest of Nepal is ruled by the Maoist.
Now back to the Maoist and their role in daily life. The Maoists may not yet have the strength to win their "People's War" but they are too strong to lose it. As one analyst of the BBC puts it2, the government appears to be caught in a classic catch-22 situation. Until there is substantial social and economic development in the areas of the countryside where the Maoists hold sway, the insurgency will continue. But development cannot happen until the government gains only limited access to these areas, and access can only be achieved by using highly unpopular and potentially counterproductive military means against a well-organised guerrilla army.
Table 1.1: Key facts Nepal3
Nepal The Netherlands
Population 27,6 million (July 2005) 16,4 million (July 2005 est.) Population growth 2,2% (July 2005 est.) 0,53% (2005 est.)
Life expectance Male: 60.09 years Male: 76,25 years
Female: 59.5 years (2005 est.) Female: 81,51 years (2005 est.) Religion Hindu 80.6% Buddhist 10.7% Muslim 4.2% Kirant 3.6% other 0.9% (2001 census) Roman Catholic 31% Dutch Reformed 13% Calvinist 7% Muslim 5.5% other 2.5% none 41% (2002 census)
Total Area 140,800 square km 41,526 square km
Natural resources Quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron
Natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and gravel, arable land
Government Parliamentary democracy
and constitutional monarchy
Constitutional Monarchy
GDP, adjusted by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
$39.5 billion (2004 est.) 500 billion (2005 est)
GDP per sector Agriculture: 40% Industry: 20% Services: 40% (2002 est.) Agriculture: 2.1% Industry: 24.4% Services: 73.5% (2005 est.)
Export 0.57 billion USD f.o.b.
(2002 est.)
365.1 billion USD f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Import 1.4 billion USD f.o.b. (2002
est.)
326.6 billion USD f.o.b. (2005 est.)
Unemployment rate 47% (2001 est.) 6,7 % (2005 est.)
Population below poverty line 42% 0%
Household income distribution Lowest 10%: 3,2% of nation’s consumption Highest 10%: 29,8% of nation’s consumption Lowest 10%: 2.8% Highest 10%: 25.1% (1994 est.)
Nepal has long been divided in independent kingdoms. For instance the valley of Kathmandu was divided into 3 kingdoms: Baktapur, Patan and Kathmandu. In 1769 the kingdom of
Gorkha successfully conquered these kingdoms and started unifying the country of Nepal. Still in Nepal there is a distinction between indigenous groups. The people come from different casts, and their actual cast is written in their ID card. This cast system is still in use in daily life. For instance, it is still not allowed for a man to marry a woman from a lower cast. Especially in the countryside this will not be accepted by their family and by their society. One of these indigenous groups are the Chepang. In the next paragraph will be described who the Chepang are and where the life.
A.2 About The Chepang
The Chepang is an indigenous group traditionally inhabited in the Mahabharat hills of Central Nepal. They have their own distinct culture, language, religion and world-views. You may also find the term “Praja” as a synonym for the Chepang, which literally means “political subject”. This term is introduced by Nepalese from the higher casts and is widely accepted.4
Until in the early part of the twentieth century, the Chepangs lived autonomously in their homelands. The different tribes now all live in separate areas of Nepal, mainly depending on agricultural products and products collected from the woods. According to the national census of 2001, the total population of Chepangs is over 52,000. Most of them are found on the slopes of Chitwan, Makwanpur, Dhading and Gorkha, which are located in the central region of Nepal. It is estimated that between 50 and 56 percent of the whole Chepang community lives in the Chitwan area.5
Figure 1.1: Regions of Nepal
Nowadays, the Chepangs are considered to be socially disadvantaged by discrimination based on their ethnical background. Despite of their proximity to the capital city Kathmandu with access to paved roads, modern communication and modern life, the Chepangs remain isolated and marginalised from the benefits of this modern life. Growing encroachment of outsiders into their traditional life has further aggravated the situation. This encroachment in their land started from the north-western borders of Ghorka, Tanahun and Ghading. This happened to be the case because their land lies strategically on route to the Siwalik range of Chitwan and Makwanpur from the northern hills. As a result of encroachment, their
agricultural land and slash and burn cultivation plots were gradually shrinking. Also the forests they used for seasonal hunting and food collection became limited. Taking away land by unfair means by the newcomers, a practise of lending with excessive interest and other forms of exploitation has greatly impoverished the Chepangs.6
By various studies is been stated that now only 1% of the Chepang households has a food surplus and about 60% of the families have food which is enough for less then six months a year. During the period the Rana’s ruled (1846-1951), the Chepangs even had to lent money to pay for their own land revenue. This resulted in more and more families getting into
greater loan obligations than they could meet. These kind of loans didn’t support the economic development of the Chepangs. They lent money on a very high interest
accompanied with free labour to the money loaner and repay loan with the entire yield of the season’s crops. Only sporadic events of resistance against the exploitative way the money loaners worked were organised. Due to the distance from the state machinery the Chepang have become a victim of a practice of exploitation.
So while Nepal as a country is facing a tough time, the Chepang community is facing an even worse time. More of the Chepangs live today in a vicious cycle of poverty, illiteracy and ignorance. Because of the mentioned problems of discrimination, poverty and food shortage SNV is involved in developing programs for the Chepang community.
Chepangs struggling for survival
7By Our Correspondent
CHITWAN, Apr. 12: Every morning Harka Bahadur Praja of Kaule VDC of Chitwan district wakes up early, gives fodder to the oxens and a cow, which does not gives milk, and heads towards the forest to seek tubers, roots and bulbs.
This is the everyday routine of the Prajas of Kaule and Shaktikhor VDCs in the hilly part of the district. By afternoon, if they manage a basketful of the tubers, they feel luckly. They have to be lucky everyday. If not the 11-member family of Bir Bahadur Praja of Shaktikhor, another village of the area, will have to go hungry. Both Harka and Bir belong to the Chepang (Praja), one of the most primitive tribes, who live mainly on tubers and roots collected from the jungle.
Bir Bahadur says he has almost 1 bigha of land, and the crops grown on the land cannot sustain his family for more than six months and for the rest of the period he has to depend on the forest. The Prajas living in the hilly areas of the district since centuries, still lead a
primitive life, and are way behind in modernity and development.
The Prajas practice shifting cultivation, but they do not own the land, mainly because they do not have citizenship certificates required to make the land ownership papers.
Jeetendra Chepang, 65, of Lothar said they have to forage in the jungle because the produce of the land do not last for more than a few months. Because the land is poor it does not grow anything except corn, millet and similar crops.The government and the NGOs have been running programmes since the last two decades, but the condition of the Prajas has not improved.
Gambhir Bahadur Rana, former chairman of Kaule VDC said the programmes have failed to reach to those people. Jeetendra Chepang, who is the central member of the Chepang Association, said the programmes have not meant much for the Prajas. The Prajas want a long-term solution to the famine like situation they have to face every year.A census of the Chepangs carried out last year puts the number of Chepangs at 52,237.
A.3 SNV and their Support
Different NGO’s are involved in the development of the Chepang. Some of their individual goals are better education, better healthcare, poverty reduction etc. One of them is the Dutch NGO called SNV, The Netherlands Development Organisation. SNV wants to work on the development of Nepal by supporting the capacities of local organisations. This means that SNV wants to develop the strengths of local organisations, so that the organisation can develop them independently. SNV’s support to the Chepang started back in 1992 when a consortium of NGOs implemented the Praja Development Program (PDP). This program aimed at improving the living standard of Prajas through a number of development activities, including the construction of a water supply scheme, small livestock improvement, a nursery
establishment, and a cooperative and promotion of bee keeping. In the same period SNV Development Associate (DA) provided technical support in a beekeeping program.
In the next stage of the PDP that started in 1997, the program covered four Village
Development Committees (VDC): Kaule, Korak, Siddi and Shaktikhor. The main objective was to contribute to the Praja communities by increasing their capacity and claim making power. Therefore, the project’s main focus was social mobilization and natural resource management, the latter dealing with conservation farming, community forestry and Non-Timber Forest Products. The name of the project was changed later in Praja Capacity Development Programme (PCDP).8
SNV concluded in April 2003 that their project had positive effects on awareness creation and confidence building among the Chepangs. They also discovered that the incomes of the Chepang households raised due to sales of NTFPs, agro-products and goats. This was reason for SNV to continue working with the program.
The third and current stage of the Praja Capacity Development Programme is known as the Chepang Mainstream Project. This program concerns the Chepangs on a national level and has various goals. The main goal is stated as following: “The overall goal of the project is to
contribute towards creating a dynamic, developed and just society through economic, social and cultural uplift of the Chepang people”.9 This is achieved by seven sub goals:
1. To improve food security and household income of the Chepangs 2. To improve the educational status of the Chepangs
3. To improve the management of natural resources
4. To establish legal rights over khoriya (slash and burn land plots) and other cultivated land owned by the Chepang
5. To promote culture, language, history and traditional knowledge and skills of the Chepangs
6. To enhance institutional and organisational capacity of NCA in order to make it capable of mobilizing its resources for self-development
7. To increase the representation of Chepang women in all aspects of development
The Chepang Mainstream Project is developed and executed by the NGO Consortium. This consortium is formed by the NGOs called SEACOW, FORWARD, CDO and NCA. The Nepal Chepang Association (NCA) is the leading NGO in the development programme. SNV is an advisory institute for this program.
Figure 1.2: Project involvement
NGO Consortium
Nepal Chepang Association
SEACOW Forward CDO
Steering Committee, members: MLD, NEFDIN(2), NEFIN,WIF,NCA, ACD
Scholars(2), SNV, SWC
SNV (advisory) ICCO (financial support)
The whole Chepang Mainstream Project falls under the supervision of the steering
committee. The committee is responsible for the supervision and monitoring of the project. The committee is formed by representatives of the supporting NGOs. Each representative is expected to contribute its specific expertise and support to make the project work. The committee is representing members of NFDIN, MLD, NFEN, NGO Consortium, SNV Nepal and an independent scholar or journalist.
The significant and unique aspect of the project initiated by these NGOs is that the
Chepangs are not only the claim makers but their representatives through the NCA are the ones with the overall responsibility to coordinate the project. In this way those who were previously marginalised are given the opportunity to make decisions about issues that effects their lives.
One of the main outcomes of the efforts of the NGOs is the establishment of the Chepang
Cooperation in the Chitwan district. This cooperation is brought into life with the purpose of
bundling powers of the different producers and to make it possible to collect and market NTFPs centrally and to provide its members with a sustainable source of income. It started with 220 Chepang members who came from five different villages.10 The Cooperation consists out of a mix of people from the Chepang community, which are elected
democratically by the Chepangs themselves, and people from the supporting NGOs. At this moment more than 60% of all staff members in all layers of the NCA are Chepang people.
It took a lot of resources and efforts to establish this cooperation. But for the first time now the Chepangs are able to form a strong power to the outer world for the first time now. The products are collected centrally so that economies of scale can be used. An example of this was the
representation of the Chepang products on the trade fair in Tandi in January 2006. Before, such a representation was
unthinkable because the production volumes were too low from one or two families, and no financial capital was available.
The products the Chepang sell vary from bamboo handicrafts to Non-Timber-Forest-Products (NTFPs). These last category are products collected from the woods. The exact description of these products follow in chapter 3. The Chepang sell these products on the local markets. In an effort to boost these commercial activities, SNV wants to explore the possibilities of exporting some of the NTFPs to the Netherlands. Export from developing countries is a challenging task.
Figure: 1.3: Chepang at Tandi Fair
The two products of the Chepang that SNV and the Cooperation want to commercialise are honey and Chiuri ghee. Honey is a natural product produced by the bees that live in the same area as the Chepang. The bees produce the honey in hives that are located near the houses of the Chepang families. The Chepang can harvest this natural products them selves and sell it to the Cooperation. Chiuri ghee is a butter product that is extracted from the Chiuri fruit. The Chiuri tree is part of the Chepang traditions, and every family has one. The fruits are collected by the Chepang, they peel the fruits, so that they can sell the seeds to the Cooperation. The Cooperation then extracts the oil from the seeds and sell it as Chiuri ghee. In chapter 5 the products are described in detail.
The 48 least-developed countries (LDCs), home to 10 per cent of the world’s citizens, have seen their share of world exports decline to a tiny 0.4 per cent over the past two decades. In comparison, the US and EU contain roughly the same number of people, yet account for nearly 50 per cent of world exports11. So far trade liberalisation seems to be especially beneficial to the western world. Since export is a driver for economic growth and it’s independency it is necessary for developing countries to develop a constant export flow. Being a Dutch organisation, SNV uses a lot of Dutch experts in developing countries. One of the results has been that trade connections are developed between Nepal and the
Netherlands in the past. Also other countries of Europe have been developing trade connections with Nepal, i.e. handicrafts and clothing. That is why SNV wanted to test the export of Chepang’s products for Europe. Since regulation for food products is getting uniformed for all countries of the EU, several aspects of the success of export can be generalised from one member to the EU as a whole. For this research the Netherlands will be used as a test case for export.
Several NGOs have been active in the field of promoting NTFPs commercialisation. The results of these efforts have been highly variable. So a careful look at the constraints of the different product is essential if one wants to make it a success. Existing research suggests that the main constraints to successful NTFP development are related to limited access to the following types of capital asset by small-scale poor farmers and landless poor families12:
• Natural: Secure rights over land and resources. This topic is explained in chapter 3.2 in the case of the Chepangs.
• Human: Labour constraints (especially time spent away from home by woman), awareness of the commercial potential of some products, knowledge about
processing and storage, and market information and marketing know-how. The hours spent for working are analysed in this chapter. The other aspects of labour are handled as constraints that are analysed in chapter 7.
• Financial: Necessary to invest in improved physical capital. This is explained in chapter 7 as well as being a company barrier.
• Physical: Market access (especially transport), inputs for new processing/storage techniques. This will be analysed in chapter 7 as an indirect trade barrier.
• Social: Negotiating power (especially for female producers with respect to male market intermediaries), and willingness to collaborate in order to secure improved marketing outcomes. This difficulty is explained in chapter 3.2.
A.4 Conclusion
Nepal is a country in Asia that is depending on tourism as its main source of income. Currently the political stress between the party-system, the King and the Maoists is
unfortunately causing a lot of bad publicity. In these times of problems, the indigenous group living in central Nepal called the Chepangs are facing an even more challenging time.
The biggest problems is first that on the one hand most Chepang families have loans of which they cannot meet the obligations, and on the other hand their food supply only covers six months a year. Individual NGO’s combined forces to develop a supporting program called “Praja Capacity Development Program”. SNV is one of the involved NGOs. SNV would like to fight poverty by developing Nepal’s local organisation’s capacity. The aim of the development program is stated as following:
“The overall goal of the project is to contribute towards creating a dynamic, developed and
just society through economic, social and cultural uplift of the Chepang people”
One of the main results of SNV’s efforts that is important for this research, is the
establishment of the Chepang Cooperation in the Chitwan area. This cooperation is started to bundle power and to centrally collect the products from the area and seek for markets. From this point on, it is now worthwhile how this cooperation can gain more income for the Chepang people. By doing this SNV supports the capacities of the Chepang Cooperation so that they can develop independently.
The way SNV wants to boost the income from commercialising NTFPs could by exporting to the Netherlands. Trade liberalisation so far has not been beneficial to developing countries. Since export is a driver for economic growth and independency, SNV tries to help Nepal by promoting export. The process of further commercialising NTFPs can be promising only when the natural, human, financial, psychical and social constraints are been considered. The way this export is considered and how it is examined if it is promising to the Chepang is described in the next chapter.
xiii
Appendix B: Classification Export Challenges
Problem: Classified by Kaleka & Constantine (1995)
Classified in this research:
Lack human resources export marketing
Internal Domestic Problem Company Barrier
Organisation/formalization of exporting firm
Internal Domestic Problem Company Barrier
Management commitment Internal Domestic Problem Company Barrier Transport costs Internal-Foreign Indirect Trade Barrier Transport difficulties Internal-Foreign Indirect Trade Barrier Meeting product
specifications demand
Internal-Foreign Direct Trade Barrier
Risks in selling abroad Internal-Foreign Indirect Trade Barriers Financial resources External-Domestic Company Barriers Government support External-Domestic Indirect Trade Barriers Foreign government rules
and regulation
External-Foreign Direct Trade Barriers
Lack of information about foreign market
External-Foreign Company Barrier
Language and cultural difficulties
External-Foreign Company Barrier
Appendix C: Interviews
Date Company Name Function About
18-08-2005 AgroFair Mr. Dave Boselie Director AgroFair imports fruit and vegetables from developing countries to the Netherlands.
05-12-2005 Alternative Herbal Industries
Mr. G. Pd. Ghimire Managing Director Nepalese company that promotes Chiuri Ghee as export product.
18-01-2006 CDO Ms. L. Gurung District Supervisor CDO is supporting the Chepang in getting their citizenship and land rights
12-01-2006 Chepang Cooperation
Mr. D. Bahadur Chepang
Marketing Officer The Cooperation sells the products of the Chepang on the national market
12-01-2006 Chitwan Bee Keeping Form
Mr. B. P. Bhusal Managing Director Advisor and trainer for bee keeping in Chitwan. Also wholesaler for bee keeping equipment.
26-11-2005 Fair Trade Mrs. S. Maier Organisational Advisor
Promoting the Fair Trade principles to Nepalese producers.
13-01-2006 Gorkha Bee Farm Mr. K. R. Neupane Director Trainer and researcher for the bee sector. Also has experience with training Chepangs
25-11-2005 GTZ Mr. D. Bagwitz Chief Coordinator PSP
GTZ is a German NGO working in Nepal to promote the honey sector.
14-02-2006 ICIMOD Mr. F. Ahmad Coordinator Honeybees
ICIMOD supports incoming generating programs with Cerana bees. They have big knowledge centre
22-07-2005 Imkerij het oude slot
04-08-2005 Madat Nepal Mr. W. Klaver Director Importer of handicrafts of Nepal for World Shop. 10-01-2006 Made in Nepal Mr. V. Gyawall Founder Organisation in made to develop platform for exporting
products from Nepal. 18-01-2006 Nepal Beekeepers’
Association
Mr. D. Lamichhne President The association is located in the Chitwan district
22-11-2005 Nepal Chepang Association (NCA)
Board of NCA Board This is the steering committee of the Chepang Mainstream Program in Nepal.
07-12-2005 10-01-2006
New Sadle Mr. C. Bahadur KC Executive Manager Nepalese organisation that helps the poor by exporting their products. Is also exporter for World Shop.
23-11-2005 Prakriti Mr. B. Vaidya Advisor They collect and process agro products in Kathmandu valley. 20-11-2005 SNV Mr. S. Rana Social Inclusion
Advisor
SNV is the client for this research and they want to support the Chepang.
28-08-2005 Trillingo Mrs. Marijke Visser Director This in a importer for the World Shops in the Netherlands and imports chutneys of Nepal.
15-08-2005 University of Wageningen
Mr. F. van Schouwbroeck
Professor Worked as an advisor for Chepang 5 years ago.
23-08-2005 Voedsel & Warenauthoriteit
Mr. Vrielink Inspector They inspect all imports of food products into the Netherlands
13-12-2005 WEAN Mrs. T. Hamal General Manager Produce chutneys in Nepal for export to Europe.
D.1 What is a NTFP?
Non-Timber-Forest-Products is a term that has been introduced by Beer and McDermott in 1989. It replaced the old term “non wood forest products”. They introduced it as follows:
The term “Non-Timber Forest Products” encompasses all biological materials other than timber, which are extracted from forests for human use.
Beer and McDermott also offered a definition for forest:
By forest we refer to a natural ecosystem in which trees are a significant component. However, forest products are derived not only from trees, but from all plants, fungi and animals (including fish) for which the forest ecosystem provides a habitat.
The distinction in timber and non-timber products arises from the idea that timber is managed on a industrial scale for interests located outside the forest. Non-Timber Forest Products are thought to be beneficial for the local community since they are extracted using simple
technologies by people living in or near the forest. Besides this, the term NTFP is supposed to say something about the origin of the products and the ones who benefit from these products.
Because NTFP is a negative definition, it only mentions what is does not include, it lacks a clear definition of the exact products it does include. This has led to a broad scope for the (mis)use of the term NTFP. Not only the meaning of the term differs throughout the world, also the term itself. Non-wood forest products for instance is an synonym used by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the UN (FAO). In an effort to redefine the term NTFP, the FAO came in 1995 with a new definition that will be accepted for this paper:
Non-timber forest products consist of goods of biological origin other than wood, derived from forests, other wooded land and trees outside forests.
The following terms need to be clarified:
1. Non-Timber: The term NTFP excludes all woody raw materials except for small woods such as chips, charcoal and fuel wood, tools, household equipment and carvings.
2. Forest: NTFPs should be derived from forests and similar land uses. FAO has
elaborated definitions of "forest" and "other wooded land" in a working paper on terms and definitions for the Forest Resources Assessment 2000. Since plantations are included in the FAO definition of forest, NTFPs that are obtained from plantations, such as gum arabic (Acacia Senegal) or rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), are thus
included in the definition of NTFPs. Many NTFPs are derived from both natural forests and plantations. The final definition of "trees outside forests" (including trees originating from forests which are located out of the forest and other wooded land, such as Acacia albida and the Karité tree, Butyrospermum parkii) is still in the process of elaboration.
3. Products: In the proposed definition, the term "product" corresponds to goods that are tangible and physical objects of biological origin such as plants, animals and their products. Forest services (e.g. ecotourism, grazing, bio prospecting) and forest benefits (e.g. soil conservation, soil fertility, watershed protection) are excluded. Services and benefits are even more difficult to assess and quantify than NTFPs and have therefore already been excluded from most publications dealing with NTFPs. A clear definition of forest services and benefits is still lackingxiii
Appendix E: Members EU
1. Austria 2. Belgium 3. Cyprus 4. Czech Republic 5. Denmark 6. Estonia 7. Finland 8. France 9. Germany 10. Greece 11. Hungary 12. Ireland 13. Italy 14. Latvia 15. Lithuania 16. Luxembourg 17. Malta 18. The Netherlands 19. Poland 20. Portugal 21. Slovakia 22. Slovenia 23. Spain 24. Sweden 25. United KingdomAppendix F: Approved Countries for Honey Export EU
1. Argentinië 2. Australië 3. Belize 4. Brazilië 5. Bulgarije 6. Canada 7. Chili 8. China 9. Cuba 10. El Salvador 11. Guatemala 12. India 13. Israël 14. Jamaica 15. Kenia 16. Kirghizistan 17. Kroatië 18. Mexico 19. Moldavië20. Nicaragua
21. NieuwZeeland
22. Noorwegen
23. Oeganda
24. Paraguay
25. Roemenië
26. Rusland
27. San
Marino
28. Servië & Montenegro
29. Taiwan
30. Tanzania
31. Thailand
32. Turkije
33. Ukraine
34. Uruguay
35. Verenigde Staten van Amerika
36. Vietnam
37. Zambia
38. Zuid Afrika
39. Zwitserland
1 http://www.nepalhomepage.com/general/history.html 2 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3573402.stm 3CIA The World Factbook: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/np.html
4
The caste system is still used in daily life of Nepal. It is a system of socioeconomic stratification in which strata are closed and a person’s membership is determined at birth.
5
Bishwa Raj Karki (2001). A Report on NTFPss Marketing of Praja Cooperative. Kshetrapur in Nepal: Industrial Development Institute
6
Kirant, J. & Lama-Tamang, M.S. & Raj Prakash, M. (2003). Mid-Term Review of Praja Capacity
Development Programme (PCDP). Nepal: SNV Nepal 7
The Rising Nepal (2003). Sunday April 13. Kathmandu Nepal: Governement press
8
Bishwa Raj Karki (2001). A Report on NTFPss Marketing of Praja Cooperative. Kshetrapur in Nepal: Industrial Development Institute
9
NGO CONSORTIUM (2003). Chepang Mainstreaming Project (2004-2006).
10
Bishwa Raj Karki (2001). A Report on NTFPss Marketing of Praja Cooperative. Kshetrapur in Nepal: Industrial Development Institute
11
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what_we_do/fairtrade/why_ft.htm
12
Marshall, E. & Schreckenberg, K. & Newton, A.C. & Bojanic, A. (1999), Researching factors that
influence successful commercialisation of Non timber forest products (NTFPss), U.K: UNEP-WCMC xiii
B.M. Belcher (2003). What isn’t a NTFP?. International Forestry Review 5
