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(1)VU Research Portal. Philosophy in Psychiatric Practice Ralston, A.S.G.. 2019. document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record. Link to publication in VU Research Portal. citation for published version (APA) Ralston, A. S. G. (2019). Philosophy in Psychiatric Practice.. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: vuresearchportal.ub@vu.nl. Download date: 13. Oct. 2021.

(2) Chapter 2: The Qualitative Study: aims and methods 2.1 Aims of the study 2.2. Design 2.3 Data collection 2.4 Data analysis 2.5 Ensuring Rigor. 2.1 Aims of the study Š‡ƒ‹ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡•–—†›™ƒ•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽƒ••—’–‹‘•‹–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•Ǥ‡™‡”‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹ –Š”‡‡ƒ‹ƒ”‡ƒ•ǣ†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ƒ† Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†Ž‡‰‹–‹ƒ ›ǡƒ†‡–ƒŽ †‹•‘”†‡”ǡƒ†‹‡šƒ‹‹‰–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǤŠ‡ Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‹•„ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –Š‡› ‘˜‡” ƒ ™‹†‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ƒ† ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋ ˆǤ —Žˆ‘”†‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͲ͸ǡ —Žˆ‘”†‡–ƒŽǤʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ—”’”‹ƒ”›ƒ‹ ™ƒ• –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ƒ† †‡• ”‹„‡ –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ••—’–‹‘•Ǥ —” •‡ ‘†ƒ”› ƒ‹ ™ƒ• –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ –Š‡‹” ”‘Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ –‹‘ ‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ ‹ ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǣ –Š‡‹” ‹’ƒ –Ǥ Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›™ƒ•‘–Š‡’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•ǡ‘ƒ••—’–‹‘•™‡”‡ƒ†‡ ƒ• –‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ••—’–‹‘• ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ• ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽ ‘•–”— –‹‘•ǡ‘”‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‡„‡††‡†™‹–Š‹ working procedures. The available literature points to “all of the above”. The choice ˆ‘”“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›™ƒ•ƒ†‡ˆ”‘ƒ†‡•‹”‡–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –ˆ”‘ ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹  ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ˜‹‡™ǡ ƒ† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹ –‘ ƒ‡ ƒ ‡ˆˆ‘”– –‘ „”‹†‰‡ –Š‡ aforementioned ‘communication gap’ „› ‘†— –‹‰ ‘philosophical field work’ǡ Š‘’‡ˆ—ŽŽ›’”‘†— –‹˜‡ˆ‘”„‘–Š’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ†’•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ 2.2 Design ‘” –Š‹• •–—†› ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹  ‹“—‹”› ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ™ƒ• —•‡† ȋ‹ ‘Ž Ƭ —„ƒ ͳͻͺͷǡ ‡—˜‹‰ǡ Ƭ †‡ ”‹‡• ʹͲͳͷȌǤ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹  ‹“—‹”› ‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹ ƒ–—”ƒŽ •‡––‹‰•ǡ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘†•ǡ ’—”’‘•‹˜‡ •ƒ’Ž‹‰ǡ ‹†— –‹˜‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ ƒ ‰”‘—†‡†–Š‡‘”›ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡƒ ƒ•‡•–—†›”‡’‘”–‹‰‘†‡ǡ–Š‡–‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ ƒ† •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ ‘ˆ –”—•–™‘”–Š‹‡•• ȋ‹ ‘Ž Ƭ —„ƒǡ ͳͻͺͷȌǤ Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‘” •–—†‹‡• ”‡ƒŽǦ™‘”Ž† •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• –Š‡› —ˆ‘Ž† ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡” ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡• –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ‘•–”— –‡† ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹  ƒ•‡ •–—†› ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ‹• –‘ ‡šƒ‹‡ Ž‘ ƒŽǡ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽŽ› „‘—† 27.

(3) Chapter 2. ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ˆ”‘ ƒ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ™Š‹ Š ‘„‹‡• †‹ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š ‘multiple partiality’, requiring the interviewer to‡‰ƒ‰‡–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –ˆ”‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”•–ƒ†’‘‹–•ȋ„ƒƬ–ƒ‡ʹͲͳͶȌǤŠ‡‡–Š‘†‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹ ‹“—‹”› ™ƒ• Š‘•‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ•–‘–Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡†‘ƒ‹ —†‡” ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ • ™ƒ• ƒ’’ƒ”‡– ˆ”‘ Šƒ’–‡” ͳǡ –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  •—„Œ‡ – ‘ˆ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ƒ•‹–ƒ‹ˆ‡•–•‹’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Šƒ•˜‡”›”ƒ”‡Ž›„‡‡‡šƒ‹‡†Ǥ Even Barrett’s (1996) naturalistic approach does not focus primarily on ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ƒ‹ˆ‡•–• ‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ–‘„‡†‡–‡”‹‡†ǤŠ‡ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹ ‹“—‹”›ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘” –”ƒ ‹‰‘ˆ•— Šƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–‹‡ ƒ†‘‡›”‡“—‹”‡† Š‘‹ ‡•™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘–Š‡• ‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ‡‹’‘”–ƒ– Š‘‹ ‡was to either follow an embedded naturalistic approach such as Barrett’s •–—†›ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ‹Ǧ†‡’–Š˜‹‡™‘ˆƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ǡ‘”ƒŽ‡•• ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ǡ„—– „”‘ƒ†‡””‡ƒ Š‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‡––‹‰•Ǥ•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†› ™ƒ•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ƒ‹’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•ƒ††‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‘ˆ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹‡•ȋ ˆǤ —Žˆ‘”†Ƭ‘Ž‘„‘ʹͲͲͶȌƒ ”‘••Ž‘ ƒŽ‡•ƒ†„‡–™‡‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•ǡ™‡ ‘’–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡„”‘ƒ†‡”ǡŽ‡••‹‡”•‹˜‡ǡƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ Ž•‘ǡ–Š‹•‹•ƒ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹˜‡•–—†›ǡ ‘– ƒ‹‹‰ –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ‡”–ƒ‹ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ‘” ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹••—‡•ƒ”‡ƒ††”‡••‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›ǡ–Š‹•‹•ƒ• ‘•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ƒ† ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ. ‰‡‡”ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ†•—„Œ‡ –‘ˆ†‡„ƒ–‡‹“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡•–—†‹‡•‹•–Š‡–‡•‹‘„‡–™‡‡ ‡‹c and etic perspectives (Lett 1990). An ‘emic’ approach (also referred to as ‘insider’ or ‘bottomǦup’) takes as its starting point the perspectives and words of –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‡–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• •–ƒ”– ˆ”‘ ‘ ‡’–•ǡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ† –Š‡‘”‹‡•‘—–•‹†e of the setting being studied. The ‘etic’ contribution to this study ™ƒ•’—”’‘•‡Ž›Ž‹‹–‡†–‘–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›‡–‹‘‡†–Š”‡‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‡ –‘”•ǡ –Š”‡‡ ƒ‹ –Š‡‡• ‘ˆ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡”‡•–ǡ ƒ†ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ •–—†›ǡ †‹• —••‹‘‹–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‰”‘—’ƒ†ƒ‹‹–‹ƒŽ’‹Ž‘–ǡƒ‹‹–‹ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘””‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‡• ȋ•‡‡ „‡Ž‘™ —†‡” ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ƒƒŽ›•‹•ȌǤ

(4)  “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‘‡ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ƒ††”‡••‹‰ –Š‡ ‡‹ Ȁ‡–‹  –‡•‹‘ ‹• „› ‡•—”‹‰ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ’‡”–ƒ‹‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ’Š‡‘‡ƒ —†‡” •–—†› †‡˜‡Ž‘’• ˆ”‘ ‘–‹—‘—•‹–‡”’Žƒ›„‡–™‡‡†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡”‡˜‹‡™ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š’”‘ ‡••ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›’”‘‰”‡••ƒ•ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ ‹–‡”‹ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”• ƒ† ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ ‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž• ƒ”‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡†‹–Š‡•‡ –‹‘‘–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ ‡–”ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ‹–Š‹••–—†›‹• –Š‡‘–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡†‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹•ƒ Ž—‡–‘’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•‹ ’Žƒ›Ǥ Š‹• †‘‡• ‘– ‹’Ž› ƒ —ƒ„‹‰—‘—• –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ › ‘ˆ ‡ƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›™ƒ•ƒ†ƒ’–‡†–‘–Š‹•ˆƒ –ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹ ‘†‹‰ǡ–‡š–•‡“—‡ ‡•™‡”‡ initially coded as ‘locations of philosophical beliefs’, with memos attached offering 28.

(5) The qualitative study: aims and methods. ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ• –‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘–‡–Ǥ Š‡ ‘–‡– ™ƒ• •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ǡ ˆ”‘ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ‘†‹‰ƒ† –”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ”‡•’‘†‡– ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– —Ž–‹’Ž‡•–‡’•‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›‹•–Šƒ–‹–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ƒ†‘–‡•‹–ˆ‘ —•‡•‘‡Ǧ •‹†‡†Ž› ‘ –Š‡ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•Ǥ

(6) ‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‰”‘—’ ™ƒ• ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ Šaracterizing ‘the philosophies of psychiatrists’. This was part of the aim to ‘•–”— – ƒ –Š”‡‡Ǧ’ƒ”– •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ •–—†‹‡•ǡ ‘‡ ˆ‘ —•‹‰ ‘ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•ǡ ‘‡ ‘ ’ƒ–‹‡–•ǡƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ‘‡‘–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–„‡ ƒ‡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž› ƒ’’ƒ”‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‹ƒŽ‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ’”‡ Ž—†‡• †‡ˆ‹‹–‡ •–ƒ–‡‡–• ƒ• –‘ ‘™‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ

(7) †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘–‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–ǡ‹–Š‡•‡•‡–Šƒ––Š‡›•‡”˜‡ƒ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘ǡ’”‘˜‡†–‘„‡ ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡–‘ ‡”–ƒ‹‰‘ƒŽ•ǡƒ† ‘•–”ƒ‹‡†„›‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽŽ‹‹–•ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ ‘™‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‹••–—†›™ƒ•‘– ‡–”ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ƒ‹•‘ˆ–Š‹• •–—†›ƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘–Š‡‹”ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‹••–—†›†‘‡•‘– ’”‡–‡† –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ ƒ ‘—– of ‘the’ philosophy of psychiatric practice, but to ’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ™‡‹‰Š–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™‘ˆ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•Ǥ  ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘•–”ƒ‹– ‹• –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ—†‹‘ ”‡ ‘”†‹‰• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ˜‹†‡‘ǡ ‘” –Š‡ ‡„‡††‡†’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”Ǥ

(8) ’ƒ”–ǡ–Š‹•™ƒ•ƒ Š‘‹ ‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ˆ‘”• ‘’‡ǤŠ‡ Š‘‹ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ—†‹‘”‡ ‘”†‹‰™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡†‡•‹”‡–‘ ”‡ ‘”† ‹ ƒ• —‘„–”—•‹˜‡ ƒ‡” ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ ƒ˜‹‰ ˜‹•—ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ —ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡Ž‹‹–•–Š‡ƒ ‡••–‘‘˜‡”„ƒŽ —‡•‹’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ‘ƒ†‡‰”‡‡ǡ –Š‡•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ǡ•‡••‹‘‘–‡•ƒ†”‡’‘”–•ǡƒ† –Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™†‹”‡ –‡†ƒ–†‹• —••‹‰–Š‡‹–ƒ‡ǡƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”’‘••‹„Ž‡ ƒ’–—”‡‘ˆ•— Š ’Š‡‘‡ƒǡ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡”‡Ž›‘”‡•’‘†‡–‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ  Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‰”‘—’ ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ‘‡’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”™‹–Š–”ƒ‹‹‰‹ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘†• ȋ–Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ǡ Ȍǡ –™‘ ”‡•‹†‡–• ‘ˆ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”› ȋ  ƒ† Ȍ ‘‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‘ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”ǡ ƒ† ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‘” ‘ˆ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›ȋ. ȌǤŠ‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‡”‡ƒŽŽ ‘†— –‡†„›Ǥ. 2. •ƒƒ‹†–‘‡•—”‹‰‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ”‹‰‘”ǡ–Š‡ Š‡ Ž‹•–™ƒ•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ȋ‘‰ǡ ƒ‹•„—”› ƒ† ”ƒ‹‰ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŠ‡  Š‡ Ž‹•– ȋ‘‰ʹͲͲ͹Ȍ ˆ‘” ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ƒ• ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‹••–—†›‹•‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡ƒ’’‡†‹šǤŽŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‘”•Šƒ˜‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǡƒ•†—”‹‰–Š‡•–—†›–Š‡›™‡”‡ ‡‹–Š‡”“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•‘””‡•‹†‡–•‹’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǤȋƒŽ‡ȌŠƒ•„‡‡‹ˆ—ŽŽǦ –‹‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ• ƒ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•– •‹ ‡ ʹͲͲͳǤ ‹• ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ†—Ž– Ž‹‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ„—Žƒ–‘”› ƒ”‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ „”‘ƒ† ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹ ǡ ’•› Š‘–Š‡”ƒ’‡—–‹ ǡ ƒ† ‡‡”‰‡ › ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ ‹• ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ „ƒ•‹• ™ƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† „› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ  ‹ Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ƒ† –Š‹ • ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽ ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ– ƒ”™‹  ‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ  ȋˆ‡ƒŽ‡Ȍƒ†  ȋƒŽ‡Ȍ „‘–Š ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†›ǡ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰‹†‡’‡†‡– ‘†‹‰ǡ Œ‘‹‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š –‡ƒ †‹• —••‹‘•. 29.

(9) Chapter 2. ƒ† ‘’‹Ž‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ•‡”‡’‘”–•Ǥ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ •–—†›ǡ –Š‡› Šƒ† ʹǦ5 years’ exper‹‡ ‡ ƒ• ”‡•‹†‡–• ‹ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ǡ ‘ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡’ƒ”–‡–•ǡ„‘–Š Ž‹‹ ƒŽƒ†ƒ„—Žƒ–‘”›Ǥ Šƒ•ƒǤ Ǥ‹’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥ.  ȋƒŽ‡Ȍ‹• ƒ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡” ƒ† ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•– ™‹–Š ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͵Ͳ ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ ‡ ‹• Š‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ”‡•‹†‡ › –”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ ‹• Ž‹‹ ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹• Š‹‡ˆŽ› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†™‹–Šƒš‹‡–›ǡ‘‘†ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽƒ†‡ƒ–‹‰†‹•‘”†‡”•ƒ† ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š–‡ƒŠƒ†ƒ› ‘ —””‡––Š‡”ƒ’‡—–‹  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ ”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•™‹–Š’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡Ž‹‹–‡†„›•ƒ’Ž‹‰ˆ‘”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‘”‹‰ ‹†‡’ƒ”–‡–•ƒ†‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡Ǥ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•’‘‹–•’”‡ ‡†‹‰ƒ† –Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡•–—†›ƒ†˜‹ ‡™ƒ••‘—‰Š–ˆ”‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•Ǥ Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†‹Šƒ’–‡”ͳǡ™Š‹ Š ƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡•„ƒ•‹ ƒ••—’–‹‘•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‹••–—†›ǡ Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡‘–‹‘ –Šƒ– ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ••—’–‹‘• ƒ „‡ ‡Ž— ‹†ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ ˜ƒŽ‹† ƒ‡” –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ‡”‹••‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡•–—†›™ƒ•‰”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‡†‹ ƒŽ–Š‹ ƒŽ ‘‹––‡‡‘ˆ‘‘”†Ǧ ‘ŽŽƒ†ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ. ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ”‡ ”—‹–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽǡ ‘˜‡‹‡ ‡ǡ ƒ† ’—”’‘•‹˜‡ •ƒ’Ž‹‰ȋ”ƒ„–”‡‡Ƭ‹ŽŽ‡”ͳͻͻͻǡ‹Ž˜‡”ƒʹͲͲͲȌǤŠ”‡‡•‡ –‘”•‘ˆ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹  ’”ƒ –‹ ‡™‡”‡ Š‘•‡„›–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‰”‘—’ȋ’”‹˜ƒ–‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡƒ ƒ†‡‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ ƒ†‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ȍǡƒˆ–‡””‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋ‘•–‡”Š—‹•Ƭ. ‹Œ•™‹Œ–Ǧ ‘ˆ•–”ƒ ʹͲͲͺȌ •Š‘™‡† –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• –‘ „‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†• ™‹–Š‹ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”› ™‹–Š •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ƒ† ‰‘ƒŽ•ǡ ™Š‹Ž•– ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ †‡‰”‡‡ ‘ˆ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „”‡ƒ†–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–• ™‘” ‹Ǥ  ‘• ‹‘—• †‡ ‹•‹‘ ™ƒ• ƒ†‡ –‘ ”‡ ”—‹– ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–• ˆ”‘ ‘‡ ȋ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽȌ †‡’ƒ”–‡– –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ ˆ‘ —• ‘ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ ‘‡ •‡––‹‰ǡ ™Š‹Ž•– ˜ƒ”›‹‰ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ •‡––‹‰• ȋ—”„ƒ ‘” ”—”ƒŽȌ ƒ† ”‡ ”—‹–‹‰ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–• ™‹–Š •‡ŽˆǦ†‡ Žƒ”‡† ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡‹” ™‡„•‹–‡•Ȍ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Šƒ’•› Š‘–Š‡”ƒ’‡—–‹ ‘”‘–Š‡”–”‡ƒ–‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›•–ƒ–‡† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ†Ȁ‘” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ”‡ ”—‹–‡† „› ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰†‡’ƒ”–‡–•ˆ‘”ƒ„—Žƒ–‘”› ƒ”‡ȋ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽƒ†ƒ ƒ†‡‹ Ȍ‘”„› ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”•ȋ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ȌǤ‘•–‹‹–‹ƒŽ”‡“—‡•–•™‡”‡ƒ†‡„› ‡Ǧƒ‹Žǡ•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –™ƒ••—’’Ž‹‡†„›ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡† †‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ȋ•‡‡ƒ’’‡†‹šȌǤ

(10) •‘‡ ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡“—‡•–ˆ‘” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ”‡Žƒ›‡† –‘ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –Š‘—‰Š ƒ †‡’ƒ”–‡– Š‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ ’”‡ ‹•‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ• –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ƒ‘– „‡ •—’’Ž‹‡†Ǥ  ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡”‡‘ˆ ‹• –Šƒ– ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ʹͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡† ƒ‰”‡‡† –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡Ǥ ”‘ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—” †”‘’Ǧ‘—–•ǣ –™‘ †—‡ –‘ Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ’‘•‹–‹‘†—”‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘’”‘ ‡••ǡƒ†–™‘†—‡–‘• Š‡†—Ž‹‰ ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ ‘” ‘•– ”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ•ǡ –Š‡ –‹‡ ‹˜‡•–‡– ‹ –Š‡ •–—†› ™ƒ• ‰‹˜‡ ƒ• –Š‡ 30.

(11) The qualitative study: aims and methods. ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”†‡›‹‰–Š‡”‡“—‡•–ǤŠ‹•ˆƒ –ƒ›’”‘†— ‡ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ„‹ƒ•‹–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹ –Š‡ •‡•‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ ƒ”‡ •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž› ˆ”‡‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” • Š‡†—Ž‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡Ǥ •› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–• ™Š‘ ˆ‡‡Ž •–”‘‰Ž› ’”‡••—”‡† „› „—•› ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ› „‡ —†‡””‡’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†›ǡ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ˆƒ –‘” •‹ ‡†‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰—†‡”–‹‡’”‡••—”‡’”‘ ‡‡†•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›–Šƒ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Ǥ ”‡ ‘‡†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›‹•–‘ƒ’’Ž›–Š‹•ˆ‘”ƒ––‘•–—†›‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹‘”‡ ’”‡••—”‡† ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• •— Š ƒ• ‡‡”‰‡ › ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ ’‡ ‹ˆ‹  †‡–ƒ‹Ž• ‘ˆ •ƒ’Ž‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ‹–Š‡‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†› ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹ Šƒ’–‡”•͵ǡ͸ƒ† ͺǤƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†ƒ––Š‡•‡––‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ‡‹–Š‡” ‹ –Š‡‹” ™‘” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ ‘”ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ž› ’”ƒ –‹ ‹‰ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–ǡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ

(12)  –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ƒ•‡ –Š‹• •‘‡–‹‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ˜‹•‹–‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡‹”‘™Š‘‡ǡ•‹ ‡•‘‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”•’”ƒ –‹ ‡ˆ”‘ƒŠ‘‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ

(13) ˆ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‡”‡ –‹‡† ‘—–•‹†‡ ‘ˆ ™‘”‹‰ Š‘—”• –‘ ‡•—”‡ ƒ• ˆ‡™ ‹–‡””—’–‹‘•ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒŽŽ‘™’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–‹‡ƒ†•’ƒ ‡ˆ‘””‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ Š‹•™ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ͺͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™•Ǥ‘Ǧ‘‡™ƒ•’”‡•‡–‡š ‡’–ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡”ƒ†–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡‡Ǥ. 2.  –‘–ƒŽ ‘ˆ ͵Ͳ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•ǡ ͳͲ ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ Š •‡ –‘” ȋƒ ƒ†‡‹ ǡ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽȌǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•™ƒ•ͷʹǡȋ•†ǤͻȌǤ ˜‡”ƒ‰‡• ’‡” Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ ™‡”‡ǣ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ Ͷͻ ȋ•†ǤͳͲȌǡ ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ͷ͵ ȋ•†Ǥ͹Ȍ ƒ† •‡ŽˆǦ ‡’Ž‘›‡†ͷͷȋ•†ǤͻȌǤ͹ ‡ƒŽ‡•ƒ†ʹ͵ƒŽ‡•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†ǡ‹’Ž›‹‰–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡‹• •‡™‡†–‘™ƒ”†•ƒŽ‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ˜‡”ƒ‰‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ•ƒ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•– ™ƒ• ͳ͹Ǥ͵ ›‡ƒ”• ȋ•† ͻǤ͹Ȍǡ ’‡” Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ǣ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ͳͶǤͳ ȋ•†Ǥ͹Ǥ͸Ȍǡ ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ͳͻǤ͵ ȋ•†Ǥ͹Ǥ͸Ȍƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ‡’Ž‘›‡†ͳͺǤ͹ȋ•†ǤͻǤ͵ȌǤ”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•’”‡˜‡–‡†‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†› ‹–‘ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ ‡•‹†‡• ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ‡” ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ›‘—‰‡” ƒ† Ž‡•• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”•™‘—Ž†„‡‘ˆ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹–‡”‡•–ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‰‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡•‹‡’Šƒ•‹• ‹–”ƒ‹‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–”‡ ‡–†‡ ƒ†‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ–Š‡”‹•‡‹‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡†‹ ‹‡ƒ†–Š‡”‹•‹‰’”‘‹‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘’‡–‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†–”ƒ‹‹‰ȋ ”ƒƬƒ‘ˆˆ ʹͲͲ͹ȌȌǤ Š‡ †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ • ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† ‰”‘—’ Ž‹‹– –Š‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›Ǥ ‡•‹–‹œ‹‰ ‘ ‡’–• ȋ‘™‡ ʹͲͲ͸ǡ Ž—‡” ͳͻͷͶȌ  ˆ‘” –Š‡ •–—†› ™‡”‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡†ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ƒ† ’•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ ‹”•–Ž› ƒ †‹˜‹•‹‘‹–Š”‡‡ƒ‹–Š‡‡•ǣ‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ƒ†š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹‡ ‡ǡƒ†–Š‡‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ‡–ƒŽ‹•‘”†‡”ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ‹–Š‡‡•™‡”‡ Š‘•‡†—‡to the research group’s ƒ••‡••‡––Šƒ––Š‡•‡–Š‡‡•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ”‡ƒ•‹™Š‹ Š’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ‹–‡”ƒ – ‹ ƒ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘–‡–‹‘—• ƒ‡”ǡ ƒ† „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ –Š‡‡• ”‡’”‡•‡– ƒ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ ‡ ‘†Ž› –™‘ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ‘–‹‘•ǡƒ‡ly Jaspers’ (1959) wellǦ‘™†‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡ ƒ—•ƒŽ. 31.

(14) Chapter 2. and meaningful connections between phenomena, and Engel’s (1977) „‹‘’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘†‡ŽǤŠ‡•‡™‡”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ǡƒ‰ƒ‹ˆ”‘–Š‡Œ—†‰‡––Šƒ––Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡Š‹‰ŠǦŽ‡˜‡Žǡ—„‹“—‹–‘—• ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ–Š‡‡•‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰ƒŽƒ”‰‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽǦ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹  ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ –Š‡ƒ–‹  ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡’–•ȋ•‡‡„‡Ž‘™ȌǤ 2.3 Data collection Š”‡‡ ‡–Š‘†• ‘ˆ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ™‡”‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡†ǣ ƒȌ ƒ—†‹‘ ”‡ ‘”†‹‰ ƒ† transcription of initial intakes and related practitioners’ reports; b) a selfǦ”‡’‘”– “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ‡Ž— ‹†ƒ–‹‰ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‘”› ‘†‡Ž• ƒ† Ȍ •‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡† ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ˆ‘ —•‹‰ ‘ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǡ ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ† ‘’‹‹‘•Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘–‘‘’Žƒ ‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆͶ•–‡’•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •–‡’ ‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ ƒ “—‹”‹‰ ƒ—†‹‘ ”‡ ‘”†‹‰• ‘ˆ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ‡ ‘—–‡”• ‘ˆ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–• ™‹–Š ’ƒ–‹‡–•Ǥ ŽŽ •— Š ‡ ‘—–‡”• ™‡”‡ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ„—Žƒ–‘”› •‡––‹‰ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•™‡”‡‘–’”‡•‡–†—”‹‰–Š‡‡ ‘—–‡”‹‘”†‡”–‘‡•—”‡ ƒ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ

(15) ˆ‘”‡† ‘•‡– ™ƒ• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ„‘–Š’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•ƒ†’ƒ–‹‡–•Ǥ—‘„–”—•‹˜‡ƒ—†‹‘”‡ ‘”†‡”™ƒ• used to record the full formal ‘intake’, –Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†‹‹–‹ƒŽ‡ ‘—–‡”‘” •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡ ‘—–‡”• ™Š‡”‡‹ –Š‡ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•– ‹• ‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” Š‹• ‹‹–‹ƒŽ †‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ™‘”ǡ ‘‡–‘ƒ†‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ƒ† Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ††”ƒ™—’ƒ–”‡ƒ–‡– ’Žƒ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–Ǥ Š‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‡ ‘—–‡” ™ƒ• Š‘•‡„›–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‰”‘—’†—‡–‘ƒȌ‘‡ƒ‹–Š‡‡„‡‹‰–Š‡‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹ƒ‰‘•‹•ƒ†„Ȍ–Š‡‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‹•’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ –”‡ƒ–‡– ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ‹‹‰’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽƒ••—’–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ—†‹‘ ”‡ ‘”†‹‰™ƒ• –”ƒ• ”‹„‡† ˜‡”„ƒ–‹Ǥ Ž•‘ǡ ƒ‘›‹œ‡† ‡†‹ ƒŽ ”‡’‘”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡‡‡–‹‰•™”‹––‡„›–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ȋ‡‹–Š‡”ˆ‘”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ—•‡ ‘”ˆ‘”ƒŽ”‡’‘”–•–‘”‡ˆ‡””‹‰’Š›•‹ ‹ƒ•Ȍ™‡”‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ƒ†–”ƒ• ”‹„‡†Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘†•–‡’™ƒ•–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘„›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‘ˆƒ—– Š–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ—†•Ž‡› ––‹–—†‡• —‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ ȋǡ ƒ”Žƒ† ‡– ƒŽǤ ʹͲͲͻȌǡ ƒ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ aimed at examining psychiatrists’ concepts of men–ƒŽ ‹ŽŽ‡••Ǥ Š‹• “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ ™ƒ• Š‘•‡ „› –Š‡ ”‡•earch group as an aid to characterizing participants’ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ˜‹‡™•ǤŠ‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ›‹–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–‹–‡ ‘’ƒ••‡† –Š‡–Š”‡‡ƒ‹ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ•–—†›ǡƒ†ƒ††‡†ƒˆ—”–Š‡”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ ”‘••†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ȋǦȌ†‹ƒ‰‘•‡•ǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ•— ‹ct impression of participants’ views. The MAQ ™ƒ•‘––”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ’•› Š‘‡–”‹ ‹•–”—‡–ǡƒ•‹–Šƒ†‘–„‡‡˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†ƒ••— Šǡ but as a further source of information on participants’ attitudes (see da–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•ȌǤ

(16) †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ –Š‡  ™‡”‡ †‹• —••‡† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‰”‘—’ ‹ –Š‡ 32.

(17) The qualitative study: aims and methods. •‡ ‘†•–‡’‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›ǡƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†‹•–‡’ͳǤ‘–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ ‡‡”‰‹‰ –Š‡‡•ǡ ƒ† †‹• ”‡’ƒ ‹‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ †‡–‡ –‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‘•–ƒ– ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ ƒ††‡† ƒ• •—„Œ‡ –• ƒ† “—‡•–‹‘•–‘–Š‡•‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡†‹–‡”˜‹‡™ǡ‹™Š‹ Š†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ –Š‡™ƒ•‘‡•‡ –‹‘Ǥ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†ƒ––Š‡ ‡†‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ. 2. Š‡–Š‹”†•–‡’Šƒ†–Š”‡‡‹–‡”Ž‘ ‹‰ǡƒ‹•ǣ†‹• —••‹‰–Š‡‹–ƒ‡ƒ†–Š‡™”‹––‡ ”‡’‘”–ǡ †‹• —••‹‰ –Š‡ ǡ ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡„‡” Š‡ • ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•Ǥ

(18) – ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆƒ•‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡†‹–‡”˜‹‡™’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„› –Š‡’”‹ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ȋȌǤŠ‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™• Š‡‡™ƒ• ‘’‹Ž‡†„›–™‘‡„‡”• ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‰”‘—’ȋƒ†. Ȍ’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡•–—†›ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ •–—†›ǡ–Š‡–Š”‡‡ƒ‹–Š‡‡•ƒ†–Š‡•‡•‹–‹œ‹‰ ‘ ‡’–•ǤŠ‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™• Š‡‡ ƒ†–‘’‹ Ž‹•–‹••Š‘™‹ˆ‹‰ǤͳǤŠ‡ƒ‹•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™™ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ––‘†‡• ”‹„‡Š‹•‘”Š‡”’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†–Š‡–‘ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ƒ–—”‡ƒ††‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡”‡ ‘”†‡†‹–ƒ‡ǣ–‘™Šƒ–†‡‰”‡‡ ™‡”‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡–‹‰ ’”‘„Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ƒ† –Še practitioner’s responses ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ––er’s general practice? Subsequently the more themeǦ ”‡Žƒ–‡†“—‡•–‹‘•™‡”‡’‘•‡†ǡ™‹–Šƒˆ‘ —•‘‰”‘—†‹‰–Š‡ƒ•™‡”•‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ•— Šƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ• ƒ„‡•‡‡ǡ‘•–“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘’‡Ǧ‡†‡†ǤŠ‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™ •–”ƒ–‡‰› Š‘•‡ ™ƒ• ‹Ǧ†‡’–Š ƒƒŽ›•‹• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡” •–”‘˜‡ ˆ‘” clarification, elaboration and motivation using ‘probes’ described by Rubin & —„‹ȋʹͲͳʹǡŠƒ’–ͻȌǡƒ†–‘”‡Žƒ–‡ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ•–‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ•— Šƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡“—‡•–‹‘•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•––™‘•–‡’•‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†› ™‡”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™ǡ–Š‹••–‡’ƒŽ•‘•‡”˜‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡– ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ › Š‹• ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡” ™ƒ• ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” ™‹–Š ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹ –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘ ‘•–‹–—–‡†ƒ”‹•‘ˆ’”‡ƒ–—”‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ respondents’ answers. This worry was addressed through summaries and ”‡’‡ƒ–‡†”‡•’‘†‡–˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘„‘–Š™‹–Š‹ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™•Ǥ‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǡ ƒ”‡ ™ƒ• –ƒ‡ –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ “—ƒŽ‹–› •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†• †‡• ”‹„‡† „› ˜ƒŽ‡ ȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍǡ ”‹––‡ ȋͳͻͻͷȌ ƒ† ‹ŽŽ‡” ƒ† ”ƒ„–”‡‡ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ Š‡”‡ Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹ ‘•‹•–‡ ‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‘–‡†ǡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡† ȋ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ƒ”‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‹ –”ƒ• ”‹’–•‘ˆ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•‹Šƒ’–‡”•͵ǡ͸ƒ†ͺȌǤŽŽ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™‡”‡—•‡†ƒ••‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™Ǥ

(19) –‡”˜‹‡™• ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆƒƒš‹—‘ˆ–™‘ ‡‡–‹‰•ǡ‡ƒ Š‘ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘‡–‘‘‡ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆŠ‘—”•Ž‘‰Ǥ ‹‡Ž†‘–‡•™‡”‡ƒ†‡ †—”‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™Ǥ—”‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Š‰”‘—’‡‡–‹‰•–Š‡–‘’‹ Ž‹•–™ƒ• ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ••‡••‡†Ǥ Š‹• Ž‡† –‘ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ •–”— –—”‡ǡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ – –‘ „‡‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ’‡”•‘ƒŽȀ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ „‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‹‰–‘–Š‡‡Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ 33.

(20) Chapter 2. Fig 2.1. Schema of Semi-structured Interview Š‡ˆ‘—”–Šƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽ•–‡’ ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘’‹Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒˆ‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡”‡’‘”–‘ˆ‡ƒ Š ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•– ȋ„ƒ Ƭ –ƒ‡ ʹͲͳͶȌǡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™• ‘ˆ 34. .

(21) The qualitative study: aims and methods. ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†›ǡ ƒ† ”‡“—‡•–‹‰ ‘‡–• ƒ† ‘””‡ –‹‘•ƒ•”‡•’‘†‡–˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ 2.4 Data analysis Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–ƒ‡‹–Š‹••–—†›™ƒ•–Šƒ–‘ˆ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡƒ‡–Š‘†”‡ ‡–Ž›‰ƒ‹‹‰’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›‹Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǦ”‡Žƒ–‡† ”‡•‡ƒ” Šȋƒ ‡›Ƭ—ˆˆʹͲͲͻȌǤ ”ƒ‡™‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒˆ‹˜‡Ǧ•–ƒ‰‡’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆƒƒŽ›•‹•ȋ‘’‡ǡ‹‡„Žƒ†Ƭƒ›•ʹͲͲͲȌǣƒȌ ƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œ‹‰Ǣ„Ȍ

(22) †‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ƒ –Š‡ƒ–‹ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǣ Ȍ

(23) †‡š‹‰Ǣ†ȌŠƒ”–‹‰Ǣƒ†‡Ȍƒ’’‹‰ƒ†

(24) –‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹•†‡• ”‹„‡†‹ƒ•‡“—‡–‹ƒŽ‘”†‡”ǡƒ† ‡”–ƒ‹•–ƒ‰‡• Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›’”‡ ‡†‡‘–Š‡”•ǡ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ›‹˜‘Ž˜‡„‘–ŠŒ—’‹‰ƒŠ‡ƒ†ƒ† ”‡–—”‹‰–‘’”‡˜‹‘—••–‡’•–‘”‡™‘”’”‡˜‹‘—•‹†‡ƒ•ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘‘„•‡”˜‡† ‘‡ –‹‘•ǤŠ‡•–”‡‰–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•–Šƒ–„›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ™‡ŽŽǦ †‡ˆ‹‡†’”‘ ‡†—”‡ǡ‹–‹•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘”‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ†”‡™‘”‹†‡ƒ•‹ƒ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡– ƒ‡”’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••Šƒ•„‡‡†‘ —‡–‡†ƒ†‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡ǤŠ‹•™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡ ”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‹••–—†›™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Š‡‘‡ƒ—†‡”‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ȋ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ•Ȍƒ›‘–„‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ’’ƒ”‡–ǤŠ‡”‹•‘ˆ‘„•‡”˜‡”„‹ƒ•‹•‡––Š”‘—‰Š”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ‡–Š‘†•ˆ‘”‡•—”‹‰”‹‰‘”‹“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ„—–‹•ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†„›ƒ’’Ž›‹‰ƒ ƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ‡–Š‘†™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒŠ‹‰Š†‡‰”‡‡‘ˆ–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›ƒ•–‘–Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ ‘ ‡’–•ƒ†ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ. 2. Familiarizing ––Š‹••–ƒ‰‡–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‹‡”•‡•Š‹•‡Žˆ‹–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„›Ž‹•–‡‹‰–‘ƒ—†‹‘ ”‡ ‘”†‹‰•ǡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ –”ƒ• ”‹’–• –Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ›Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• †‘‡ „› –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–”ƒ• ”‹’–•ǡƒ†„› Ƭˆ‘”–Š‡–”ƒ• ”‹’–•–Š‡› ‘†‡†Ǥ

(25) –Š‹• •–—†›ǡƒŽŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•™‡”‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒˆˆ‘”†•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•ƒ† †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•ǣ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›“—‹–‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž† ‹–•‡Žˆƒ†–Š‡’ƒ”Žƒ ‡‹˜‘Žved. Conversely, the researchers’ own (philosophical) ‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•™‹–Š”‡•’‡ ––‘’•› Š‹ƒ–”›ƒ›ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡‹”‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ ’Š‡‘‡ƒǤ. Identifying a Thematic Framework

(26) –Š‹••–ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•––ƒ‡•‘–‡‘ˆ”‡ —””‡––Š‡‡•ǡ–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‡•ǡ ƒ†‡‡”‰‹‰‹••—‡•ǡƒ†—•‡•–Š‡•‡–‘†”ƒ™—’ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”™‹–Š™Š‹ Š –Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ„‡‡šƒ‹‡†ƒ†•‘”–‡†ǤŠ‹•ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”—•–„‡‹’ƒ”–”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘ǡƒ†‹’ƒ”––‘–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡•ƒ†–Š‡‡•‘„•‡”˜‡†ǤŠ‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‹•‘ˆ–‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›”‘‘–‡†‹ƒ’”‹‘”‹‹••—‡•Ǥ

(27) –‹•–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘ƒˆ‡™–”ƒ• ”‹’–•™Š‹Ž•– ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ƒ”‡”‡ˆ‹‡†–‘„‡ ‘‡‘”‡ 35.

(28) Chapter 2. ”‡•’‘•‹˜‡–‘‡‡”‰‡–ƒ†ƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ–Š‡‡•Ǥ

(29) –Š‹••–—†›ǡ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ™ƒ•†”ƒ™—’„ƒ•‡†‹’ƒ”–‘–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‹˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡƒ†‹’ƒ”– ‘ –Š‡ •‡•‹–‹œ‹‰ ‘ ‡’–• †”ƒ™ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š› ‘ˆ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”› Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‡–‹‘‡†’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ. Indexing Š‹• ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ™Š‡”‡„› –Š‡ –Š‡ƒ–‹  ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ‹• •›•–‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‹‹–•–‡š–—ƒŽˆ‘”ǤŽŽ†ƒ–ƒƒ”‡”‡ƒ†ƒ†ƒ‘–ƒ–‡†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‘†‡• †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ –Š‡ƒ–‹  ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ ‘†‹‰ ƒ† ƒ‘–ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† —•‹‰ –Žƒ•Ǥ–‹ ‘†‹‰ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡Ǥ ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ƒ† ‘†‹‰ ™ƒ• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•„›–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ȋȌǡ™Š‹Ž•–ƒ†  ’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‹†‡’‡†‡– ‘†‹‰‘ͳͲΨƒ†͵͵Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ‘†‹‰•™‡”‡•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›†‹• —••‡†—–‹Ž ‘•‡•—•™ƒ•”‡ƒ Š‡†Ǥ. Charting ––Š‹••–‡’ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”‘˜‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ–”ƒ• ”‹’–•–‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ƒ ’‹ –—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ƒ• ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ƒ”‡ ‡š–”ƒ –‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ• ”‹’–• ƒ† ’Žƒ ‡† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ –Š‡ƒ–‹  ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” —†‡” –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ Š‡ƒ†‹‰Ǥ ‘ –Š‹• ‡† Šƒ”–• ƒ”‡ †”ƒ™ —’ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š ‰‡‡”ƒŽ –Š‡ƒ–‹  ƒ”‡ƒǡ ™Š‡”‡‹ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ•‡• ƒ”‡ ‡–‡”‡†Ǥ Šƒ”–‹‰ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ† •›–Š‡•‹•Ǥ ƒ Š ’‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘†‡† –‡š– ‹• •–—†‹‡† ƒ† ƒ †‡”‹˜‡† •—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‹•‡–‡”‡†‘–Š‡ Šƒ”–ǤŠ‹•ƒ›„‡†‘‡ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‘ǡˆ”‘˜‡”„ƒ–‹ ‹–ƒ–‹‘•–‘ƒ‡‡”‰‡––Š‡‡ǡƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ ‡–‡”‡†ƒ”‡–”ƒ ‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡–”ƒ• ”‹’–•–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǤŠ‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ–‡š–‹•”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡† •‘–Šƒ––Š‡•‘—” ‡ ƒ„‡–”ƒ ‡†ƒ†–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆƒ„•–”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ„‡‡šƒ‹‡† ƒ†”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†Ǥ  ‘”–Š‹••–—†›ǡ Šƒ”–•™‡”‡ ‘’‹Ž‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡ƒ‹–Š‡‡•ǡˆ‘”–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ •‘—” ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ ‹–ƒ‡ǡ –Š‡ ™”‹––‡ ”‡’‘”–•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •‡‹ •–”— –—”‡† ‹–‡”˜‹‡™Š‡•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ”–•™ƒ•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š‰”‘—’†‹• —••‹‘ ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒ‹–Š‡‡•ǤŽŽ ‘†‡•™‡”‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ Šƒ”–•ǡ ˆ‘” ‡ƒ Š •—„Œ‡ –Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‡‘• ™‡”‡ ƒ††‡† ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–“—‡•–‹‘•‘”‡‡”‰‹‰–Š‡‡•Ǥ Mapping and Interpretation

(30)  ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‰”‘—’ ‡‡–‹‰•ǡ ‡‡”‰‹‰ –Š‡‡• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ –Š‡ƒ–‹  ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ™‡”‡ †‹• —••‡† ˆ‘” ‡ƒ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ƒ‹ †‘ƒ‹•Ǥ Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•„”‘—‰Š––‘„‡ƒ”‘–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ’’‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ’Šƒ•‡™‡”‡‘–‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š•—„Œ‡ –ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡” ȋȌǤ”‘˜‹•‹‘ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹••—ƒ”‹‡•™‡”‡ ‘’‹Ž‡†ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š•—„Œ‡ –ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š”‡•’‘†‡–˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ȋ‹ ‘ŽƬ —„ƒǡͳͻͺͷǢ”‡•™‡ŽŽǡʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡ‹™Š‹ Š ”‡•’‘†‡–• ”‡˜‹‡™‡† ”‡’‘”–• ƒ† ’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ‘ –Š‡ ƒ —”ƒ › ‘ˆ. 36.

(31) The qualitative study: aims and methods. ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ — Š ˆ‡‡†„ƒ  ™ƒ• ‘– –ƒ‡ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘„—–™ƒ•ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒȋ‹Ž˜‡”ƒʹͲͲͲȌƒ†ˆ‡† „ƒ  ‹–‘ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ  ‡ ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†ǡ –Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡–Š‡ƒ–‹ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǡ‡ƒ‹‰‹–ƒŽ–‡”‡†•‡“—‡–‹ƒŽŽ›–‘ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”‘” Ž‡••‡” †‡‰”‡‡ ˆ‘” ‡ƒ Š •—„Œ‡ –Ǥ Š‹• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡” ȋȌǤ Š‹• ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡– †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ –Š‡ƒ–‹  ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” –‘ –Š‡ ƒ•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ †‹‡•‹‘• ƒ† –›’‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ —„•‡“—‡–Ž› ƒ ˆ‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘„‡–™‡‡ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ƒ††ƒ–ƒ‘”‹‡–‡†–‘•ƒ–—”ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•’‡”ˆ‘”‡† „›ƒ† ǡƒ††‹• —••‡†‹–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‰”‘—’Ǥ. 2. 2.5 Ensuring Rigor Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†›ǣ  –”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‹  †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ǡ ‘•–ƒ– ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ •ƒ’Ž‹‰ǡ †‡˜‹ƒ– ƒ•‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ ƒ—†‹– –”ƒ‹Žǡ ƒ† ”‡•’‘†‡– ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Triangulation ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †ƒ–ƒ •‘—” ‡•ǡ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ƒƒŽ›•–•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹˜‡”•‡–Š‡‘”‹‡•–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ˆ‹†‹‰•‹‘”†‡”–‘”‡†— ‡•›•–‡ƒ–‹  „‹ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ȋƒ––‘ ͳͻͻͲȌǤ

(32)  –Š‹• •–—†›ǡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ •‘—” ‡• ™‡”‡ –Š‡ ‹–ƒ‡ –”ƒ• ”‹’–•ƒ†–Š‡™”‹––‡”‡ ‘”†•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹–ƒ‡•ǡ–Š‡ǡƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ• ”‹’–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”— –—”‡† ‹–‡”˜‹‡™Ǥ Š‘—‰Š ‘†‹‰ ™ƒ• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”›”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ǡ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‰”‘—’’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹‹†‡’‡†‡– ‘†‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• Š‡”‡‘ˆ ™‡”‡ †‹• —••‡† ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡– –Š‡‡• ƒ† –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ –Š‡ƒ–‹  ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”•Ǥ Thick descriptionȋ„ƒƒ†–ƒ‡ʹͲͲͳǡ‘–‡”‘––‘ʹͲͲ͸Ȍ”‡ˆ‡”•–‘‹Ǧ†‡’–Š†‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆƒ ƒ•‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥƒ’ƒ”–‹cular psychiatrist’s clinical practice) in order –‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡”‡ƒ†‡”™‹–Šƒ‹’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‡š–ǡƒ†–‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡ Šƒ ‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”–ƒ‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘‡–•‹–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‘”ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•ˆ”‘ –”‡ƒ–‡– •‡••‹‘• ‘—– ‘ˆ ‘–‡š– –‘ •—‹– Š‹• ’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‹  †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ƒ”‡’”‘˜‹†‡†‹–Š‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ǡƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•ǤConstant comparison‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–‡•–‹‰’”‘˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ Š›’‘–Š‡•‡•„›ƒ––‡’–‹‰–‘ˆ‹†‡™ ƒ•‡•ȋ‹Ž˜‡”ƒʹͲͲͲȌǤ

(33) –Š‹••–—†›–Š‹•‹• ‘•–Ž› ’”‡•‡– ƒ– –Š‡ Šƒ”–‹‰ǡ ƒ’’‹‰ ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ •–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ •ƒ’Ž‹‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǤȌ ™ƒ• –Š‡ „ƒ ‰”‘—† ˆ‘” •‡Ž‡ –‹‰ –Š”‡‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ †‘ƒ‹• ȋƒ ƒ†‡‹ ǡ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽȌ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ •ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ ’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘” •‡Ž‡ –‹‰ƒ•—„‰”‘—’‘ˆˆ‘—”’•› Š‹ƒ–”‹•–•ˆ”‘‘‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ˆ‘”•–—†›Ǥaudit trailȋ‹„‹†ǤȌ‹•ƒ”‡ ‘”†‘ˆ†‡ ‹•‹‘ƒ‹‰ȋ‡‹–Š‡”‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‘”‘”‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š –‡ƒȌǡ ‘ˆ Šƒ‰‹‰‹†‡ƒ• ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ – –‘ ‡‡”‰‹‰ –Š‡‡• ƒ† –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ǡ ‘ˆ ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š –‡ƒ ƒ† ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ –‘”•ǡƒ†‘ˆ•—ƒ”‹‡•‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ – 37.

(34) Chapter 2. ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’‘‹–•ǤŠ‹•‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›™ƒ›‘ˆƒ‡š–‡•‹˜‡”‡’‘”–ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š•—„Œ‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ˆ”‘ ‘†‹‰ǡ Šƒ”–‹‰ǡ ƒ’’‹‰ ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘‡ –‡† •‡“—‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š ‡š’Ž‹ ‹– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡ƒ–‹  ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”Ǥ Deviant case analysis ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• •‡ƒ” Š‹‰ˆ‘” ƒ† †‹• —••‹‰‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ –Šƒ– †‘ ‘– •—’’‘”– ‘” ƒ’’‡ƒ” –‘ ‘–”ƒ†‹ – ’ƒ––‡”• ‘” ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰ˆ”‘†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‹•™ƒ•–Š‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ–Š‹”†•–›Ž‡ ‘ˆ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‹‰‹–Š‡‹–ƒ‡„‡•‹†‡•–Š‡†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡‘†‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ•†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‰”‘—’ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‘–Š‡”†ƒ–ƒ•‘—” ‡•‹–Š‡•–—†›ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘†‡• ”‹„‹‰‹–ƒ•ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‘†‡‘ˆ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‹‰ȋ•‡‡Šƒ’–‡”ʹȌǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ respondent validation ȋ‘”•‡ ͳͻͻͶȌ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡ –‡•–‹‰ ‘ˆ †ƒ–ƒǡ ƒƒŽ›–‹  ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ‘ Ž—•‹‘• ™‹–Š ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡ ‰”‘—’• ˆ”‘ ™Š‘ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ Š‹• ƒ „‡ †‘‡ „‘–Š ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ› ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›ƒ•‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”‡„‡” Š‡ •ƒ›ƒ”‹•‡†—”‹‰–Š‡‘”ƒŽ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡•’‘†‡–˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‹‘ȋƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•‡„‡” Š‡ •ǡ‹ ‘ŽƬ —„ƒǡͳͻͺͷȌ‹•˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒ–‡ Š‹“—‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰–Š‡˜ƒŽ‹†‹–› ‘ˆƒƒ ‘—–Ǥ

(35) –Š‹••–—†›ǡ‡„‡” Š‡ •™‡”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ––™‘’‘‹–•ǣ†—”‹‰ –Š‡•–”— –—”‡†‹–‡”˜‹‡™ǡ™Š‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ ‘†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹–ƒ‡ ™‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ǡƒ†‹–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‡’‘”–™ƒ••‡– –‘ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•”‡“—‡•–‹‰ ‘””‡ –‹‘•ƒ† ‘‡–•Ǥ . 38. .

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