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(1)VU Research Portal. How Tough Times Become Good Times Kok, A.A.L.. 2019. document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record. Link to publication in VU Research Portal. citation for published version (APA) Kok, A. A. L. (2019). How Tough Times Become Good Times: Studies on socioeconomic inequality, resilience, and successful aging.. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: vuresearchportal.ub@vu.nl. Download date: 12. Oct. 2021.

(2) Šƒ’–‡”͛ ƒ’–—”‹‰–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰ǣ ’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ƒ•‡†‘͙͞Ǧ‡ƒ” ”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆ — –‹‘‹‰               . —„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•ǣ‘ǡǤǤǤǡƒ”–•‡ǡǤ Ǥǡ‡‡‰ǡǤ Ǥ ǤǡƬ —‹•ƒǡǤȋ͚͙͘͟ȌǤƒ’–—”‹‰–Š‡ †‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ — ‡••ˆ—Ž ‰‹‰ǣ  ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ͙͞Ǧ›‡ƒ” –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǤŠ‡ ‡”‘–‘Ž‘‰‹•–ǡ͟͝ȋ͚Ȍǡ͚͘͜Ǧ͚͙͝. An operational definition of successful aging | 49.

(3) „•–”ƒ – —”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–—†›  ‘†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ƒ†‡š–‡–‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰ȋȌ™Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—••—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ’”‘’‘•‡†‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‹‰‘†‡Ž•‘ˆƒ”‡‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†‹–‘‘‡ Š‘Ž‹•–‹  ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‡•‡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ‹ Ž—†‡†‡ˆ‹‹‰ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‹‰  ƒ• ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡‘”‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘‡•ǡƒ† ‡š’”‡••‹‰‘ƒ ‘–‹——Ǥ ‡•‹‰ƒ†‡–Š‘†• ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ —•‡† ˆ”‘ ͚ǡ͚͙͜ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ‹ –Š‡ ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ‰‹‰ –—†› •–‡”†ƒǡ ƒ —Ž–‹†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”› •–—†› ‹ ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘Ž†‡” ƒ†—Ž–• ‹ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ǥƒ–‡– Žƒ••‰”‘™–ŠƒƒŽ›•‹•™ƒ•—•‡†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›•— ‡••ˆ—Ž͙͞Ǧ›‡ƒ”–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• ™‹–Š‹ ‹‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ǡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽǡ ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ  ™ƒ• “—ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‹™Š‹ Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”‡•’‘†‡–••Š‘™‡†•— ‡••ˆ—Ž –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ȋ”ƒ‰‡͘Ȃ͡ȌǤ ‡•—Ž–• — ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•™‡”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡŽ‹‹–‡††‡ Ž‹‡ǡ‘”‡˜‡‹’”‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘˜‡” –‹‡Ǥ ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•ǡ ͛͡Ǥ͞ά ‘ˆ ‡ ƒ† ͚͡Ǥ͛ά ‘ˆ ™‘‡ ™‡”‡ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–•‡˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǣ͟ά‘ˆ‡ƒ†͙͙ά‘ˆ™‘‡™‡”‡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹Ž‡•• –Šƒ–Š”‡‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǥ”‘’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž”‡•’‘†‡–•™‡”‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‹Ž‹ˆ‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ȋη͠͝άȌ ƒ† •ƒŽŽ‡•– ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ȋζ͚͝άȌǤ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ •— ‡•• „‡–™‡‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•™‡”‡Ž‘™–‘‘†‡”ƒ–‡ȋ”ƒ‰‡”γǤ͚͘ȂǤ͛͟ȌǤ

(4) ’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ƒ›‘Ž†‡”ƒ†—Ž–•ƒ‰‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ„—––Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Žˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘˜‡” –‹‡˜ƒ”‹‡•„‡–™‡‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•˜ƒ”›„‡–™‡‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ   .     . 50 | Chapter 3.

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(6) –”‘†— –‹‘ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–™‘”•‘–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰ȋȌ™ƒ•™”‹––‡„› ƒ˜‹‰Š—”•–ǡ ™Š‘ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–ƒƒŒ‘”ƒ‹‘ˆ‰‡”‘–‘Ž‘‰›‹•–‘ƒ†˜‹•‡•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ„‘—–Š‘™ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ƒƒš‹‹œ‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ƒ†Šƒ’’‹‡••™‹–Š‘—–‰‘‹‰ƒ–•‡˜‡”‡ ‘•–•–‘•‘‡ ‘–Š‡”•‡‰‡–‘ˆ•‘ ‹‡–›ȋ͙ȌǤ‘™‡ƒ†ƒŠȋ͚Ȍ”‡‹–”‘†— ‡†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–ǡƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ ˜‹‡™–Šƒ–ƒ‰‹‰•Š‘—Ž†‘–’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†ƒ•ƒ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ”ƒ’‹††‡ Ž‹‡ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

(7) •–‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–ƒ†‹•–‹ –‹‘•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡„‡–™‡‡Dz—•—ƒŽƒ‰‹‰dz ƒ†Dz•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰ǡdz–Š‡Žƒ––‡”‘ˆ™Š‹ Š™ƒ• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰ƒŽ‘™’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ †‹•‡ƒ•‡ƒ††‹•‡ƒ•‡Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡††‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡŠ‹‰Š ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ƒ†’Š›•‹ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ǡƒ† ƒ –‹˜‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡ȋ͛ȌǤ ƒ›“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡—•‡†‘‡‘”‘”‡‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ‘™‡ƬƒŠǯ•ȋ͚Ȍ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ –‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š–Š‡’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ƒ†‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡’”‡†‹ –‘”•‘ˆȋ͜ǡ͝ȌǤ—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‹“—‹”‹‡•Šƒ˜‡ ƒ‹Ž› •‘—‰Š– –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ  ˆ”‘ ƒ DzŽƒ› ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡dz ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ͞ǡ͟ȌǤ Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡’ƒ•–ˆ‡™†‡ ƒ†‡•ǡƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‹‰–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ƒ†‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆŠƒ˜‡„‡‡’”‘’‘•‡†ȋ͠ȌǤ‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•”‡ƒ‹–‘„‡ •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡‹”‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ— Ž‡ƒ”ǤŠ‹••–—†›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡•ˆ‘—”•—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ˆ‘”‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹–‘ƒ‡™‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ‘•–•–—†‹‡••‘ˆƒ”Šƒ˜‡—•‡† ”‘••Ǧ•‡ –‹‘ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰Ž‹‹–‡†‹•‹‰Š–‹–‘–Š‡ †›ƒ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‡•–Šƒ–‹‰Š–—†‡”Ž‹‡ǤŠ‡•–—†‹‡•–Šƒ–†‹†ƒ††”‡•• Šƒ‰‡‘˜‡”–‹‡‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Šƒ˜‡†‘‡•‘‹†‹•–‹ –™ƒ›•Ǥ•–—†›„›”— Š‘ƒ†‹Ž•‘Ǧ ‡†‡”•‘ȋ͡Ȍ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‰”‘—’•‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‡”•„›—•‹‰Žƒ–‡–’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ––™‘’‘‹–•‹–‹‡ƒ† „›‰”‘—’‹‰‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ‹•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ•‡ŽˆǦƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆȌƒ†‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ’Š›•‹ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰ȌǤŠ‡›‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ–͙͠Ǥ͙ά‘ˆ‘Ž†‡”’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘™‡”‡†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ• •— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‡”•ƒ–‘‡’‘‹–‹–‹‡ǡ™‡”‡‘–•‘ƒ›‘”‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒ͜ ›‡ƒ”• Žƒ–‡”Ǥ •— ƒ† ‘‡• ȋ͙͘Ȍ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ƒ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”› ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘‘Ž†‡”ƒ‹™ƒ‡•‡ǤŠ‡›‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘—”–›’‡•‘ˆ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ǡŽƒ„‡ŽŽ‡†Dz•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰ǡdz Dz—•—ƒŽ ƒ‰‹‰ǡdz DzŠ‡ƒŽ–Š †‡ Ž‹‹‰ǡdz ƒ† Dz ƒ”‡ †‡ƒ†‹‰Ǥdz

(8) †‹ ƒ–‘”• ‹ Ž—†‡† Š”‘‹  †‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǡ’Š›•‹ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡ†‡’”‡••‹˜‡•›’–‘•ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ǡ›‡––Š‡•‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•™‡”‡‘–‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘‘‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ Ǥ –Š‡” ”‡ ‡– Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ •–—†‹‡• –Šƒ– „‡ƒ” ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ — ‡••ˆ—Ž ‰‹‰Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘ —•‡†‘‘•‹–‹˜‡‰‹‰ȋ͙͙Ȍƒ†—Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Š†‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•ȋ͙͚ȌǤ— Š •–—†‹‡•‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ–—•‹‰—Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ‹ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ –‡ Š‹“—‡• •— Š ƒ• Žƒ–‡– ‰”‘™–Š ‘†‡ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ› „‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘ –Š‡ —Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆƒ‰‹‰Ǥ ‡ ‘†ǡ ‘•– ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ  Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ Ž‹‹–‡† ‹ ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ †‘ƒ‹•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡—Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‘™‡ƒ†ƒŠǯ•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ ”‡ ‡– ”‡˜‹‡™ ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– ͛͘ ‘—– ‘ˆ ͙͘͝ ‹ Ž—†‡† †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘• ‘–ƒ‹‡† ’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘Ž›ȋ͜ȌǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ–‘††•™‹–Šˆ‹†‹‰•–Šƒ–‘•–‘Ž†‡”ƒ†—Ž–•Š‹‰ŠŽ›˜ƒŽ—‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ An operational definition of successful aging | 51. 3.

(9) ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡‰‘‘†’Š›•‹ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰ȋ͞ǡ͙͛ǡ͙͜ȌǤ‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ—•‡•‘ˆ ƒ—Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ‘ ‡’–ƒ›”‡•—Ž–‹„‹ƒ•‡†‡•–‹ƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡‘ˆȋ͙͝Ȍƒ† ƒ› ‡š Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‘„•‡”˜‡ –Šƒ– Ž‘••‡• ‹ ‘‡ †‘ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ƒ”‡ ‘’‡•ƒ–‡†„›‰ƒ‹•‹‘–Š‡”†‘ƒ‹•ȋ͙͞ȌǤ

(10) ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘‹ Ž—†‹‰—Ž–‹’Ž‡†‘ƒ‹•‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡƒ‘–Š‡”•—‰‰‡•–‡†™ƒ›–‘‘„–ƒ‹‘”‡Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•‘ˆ‹• –‘ ‘„‹‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ™‹–Š •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ ȋ͜ǡ͙͟ȌǤ

(11) †‹ ƒ–‘”• •— Š ƒ• Ž‹ˆ‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ‘” •—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ƒ’–—”‡ ƒ› ‘”‡ ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š–Šƒ– ƒ‘–„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘”‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‡ƒ•—”‡• –ƒ’’‹‰‹–‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•‘”‡˜‡–•ǡƒ†–Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‘Ž†‡”ƒ†—Ž–•‹ •— Šˆƒ –‘”•ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡ˆ‘—†™‹–ŠDz‡š’‡”–dz‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ȋ͙͠ȌǤ Š‹”†ǡƒ›†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•‘ˆŠƒ˜‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†‘™‡Ƭ ƒŠǯ•”‡“—‹”‡‡––Šƒ–‘‡•Š‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Ž‘™ ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ‰‡ •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ȋ͛ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• ’”‘’‘•‡† ‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆŠƒ•„‡‡ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡†‹Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆˆ‹†‹‰•–Šƒ–‘Ž›ƒ•ƒŽŽˆ”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š‘—– Š”‘‹  †‹•‡ƒ•‡• ȋ͙͡Ȃ͚͙ȌǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ƒ• Ž‘‰ ƒ• ‘ —Ž–‹‘”„‹†‹–› ‹• ’”‡•‡–ǡ ƒ Š”‘‹ †‹•‡ƒ•‡†‘‡•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›‹’Ž›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ȋ͚͚ǡ͚͛Ȍ ‘” Ž‘™‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ •‡ŽˆǦ”ƒ–‡†  ȋ͚͘ȌǤ Š‹Ž‡ Š”‘‹  †‹•‡ƒ•‡• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘””‡Žƒ–‡‘”’”‡†‹ –‘”‘ˆǡ™‡ ‘ Ž—†‡–Šƒ–‘‹––‹‰–Š‹•ˆƒ –‘”ˆ”‘‘†‡Ž• ”‡•—Ž–•‹†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡Ž‡••Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›„‹ƒ•‡†–‘™ƒ”†„‹‘‡†‹ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ ‘—”–Šǡ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– ‘•–  •–—†‹‡• †‹˜‹†‡ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ •–—†› ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‹–‘ ‡‹–Š‡” Dz•— ‡••ˆ—Ždz ‘” ȋ„› ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ȍ Dz—•— ‡••ˆ—Ždz ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• Šƒ• „‡‡ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡† ȋ͜ǡ͝ȌǤ Š‹• †‹˜‹†‡ •‡‡• –‘ ”‡•—Ž– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‡”•‹•–‡–Ž› ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ”‹–‡”‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ „‡ ƒ‰‹‰ •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• •Š‘—Ž† ˆ— –‹‘ ™‡ŽŽ ‘ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘ ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰”‡ƒ•‘–‘”‡‰ƒ”†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘ˆ— –‹‘Ž‡••™‡ŽŽ‘‘‡ ‘” ‘”‡ ‘’‘‡–• ‘ˆ  ƒ• „‡‹‰ ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› Dz—•— ‡••ˆ—ŽǤdz ˜‡ ™Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‹‘‡†‘ƒ‹‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡ‘Ž†‡”ƒ†—Ž–•‹‰Š–’‡”ˆ‘””‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›™‡ŽŽ‹‘–Š‡” †‘ƒ‹•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ‰‹‰’”‘ ‡••ƒ›„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†“—‹–‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽǤ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ‹–Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ–  •Š‘—Ž† „‡ •‡‡ ‘ ƒ ‘–‹—— ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ• ƒ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ™‹ȀŽ‘•‡ ’”‘’‘•‹–‹‘ȋ͙͟ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–‘†ƒ–‡ǡˆ‡™•–—†‹‡•‡š‹•––Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡‡’Ž‘›‡†•— Š‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ Šƒ˜‡ †‹• —••‡† ˆ‘—” •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• –‘ ‹’”‘˜‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ Ǣ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ƒ††”‡••‹‰ƒ•ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ‘—– ‘‡ƒ–ƒ•‹‰Ž‡’‘‹–‹–‹‡Ǣ —•‹‰‡š–‡•‹˜‡—Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒ‹ Ž—†‹‰•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†‘”‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǣƒ„ƒ†‘‹‰–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ†‹•‡ƒ•‡ƒ•ƒ”‡“—‹”‡‡–ˆ‘”Ǣƒ†‡ƒ•—”‹‰ ‘ƒ ‘–‹——‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ•ƒ†‹ Š‘–‘›ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡ —””‡–•–—†›‹•–‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡ ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡ ‡ƒ†‡š–‡–‘ˆ‹ƒ‡•–‡”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡•‡•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‡‡’‹”‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘‘‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘Ǥ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‡ ‘•–”— –ƒŠ‘Ž‹•–‹ ‹†‡š‘ˆ „ƒ•‡†‘‘„•‡”˜‡†Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‹—Ž–‹’Ž‡•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ǡ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǤŠ‹•‹†‡š‘ˆ•Š‘—Ž†„‡•‡•‹–‹˜‡–‘ ™‹–Š‹Ǧ’‡”•‘ Šƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘˜‡” –‹‡ ƒ† –‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ƒ ”‘•• •‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‹‡•‹‘•‘ˆƒ‰‹‰Ǥ 52 | Chapter 3.

(12) ‡•‹‰ƒ†‡–Š‘†• –—†›ƒ’Ž‡ Š‡‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ‰‹‰–—†›•–‡”†ƒȋȌ‹•ƒŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽǡ—Ž–‹†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”› ‘Š‘”– •–—†› ‘ ƒ ™‹†‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ –‘”• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ǡ ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‹ ‘Ž†‡” ƒ†—Ž–• ‹ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†• ȋ͚͜ȌǤ Š‡ •–—†› ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ •ƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘Ž†‡” ƒ†—Ž–• ƒ‰‡† ͝͝Ȃ͠͝ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ– „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ȋ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ „‹”–Š ͙͘͡͠Ȃ ͙͛͟͡Ȍǡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‹ –Š”‡‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ› †‹•–‹ – ”‡‰‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ Š‡ „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† ‹ ͙͚͡͡Ȃ͙͛͡͡ǡ ™‹–Š –Š”‡‡Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ž› ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ ‡ƒ•—”‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™™ƒ•†‘‡„›‡ƒ•‘ˆˆƒ ‡Ǧ–‘Ǧˆƒ ‡ǡ ‘’—–‡”Ǧƒ••‹•–‡†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•™‡”‡ƒ•‡†–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‘—–ƒ™”‹––‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ƒ†–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹ƒ‡†‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ǡ‡–ƒ‹Ž‹‰ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡˜‹•‹––‘ƒ†‹‹•–‡” Ž‹‹ ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ƒ†ƒ•ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ “—‡•–‹‘•Ǥ

(13) –‡”˜‹‡™‡”• ™‡”‡ –”ƒ‹‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‡”‡ –ƒ’‡Ǧ”‡ ‘”†‡† ˆ‘” “—ƒŽ‹–› Š‡ •Ǥ Š‡ „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ȋ͙͚͡͡Ȃ͙͛͡͡Ȍ ‹ Ž—†‡† ͛ǡ͙͘͟ ”‡•’‘†‡–•Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•™‡”‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–‹͙͡͡͝Ȃ͙͡͡͞ȋγ͚ǡ͜͝͝Ȍǡ͙͡͡͠Ȃ͙͡͡͡ȋγ͚ǡ͘͟͞Ȍǡ͚͙͘͘Ȃ͚͚͘͘ ȋγ͙ǡ͙͞͡Ȍǡ͚͘͘͝Ȃ͚͘͘͞ȋγ͙ǡ͚͟͝Ȍǡƒ†͚͘͘͠Ȃ͚͘͘͡ȋγ͡͠͝ȌǤ‡–™‡‡–™‘‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ǡ ‘ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ͙͚ά ™‡”‡ Ž‘•– –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ †—‡ –‘ †‡ƒ–Šǡ ƒ† ͠ά ”‡ˆ—•‡†ǡ ™‡”‡ –‘‘ ˆ”ƒ‹Ž –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‘” ‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ‘–ƒ –‡†Ǥ ‡•’‘†‡–• ™Š‘ Šƒ† †ƒ–ƒ ‘ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– –™‘ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•‘ƒ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆ™‡”‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‹• ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”ȋ”ƒ‰‡γ͚ǡ͚͙͛Ȃ͚ǡ͚͘͜ȌǤ—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ‘Ž›”‡•’‘†‡–•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ ‡‹‰Š–‘—–‘ˆ‹‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘’—–‡†™‡”‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰

(14) †‡šȋ‹†‡šǢγ͚ǡ͙͠͝ȌǤ 

(15) †‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ Š‡•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›‰—‹†‡†„›‘™‡ƬƒŠǯ• Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆǡ ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ™‡ ‹ Ž—†‡† ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡ ƒ† Dzƒ –‹˜‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡dzȋ͛ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™‡ƒ†‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘•‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š –Š‡‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†‹–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ‡†‹†‘–‹ Ž—†‡ Š”‘‹  †‹•‡ƒ•‡•ƒ•ƒ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆǡ„—–ƒ††‡†‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ™‡‹ Ž—†‡†•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ‹–‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆDzŠ‡ƒŽ–Šdzƒ† DzŽ‹ˆ‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ǡdzƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡‘”‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‘‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ Š‘‹ ‡•Ž‡†–‘ƒ•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‹‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡ ‘˜‡”‹‰ˆ‘—”†‘ƒ‹•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ Š›•‹ ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‹• ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ †‘ƒ‹ ‹ ‘•– †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ ǡ ƒ† ‹– ‹• –Š‡ ‘•– ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ‡–‹‘‡† ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ  „› Žƒ›Ǧ’‡‘’Ž‡ ȋ͞ǡ͚͝ǡ͚͞ȌǤ ‡ ‹ Ž—†‡† ‡ƒ•—”‡• ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ”ƒ–‡†Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ — –‹‘ƒŽŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡‡ƒ•—”‡†„›ƒ•‹‰ ”‡•’‘†‡–•™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡› ‘—Ž†’‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‹šƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǣ™ƒŽ‹‰—’ƒ††‘™ƒ •–ƒ‹” ƒ•‡‘ˆ͙͝ •–‡’•™‹–Š‘—–”‡•–‹‰ǡ—•‹‰ ‘™‘”’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ —––‹‰‘™–‘‡ƒ‹Ž•ǡ †”‡••‹‰ƒ†—†”‡••‹‰ǡ•‹––‹‰†‘™ƒ†•–ƒ†‹‰—’ˆ”‘ƒ Šƒ‹”ǡƒ†™ƒŽ‹‰‘—–•‹†‡ˆ‘” An operational definition of successful aging | 53. 3.

(16) ͝ ‹—–‡• ™‹–Š‘—– •–‘’’‹‰Ǥ ‡•’‘•‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ”ƒ‰‡† ˆ”‘ ͙ ȋ‘ǡ

(17)  ƒ ‘–Ȍ –‘ ͝ ȋ›‡•ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›Ȍǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ƒ • ƒŽ‡ • ‘”‡ ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘ ͞ –‘ ͛͘Ǥ ‡ŽˆǦ”ƒ–‡† Š‡ƒŽ–Š ™ƒ• ƒ••‡••‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ DzŠ‘™ ‹• ›‘—” Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒŽǫdzǡ ™‹–Š ”‡•’‘•‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ͙ ȋ’‘‘”Ȍ –‘ ͝ ȋ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–ȌǤ Š‹• •‡ŽˆǦƒ••‡••‡– •—ƒ”‹œ‡• ‘‰‹–‹‘• ƒ† ‹–—‹–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– ‘‡ǯ•Š‡ƒŽ–Š•–ƒ–—•ǡ‡š’‡ –‡† Šƒ‰‡•‹Š‡ƒŽ–Š•–ƒ–—•ǡ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǯ’‡” ‡’–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ’‡‡”‰”‘—’•ǡƒ†’‡” ‡’–‹‘•‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‘”•ƒ„‘—–Š‡ƒŽ–Šȋ͚͟ȌǢ–Šƒ–‹•ǡƒ Ž‡ƒ”Ž› Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆƒ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤ •‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡ™‡•‡Ž‡ –‡††‡’”‡••‹˜‡•›’–‘•ƒ†•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‡’”‡••‹˜‡ •›’–‘• ™‡”‡ ƒ••‡••‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡–‡” ˆ‘” ’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰‹  –—†‹‡• ‡’”‡••‹‘ ƒŽ‡ȋǦǢ͚͠ȌǤŠ‡Ǧ‹•ƒ•‡ŽˆǦ”‡’‘”–• ƒŽ‡”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘͘–‘͘͞ǡ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡”• ‘”‡•”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰‘”‡†‡’”‡••‹˜‡•›’–‘•Ǥ ‘”‡•‘ˆ͙͞‘”Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ”‡‹†‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–†‡’”‡••‹‘Ǥƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡ ƒ’–—”‡•‘˜‡”ƒŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• ƒ••‡••‡† „› ƒ•‹‰ Dz ‘™ •ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡† Šƒ˜‡ ›‘— „‡‡ ™‹–Š ›‘—” Ž‹ˆ‡ Žƒ–‡Ž›ǫdz ™‹–Š ”‡•’‘•‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘͙ȋ˜‡”›†‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Ȍ–‘͝ȋ˜‡”›•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†ȌǤ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰™ƒ•‡ƒ•—”‡†—•‹‰–Š‡‹‹Ǧ‡–ƒŽ–ƒ–‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ȋǢ͚͡Ȍǡ ƒ ͚͘Ǧ‹–‡ • ƒŽ‡ ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘ ͘ –‘ ͛͘ǡ ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡” • ‘”‡• ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ „‡––‡” ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ  ‘”‡• ‘ˆ ͚͛ ‘” Ž‘™‡” ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ‹’ƒ‹”‡–ȋ͛͘ȌǤ. ‘‘† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆƒ –‘” ‹  „› ‘Ž†‡” ƒ†—Ž–• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ȋ͚͞ȌǤ

(18) –”‡ˆŽ‡ –•‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†™‹–Š’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ǡƒ† –Š‡‹”™‹•Š–‘”‡–ƒ‹ƒ”‘Ž‡‹•‘ ‹‡–›ȋ͞ȌǤ‘ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰™ƒ• ‘˜‡”‡†„›ˆ‘—”‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǣ •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡–‘‘–Š‡”•ǡƒ†‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ•—’’‘”– ‰‹˜‡–‘‘–Š‡”•Ǥ ‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••‹•ƒ•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•–‡‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Šƒ„”‘ƒ†‡” ‰”‘—’‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‘”ƒ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”ȋ͙͛ȌǤŠ‹•™ƒ•ƒ••‡••‡†™‹–Šƒ•—„• ƒŽ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ ‘‰Ǧ ‹‡”˜‡Ž†‘‡Ž‹‡•• ƒŽ‡ȋ͚͛Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡•ˆ‹˜‡‹–‡••— Šƒ•Dz

(19)  ƒ ƒŽŽ‘› ˆ”‹‡†•™Š‡‡˜‡”

(20) ‡‡†–Š‡Ǥdz‡•’‘•‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•™‡”‡†‹ Š‘–‘‹œ‡†‹–‘͘ȋ‘Ȍƒ†͙ ȋ‘”‡‘”Ž‡••‘”›‡•Ȍǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ• ƒŽ‡• ‘”‡”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘͘–‘͝Ǥ ‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ™ƒ• ƒ••‡••‡† „› ƒ•‹‰ ”‡•’‘†‡–• Š‘™ ‘ˆ–‡ –Š‡› ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ ˜‹•‹–‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘”‡‡–‹‰•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•’‡”‘–Šȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ•‡‹‘”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” Ž‡‹•—”‡ ‘” Š‘„„›ǡ Š—” ŠȌǤ ”‡“—‡ ‹‡• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‡ƒ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡•—‡†ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘͘–‘͛͝Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ ‹‡ ‡–™‘” ‡„‡”• ™‹–Š ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– Šƒ† –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ‘–ƒ –•ǡ‡š Ž—†‹‰–Š‡’ƒ”–‡”ǡ“—‡•–‹‘•™‡”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽƒ† ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ•—’’‘”–Ǥ ‘”‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–™ƒ•ƒ•‡†ǡDz ‘™‘ˆ–‡ ‹–Š‡’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”†‹†›‘—–ƒŽ–‘ƒ„‘—–Š‹•‘”Š‡”’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ†ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǫdzǤ ‘” ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡ǡ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘™ƒ•Dz ‘™‘ˆ–‡‹–Š‡’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”†‹†›‘—Š‡Ž’™‹–Š †ƒ‹Ž› –ƒ•• ‹ ƒ† ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ Š‘—•‡ǫdzǤ Š‡ ƒ•™‡” ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ”ƒ‰‡† ˆ”‘ ͙ ȋ‡˜‡”Ȍ –‘ ͜ 54 | Chapter 3.

(21) ȋ‘ˆ–‡ȌǤ ‘”‡•™‡”‡•—‡†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ–‘–ƒŽ• ‘”‡”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘ ͘ –‘ ͛͞Ǥ

(22) ˆ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •’‘—•‡ǡ ƒ • ‘”‡ ‘ˆ œ‡”‘ ™ƒ• ƒ••‹‰‡†Ǥ ‘”‘”‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž•‘–Š‡‡–Š‘†—•‡†–‘†‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‡–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡–™‘”ǡ•‡‡ȋ͛͛ȌǤ ƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ”‘ ‡†—”‡ ‡“—ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ‹†‡š–Šƒ–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ž‹‡ƒ”Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‹ ™Š‹ Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‘Ž†‡”ƒ†—Ž–••Š‘™‡†ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›‘˜‡”ƒ –‹‡•’ƒ‘ˆ͙͞›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡š ‘’”‹•‡†–™‘•–‡’•Ǥ ‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› •—„‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •‹‹Žƒ” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ‘˜‡” –‹‡ǡ ™‡ —•‡† Žƒ–‡– Žƒ•• ‰”‘™–Š ƒƒŽ›•‹• ȋ Ǣ ͛͜ȌǤ   ƒš‹‹œ‡• Š‘‘‰‡‡‹–› ‹ –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ™‹–Š‹ǡ ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• „‡–™‡‡ •—„‰”‘—’• ȋDzŽƒ–‡– Žƒ••‡•dzȌǡ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹‡ƒ Š•—„Ǧ‰”‘—’‘ˆ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”› ȋ͛͜ȌǤ    ‘†‡Ž ‹ Ž—†‡• –Š‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š‹‘‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆǡƒ‹–‡” ‡’–ȋ„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡˜ƒŽ—‡ȌǡŽ‹‡ƒ”ǡ“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ƒ† —„‹ •Ž‘’‡ǡ ƒ†ƒ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹ ƒŽŽƒ–‡– Žƒ••˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ†‡‘–‹‰–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆŽƒ–‡– Žƒ••‡•ȋ ‹‰—”‡͙ȌǤŠ‡ ˆ—ŽŽ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒš‹—Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ȋ

(23) Ȍ’”‘ ‡†—”‡™ƒ•—•‡†–‘Šƒ†Ž‡‹••‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›–‘„‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‹ Ž—†‡†”‡•’‘†‡–•™‹–Š‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘–™‘‘”‘”‡–‹‡’‘‹–•ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”‹†‹ ƒ–‘”Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ•‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•™ƒ••‡™‡†ƒ†•‘‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Šƒ†ˆ‡™’‘••‹„Ž‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–Š Ž‹ˆ‡Ȍǡ™‡—•‡†ƒƒš‹—Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†‡•–‹ƒ–‘”™‹–Š”‘„—•–•–ƒ†ƒ”†‡””‘”•ǤŠ‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‘” Šƒ• „‡‡ •Š‘™ –‘ „‡ ”‘„—•– ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘”ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‘”• ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ–‡‰‘”‹ ƒŽ‡•–‹ƒ–‘”•™Š‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‹•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‹˜‡ȋ͛͝ȌǤ’Ž—•͟Ǥ͘ȋ͛͞Ȍ™ƒ• —•‡†–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǤŠ‡ ƒƒŽ›•‡•™‡”‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ.  ‹‰—”‡͙Ǥšƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒ— ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ–‡– Žƒ••‰”‘™–Š‘†‡Ž™‹–ŠŽ‹‡ƒ”•Ž‘’‡•‘Ž›ȋȌǤ—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ‘”—„‹ •Ž‘’‡• ƒ„‡ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡‘†‡Ž. An operational definition of successful aging | 55. 3.

(24) •–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹–Š‡ƒ‰‹‰’”‘ ‡••„‡–™‡‡‡ƒ†™‘‡ȋ͛͟Ȃ͘͜Ȍǡ –Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•™‡”‡•–”ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”‰‡†‡”Ǥ ‡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† — ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž• ‘Ž›ǡ ‡ƒ‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘ ‘˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‡• ™‡”‡ ƒ††‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘†‡ŽǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘ Š”‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ‰‡ǡ‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š‘™‡ƒ†ƒŠǯ•ȋ͚Ȍ˜‹‡™–Šƒ–ƒ‰‡Ǧ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† Šƒ‰‡• ƒ „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡ǡ Šƒ„‹–•ǡ †‹‡–ǡ ƒ ƒ””ƒ› ‘ˆ ’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•ǡƒ†ǡƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†„› ”‹–‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘†‡Žǡ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ•–”— –—”ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ• ™‡ŽŽǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‹–‡”•‘ˆ Š”‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ‰‡’‡”•‡Ǥƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•–Šƒ– –Š‡‘†‡Ž•ƒ”‡‘–†‹•’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›‘‡’”‡†‡ˆ‹‡† ‘˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‡ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ƒ‰‡Ȍǡ•— Š–Šƒ–„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ƒ›„‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•ƒ•‘‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‡‘” ’”‡†‹ –‘”‘ˆƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡‘–Š‡”•Ǥ –ƒ”–‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ Žƒ••‘†‡Žǡƒ–‡ƒ Š•—„•‡“—‡–•–‡’ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ••™ƒ•ƒ††‡†–‘ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž —–‹Ž –Š‡ „‡•– ˆ‹––‹‰ ‘†‡Ž ™ƒ• ˆ‘—†Ǥ ‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡† –Š‹• •–‡’™‹•‡ ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ —•‹‰Ž‹‡ƒ”ǡ“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ǡƒ† —„‹ •Ž‘’‡•Ǥ

(25) •‘‡ ƒ•‡•ǡ˜ƒ”›‹‰–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ•Ž‘’‡ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ‘‰–Š‡Žƒ–‡– Žƒ••‡•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡˆ‹––‹‰ƒŽ‹‡ƒ”•Ž‘’‡–‘‘‡ Žƒ••ǡ„—–ƒ“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ •Ž‘’‡ –‘–Š‡‘–Š‡” Žƒ••‡•ǡˆ—”–Š‡”‹’”‘˜‡†‘†‡Žˆ‹–Ǥ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ”‹–‡”‹ƒˆ‘”–Š‡„‡•–ˆ‹––‹‰‘†‡Ž ™‡”‡ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡•– ƒ›‡•‹ƒ

(26) ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ”‹–‡”‹‘ ˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ ƒ ’ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ Ž‡•• –Šƒ Ǥ͘͝ ˆ‘” –Š‡ —‘‰Ǧ‘Ǧ‡†‡ŽŽǦ—„‹Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†”ƒ–‹‘–‡•–ȋȌǡƒ‡–”‘’›•—ƒ”›•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ‘ˆ‘”‡ –Šƒ Ǥ͘͟ǡ ƒ† ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ͚ά ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ‹ ‡ƒ Š Žƒ–‡– Žƒ••Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ˜‹•—ƒŽ ‹•’‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‰—‹†‡†–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž•‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ• ‹••—• ‡’–‹„Ž‡–‘Ž‘ ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ™‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–Š‡‘†‡Ž•™‹–Š͙͘͘ ”ƒ†‘•–ƒ”–‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ –‡’͚ǣ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

(27) †‡šǤ ˆ–‡” •‡Ž‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ „‡•– ˆ‹––‹‰ ‘†‡Žǡ ˆ‘” ‡ƒ Š ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ•• —„‡” –‘ ™Š‹ Š ”‡•’‘†‡–•™‡”‡ƒ••‹‰‡†™ƒ•‡š’‘”–‡†ˆ”‘’Ž—•ƒ†‡”‰‡†‹–‘‘‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‹Ž‡Ǥ Š‹•—„‡”™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ Žƒ••™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‘•–‡”‹‘”’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰ƒ†–Š‡•ƒŽŽ‡•–†‡ Ž‹‡ǡ‘”™‹–Š •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ‹’”‘˜‡‡– ‘˜‡” –‹‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž ™‡”‡ Žƒ„‡ŽŽ‡† Dz•— ‡••ˆ—ŽǤdz Š‡ Ž‹‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– —–Ǧ‘ˆˆ ’‘‹–• ™‡”‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‹–‡”‹‘ ™ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›•Š‘—Ž†‘– ”‘••–Š‹• —–Ǧ‘ˆˆ’‘‹–ƒ–ƒ›’‘‹–‹–‹‡ǤŠ‹•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ȋ• ‘”‡θ͚͛Ȍƒ††‡’”‡••‹˜‡•›’–‘•ȋǦ• ‘”‡ι͙͞ȌǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡† –Š‡  ‹†‡š „› ‘—–‹‰ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‡ƒ Š ”‡•’‘†‡–„‡Ž‘‰‡†–‘–Š‡•—„‰”‘—’™‹–ŠƒDz•— ‡••ˆ—Ždz–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹†‡š ‹•ƒ‘”†‹ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘͘ȋ‘•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›ˆ‘”ƒ›‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ȍ–‘͡ ȋ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ȌǤ  ‘”‡• ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™Š‘ Šƒ† ‘‡ ‹••‹‰‹†‹ ƒ–‘”™‡”‡†‹˜‹†‡†„›͠ƒ†–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›͡Ǥ  . 56 | Chapter 3.

(28) ††‹–‹‘ƒŽƒŽ›•‡• ‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†–™‘ƒƒŽ›•‡•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡Š‘™–Š‡‹†‡š™ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘„ƒ•‹ „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ™‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†–Š‡‡ƒ„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ ŠŽƒ–‡– Žƒ••–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡–„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡™ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ Žƒ••‡„‡”•Š‹’Ǥ‡ ‘†ǡ ™‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ—Ž–‹’Ž‡”‡‰”‡••‹‘ƒƒŽ›•‹•—•‹‰„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ǡ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ—„‡” ‘ˆ Š”‘‹  †‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǡ ƒ† ’ƒ”–‡” •–ƒ–—• –‘ ’”‡†‹ – • ‘”‡• ‘ –Š‡  ‹†‡šǤ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡† ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ‘‰ ƒŽŽ †‹ Š‘–‘‘—• ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ  ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ Dz•— ‡••dz ˜• Dz‘ •— ‡••dzȌƒ†‘ˆ‡ƒ Š•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”™‹–Š–Š‡‹†‡šƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ. 3. ‡•—Ž–• ‡ˆ‹”•– ‘’ƒ”‡†–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–•–Šƒ–™‡”‡‡š Ž—†‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ—ŽŽ„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡•ƒ’Ž‡ȋγ ͚͚͡ˆ”‘ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‘ˆγ͛ǡ͙͘͟Ȍ™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‡‹†‡š™ƒ• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†ȋ γ͚ǡ͙͠͝ȌǤ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡š Ž—†‡† ƒ† ‹ Ž—†‡† ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—†Ǥ Š‹• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ‰‡†‡” ȋ‹ Ž—†‡†ǣ ͛͝ά ™‘‡Ǣ ‡š Ž—†‡†ǣ ͜͡ά ™‘‡Ǣ’ζǤ͘͝Ȍǡ„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ȋ‹ Ž—†‡†ǣ‡ƒγ͞͡Ǥ͚ȏγ͠Ǥ͟͝ȐǢ‡š Ž—†‡†ǣ‡ƒγ͚͟Ǥ͛ȏ γ͠Ǥ͠͞ȐǢ’ζǤ͙͘͘Ȍǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ‡š ‡’–Ž‹ˆ‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘Ǥ ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ƒ†‘„•‡”˜‡†• ‘”‡•‘–Š‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ƒ–„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ•–—†›•ƒ’Ž‡ȋγ͚ǡ͙͠͝Ȍƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡͙Ǥ ƒ„Ž‡͚•Š‘™•”‡•—Ž–•ˆ‘”–Š‡͙͠•‡Ž‡ –‡† ‘†‡Ž•Ǥ ‘”ƒŽŽ‘†‡Ž•ǡ–Š‡„‡•–Ž‘‰ǦŽ‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘† ˜ƒŽ—‡™ƒ•”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”ƒ†‘•–ƒ”–‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ƒŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†–Šƒ– –Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒš‹—™ƒ•ˆ‘—†Ǥ ‘’Ž‡–‡‘˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡•–‡’™‹•‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡•‰—‹†‹‰ ‘†‡Ž•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†‹–Š‡•—’’Ž‡‡––‘–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ

(29)  ‘•– ƒ•‡•ǡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ’”‘˜‹†‡† —ƒ„‹‰—‘—• ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡• ˆ‘” ‘†‡Ž •‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ǥ‡‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡Š‡”‡‘–Š‡ ƒ•‡•‹™Š‹ Š™‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†ƒ‘†‡Ž™‹–Š•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Ž‡•• –Šƒ ‘’–‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ˆ‹– ‘ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ‰”‘—†•Ǥ ‘” †‡’”‡••‹˜‡ •›’–‘•ǡ –Š‡  •–ƒ–‹•–‹  ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡Ǧ Žƒ•• Ž‹‡ƒ” ‘†‡Ž ”‡ƒ Š‡† ‘Ž› ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ ȋ’ γ Ǥ͘͠Ȍǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ––Š‡ –Š”‡‡Ǧ Žƒ•• ‘†‡Ž †‹† ‘– ˆ‹– •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›„‡––‡” –Šƒ ƒ –™‘Ǧ Žƒ•• ‘†‡ŽǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™‡ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡•–ƒ„Ž‡Ž‘™ƒ†•–ƒ„Ž‡Š‹‰Š Žƒ••‡•‹–Š‡ –™‘Ǧ Žƒ••‘†‡Žǡ–Š‡‡‡”‰‹‰–Š‹”† Žƒ•• ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ͙͛ά‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‡–•™‹–Š•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹†‡’”‡••‹˜‡•›’–‘•‘˜‡”–‹‡ǤŠ‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ•— Šƒ‰”‘—’‹•ƒ‡š’‡ –‡† ˆ‹†‹‰ƒ†‹•‹Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ˆ‹†‹‰•ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ͙͘ȌǤ‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†–Š‡–Š”‡‡Ǧ Žƒ•• ‘†‡ŽǤ  ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡‹••—‡‡‡”‰‡†™‹–Š ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ˆ‘”™‘‡Ǥ ‡”‡™‡’”‡ˆ‡””‡†–Š‡ –Š”‡‡Ǧ Žƒ••“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ‘†‡Ž–Šƒ–‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ Žƒ••–Šƒ–•–ƒ”–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡ Ž‹‹ ƒŽ —–Ǧ‘ˆˆ’‘‹– ‘ˆ͚͛ǡ„—–†‡ Ž‹‡†„‡Ž‘™–Š‹• —–Ǧ‘ˆˆ’‘‹–ǡ‘˜‡”–Š‡–™‘Ǧ Žƒ••‘†‡Ž–Šƒ– ‘–ƒ‹‡†‘Ž›ƒ •–ƒ„Ž‡Ž‘™ƒ†•–ƒ„Ž‡Š‹‰Š‰”‘—’Ǥ ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ȋ‡ƒ†™‘‡Ȍǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ–™‘Ǧ Žƒ•••‘Ž—–‹‘†‹†‘–ˆ‹–„‡––‡”–Šƒƒ•‹‰Ž‡Ǧ Žƒ•••‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‡–”‘’› •–ƒ–‹•–‹ • ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† Ž‹––Ž‡ — ‡”–ƒ‹–› ‹ Žƒ••‹ˆ›‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‹–‘ –™‘ Žƒ–‡– Žƒ••‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ™‡ƒ ‡’–‡†–Š‡–™‘Ǧ Žƒ•••‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ An operational definition of successful aging | 57.

(30) 58 | Chapter 3. . ȋ͙͛͛͘Ȍ. ͚Ǥ͜͞ ͜Ǥ͘͞ ͙͡Ǥ͚͜ ͠Ǥ͜͝ ͙͜Ǥ͜͡ ͟Ǥ͙͜. ‘ ‹ƒŽ –‹˜‹–›ȋ͘Ǧ͛͝ǢŠ‹‰Š‡”㏑”‡Ȍ. ‘–‹‘ƒŽ—’’‘”– ‹˜‡ȋ͘Ǧ͛͞ǢŠ‹‰Š‡”㏑”‡Ȍ.

(31) •–”—‡–ƒŽ—’’‘”– ‹˜‡ȋ͘Ǧ͛͞ǢŠ‹‰Š‡”㏑”‡Ȍ. ͛Ǥ͚͠ ͘Ǥ͚͟. ͙͚Ǥ͙͜ ͞Ǥ͘͠. ͚͚Ǥ͚͡ ͟Ǥ͜͠. ͚Ǥ͝͝ ͛Ǥ͟͡. ͘Ǥ͡͡ ͙Ǥ͛͡. ͚͞Ǥ͚͡ ͛Ǥ͘͡. ͡Ǥ͜͟ ͠Ǥ͛͡. ͚͞Ǥ͘͝ ͝Ǥ͚͡. ͛Ǥ͙͝ ͘Ǥ͡͝. . ȋ͙͚͘͝Ȍ.  . ͛Ǥ͜͡ ͘Ǥ͞͝. ͙͜Ǥ͜͠ ͟Ǥ͚͙. ͚͘Ǥ͟͟ ͠Ǥ͚͙. ͚͞Ǥ͘͠ ͛Ǥ͙͜. ͞Ǥ͛͝ ͞Ǥ͞͝. . . ͛Ǥ͜͠ ͘Ǥ͟͞. ͙͚Ǥ͝͝ ͝Ǥ͛͡. ͚͚Ǥ͠͠ ͟Ǥ͚͟. ͚Ǥ͜͝ ͛Ǥ͟͠. ͙Ǥ͙͘ ͙Ǥ͙͜. ͚͞Ǥ͟͜ ͛Ǥ͛͝. ͡Ǥ͡͝ ͠Ǥ͚͠. ͚͝Ǥ͜͞ ͝Ǥ͙͝. ͛Ǥ͜͝ ͘Ǥ͠͡. . ȋ͠͠͡Ȍ.  . ͛Ǥ͜͡ ͘Ǥ͙͞. ͙͜Ǥ͘͝ ͟Ǥ͛͛. ͚͘Ǥ͛͜ ͠Ǥ͙͚. ͚Ǥ͛͠ ͛Ǥ͟͠. ͙Ǥ͘͠ ͙Ǥ͜͜. ͚͟Ǥ͘͘ ͛Ǥ͘͞. ͞Ǥ͚͡ ͞Ǥ͚͚. ͚͟Ǥ͚͡ ͜Ǥ͞͞. ͛Ǥ͞͠ ͘Ǥ͜͠. . ȋ͚͟͜Ȍ.  . ͙͡͡͠Ǧ͡͡. . . ͛Ǥ͜͠ ͘Ǥ͘͟. ͙͚Ǥ͚͟ ͝Ǥ͛͠. ͚͜Ǥ͙͜ ͟Ǥ͛͜. ͚Ǥ͚͝ ͛Ǥ͟͝. ͘Ǥ͟͡ ͙Ǥ͛͠. ͚͞Ǥ͛͞ ͛Ǥ͝͞. ͙͘Ǥ͝͝ ͟Ǥ͛͠. ͚͝Ǥ͙͠ ͝Ǥ͚͠. ͛Ǥ͙͝ ͘Ǥ͡͞. . ȋ͙͟͝Ȍ.  . ͛Ǥ͠͠ ͘Ǥ͞͠. ͙͜Ǥ͚͞ ͟Ǥ͚͞. ͚͘Ǥ͙͡ ͟Ǥ͛͟. ͚Ǥ͚͚ ͛Ǥ͜͠. ͙Ǥ͘͞ ͙Ǥ͛͜. ͚͞Ǥ͡͞ ͛Ǥ͙͙. ͟Ǥ͟͟ ͟Ǥ͘͝. ͚͟Ǥ͜͞ ͛Ǥ͟͠. ͛Ǥ͜͞ ͘Ǥ͘͡. . ȋ͜͝͞Ȍ.  . ͚͚͘͘Ǧ͛͘. . . ͛Ǥ͚͠ ͘Ǥ͛͞. ͙͚Ǥ͟͝ ͝Ǥ͜͝. ͚͜Ǥ͜͝ ͟Ǥ͙͠. ͚Ǥ͞͡ ͜Ǥ͛͘. ͘Ǥ͚͡ ͙Ǥ͛͝. ͚͞Ǥ͘͠ ͛Ǥ͙͞. ͙͘Ǥ͚͚ ͠Ǥ͘͘. ͚͜Ǥ͟͜ ͝Ǥ͜͞. ͛Ǥ͜͝ ͘Ǥ͠͡. . ȋ͙͝͞Ȍ.  . ͛Ǥ͙͡ ͘Ǥ͟͝. ͙͝Ǥ͙͘ ͟Ǥ͘͟. ͚͘Ǥ͟͠ ͟Ǥ͚͟. ͚Ǥ͙͘ ͛Ǥ͚͠. ͘Ǥ͡͠ ͙Ǥ͘͜. ͚͞Ǥ͟͠ ͛Ǥ͙͛. ͟Ǥ͜͡ ͞Ǥ͚͞. ͚͞Ǥ͟͡ ͜Ǥ͚͞. ͛Ǥ͝͡ ͘Ǥ͙͡. . ȋ͛͟͠Ȍ.  . ͚͘͘͝Ǧ͘͞. . . . ƒȌ—„‡”•‹’ƒ”‡–Š‡•‡•”‡’”‡•‡–ˆ—ŽŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡”ƒ‰‡Ǣ„Ȍƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡Ǣ Ȍƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Ǣ†Ȍƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‡ ‘‰Ǧ ‹‡”˜‡Ž†‘‡Ž‹‡•• ƒŽ‡. ͛Ǥ͠͡ ͘Ǥ͘͞. ‘ ‹ƒŽ –‹˜‹–›ȋ͘Ǧ͛͝Ȍ. ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–Š‹ˆ‡ȋ͙Ǧ͝Ȍ. ͚Ǥ͜͡ ͜Ǥ͛͜. ‘ ‹ƒŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••ȋ͘Ǧ͝Ȍ ͚͙Ǥ͙͟ ͠Ǥ͘͝. ͘Ǥ͜͠ ͙Ǥ͚͡. ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ — –‹‘‹‰ȋ͘Ǧ͛͘Ȍ. ͙͚Ǥ͟͜ ͞Ǥ͙͛. ͚͟Ǥ͚͜ ͚Ǥ͙͜. ‡’”‡••‹˜‡›’–‘•ȋ͘Ǧ͘͞Ȍ.

(32) •–”—‡–ƒŽ—’’‘”– ‹˜‡ȋ͘Ǧ͛͞Ȍ. ͠Ǥ͡͡ ͠Ǥ͚͛. — –‹‘ƒŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ȋ͞Ǧ͛͘Ȍ. ‘–‹‘ƒŽ—’’‘”– ‹˜‡ȋ͘Ǧ͛͞Ȍ. ͛Ǥ͝͞ ͘Ǥ͜͡ ͚͟Ǥ͚͛ ͜Ǥ͚͡. ‡Žˆƒ–‡† ‡ƒŽ–Šȋ͙Ǧ͝Ȍ. ͞͡Ǥ͛͝ ͠Ǥ͝͞. ȋ͙͙͚͝Ȍ.  . ƒ•‡Ž‹‡‰‡ȋ͝͝Ǧ͠͝Ȍ. ȋȌ. ‘‡ . ͘Ǥ͜͡ ͙Ǥ͚͛. ‘ ‹ƒŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••ȋ͘Ǧ͝ǢŠ‹‰Š‡”γ™‘”•‡Ȍ†Ȍ. ͛Ǥ͟͡ ͘Ǥ͝͞. ͚͟Ǥ͚͛ ͚Ǥ͙͜. ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ — –‹‘‹‰ȋ͘Ǧ͛͘ǢŠ‹‰Š‡”ㄇ––‡”Ȍ Ȍ. ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–Š‹ˆ‡ȋ͙Ǧ͝ǢŠ‹‰Š‡”ㄇ––‡”Ȍ. ͙Ǥ͙͙ ͙Ǥ͙͜ ͚Ǥ͛͟ ͛Ǥ͡͠. ͞Ǥ͛͘ ͞Ǥ͙͝. ‡’”‡••‹˜‡›’–‘•ȋ͘Ǧ͘͞ǢŠ‹‰Š‡”γ™‘”•‡Ȍ„Ȍ. ͚͟Ǥ͟͝ ͜Ǥ͘͜. ͚͠Ǥ͛͞ ͚Ǥ͚͠. — –‹‘ƒŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ȋ͞Ǧ͛͘ǢŠ‹‰Š‡”ㄇ––‡”Ȍ. ͛Ǥ͞͡ ͘Ǥ͘͡. . ȋ͜͡͝Ȍ. ͛Ǥ͟͜ ͘Ǥ͠͝. .  . ͙͡͡͝Ǧ͡͞. ‡Žˆƒ–‡† ‡ƒŽ–Šȋ͙Ǧ͝ǢŠ‹‰Š‡”ㄇ––‡”Š‡ƒŽ–ŠȌ. ͞͡Ǥ͚͘ ͠Ǥ͝͡. ȋȌ. ƒ•‡Ž‹‡‰‡ȋ͝͝Ǧ͠͝ȌƒȌ.  . ͙͚͡͡Ǧ͛͡. ‡. . ƒ„Ž‡͙Ǥ‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡•–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ•–—†›•ƒ’Ž‡ȋγ͙͛͛͘‡Ǣ͙͙͚͝™‘‡Ȍ. ͛Ǥ͟͞ ͘Ǥ͞͞. ͙͙Ǥ͜͝ ͝Ǥ͙͘. ͚͜Ǥ͙͘ ͟Ǥ͛͝. ͚Ǥ͝͠ ͛Ǥ͚͝. ͘Ǥ͘͡ ͙Ǥ͚͡. ͚͞Ǥ͛͟ ͛Ǥ͚͚. ͡Ǥ͙͝ ͟Ǥ͚͞. ͚͜Ǥ͙͡ ͝Ǥ͟͟. ͛Ǥ͙͜ ͘Ǥ͘͡. . ȋ͙͜͠Ȍ.  . ͛Ǥ͙͡ ͘Ǥ͙͞. ͙͜Ǥ͛͠ ͞Ǥ͜͡. ͚͘Ǥ͙͠ ͟Ǥ͘͡. ͚Ǥ͙͞ ͛Ǥ͟͞. ͙Ǥ͘͠ ͙Ǥ͛͞. ͚͞Ǥ͟͟ ͛Ǥ͚͙. ͟Ǥ͙͜ ͞Ǥ͟͞. ͚͞Ǥ͜͞ ͜Ǥ͟͜. ͛Ǥ͚͞ ͘Ǥ͚͡. . ȋ͛͘͘Ȍ.  . ͚͘͘͠Ǧ͘͡.

(33) ͞͠Ǥ͡. ͞͡Ǥ͛. ͜͞. ͚͜. ͠Ǥ͟. ͠Ǥ͝. ͡Ǥ͘. ͚͟Ǥ͜. ͟͞Ǥ͜. ͟͝Ǥ͠. ͙͠. ͙͘. ͛. ͠Ǥ͘. ͞Ǥ͞. ͟Ǥ͠. ͠Ǥ͘. ͠Ǥ͝. ͠Ǥ͝. ͙͟Ǥ͛. ͚͜. ͙͟ ͞͠Ǥ͙ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͟͡ . ͠Ǥ͜. ͙͟Ǥ͞. ͝.    –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͟͠ ‡’”‡••‹˜‡•›’–‘•‡ȋ͘Ǧ͘͞ȌǢŽ‹‡ƒ”ǢŽ‘™‡”‹•„‡––‡”ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ά ‰‡  . ͞͞Ǥ͟. ͞͠. ͞ ͙͟Ǥ͠ ͠Ǥ͘ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͚͟ — –‹‘ƒŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‡ȋ͞Ǧ͛͘ȌǢŽ‹‡ƒ”ȋ Žƒ••͙Ȍƒ†“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ά ‰‡ . ͞͞Ǥ͝. ͟. . ͞͡Ǥ͠. ͞͠Ǥ͠. ͞͡Ǥ͜. ͠Ǥ͜. ͠Ǥ͠. ͠Ǥ͚. ͟͞Ǥ͞. ͟͝Ǥ͙. ͙͟Ǥ͙. ͞͝Ǥ͛. ͞Ǥ͛. ͟Ǥ͛. ͟Ǥ͛. ͟Ǥ͛. ͘͟Ǥ͜. ͚͟Ǥ͞. ͝͡ ͞͠Ǥ͛ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͟͜. ͙͛. ͡. ͠Ǥ͞. ͠Ǥ͛. ͟Ǥ͡. ͞ ͟͞Ǥ͟ ͞Ǥ͜ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͠͝ ‡’”‡••‹˜‡•›’–‘•™‘‡ȋ͘Ǧ͘͞ȌǢŽ‹‡ƒ” ά ‰‡  . ͡. ͙͜. ͙͟. ͜͝. ͠ ͙͟Ǥ͚ ͟Ǥ͛ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͟͝ — –‹‘ƒŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•™‘‡ȋ͞Ǧ͛͘ȌǢ“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ά ‰‡ . ͚͛. ͝͝. ͝. ƒ„Ž‡͚Ǥ‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ ƒƒŽ›•‡•ˆ‘””‡•’‘†‡–•™‹–Š˜ƒŽ‹†–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‡‹‰Š–‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰ȋγ͙͛͛͘‡ƒ†͙͙͚͝™‘‡ȌƒȌ ‡ŽˆǦ”ƒ–‡†Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ȋ͙Ǧ͝Ȍ„ȌǢŽ‹‡ƒ” ‡ŽˆǦ”ƒ–‡†Š‡ƒŽ–Š™‘‡ȋ͙Ǧ͝ȌǢŽ‹‡ƒ” ά ‰‡   ά ‰‡  . 3. An operational definition of successful aging | 59. .

(34) 60 | Chapter 3. ͞Ǥ͛. . ͟͟Ǥ͛. ͟.   –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͠͝. ͠Ǥ͜. ͠Ǥ͝. ͘͟Ǥ͞. ͙͚. ͞͡ ͞͠Ǥ͛ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͟͠. . . . ͠Ǥ͞. ͙͠ ͞͡Ǥ͟ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͙͠  . . . ͟Ǥ͡. ͞͞Ǥ͛. ͙͡. ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›‡ȋ͘Ǧ͛͝ȌǢŽ‹‡ƒ” ά ‰‡  . ͡Ǥ͛. ͘͟Ǥ͚. ͙͙. ͠Ǥ͘. ͙͟Ǥ͟. ͠. ‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••‡ȋ͘Ǧ͝ȌǢ“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ά ‰‡ . ͟Ǥ͛. ͟͜Ǥ͘. ͙͟. ͠Ǥ͙. ͟͞Ǥ͙. ͟͞.  ȋƒ„Ž‡͚ ‘–‹—‡†Ȍ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‡ȋ͘Ǧ͛͘ȌǢ“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ά ‰‡ . . . ͟͠Ǥ͘. ͛͟Ǥ͡. ͟͞Ǥ͚. . ͝Ǥ͜. ͟Ǥ͞. ͠Ǥ͘. ͙͟Ǥ͘. ͞͡Ǥ͘. ͙͟Ǥ͠. ͠Ǥ͟. ͟Ǥ͠. ͠Ǥ͡. ͟Ǥ͡. ͟͞Ǥ͞. . . ͟͟ ͞͡Ǥ͡ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͙͠  . ͚͜. . . ͠Ǥ͝. ͠Ǥ͝. ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›™‘‡ȋ͘Ǧ͛͝Ȍγ͙͛͜͜ǢŽ‹‡ƒ” ά ‰‡  . ͙͟ ͞͠Ǥ͟ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͠͝. ͙͛. ͞. ͙͘. ‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••™‘‡ȋ͘Ǧ͝ȌǢŽ‹‡ƒ” ά ‰‡  .   –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͠͝. ͞. ͚͚. ͚͟. ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰™‘‡ȋ͘Ǧ͛͘ȌǢ“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ά ‰‡ . .

(35) An operational definition of successful aging | 61. . . ͙͟Ǥ͚. ͞͝. ͞͠Ǥ͘. . ͠Ǥ͞. ͠ ͞͠Ǥ͚ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͙͡. ͟Ǥ͠. ͛ ͞͡Ǥ͛ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͛͠. ͠Ǥ͞ ͠Ǥ͙. ͞͠Ǥ͡ ͘͟Ǥ͚. ͙͜. ͛͠.    ƒȌǦƒš‹•”‡’”‡•‡–•›‡ƒ”••‹ ‡„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ȋ͙͚͡͡ȌǤ‘Ž‹†Ž‹‡•”‡’”‡•‡–Ǯ•— ‡••ˆ—Žǯ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•Ǥ „Ȍ—„‡”•‹ȋȌ‹†‹ ƒ–‡–‘–ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡”ƒ‰‡Ǥƒ–‡– Žƒ••‡•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‹‘”†‡”‘ˆ‹–‡” ‡’–˜ƒŽ—‡ȋŠ‹‰Š–‘Ž‘™ȌǤ‘Ž†˜ƒŽ—‡•‹†‹ ƒ–‡Ǯ•— ‡••ˆ—Žǯ Žƒ••‡•Ǥ. ͡Ǥ͚. ͙͟Ǥ͠. ͛. ͠Ǥ͝. ͞͠Ǥ͞. ͠͡. ͠Ǥ͘. ͟Ǥ͜. ͟Ǥ͚. ͞Ǥ͠. ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡™‘‡ȋ͙Ǧ͝ȌǢŽ‹‡ƒ”ȋ Žƒ••͙ƒ†͚Ȍƒ†“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ά ‰‡ . ͚͞ ͚͟Ǥ͚ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͘͟. ͜͞Ǥ͞. ͙͟. . ͚͞Ǥ͛ ͞͝Ǥ͞. ͝ ͙͞. . . . ͠Ǥ͛. ͠Ǥ͜.

(36) •–”—‡–ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡™‘‡ȋ͘Ǧ͛͞ȌǢ —„‹  ά ‰‡ . . ͛͜ ͚͟Ǥ͙ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͟͝  . ͞͞.  ‘–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡™‘‡ȋ͘Ǧ͛͞ȌǢŽ‹‡ƒ” ά ‰‡  . ͠Ǥ͛. ͟Ǥ͝. ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡‡ȋ͙Ǧ͝ȌǢ“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹  ά ‰‡ .   –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͛͟. ͞͝Ǥ͘. ͛͝.

(37) •–”—‡–ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡‡ȋ͘Ǧ͛͞ȌǢŽ‹‡ƒ” ά ‰‡  . . ͠Ǥ͟. ͚͛ ͘͟Ǥ͝ –”‘’›ǣ͘Ǥ͛͟  . . ͠Ǥ͝. ͞͠Ǥ͛. ͞͠. ȋƒ„Ž‡͚ ‘–‹—‡†Ȍ ‘–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡‡ȋ͘Ǧ͛͞ȌǢŽ‹‡ƒ” ά ‰‡  . 3. . .

(38) ‘” ˆ‘—” ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ ǡ ™‡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‘‡ Žƒ–‡– Žƒ•• ƒ• Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›Ǥ ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ”ƒ–‡†Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ–™‘ Žƒ••‡•Šƒ†˜ƒŽ—‡•–Šƒ–™‡”‡•–ƒ„Ž‡„‡–™‡‡Dz‰‘‘†dzȋ͜Ȍ ƒ†Dz‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–dzȋ͝ȌŠ‡ƒŽ–Š†—”‹‰–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••ǡ‘‡–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”› ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†Ž‘™‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‘˜‡”–‹‡ǡƒ†ƒ•‡ ‘†–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Š‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••ǡ„—–•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†‡ Ž‹‡‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ ‘” •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ™‡ ˆ‘—† ƒ •ƒŽŽ •—„‰”‘—’ ȋ‘Ž› ‹ ™‘‡Ȍ ™‹–Š Ž‘™ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘„—–ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž‡˜‡Ž‘˜‡”–‹‡ǤŠ‹•‰”‘—’”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š –Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”•— ‡••ˆ—Ž•—„‰”‘—’Ǥ•‹‹Žƒ”’ƒ––‡”‡‡”‰‡†ˆ‘”‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ•—’’‘”– ‰‹˜‡ˆ‘”™‘‡ǡ™‹–Š‘‡ Žƒ•••Š‘™‹‰‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ ‘” ‘•– ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†› •ƒ’Ž‡ Šƒ† ƒ Dz•— ‡••ˆ—Ždz –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ͟͞ά‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ†͚͟ά‘ˆ–Š‡™‘‡Šƒ†Š‹‰Šƒ†•–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǣ ͟͟ά ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ ƒ† ͟͟ά ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘‡ ™‡”‡ ‘– Ž‘‡Ž› ‘” ”‡ ‘˜‡”‡† ˆ”‘ Ž‘‡Ž‹‡••Ǣƒ†͞͡ά‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ†͟͞ά‘ˆ–Š‡™‘‡’”‘˜‹†‡†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Šƒ‘—–•‘ˆ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”––‘‘–Š‡”•ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‘–Š‡”Žƒ–‡– Žƒ••Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ‘Ž†‡”ƒ†—Ž–•Šƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‹•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ȋ͙͡ά‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ƒ†͚͝ά‘ˆ–Š‡™‘‡Ȍƒ†‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡ȋ͛͝ά‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ†͚͚ά‘ˆ –Š‡™‘‡ȌǤ ‘”‘•–‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡ–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡™ƒ•Ž‘™‡•–‹–Š‡•—„‰”‘—’ȋ•Ȍ™‹–Š•— ‡••ˆ—Ž –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• ȋƒ„Ž‡ ͚ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ •–ƒ†ƒ”† †‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š‹ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž Žƒ••‡• ™‡”‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽǡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‰ –Šƒ– •— ‡••ˆ—Ž –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‘– ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ›‘—‰‡•– ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• „‡–™‡‡ Žƒ••‡• ˜ƒ”‹‡† ‰”‡ƒ–Ž› ƒ‘‰  ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Žƒ”‰‡ ‹ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ȋ—’–‘͙͘›‡ƒ”•‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ Žƒ••‡•Ȍǡ„—– “—‹–‡ •ƒŽŽ ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ Ž‘‡Ž‹‡•• ƒ† •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š Ž‹ˆ‡ ȋζ͛ ›‡ƒ”• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ƒ‰‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡„‡–™‡‡ Žƒ••‡•ȌǤ ‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡š•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–ǡ‘ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ‡™‡”‡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹͝Ǥ͟͝ ȋγ͙Ǥ͡͞Ȍƒ†™‘‡‹͝Ǥ͙͟‘—–‘ˆ‹‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆȋγ͚Ǥ͘͜Ǣƒ„Ž‡͛ȌǤ‹‘”‹–›‘ˆ –Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–•Šƒ†ˆ‘—”‘”Ž‡•••— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ȋ͚͞Ǥ͜ά‘ˆ‡ƒ†͛͞Ǥ͞ά‘ˆ™‘‡ȌǤ Ž›͘Ǥ͙ά‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ†͙Ǥ͚ά‘ˆ–Š‡™‘‡Šƒ†‘•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•͜Ǥ͞ά ‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ†͚Ǥ͡ά‘ˆ–Š‡™‘‡™‡”‡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‘ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡͙͚͞ ”‡•’‘†‡–•Šƒ†‘Ž›‡‹‰Š–˜ƒŽ‹†‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡ™‡ Š‡ ‡†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ„‹ƒ•‹–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ › †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ǥ

(39)  –Š‡ ‡š–”‡‡ ƒ•‡ –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ͙͚͞ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ† ƒ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›‘–Š‡‹••‹‰‹†‹ ƒ–‘”ǡ–Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘•™‹–Š‹‡ƒ Š ƒ–‡‰‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹†‡š ™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡†„›‘Ž›ί͘Ǥ͡ά–‘ή͘Ǥ͝άǡƒ†–Š‡‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡š™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ƒ„‘—–͘Ǥ͛͘’‘‹–•Š‹‰Š‡”Ǥ  —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ”‡‰”‡••‹‘ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ™‹–Š –Š‡  ‹†‡š ƒ• –Š‡ †‡’‡†‡– ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– Ž‘™‡”„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ǡ‘”‡›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‘™‡”—„‡”•‘ˆ Š”‘‹ †‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǡƒ†Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ’ƒ”–‡”™‹–Š‹–Š‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†ƒ•‘’’‘•‡†–‘Šƒ˜‹‰‘’ƒ”–‡”™‡”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–ŠŠƒ˜‹‰‘”‡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ȋƒŽŽ’˜ƒŽ—‡•ζ͘Ǥ͙͘͘Ǣƒ„Ž‡͛ȌǤ 62 | Chapter 3.

(40) An operational definition of successful aging | 63. „Ȍ. ͟͡ ͙͙͡ ͙͝͡ ͙͚͡ ͙͟͡ ͙͜͞ ͜͠. ͚ ͛ ͜ ͝ ͞ ͟ ͠ ͡. ͘͜ Ǧ͙Ǥ͚͝ȋ͘Ǥ͚͠Ȍ. ͜‘”‘”‡. ͚͜. ƒ”–‡”‘—–•‹†‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†. ͘Ǥ͚͘ȋ͘Ǥ͚͡Ȍ. ͙Ǥ͘͞ȋ͘Ǥ͙͝Ȍ . . . . ͘Ǥ͛͡. ζǤ͙͘͘. . . ζǤ͙͘͘. ζǤ͙͘͘.  . ζǤ͙͘͘. . ζǤ͙͘͘. ζǤ͙͘͘. ’. . ͙͘͘Ǥ͘. ͡͝Ǥ͜. ͟͡Ǥ͝. ͘͞Ǥ͜. ͙͜Ǥ͠. ͚͞Ǥ͜. ͙͜Ǥ͡. ͟Ǥ͛. ͚Ǥ͝. ͘Ǥ͙. —Ǥά. . . ͘Ǥ͙͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͛. ‡–ƒ. ȋ͙Ǥ͡͞Ȍ. ͜Ǥ͞. ͙͝Ǥ͡. ͙͡Ǥ͙. ͙͠Ǥ͞. ͙͝Ǥ͜. ͙͙Ǥ͝. ͟Ǥ͞. ͜Ǥ͟. ͚Ǥ͜. ͘Ǥ͙. ά. . ͙͟͜ ͚͘͡ ͙͜͠ ͙͠͝ ͙͙͡ ͛͛ ͝Ǥ͙͟.        . . ͚͟. ͚͘͞. ͚͛͝. ͘Ǥ͛͘. ͘Ǥ͙͝ȋ͘Ǥ͛͜Ȍ. ͘Ǥ͜͟ȋ͘Ǥ͙͙Ȍ. . ͙͟ Ǧ͚Ǥ͛͘ȋ͘Ǥ͚͛Ȍ. ͙͙͝ Ǧ͙Ǥ͙͜ȋ͘Ǥ͙͠Ȍ. ͚͟͞ Ǧ͘Ǥ͜͡ȋ͘Ǥ͙͝Ȍ. ͛͛͡ Ǧ͘Ǥ͟͝ȋ͘Ǥ͙͜Ȍ. ͚͙͞. ͘Ǥ͙͘ȋ͘Ǥ͚͘Ȍ. . . . . . . . . . ͘Ǥ͙͝. Ǧ͘Ǥ͛͛. . ‡–ƒ. ȋȌ. ȋ͚Ǥ͘͜Ȍ. ͚Ǥ͡. ͙͘Ǥ͛. ͙͞Ǥ͙. ͙͞Ǥ͘. ͙͠Ǥ͙. ͙͝Ǥ͙. ͙͘Ǥ͟. ͝Ǥ͠. ͛Ǥ͠. ͙Ǥ͚.  ά.  Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͠ȋ͘Ǥ͙͘Ȍ. . ͟͞ ͙͚͛. . ͙͜ ͜͜. . ”‡“—‡ ›.  . ‘‡. . Ǧ•“—ƒ”‡† ͘Ǥ͚͠    ƒȌǦ‹†‡š• ‘”‡•ˆ‘””‡•’‘†‡–•™‹–Š‘‡‹••‹‰‹†‹ ƒ–‘”™‡”‡†‹˜‹†‡†„›͠ƒ†–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›͡Ǥ „Ȍƒ•‡†‘ƒŽ‹‡ƒ””‡‰”‡••‹‘‘†‡Ž™‹–ŠƒŽŽ‹†‡’‡†‡–˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ††‡†•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥ. ͚͠͡. ƒ”–‡”‹•‹†‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†. . ͚͠ Ǧ͙Ǥ͛͝ȋ͘Ǥ͚͙Ȍ. ͛ ͙͚͞. ͚͘͝ Ǧ͘Ǥ͜͡ȋ͘Ǥ͙͝Ȍ. ͚. ƒ”–‡”•–ƒ–—•ȋ”‡ˆǤ㐑’ƒ”–‡”Ȍ. ͚͛͟ Ǧ͘Ǥ͜͡ȋ͘Ǥ͙͛Ȍ. . ͙. ͛͛͜. ͘Ǥ͘͞ȋ͘Ǥ͚͘Ȍ. —„‡”‘ˆ Š”‘‹ †‹•‡ƒ•‡•ȋ”‡ˆǤγ͘Ȍ. †— ƒ–‹‘ȋ›‡ƒ”•Ǣ”ƒ‰‡͝Ǧ͙͠Ȍ. ȋȌ Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͟ȋ͘Ǥ͙͘Ȍ. . ͜͡. ͙. ͝Ǥ͟͝. ͙ ͚͝. ͘. ‡  ”‡“—‡ ›. ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ȋ›‡ƒ”•Ǣ”ƒ‰‡͝͝Ǧ͜͠Ȍ. ‘””‡Žƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡

(41) †‡š . ‡ƒȋȌƒȌ. —„‡”‘ˆ— ‡••ˆ—Ž”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•. ”‡“—‡ ›†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

(42) †‡š. ƒ„Ž‡͛Ǥ ”‡“—‡ ›†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ†„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰Ǧ‹†‡šˆ‘”‡ȋγ͙͛͛͘Ȍƒ†™‘‡ȋγ͙͙͚͝Ȍ. 3. . ͘Ǥ͞͞. ζǤ͙͘͘. . ζǤ͙͘͘. ζǤ͙͘͘. ζǤ͙͘͘. ζǤ͙͘͘. . ζǤ͙͘͘. ζǤ͙͘͘. ’. . ͙͘͘Ǥ͘. ͟͡Ǥ͙. ͠͞Ǥ͠. ͘͟Ǥ͟. ͜͝Ǥ͠. ͛͞Ǥ͞. ͚͙Ǥ͝. ͙͘Ǥ͡. ͝Ǥ͘. ͙Ǥ͚. —Ǥά. . . . . . . . .

(43) 64 | Chapter 3. . . . ͘Ǥ͛͘ ͘Ǥ͘͞. ͘Ǥ͜͞ ͘Ǥ͙͝ ͘Ǥ͛͝ ͘Ǥ͛͝ ͘Ǥ͜͟. ͜ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ — –‹‘‹‰. ͝ ‘ ‹ƒŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••. ͞ ‘ ‹ƒŽ –‹˜‹–›. ͟ ‘–‹‘ƒŽ—’’‘”– ‹˜‡. ͠

(44) •–”—‡–ƒŽ—’’‘”– ‹˜‡. . . . . ͘Ǥ͚͘. ͘Ǥ͙͞. ͘Ǥ͘͠. ͘Ǥ͙͙. ͘Ǥ͚͠. ͘Ǥ͚͠. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . ͚. ͘Ǥ͙͙. ͘Ǥ͚͜. ͘Ǥ͙͜. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͛͛. ͘Ǥ͚͠. ͙Ǥ͘͘ .  . . . . . . ͘Ǥ͙͜. ͘Ǥ͙͚. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͛͛. ͘Ǥ͙͜. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . ͛. ͘Ǥ͚͠. ͘Ǥ͙͠. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͙͠. ͘Ǥ͙͞. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . . . . . . . . . . ͘Ǥ͙͜. ͘Ǥ͚͜. ͘Ǥ͘͠. ͘Ǥ͛͘. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . ͜. ͘Ǥ͛͘. ͘Ǥ͚͘. ͘Ǥ͙͟. ͘Ǥ͘͡. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . . . . . . . . . . . . ͘Ǥ͙͠. ͘Ǥ͛͘. ͘Ǥ͘͡. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . ͝. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͚͙. ͘Ǥ͚͛. ͘Ǥ͚͘. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ͘Ǥ͘͞. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . ͞. ͘Ǥ͘͠. ͘Ǥ͘͟. ͘Ǥ͙͛. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ͘Ǥ͚͠. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . ͟. ͘Ǥ͘͞. ͘Ǥ͛͟. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ͙Ǥ͘͘ . ͠. ͘Ǥ͘͡. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . . ͡. ͙Ǥ͘͘. . ͡. ͡ ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–Š‹ˆ‡ ͘Ǥ͜͜ ͘Ǥ͚͚ ͘Ǥ͙͛ ͘Ǥ͛͘ ͘Ǥ͘͜ ͘Ǥ͚͘ ͘Ǥ͘͟ ͘Ǥ͙͘ ͘Ǥ͘͟ ͙Ǥ͘͘ ƒȌŠ‹Ž‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡†‹ Š‘–‘‘—•˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ›ƒŽ•‘„‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Šƒ’”‘ ‡†—”‡–Šƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”•ˆ”‘‡ƒ”•‘ǯ•”ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒŠ‹Ǧ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ȋ݊Ȍǡ–Š‡Š‹Ǧ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•‹‘—”•–—†›†‹†‘–†‹ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘‡ƒ”•‘ǯ•”. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͙͛. ͘Ǥ͘͝. ͘Ǥ͛͜. ͘Ǥ͚͠. ͘Ǥ͝͡ ͘Ǥ͚͞. ͙Ǥ͘͘ .  . ͙. ͘Ǥ͚͙. ͛ ‡’”‡••‹˜‡›’–‘•. ͘Ǥ͙͝. ͙ ‡Žˆƒ–‡† ‡ƒŽ–Š. . ͘Ǥ͙͚. ͘Ǥ͘͡. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͘͟. ͘Ǥ͛͘. ͚ — –‹‘ƒŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•. ͙Ǥ͘͘.  Ǧ‹†‡š• ‘”‡. Ǧ ‹†‡š. ͘Ǥ͛͠. ͡ ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–Š‹ˆ‡. ‘‡. ͘Ǥ͝͠. ͠

(45) •–”—‡–ƒŽ—’’‘”– ‹˜‡. . ͘Ǥ͛͝. ͟ ‘–‹‘ƒŽ—’’‘”– ‹˜‡. . ͘Ǥ͛͞. . ͘Ǥ͜͜. ͝ ‘ ‹ƒŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••. ͞ ‘ ‹ƒŽ –‹˜‹–›. ͘Ǥ͚͛. ͘Ǥ͟͝ ͘Ǥ͜͡. ͛ ‡’”‡••‹˜‡›’–‘•. ͜ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ — –‹‘‹‰. ͘Ǥ͛͞. ͘Ǥ͙͞. ͚ — –‹‘ƒŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•. ͙Ǥ͘͘ . ͘Ǥ͙͝. ͙ ‡Žˆƒ–‡† ‡ƒŽ–Š. . ͙Ǥ͘͘. Ǧ‹†‡š• ‘”‡. . . ƒ„Ž‡͜Ǥ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒ–”‹šˆ‘”–Š‡Ǧ‹†‡šƒ†–Š‡†‹ Š‘–‘‹œ‡†‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆȋ•— ‡••˜‡”•—•‘Ǧ•— ‡••Ȍˆ‘”‡ȋγ͙͛͛͘Ȍƒ†™‘‡ȋγ͙͙͚͝ȌƒȌ Ǧ  ‡ ‹†‡š ͙ ͚ ͛ ͜ ͝ ͞ ͟ ͠. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(46) ‡ˆ‘—†‘†‡”ƒ–‡–‘•–”‘‰ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡‡ƒ Š•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆƒ†–Š‡ ‹†‡šƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ȋƒ„Ž‡͜ȌǤŠ‡™‡ƒ‡•– ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡‹†‡š™‡”‡ˆ‘—†ˆ‘” •‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ȋ”γǤ͛͞ˆ‘”‡ƒ†”γǤ͛͝ˆ‘”™‘‡Ȍƒ†•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡ȋ”γǤ͛͠ˆ‘”‡ ƒ† ” γ Ǥ͜͜ ˆ‘” ™‘‡ȌǤ Š‡ •–”‘‰‡•– ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š –Š‡  ‹†‡š ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—† ˆ‘” ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ȋ”γǤ͙͞ˆ‘”‡ƒ†”γǤ͝͡ˆ‘”™‘‡Ȍƒ††‡’”‡••‹˜‡•›’–‘•ȋ”γ Ǥ͟͝ˆ‘”‡ƒ†”γǤ͚͞ˆ‘”™‘‡ȌǤ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ‘‰–Š‡†‹ Š‘–‘‘—•‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•™‡”‡ ™‡ƒ–‘‘†‡”ƒ–‡ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‡†ˆ”‘Ǥ͚͘ȋ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••ˆ‘”‡Ȍ–‘Ǥ͛͞ ȋ•‡ŽˆǦ”ƒ–‡† Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‡Ȍǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– ƒ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹‘‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”™ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›™‡ƒŽ›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š•— ‡••ˆ—Ž†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹‘–Š‡”‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǤŠ‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘’ƒ––‡”•™‡”‡˜‡”›•‹‹Žƒ”ˆ‘”‡ƒ†™‘‡Ǥ  ‹• —••‹‘ Š‡ —””‡–•–—†›’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ„ƒ•‡†‘—Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽƒ† Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ ƒ‰‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ •— ‡•• ™ƒ• ‹ˆ‘”‡†„›•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ–‡ Š‹“—‡•–Šƒ–‡ƒ„Ž‡†‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘‘‰‡‡‘—••—„‰”‘—’• ™‹–Š†‹•–‹ ––”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ‡‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡†•—„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ••‡••‡–•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ ‘”‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ǡ ƒ˜‘‹†‡† †‹ Š‘–‘‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™‡†˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•‘ˆ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘˜‡”–‹‡ȋŽ‹‹–‡† †‡ Ž‹‡ǡ•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†‹’”‘˜‡‡–Ȍ–‘“—ƒŽ‹ˆ›ƒ•ǤŠ‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ˆ‘—”ƒ‹ ˆ‹†‹‰•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ƒ”‰—‡–• –Šƒ–  •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ• ƒ ’”‘ ‡••ǡ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰ƒ•„—‹Ž†‹‰„Ž‘ •ˆ‘”‘—”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ  ƒ› –ƒ‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ˆ‘”•Ǥ ‘” ‘•– ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ƒ††‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡‘˜‡”–‹‡˜ƒ”‹‡†•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•—„Ǧ‰”‘—’• –Šƒ–™‡”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†™‹–Š ǤŠ‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘ˆDz•— ‡••ˆ—Ždz–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•˜ƒ”‹‡†ˆ”‘Ž‹‹–‡† †‡ Ž‹‡ ‘˜‡” –‹‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ƒ† ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ȍǡ •–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘˜‡” –‹‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ •‡ŽˆǦ ”ƒ–‡† Š‡ƒŽ–ŠȌ –‘ ”‡ ‘˜‡”› ȋˆ”‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ Ž‘‡Ž‹‡••Ȍ ƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ȋ‹ Ž‹ˆ‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ƒ† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ •—’’‘”– ‰‹˜‡ȌǤ Š‡ ‡š–‡– –‘ ™Š‹ Š Š‹‰Š ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ƒ „‡ ”‡–ƒ‹‡†‘˜‡”–‹‡ƒ†–Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹ Š”‡ ‘˜‡”›ˆ”‘—†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡• ƒ „‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† –Š—• ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹‰ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž ˆ”‘ Ž‡•• Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡ –Š‡ ‘•– •— ‡••ˆ—Ž –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• •‘‡–‹‡• ™‡”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›†‡ Ž‹‡•—’’‘”–•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ–Šƒ–•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡‡“—ƒ–‡†–‘Dz‘–ƒ‰‹‰dzȋ͙͜ǡ ’Ǥ͚͛͠ȌǤ ‡ ‘†ǡˆ”‘‘—”Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ƒ†Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǡ‹–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†–Šƒ–Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ  ™‡”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› Š‹‰ŠǤ  –Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ Ž‡˜‡Žǡ ƒ„‘—– ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™‡”‡ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž‘•‹š‘”‘”‡‘—–‘ˆ‹‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆǤ‡••–Šƒ͙͙ά‘ˆ‘—”•ƒ’Ž‡Šƒ†Ž‡•• –Šƒ –Š”‡‡ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‡š–”‡‡ǡ Ž‡•• –Šƒ ͝ά ™‡”‡ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǥ‘‡Šƒ†Ž‘™‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ•— ‡••–Šƒ ‡ǡ„—––Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ˆ‘—†™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•™‡”‡‘•–Ž›•‹‹Žƒ”ˆ‘”‡ An operational definition of successful aging | 65. 3.

(47) ƒ†™‘‡Ǥ–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž•—„‰”‘—’•‘ˆ–‡ ‘–ƒ‹‡†Žƒ”‰‡ ’”‘’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›•ƒ’Ž‡ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•‘•–‡˜‹†‡–ˆ‘”Ž‹ˆ‡•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ƒ† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ƒ† ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ȋ͚͟άȂ͠͡ά •— ‡••ˆ—ŽȌǡ „—– †‹† ‘– ƒ’’Ž› –‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ•—’’‘”––‘‘–Š‡”•ǡ™Š‡”‡‘Ž›͙͠άȂ͛͝ά‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‡–••Š‘™‡† †‹•–‹ –Ž›ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•Ǥ Š‹”†ǡ ‘ ‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ †‹ Š‘–‘‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ› ‘ˆ ‘—” ˆ‹†‹‰• ™‘—Ž† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ‡‡”‰‡†‹ˆ™‡Šƒ†•’Ž‹––Š‡‡–‹”‡•–—†›’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹–‘–™‘„›”‡“—‹”‹‰–Šƒ–‘Ž†‡”ƒ†—Ž–• •Š‘—Ž† ˆ— –‹‘ ™‡ŽŽ ‘ ƒŽŽ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡† ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡ ‘” ‘ ƒ ’”‡†‡ˆ‹‡† ‹‹ƒŽ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‹‘”†‡”–‘„‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽǤ†‹––‡†Ž›ǡ‘—”•–—†›‹˜‘Ž˜‡††‹ Š‘–‘‹œƒ–‹‘–‘‘ǡ„—– ‘ –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǥ —” ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ ‰”‘—’• ™‹–Š †‹•–‹ – –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰—•‹‰ ”‡“—‹”‡•–Šƒ–•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ƒ”‡†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† ˆ”‘Ž‡•••— ‡••ˆ—Ž‘‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘—–‹‰–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ƒ ”‘••ƒŽŽ ‹‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ƒ† ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘–Š‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ††‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ–Šƒ–ƒ†‹ Š‘–‘›‘–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡š‹–•‡Žˆ ™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡•Š‘™Ǥ—” ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒƒŽ›•‡••Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ „—– “—‹–‡ —‹“—‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ –‘ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ Ǥ Š‹• †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‘Ž†‡” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–Š•‹‹Žƒ”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡› •Š‘™‘”‡ƒ†Ž‡••ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ ‘—”–Šǡ ™‡ •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘†‡–•ǯ ƒ‰‡ ƒ– „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘• ȋ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† „› ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ‹‡– ƒ† ’ƒ”–‡” •–ƒ–—•Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Š”‘‹  †‹•‡ƒ•‡•ƒ›‡ƒ„Ž‡‘””‡•–”‹ –‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‹ƒ––ƒ‹‹‰•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ Š‡•‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ’‘‹– –‘ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽǡ ƒ† „‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˆƒ –‘”• Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‹ Ǥ —” ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •— Š ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ”‡•‘ƒ–‡• ™‹–Š ”‹–‹ ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘ȋ͠Ȍƒ†–Š‡”‡ ‡– ƒŽŽˆ‘”‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘—”•‡ ‹•Šƒ’‹‰ƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰ȋ͚͜ȌǤ  ‘Ž‹ ›

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VU Research Portal

General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition

VU Research Portal

General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition

VU Research Portal

General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition

VU Research Portal

General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition

VU Research Portal

General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition

VU Research Portal

General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition

VU Research Portal

General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition