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(1)VU Research Portal. How Tough Times Become Good Times Kok, A.A.L.. 2019. document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record. Link to publication in VU Research Portal. citation for published version (APA) Kok, A. A. L. (2019). How Tough Times Become Good Times: Studies on socioeconomic inequality, resilience, and successful aging.. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: vuresearchportal.ub@vu.nl. Download date: 12. Oct. 2021.

(2) Šƒ’–‡”͜ ‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹ƒ͙͞Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‡‹‰                       . —„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•ǣ‘ǡǤǤǤǡƒ”–•‡ǡǤ Ǥǡ‡‡‰ǡǤƬ —‹•ƒǡǤȋ͚͙͘͞ȌǤ‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹  ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹ƒ͙͞Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‡‹‰Ǥ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ ’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰›Ƭ‘—‹–› ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ͘͟ǡ͙͙͘͞Ǧ͙͙͙͛. Socioeconomic inequalities in successful ageing | 75. .

(3) „•–”ƒ – ƒ ‰”‘—† Š‹••–—†›‡šƒ‹‡•–‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡–‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‹ ‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š –Š‡ —Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ — ‡••ˆ—Ž ‰‹‰ǡ ‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰ –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ ‡–ƒŽǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰‹‘Ž†ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‡–Š‘†• ‡‡’Ž‘›‡†͙͞Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘͚ǡ͘͡͝’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ‰‡†͝͝Ǧ͠͝ƒ–„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡‹–Š‡ —– Šǡƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ‰‹‰–—†›•–‡”†ƒǤ ‘”‹‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰ǡ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ƒ–‡–Žƒ•• ”‘™–Š‘†‡Ž•™‡”‡—•‡†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›•—„‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ‘Ž†‡”ƒ†—Ž–•™‹–ŠƒǮ•— ‡••ˆ—Žǯ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›ǤǮ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰

(4) †‡šǯ‡š’”‡••‡†–Š‡—„‡” ‘ˆ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ”‡•’‘†‡–•Šƒ†ƒ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›ȋ”ƒ‰‡͘Ǧ͡ȌǤ•‹‰ —Ž–‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‡ ”‡‰”‡••‹‘ ‘†‡Ž• ™‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ •‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰

(5) †‡šǡƒ†™‹–Š•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰Ǥ ‡•—Ž–• ‹‰Š‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Žǡƒ†‹ ‘‡™‡”‡‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡” —„‡”• ‘ˆ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•Ǥ †— ƒ–‹‘ ȋȾγ͘Ǥ͘͡Ȍ ™ƒ• ƒ •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› •–”‘‰‡” ‘””‡Žƒ–‡ ‘ˆ — ‡••ˆ—Ž ‰‹‰ –Šƒ ‹ ‘‡ ȋȾγ͘Ǥ͘͠ȌǤ ƒŽ›•‡• ‘ˆ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ — ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ– ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡˆ— –‹‘ƒŽŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ •—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡™‡”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠƒŽŽ–Š”‡‡ ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ™‡”‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‘Ž› ‘‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ Ž‹ˆ‡ •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘Ȍ ‘” ‘‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ •‘ ‹ƒŽ Ž‘‡Ž‹‡••ȌǤ ‘” •‘‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ — ‡••ˆ—Ž ‰‹‰ǡ •‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹  ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‘– ‘Ž›’”‡•‡–ƒ–„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‘”†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡††—”‹‰ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’Ǥ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ †— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‹ ‘‡”‡’”‡•‡–†‹•–‹ –•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘—”•‡ˆƒ –‘”•–Šƒ– ‡ƒ Š ‘–”‹„—–‡‹ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ™ƒ›–‘‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰ǤŠ›•‹ ƒŽƒ† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ™‡”‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ‘”‡ •–”‘‰Ž› ™‹–Š •‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹  ’‘•‹–‹‘ –Šƒ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ . 76 | Chapter 4. . .

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(7) –”‘†— –‹‘ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡„‘†›‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠŠƒ•†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ’‘•‹–‹‘ȋȌ‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š„‡––‡”‘—– ‘‡•‹•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‹‘Ž†ƒ‰‡ȋ͙Ȃ ͜ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ  ‘ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ƒ••—‡† –‘ „‡ ‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ǡ •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‘—– ‘‡• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ȋ͝Ȃ͟ȌǤ ‡™•–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡‡šƒ‹‡†–Š‡‡š–‡––‘™Š‹ Š•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‹•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡‹–‘‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ƒ ”‘••ƒ„”‘ƒ†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‡ƒ•—”‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡•ƒ‡•–—†›•ƒ’Ž‡ǤŠ‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž ƒ‰‹‰ȋǢ͠Ȍ‹•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›•—‹–‡†–‘ ‘†— –•— Š•–—†‹‡•ǡ•‹ ‡‹–‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡‡ƒ•—”‡• ‘ˆ’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ǡƒ†’•› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘ˆ‘Ž†‡”‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ‡•‡ƒ” Š‘ƒ‹• –‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‰”‘—’•‘ˆ‘Ž†‡”ƒ†—Ž–•–Šƒ–ƒ‹–ƒ‹Š‹‰ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ†‡–ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡ ƒ†”‡ƒ‹•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›‡‰ƒ‰‡†ȋ͡ȌǤ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•Š‘Ž‹•–‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ‡ƒ•—”‡•‘ˆ ƒ„‡ —•‡†–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ †‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’”‘ ‡••‘ˆƒ‰‹‰Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ •‘‡ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ Ž‹• „‡–™‡‡  ƒ† ǡ –™‘ ”— ‹ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ”‡ƒ‹–‘„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†„›‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ ‹”•–ǡƒ‰‹‰‹•ƒ†›ƒ‹ ’”‘ ‡••ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ ‘Ž› „‡ ƒ —”ƒ–‡Ž› ‡ƒ•—”‡† „›‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ȋ͠ǡ͙͘ǡ͙͙ȌǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ƒ›”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘ ——Žƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ƒ† †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• –Šƒ–—ˆ‘Ž† –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ ȋ͙͚ȌǤ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ •–—†‹‡• ‘ Š‡ƒŽ–Š–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‹ƒ†—Ž–Š‘‘†ȋ͞Ȍƒ†‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ †‘ƒ‹•‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰ȋ͙͛Ȍ•Š‘™–Šƒ– Ž‘™‡”‹•Ž‹‡†–‘‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ƒ†ˆƒ•–‡”†‡ Ž‹‡‹’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ†‡–ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ ‘—”•‡ǤŠ‡ —””‡–•–—†›‡š–‡†•–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘„›‡šƒ‹‹‰–‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡– ‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŽ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰ƒ ”‘••ƒŽŽ†‘ƒ‹•‘ˆ‹‘Ž†‡” ƒ†—Ž–•Ǥ ‡ ‘†ǡ‹–‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›—†‡”•–‘‘†–Šƒ–ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘•Šƒ”‹‰ƒ ‘‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ† ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ǡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‹ ‘‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ– –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”– ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–Ž› †‹•–‹ – ƒ—•ƒŽ ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•–Šƒ–ƒ›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰‹‘Ž†ƒ‰‡ ȋ͚ǡ͙͜ǡ͙͝ȌǤ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ› „‡ †‹”‡ –Ž› Ž‹‡† –‘ „‡––‡” ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ •’ƒǡ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‹”‡ –Ž› –‘ „‡––‡” ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Šˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ȋ͙͞ȌǤ ‹‰Š‡”‘ —’ƒ–‹‘•ƒ›„‡Ž‹‡†–‘„‡––‡” •‘ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠŽƒ”‰‡”ƒ†‘”‡†‹˜‡”•‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•ȋ͙͟Ȍǡ ƒ†ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡–‘”‡†— ‡† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡†‡ Ž‹‡–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‹‰Š‡” ‘’Ž‡š‹–›‘ˆƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ– ™‘”ȋ͙͠ȌǤ‘™‹ ‘‡ƒ›„‡Ž‹‡†–‘™‘”•‡’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰–Š”‘—‰Šˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ •–”‡•• ȋ͙͡Ȍǡ ƒ† ƒ› •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› „‡ Ž‹‡† –‘ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ †‹•ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ȋ͜Ȍ –Š”‘—‰Š Š‹‰Š‡” ȋ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†Ȍ „ƒ””‹‡”• –‘ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡• ȋ͚͘ȌǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‹• •–—†› ‡š–‡†• ’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•‘‡ƒ”Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡†‡–‡”‹ƒ–•‘ˆȋ͚͙Ȃ͚͛Ȍ„›‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š”‡‡ ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ Ǣ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‹ ‘‡Ǥ ‡ ‡š’‡ – –Šƒ– ‡ƒ Š ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘’‘‡–• ‹• ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž› ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘’‘•‹–‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡ ‘ˆ ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– —†‡”Ž›‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‹ ǡ ‡ƒ Š ‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ  ‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ’ƒ”–Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡ ‘’‘•‹–‡‡ƒ•—”‡Ǥ. Socioeconomic inequalities in successful ageing | 77. . 4.

(8) Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›‹•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡–‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‹ ‘‡ƒ”‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ —Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ™‡ —’ƒ –Š‡•‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•„›ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š”‡‡ ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ ƒ†‡ƒ Š•‹‰Ž‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆǤ ‘”‡ƒ Š‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆǡ™‡ƒŽ•‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š™Š‡–Š‡” ‹• Ž‹‡† –‘ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘Ž›ǡ ‘” ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› –‘ •—„•‡“—‡– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ  ‡–Š‘†• ƒ–ƒƒ†•–—†›•ƒ’Ž‡ ‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡† †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —– Š ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ ‰‹‰ –—†› •–‡”†ƒ ȋȌǤ Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ  ‹• Dz–‘ •–—†› –Š‡ †‡–‡”‹ƒ–•ǡ –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• ƒ† ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‘ˆ’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ǡ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ‰‡‹‰dz ȋ͚͜ǡ’Ǥ͠͞͠ȌǤŠ‡„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ ‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ͛ǡ͙͘͟”‡•’‘†‡–•ƒ‰‡†͝͝Ǧ͠͝ǡ™‹–Š ‘˜‡”•ƒ’Ž‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†‡•–‘Ž†ƒ†‡Ǥ

(9) ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ†‘ƒ‹•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ™ƒ• ƒ “—‹”‡† †—”‹‰ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ƒ– Š‘‡ǡ „› ™”‹––‡ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•ǡ ƒ† ‹ ‡†‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‡”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ‹ ͙͡͡͝Ǧ͙͡͡͞ ȋγ͚ǡ͜͝͝Ȍǡ ͙͡͡͠Ǧ͙͡͡͡ ȋγ͚ǡ͘͟͞Ȍǡ͚͙͘͘Ǧ͚͚͘͘ȋγ͙ǡ͙͞͡Ȍǡ͚͘͘͝Ǧ͚͘͘͞ȋγ͙ǡ͚͟͝Ȍǡƒ†͚͘͘͠Ǧ͚͘͘͡ȋγ͡͠͝ȌǤ–‡ƒ Š™ƒ˜‡ ‘ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ͙͠ά ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™‡”‡ ”‡Ǧ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†ǡ ͙͚ά Šƒ† †‹‡†ǡ ƒ† ͠ά Šƒ† ™‹–Š†”ƒ™ˆ”‘–Š‡•–—†›ˆ‘”‘–Š‡””‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ‡•’‘†‡–•’”‘˜‹†‡†‹ˆ‘”‡† ‘•‡–ƒ† –Š‡  •–—†› ™ƒ• ƒ’’”‘˜‡† „› –Š‡ ‡†‹ ƒŽ –Š‹ • ‘ƒ”† ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‡†‹ ƒŽ ‡–‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•Ǥ ‘”‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡  •–—†› ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ȋ͚͜ȌǤ  ‡—•‡ƒ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰Ǧ‹†‡šȋǦ‹†‡šȌǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‹ƒ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”•–—†›ȋ͚͝ȌǤ Š‡Ǧ‹†‡š™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡†ƒ–ƒƒ†ˆ‹˜‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ǡ ‘†— –‡†—–‹Ž ͚͘͘͠Ǧ͚͘͘͡Ǥ‡‡š Ž—†‡†”‡•’‘†‡–•™Š‘†‹†‘–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹ƒ›ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’‡ƒ•—”‡‡– ˆ”‘–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡ǤŠ‡Ǧ‹†‡š™ƒ•‘Ž› ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†ˆ‘””‡•’‘†‡–•™Š‘Šƒ†•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–†ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘” ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ‡‹‰Š– ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ  ȋγ͚ǡ͙͠͝ȌǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ™‡ ‡š Ž—†‡† ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™‹–Š ‹••‹‰ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘” ‘‡ ‘”‘”‡ •‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹  ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ‹ˆ‡””‡† ˆ”‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ȋγ͘͡ȌǤ Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‡• ™‡”‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ ͚ǡ͘͡͝ ”‡•’‘†‡–•ȋ‡ƒƒ‰‡͞͡Ǥ͙›‡ƒ”•ǡ͠Ǥ͝ȌǤ  ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• — ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰Ǧ‹†‡š  ™ƒ• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‹‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ǡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽǡ ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ȋƒ„Ž‡ ͙ȌǤ ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ˜‹‡™’‘‹–• ˆ”‘ –Š‡  Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ –Š‹• •‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘˜‡”• ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ Ǧ‹†‡š ”‡ˆŽ‡ –• –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š 78 | Chapter 4. .

(10) ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ”‡•’‘†‡–• •Š‘™‡† ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ͙͞Ǧ›‡ƒ” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ •—ƒ”›†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡Ǧ‹†‡š™ƒ• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†Ǥ‡–ƒ‹Ž• ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ ȋ͚͝ȌǤ ‘”‡ƒ Š•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆǡƒ–‡–Žƒ•• ”‘™–ŠƒŽ›•‹•ȋ Ȍ‹’Ž—•˜‡”•‹‘͞Ǥ͘ ȋ͚͞Ȍ™ƒ•ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›•—„‰”‘—’•‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‡–•™‹–Š•‹‹Žƒ”–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•Ǥ‹••‹‰†ƒ–ƒ ‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–• ™ƒ• Šƒ†Ž‡† „› –Š‡ —ŽŽ

(11) ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒš‹— ‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘† ’”‘ ‡†—”‡ȋ͚͞ȌǤ‹‡ƒ”ǡ“—ƒ†”ƒ–‹ ǡƒ† —„‹ •Ž‘’‡•™‡”‡ˆ‹––‡†–‘–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ–‘ƒ••‡••™Š‹ Š‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ˆ— –‹‘• ˆ‹––‡† –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ „‡•–Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‹‰ ’”‘ ‡•• ‡šŠ‹„‹–• ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•„‡–™‡‡‡ƒ†™‘‡ȋ͚͟ǡ͚͠Ȍǡ–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•™‡”‡•–”ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”‰‡†‡”ǤŠ‡ ‘’–‹ƒŽ—„‡”‘ˆŽƒ–‡– Žƒ••‡•˜ƒ”‹‡†ˆ”‘–™‘–‘ˆ‹˜‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǥ”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• –Šƒ–™‡”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›Š‹‰Šƒ†•–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡŽ‹‹–‡††‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ”‡ ‘˜‡”› ƒˆ–‡” Ž‘™ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ™‡”‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡† ƒ• Ǯ•— ‡••ˆ—Žǯ –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•Ǥ ‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‡• ƒ„‡ˆ‘—†‹Šƒ’–‡”͛Ǥ ‘”‡ƒ Š‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆǡ”‡•’‘†‡–•™‡”‡ƒ••‹‰‡†ƒ͙ȋŠƒ˜‹‰ƒ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›Ȍ‘”͘ ȋ‘– Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›Ȍǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ•• ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ’‘•–‡”‹‘” ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” ƒ ”‡•’‘†‡–Ǥ Š‡ Ǧ‹†‡š ™ƒ• ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡† „› ‘—–‹‰ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š”‡•’‘†‡–•Šƒ†ƒ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›ȋ”ƒ‰‡͘Ǧ͡ȌǤŠ‹‰Š‡”• ‘”‡‘ –Š‹• ‹†‡š –Š—• ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ Š‹‰Š‡” —„‡” ‘ˆ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‹ ƒ› ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‡•‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‡–•™‹–Š‹••‹‰†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”‘‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆȋγ͙͚͞Ȍ™‡”‡ †‹˜‹†‡†„›͠ƒ†–Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›͡Ǥ ‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‘•‹–‹‘ †— ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†‹‹‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•Ǥ ‘”†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•™‡”‡ ‘†‡†–Š‹• –‘ ˆ‹˜‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ‘– ‘’Ž‡–‡†Ǣ ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›Ǣ Ž‘™‡” ˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǢ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ǡ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‡ ‘†ƒ”›Ǣƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘”—‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ ‘”–Š‡—Ž–‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‡‘†‡Ž•™‡—•‡†–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ‹‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‡š’”‡••‡†‹ ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ȋ”ƒ‰‡͝Ǧ͙͠ȌǤ  —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž™ƒ•ƒ••‡••‡†„›ƒ•‹‰–Š‡ —””‡–ƒ†Ž‘‰‡•–’”‡˜‹‘—•’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ ™ƒ• ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡† ‹–‘ ˆ‘—” •‹ŽŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ͚͡ ȋ–ƒ†ƒ”† Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ  —’ƒ–‹‘• ͙͚͡͡Ȍ ‘†‹‰ • Š‡‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ”‡’”‡•‡– –Š‡ •–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆƒ†”‡“—‹”‡†•‹ŽŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ȋ͛͛ȌǤšƒ’Ž‡•ƒ”‡ Ž‡ƒ‹‰•–ƒˆˆƒ† ƒ•Š‹‡”• ȋ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”› Ž‡˜‡ŽȌǡ ‡‡– ƒ† ‘ ”‡–‡ ™‘”‡”• ȋŽ‘™ •‹ŽŽ‡†Ȍǡ ’Ž—„‡”•ǡ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹ƒ• ƒ† Ž‡”• ȋ‡†‹— •‹ŽŽ‡†Ȍǡ ƒ† ƒƒ‰‡”•ǡ –‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡ ƒ† • ‹‡–‹•–• ȋŠ‹‰Š ‘” • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ȌǤ

(12) ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡Ž‘‰‡•–Œ‘„™ƒ•‹••‹‰ȋγ͘͝Ȍ™‡—•‡†–Š‡•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ —””‡–Œ‘„Ǥ ͚͟͟ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ȋ͙͚Ǥ͟άȌ ”‡’‘”–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡› ‡˜‡” Šƒ† ƒ ’ƒ‹† Œ‘„Ǥ ‡ ‹ Ž—†‡† –Š‡•‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•ƒ•ƒˆ‹ˆ–Š ƒ–‡‰‘”›Ǥ

(13) –Š‡—Ž–‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‡‘†‡Ž•ǡ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž™ƒ•—•‡†ƒ• –Š‡”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”›Ǥ

(14) ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘‡–‘–ŠŽ›Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‹ ‘‡™ƒ•ƒ•‡†‹͙͛ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡ”ƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘Ž‡•• –Šƒ͂͜͜͝–‘͚͚͂͞͠‘”‘”‡Ǥ

(15) ‘”†‡”–‘ƒ‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹ ‘‡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‘‰ƒŽŽ Socioeconomic inequalities in successful ageing | 79. . 4.

(16) ƒ„Ž‡͙Ǥ‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰

(17) †‹ ƒ–‘” ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‹•–”—‡–

(18) –‡ȋ•Ȍ — –‹‘ƒŽ ͞‹–‡•ƒ•‹‰™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ›‘—™ƒŽ—’ƒ††‘™ƒ ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ”‡•’‘†‡– ‘—Ž†’‡”ˆ‘” •–ƒ‹” ƒ•‡‘ˆ͙͝•–‡’•™‹–Š‘—– •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ †ƒ‹Ž›ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ”‡•–‹‰ǫ  ǥ—•‡‘™‘”’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǫ ǥ —–›‘—”‘™–‘‡ƒ‹Ž•ǫ ǥ†”‡••ƒ†—†”‡••›‘—”•‡Žˆǫ ǥ•‹–†‘™ƒ†•–ƒ†—’ˆ”‘ ƒ Šƒ‹”ǫ ǥ™ƒŽ‘—–•‹†‡†—”‹‰ˆ‹˜‡ ‹—–‡•™‹–Š‘—–•–‘’’‹‰ǫ ‡ŽˆǦ”ƒ–‡† ͙‹–‡ ‘™‹•›‘—”Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǫ Š‡ƒŽ–Š  ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ͚͘Ǧ‹–‡‹‹‡–ƒŽ–ƒ–‡ šƒ’Ž‡•ǣ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ȋȋ͚͡ȌȌ ’‡ŽŽ̺̺„ƒ ™ƒ”†• ‡’‡ƒ–ǡ”‡‡„‡”ǡƒ†”‡ ƒŽŽ  –Š‡ƒ‡•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡‘„Œ‡ –• ‡šƒ’Ž‡•ǣ—”‹‰–Š‡’ƒ•– ‡’”‡••‹˜‡ ͚͘Ǧ‹–‡‡–‡”ˆ‘” •›’–‘• ’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰‹ –—†‹‡• ™‡‡ǣ ‡’”‡••‹‘ ƒŽ‡ȋǦ ǤǤǤ

(19) ˆ‡Ž–Š‘’‡ˆ—Žƒ„‘—––Š‡ ȋ͛͘ȌȌ ˆ—–—”‡  ǥ›ƒ’’‡–‹–‡™ƒ•’‘‘” ǥ

(20) ˆ‡Ž–•ƒ† ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ͙‹–‡ ƒ–‡Ž›ǡŠ‘™•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Šƒ˜‡›‘— ™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡ „‡‡™‹–Š›‘—”Ž‹ˆ‡‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǫ ‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘‡Ž‹‡••. ͝Ǧ‹–‡•—„• ƒŽ‡‘ˆ‡ ‘‰. ‹‡”˜‡Ž†‘‡Ž‹‡•• ƒŽ‡ ȋ͙͛Ȍ . ‘–‹‘ƒŽ •—’’‘”– ‰‹˜‡–‘‘–Š‡”•. ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”––‘‹‡ ‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–‡–™‘” ‡„‡”•ǡ‡š ‡’–’ƒ”–‡” ȋ͚͛Ȍ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ•—’’‘”––‘ ‹‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡–™‘”‡„‡”•ǡ‡š ‡’– ’ƒ”–‡”ȋ͚͛Ȍ ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–›’‡•‘ˆ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• .

(21) •–”—‡–ƒŽ •—’’‘”– ‰‹˜‡–‘‘–Š‡”•. ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›.

(22) –‡”ƒ‰‡ ͙ȋ‘ȌǦ͝ȋ›‡•ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›Ȍ. ƒ‰‡ ͞Ǧ͛͘. ͙ȋ’‘‘”ȌǦ͝ ȋ‡š ‡ŽŽ‡–Ȍ ƒ”‹‡• „‡–™‡‡ ƒ••‹‰‡–•. ͙Ǧ͝. ͘ȋŽ‡••–Šƒ͙ †ƒ›ȌǦ͛ȋ͝Ǧ͟ †ƒ›•Ȍ. ͘Ǧ͘͞. ͘Ǧ͛͘. ͙ȋ˜‡”› ͙Ǧ͝ †‹••ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†ȌǦ͝ ȋ˜‡”›•ƒ–‹•ˆ‹‡†Ȍ ͘ȋ‘ȌǦ͙ȋ‘”‡ ͘Ǧ͝ ‘”Ž‡••Ȁ›‡•Ȍ. Š‡”‡ǯ•ƒŽ™ƒ›••‘‡‘‡

(23)  ƒ –ƒŽ–‘ƒ„‘—–›†ƒ›Ǧ–‘Ǧ†ƒ› ’”‘„Ž‡• Š‡”‡ƒ”‡’Ž‡–›‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡

(24)  ƒŽ‡ƒ‘™Š‡

(25) Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘„Ž‡• Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡

(26)  ƒ –”—•– ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž› Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‡‘—‰Š’‡‘’Ž‡

(27)  ˆ‡‡Ž Ž‘•‡–‘

(28)  ƒ ƒŽŽ‘›ˆ”‹‡†• ™Š‡‡˜‡”

(29) ‡‡†–Š‡ ‘™‘ˆ–‡‹–Š‡’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”†‹† ͘ȋ‡˜‡”ȌǦ͜ ›‘—–ƒŽ–‘ƒ„‘—–Š‹•‘”Š‡” ȋ‘ˆ–‡Ȍ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ† ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ǫ. ͘Ǧ͛͞. ‘™‘ˆ–‡‹–Š‡’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”†‹† ͘ȋ‡˜‡”ȌǦ͜ ›‘—Š‡Ž’™‹–Š†ƒ‹Ž›–ƒ••‹ ȋ‘ˆ–‡Ȍ ƒ†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡Š‘—•‡ǫ. ͘Ǧ͛͞. ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” –Š‡‡Ž†‡”Ž›ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›ǡ Š—” Šǡ•’‘”–• Ž—„ǡ ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘. ͘Ǧ͛͘. ͘ȋ‡˜‡”ȌǦ͠ ȋ†ƒ‹Ž›Ȍ. . 80 | Chapter 4. .

(30) ”‡•’‘†‡–•ǡ™‡–‘‘–Š‡‡†‹ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‡ƒ Š‹ ‘‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”›ƒ†—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†–Š‹•„›͘Ǥ͟ ˆ‘” ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™Š‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ’ƒ”–‡” ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘–Š‡ ‘–ŠŽ› ‹ ‘‡ ȋ͛͜ȌǤ Š‡ „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ †ƒ–ƒ ™ƒ• ‹••‹‰ ȋγ͚͚͛Ȍǡ ™‡ —•‡† ‹ ‘‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •—„•‡“—‡– ‡ƒ•—”‡‡––Šƒ–™ƒ•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ȋ͙͡͡͝Ǧ͙͡͡͞ǣγ͙͚͡Ǣ͙͡͡͠Ǧ͙͡͡͡ǣγ͚͠Ǣ͚͙͘͘Ǧ͚͚͘͘ǣγ͙͚ȌǤ

(31)  ‘‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡•—„•‡“—‡–™ƒ˜‡•™‡”‡ƒ†Œ—•–‡†ˆ‘”‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‘ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ͚Ǥ͟ά’‡”›‡ƒ”ˆ‘”–Š‡͙͚͡͡Ǧ͚͙͘͘’‡”‹‘†ȋ͛͝ȌǤ‡•‹–‹˜‹–›ƒƒŽ›•‡•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–•—„•–‹–—–‹‰ ‹••‹‰ ‹ ‘‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ †‹† ‘– ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ –Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ƒ†ƒ‰‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ǡƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†’”‡ ‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰”‡••‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•Ǥ ‘”†‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•™‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹ ‘‡‹–‘“—‹–‹Ž‡•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡—Ž–‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•™‡ —•‡†–Š‡‡†‹ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š ƒ–‡‰‘”›ȋ ‘””‡ –‡†ˆ‘”‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–‡” ‹ ‘‡Ȍǡƒ†‡š’”‡••‡†–Š‹•‹Š—†”‡†•‘ˆ‡—”‘•ȋ”ƒ‰‡͙Ǥ͝͡Ȃ͚͜Ǥ͛͡ȌǤ –ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽƒŽ›•‡•. 4. ‹”•–ǡ™‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡†‰”‘••ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ™‹–Š„›”‡‰”‡••‹‰–Š‡Ǧ‹†‡šȋ”ƒ‰‡͘Ǧ͡Ȍ ‘‘‡ ‘’‘‡–‘ˆƒ–ƒ–‹‡ǡƒ†Œ—•–‹‰ˆ‘”„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ƒ†•‡š‘Ž›Ǥ—„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ™‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†–Š‡‘•–Ž‹‡Ž›‘”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ ”‘••–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ ‘—”•‡„›ƒ††‹‰ ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘–‘‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ•‡ ‘†‘†‡Žǡƒ†–Š‡ƒ††‹‰‹ ‘‡–‘„‘–Š‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ –Š‹”† ‘†‡ŽǤ ‡ ƒ••‡••‡† –Š‡ ƒ‰‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”Žƒ’ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ ‡ƒ Š ‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ  ƒ†  „› ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ”‡‰”‡••‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–• ƒˆ–‡” ƒ††‹‰ ‡ƒ Š ‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ  ‹ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡ ‘†‡Ž•Ǥ ‡ ‘†ǡ ™‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡†‹‡Ž‘‰‹•–‹ ”‡‰”‡••‹‘ƒƒŽ›•‡•–Šƒ–ƒ••‡••‡†–Š‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡ƒ† ‡ƒ Š•‹‰Ž‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡Ǧ‹†‡šǤ

(32) –Š‡•‡‘†‡Ž•ǡƒŽŽ ‘’‘‡–•™‡”‡ •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› ƒ††‡† –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ ‡– ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š Ǥ Š‹”†ǡ ‹ ‡‹‰Š–‡‡ Ž‹‡ƒ” ‘†‡Ž•™‡”‡‰”‡••‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–‡” ‡’–ƒ†•Ž‘’‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ǧ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ ǤŠ‡•‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•ƒ‹‡†–‘ƒ••‡••™Š‡–Š‡”•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•™‡”‡’”‡•‡–‹–Š‡ „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡‡ƒ•—”‡‡–ƒ†Ȁ‘” Šƒ‰‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’Ǥ  ‡•—Ž–• ‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡”‡•—Ž–•  ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ ”‡•’‘†‡–• Šƒ† •— ‡••ˆ—Ž –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• ˆ‘” ͝Ǥ͝ ‘—– ‘ˆ ‹‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ •— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰ȋƒ„Ž‡͚ȌǤ‘‡Šƒ†͘Ǥ͞•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•Ž‡••–Šƒ‡ǤŠ‡‘Ž†‡•– ƒ‰‡‰”‘—’™ƒ••— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›–™‘‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ž‡••–Šƒ–Š‡›‘—‰‡•–Ǥ‡ƒ•ˆ‘” –Š‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹ ‘‡‰”‘—’••Š‘™‡† ‘•‹•–‡–’‘•‹–‹˜‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–•‹–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹ ‘‡Ǥ  —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‹ŽŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒŽ•‘ •Š‘™‡† ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‰”ƒ†‹‡– ™‹–Š ǡ „—– ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™Š‘ ‡˜‡” Šƒ† ƒ ’ƒ‹† Œ‘„ Šƒ† ‘ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡͘Ǥ͛Š‹‰Š‡”• ‘”‡•–Šƒ–Š‘•‡™‹–Š‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ . Socioeconomic inequalities in successful ageing | 81. .

(33) ƒ„Ž‡͚ǤŠƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •‘ˆ͚ǡ͘͡͝Ž†‡”†—Ž–•ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ͙͚͡͡Ǧ͚͘͘͠ ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡  ˜ƒŽ‹† ȋȌȀά  ‡ƒȋȌ ’Ǧ˜ƒŽǤ ‰‡‹͙͚͡͡ ‘–‹—‘—• ͚͘͡͝ ͞͡Ǥ͙ȋ͠Ǥ͝Ȍ     ͝͝Ǧ͞͝›‡ƒ”• ͚͙͟   ͞Ǥ͛͜ȋ͙Ǥ͛͟Ȍ   ͞͝Ǧ͟͝›‡ƒ”• ͘͟͡   ͝Ǥ͜͜ȋ͚Ǥ͘͘Ȍ   ͟͝Ǧ͠͝›‡ƒ”• ͞͞͝   ͜Ǥ͛͜ȋ͙Ǥ͟͡Ȍ ζǤ͙͘͘. ‡†‡” ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ ͙͙͛͘ ͚͝Ǥ͞  ͝Ǥ͙͡ȋ͚Ǥ͘͜Ȍ   ƒŽ‡ ͚͡͡ ͜͟Ǥ͜  ͝Ǥ͟͝ȋ͙Ǥ͡͞Ȍ ζǤ͙͘͘ — ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰

(34) †‡š• ‘”‡ ͚͘͡͝ ͝Ǥ͝ȋ͚Ǥ͚͘Ȍ     ͘•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•„Ȍ ͙͝ ͘Ǥ͟     ͙ ͞͝ ͛Ǥ͙     ͚ ͙͙͙ ͝Ǥ͛     ͛ ͙͟͠ ͠Ǥ͡     ͜ ͚͘͠ ͙͛Ǥ͜     ͝ ͛͝͡ ͙͟Ǥ͙     ͞ ͛͘͞ ͙͟Ǥ͚     ͟ ͛͜͞ ͙͟Ǥ͜     ͠ ͚͟͜ ͙͛Ǥ͙     ͡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡• ͘͠ ͛Ǥ͠        ά™‹–ŠƒǮ•— ‡••ˆ—Žǯ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›ˆ‘”„Ȍǣ     — –‹‘ƒŽŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ͚͚͘͡ Ȍ ͘͞Ǥ͡  ‡ŽˆǦ”ƒ–‡†Š‡ƒŽ–Š ͚͘͡͝ ͞͝Ǥ͛     ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ͚͘͜͡ ͛͟Ǥ͟     ‡’”‡••‹˜‡•›’–‘• ͚͛͘͡ ͜͞Ǥ͟     ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–Š‹ˆ‡ ͙͡͡͠ ͟͠Ǥ͞     ‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‘‡Ž‹‡•• ͚͘͡͝ ͟͠Ǥ͜     ‘–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡ ͚͘͡͝ ͟͞Ǥ͜    

(35) •–”—‡–ƒŽ•—’’‘”– ͚͘͡͝ ͚͠Ǥ͚    ‰‹˜‡  ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–› ͚͘͠͝ ͚͙Ǥ͝   

(36) †‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ’‘•‹–‹‘      †— ƒ–‹‘ ‘Ǥ›‡ƒ”•ȋ͝Ǧ͙͠Ȍ ͚͘͡͝ ͠Ǥ͡ȋ͛Ǥ͚͡Ȍ     Ž‡‡–ƒ”›‘– ͚͙͘ ͡Ǥ͞  ͜Ǥ͡͠ȋ͙Ǥ͡͡Ȍ  ‘’Ž‡–‡†  Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ͘͞͝ ͙͛Ǥ͘  ͜Ǥ͠͝ȋ͚Ǥ͚͘Ȍ   ‘™ ͛͜͡ ͚͙Ǥ͘  ͝Ǥ͘͟ȋ͚Ǥ͘͜Ȍ  

(37) –‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ ͝͝͡ ͚͞Ǥ͟  ͝Ǥ͠͠ȋ͙Ǥ͠͠Ȍ   ‹‰Š ͚͜͞ ͙͙Ǥ͟  ͞Ǥ͘͠ȋ͙Ǥ͜͠Ȍ ζǤ͙͘͘  —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž ͚͘͡͝      Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ͙͝͠ ͟Ǥ͞  ͜Ǥ͘͞ȋ͚Ǥ͙͚Ȍ   ‘™ ͜͞͠ ͛͘Ǥ͡  ͝Ǥ͚͞ȋ͚Ǥ͚͘Ȍ   ‡†‹— ͚͟͝ ͛͜Ǥ͞  ͝Ǥ͛͠ȋ͙Ǥ͙͡Ȍ   ‹‰Š ͚͡͠ ͙͜Ǥ͚  ͝Ǥ͙͡ȋ͙Ǥ͡͝Ȍ   ‡˜‡”Šƒ†ƒ’ƒ‹†Œ‘„ ͚͞͞ ͙͚Ǥ͟  ͜Ǥ͚͡ȋ͚Ǥ͛͘Ȍ ζǤ͙͘͘ ‘–‹—‘—•ȋ͙͂͝͡Ȃ͚͛͜͡Ȍ ͚͘͡͝ ͚͡͞ȋ͚͜͝Ȍ   

(38)  ‘‡†Ȍ  ‹”•–“—‹–‹Ž‡ȋζ͂͘͘͞Ȍ ͚͛͜ ͚͘Ǥ͚  ͜Ǥ͟͟ȋ͚Ǥ͙͙Ȍ   ‡ ‘†“—‹–‹Ž‡ȋ͘͘͞Ǧ͘͘͟Ȍ ͚͜͝ ͚͘Ǥ͚  ͜Ǥ͡͡ȋ͙Ǥ͡͞Ȍ   Š‹”†“—‹–‹Ž‡ȋ͘͘͟Ǧ͘͘͡Ȍ ͚͜͟ ͚͘Ǥ͜  ͝Ǥ͛͠ȋ͙Ǥ͡͠Ȍ   ‘—”–Š“—‹–‹Ž‡ȋ͘͘͡Ǧ͙͚͘͝Ȍ ͙͘͜ ͙͡Ǥ͞  ͝Ǥ͜͡ȋ͙Ǥ͘͡Ȍ   ‹ˆ–Š“—‹–‹Ž‡ȋῆ͙͚͘͝Ȍ ͙͘͜ ͙͡Ǥ͞  ͞Ǥ͚͝ȋ͙Ǥ͟͞Ȍ ζǤ͙͘͘ ƒȌ  ‘”‡•ˆ‘””‡•’‘†‡–•™‹–Š‡‹‰Š–˜ƒŽ‹†‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•ȋγ͙͚͞Ȍ™‡”‡”‡• ƒŽ‡†–‘͘Ǧ͡ „Ȍ ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‘•–‡”‹‘” Žƒ••’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–› Ȍ —„‡”‘ˆ”‡•’‘†‡–•’‡”‹†‹ ƒ–‘”ƒ›˜ƒ”›•‹ ‡”‡•’‘†‡–•™‹–Š‘‡‘”–™‘‹••‹‰ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”ȋ•Ȍ™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡† †Ȍ ƒ•‡†‘„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ȋ͙͚͡͡ȌǤ‹••‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡•™‡”‡”‡’Žƒ ‡†„›‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘ •—„•‡“—‡–‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•ƒ† ‘””‡ –‡†ˆ‘”‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘Ǥ

(39)  ‘‡ˆ‘””‡•’‘†‡–•™Š‘•‡’ƒ”–‡” ‘–”‹„—–‡†™‡”‡—Ž–‹’Ž‹‡†„›͘Ǥ͟ 82 | Chapter 4. .

(40) Socioeconomic inequalities in successful ageing | 83. . ƒ„Ž‡͛Ǥ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†

(41)  ‘‡ƒ†–Š‡Ǧ‹†‡šˆ‘”͚ǡ͘͡͝Ž†‡”†—Ž–•ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ͙͚͡͡Ǧ͚͘͘͠  ‘†‡Ž͙ƒ ‘†‡Ž͙„ ‘†‡Ž͙  ‘†‡Ž͚ ‘†‡Ž͛      ‡–ƒ  ‡–ƒ ͡͝ά

(42)  „‡–ƒ ͡͝άǤ

(43) Ǥ „‡–ƒ ͡͝άǤ

(44) Ǥ „‡–ƒ ͡͝άǤ

(45) Ǥ ȟƒȌ ͡͝άǤ

(46) Ǥ ȟ ‘˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‡•                ‰‡ȋ›‡ƒ”•Ȍ Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘ Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͜ Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘ Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͜ Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘ Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͜ Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘ Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͜ Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͡ Ǧ͘Ǥ͛͡ Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͙ǡǦ͘Ǥ͘͡ Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͙ǡǦ͘Ǥ͘͡ Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͙ǡǦ͘Ǥ͘͡ Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͙ǡǦ͘Ǥ͘͡ Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘ǡǦ͘Ǥ͘͠. ‡†‡” Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͜  Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͛  Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͜  Ǧ͘Ǥ͚͡  Ǧ͘Ǥ͚͝  ȋ͙γˆ‡ƒŽ‡Ȍ Ǧ͘Ǥ͝͞ǡǦ͘Ǥ͚͜ Ǧ͘Ǥ͜͠ǡǦ͘Ǥ͙͛ Ǧ͘Ǥ͝͠ǡǦ͘Ǥ͚͝ Ǧ͘Ǥ͜͞ǡǦ͘Ǥ͙͚ Ǧ͘Ǥ͚͜ǡǦ͘Ǥ͘͟                  ‘’‘‡–•               †— ƒ–‹‘ ͘Ǥ͘͡ ͘Ǥ͙͜       ͘Ǥ͘͟ ͘Ǥ͙͚ ͘Ǥ͘͞ ͘Ǥ͘͡ ȋ›‡ƒ”•Ȍ ͘Ǥ͘͞ǡ͘Ǥ͙͙ ͘Ǥ͘͜ǡ͘Ǥ͙͘ Ǧ͙͜Ǥ͛ά ͘Ǥ͚͘ǡ͘Ǥ͘͡ Ǧ͛͝Ǥ͟ά                  —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Žȋ”‡ˆγ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›Ȍ Ž‘™    ͘Ǥ͝͝     ͘Ǥ͘͝  ͘Ǥ͜͡  ͘Ǥ͚͜ǡ͘Ǥ͟͠ ͘Ǥ͙͡ǡ͘Ǥ͙͠ Ǧ͡Ǥ͙ά ͘Ǥ͙͠ǡ͘Ǥ͘͠ Ǧ͙͘Ǥ͡ά ‡†‹—    ͘Ǥ͚͡     ͘Ǥ͟͝  ͘Ǥ͚͟  ͘Ǥ͘͞ǡ͙Ǥ͚͜ ͘Ǥ͛͜ǡ͙Ǥ͘͠ Ǧ͙͡Ǥ͝ά ͘Ǥ͛͡ǡ͙Ǥ͘͜ Ǧ͚͙Ǥ͟ά Š‹‰Š    ͙Ǥ͘͠     ͘Ǥ͛͞  ͘Ǥ͚͝  ͘Ǥ͛͟ǡ͙Ǥ͜͜ ͘Ǥ͚͛ǡ͙Ǥ͛͘ Ǧ͙͜Ǥ͟ά ͘Ǥ͙͚ǡ͘Ǥ͚͡ Ǧ͙͝Ǥ͡ά ‡˜‡”Šƒ†ƒ’ƒ‹†Œ‘„   ͘Ǥ͚͝     ͘Ǥ͜͡  ͘Ǥ͜͠  ͘Ǥ͙͞ǡ͘Ǥ͟͠ ͘Ǥ͙͜ǡ͘Ǥ͠͝ Ǧ͝Ǥ͠ά ͘Ǥ͙͚ǡ͘Ǥ͛͠ Ǧ͟Ǥ͟ά                

(47)  ‘‡ȋ’‡”͙͘͘‡—”‘Ȍ     ͘Ǥ͘͞ ͘Ǥ͙͛    ͘Ǥ͘͜ ͘Ǥ͘͠ ͘Ǥ͘͜ǡ͘Ǥ͘͠ ͘Ǥ͚͘ǡ͘Ǥ͘͞ Ǧ͛͠Ǥ͝ά ƒȌ ȟ•Š‘™•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡”‡‰”‡••‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘†‡Ž͙. 4. .

(48) ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ‘’‘‡–•”ƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘͘Ǥ͛͜ȋ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹ ‘‡Ȍ–‘͘Ǥ͟͝ ȋ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ–”‹š ‹ –Š‡ •—’’Ž‡‡– –‘ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ȌǤ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‘’‘‡–• ‘ˆ  ƒ† –Š‡ Ǧ‹†‡š ™‡”‡ ”γ͘Ǥ͚͚ ȋ‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ ”γ͘Ǥ͙͡ȋ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡƒ†”γ͘Ǥ͚͜ȋ‹ ‘‡ȌǤ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ™‡”‡Ž‘™ –‘ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡ǡ ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘ ͘Ǥ͘͜ ȋ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ƒ† •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š Ž‹ˆ‡Ȍ –‘ ͘Ǥ͛͜ ȋ†‡’”‡••‹˜‡•›’–‘•ƒ†•‡ŽˆǦ”ƒ–‡†Š‡ƒŽ–ŠȌǤ  ƒ†–Š‡Ǧ‹†‡š ‡ ˆ‘—† ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‰”‘•• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘• ȋƒ†Œ—•–‡† ˆ‘” ƒ‰‡ ƒ† •‡š ‘Ž›Ȍ „‡–™‡‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹ ‘‡ǡƒ†‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†–Š‡Ǧ‹†‡šȋƒ„Ž‡͛Ǣ‘†‡Ž•͙ƒǦ ȌǤ‡˜‡”Šƒ˜‹‰ Šƒ†ƒŒ‘„™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ‘†‡Ž͚ •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ–ǡ ƒ†Œ—•–‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ‰‡ ƒ† •‡šǡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‹ŽŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž ™ƒ• ‹†‡’‡†‡–Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”Ǥ

(49)  ‘’ƒ”‹•‘™‹–Š‘†‡Ž͙ƒǡƒ††‹‰‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ƒ––‡—ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†  „› ͙͜Ǥ͛άǤ ‘†‡Ž ͛ •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ–ǡ ƒ†Œ—•–‡† ˆ‘” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ‰‡ ƒ† •‡šǡ ‹ ‘‡ ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ† ƒ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ƒ† ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š Ǥ ††‹‰ ‹ ‘‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ ƒ––‡—ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†  „› ƒ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ͚͙Ǥ͜άǤ

(50) ‘†‡Ž͛ǡƒŽŽ ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ”‡–ƒ‹‡†ƒ‹†‡’‡†‡–ƒ†’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š Ǥ –ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡† ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–• •—‰‰‡•–‡† –Šƒ– ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ƒ •Ž‹‰Š–Ž› •–”‘‰‡”’”‡†‹ –‘”‘ˆ–Šƒ‹ ‘‡Ǥ  ƒ†‹‰Ž‡

(51) †‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰

(52) ‘”†‡”–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‹ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ ƒ‰‹‰ǡ ™‡ ‡šƒ‹‡† –Š‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡  ƒ† ‡ƒ Š •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‘” ‘ˆ  ȋƒ„Ž‡͜ȌǤ ‹‰Š‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”‘††•‘ˆŠƒ˜‹‰ƒ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”› ‹ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡƒ†‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡Ǥ ‹‰Š‡”‹ ‘‡ ™ƒ• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡” ‘††• ‘ˆ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž ƒ‰‹‰ ‹ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ •‡ŽˆǦ”ƒ–‡† Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡ǡƒ†•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡ ˆ‘” ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† †‡’”‡••‹˜‡ •›’–‘• ‘Ž› –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•™‹–ŠŽ‘™ƒ†‡†‹—•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•Šƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”‘††•‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘”‡•’‘†‡–•™‹–Š‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ ‘”•‡ŽˆǦ”ƒ–‡†Š‡ƒŽ–Š–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ Ž‡ƒ”’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‰”ƒ†‹‡–ǡ„—–ǡƒ†Œ—•–‹‰ˆ‘”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹ ‘‡ǡ”‡•’‘†‡–•™Š‘‡˜‡”Šƒ†ƒ’ƒ‹†Œ‘„Šƒ† –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– ‘††• ‘ˆ •— ‡•• ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”› •‹ŽŽ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ  ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‰”ƒ†‹‡– ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡”•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž™ƒ•ˆ‘—†ˆ‘” ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ǡ„—–”‡•’‘†‡–•™Š‘‡˜‡”Šƒ†ƒ’ƒ‹† Œ‘„†‹†‘–†‹ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž‹‘††•‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‹• ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”Ǥ ‘” ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ •—’’‘”– ‰‹˜‡ǡ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™‹–Š Ž‘™ ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ‡˜‡”Šƒ†ƒ’ƒ‹†Œ‘„ǡŠƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”‘††•‘ˆ•— ‡•• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‘•‡™‹–Š‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”› 84 | Chapter 4. .

(53) Socioeconomic inequalities in successful ageing | 85. . ͙Ǥ͙͘ǡ͙Ǥ͘͞. ͙Ǥ͙͘ǡ͙Ǥ͘͟. ͙Ǥ͛͘ǡ͙Ǥ͙͙. ͙Ǥ͘͟. . ͘Ǥ͙͞ǡ͙Ǥ͘͝. ͘Ǥ͡͝. ͙Ǥ͘͟ǡ͛Ǥ͜͠. ͙Ǥ͛͡. ͙Ǥ͚͠ǡ͛Ǥ͙͙. ͚Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͛͡ǡ͚Ǥ͙͙. ͙Ǥ͘͜. ͘Ǥ͡͡ǡ͙Ǥ͘͜. ͙Ǥ͚͘. . ͘Ǥ͠͡ǡ͚Ǥ͙͘. ͙Ǥ͛͜. ͘Ǥ͙͠ǡ͚Ǥ͙͘. ͙Ǥ͛͘. ͙Ǥ͙͝ǡ͚Ǥ͜͝. ͙Ǥ͞͠. ͙Ǥ͘͝ǡ͚Ǥ͙͜. ͙Ǥ͘͝. . . . ͘Ǥ͡͡ǡ͙Ǥ͘͟. ͙Ǥ͛͘. ‡’”‡••Ǥ •›’–‘ ȋ

(54) Ȍ. ͙Ǥ͘͘ǡ͙Ǥ͘͠. ͙Ǥ͘͜. . ͘Ǥ͟͞ǡ͚Ǥ͙͜. ͙Ǥ͚͘. ͘Ǥ͚͜ǡ͙Ǥ͜͞. ͘Ǥ͛͠. ͘Ǥ͚͟͟Ǥ͚͠. ͙Ǥ͛͛. ͘Ǥ͙͞ǡ͙Ǥ͞͞. ͙Ǥ͘͘. . . . ͘Ǥ͡͞ǡ͙Ǥ͘͟. ͙Ǥ͙͘. ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –Ǥ ™‹–Š‹ˆ‡ ȋ

(55) Ȍ. ͘Ǥ͡͠ǡ͙Ǥ͘͜. ͙Ǥ͙͘. . ͘Ǥ͞͝ǡ͙Ǥ͞͡. ͙Ǥ͘͝. ͘Ǥ͝͠ǡ͙Ǥ͟͜. ͙Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͘͟ǡ͙Ǥ͙͟. ͙Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͛͞ǡ͙Ǥ͜͟. ͘Ǥ͟͡. . . . ͘Ǥ͜͡ǡ͙Ǥ͚͘. ͘Ǥ͡͠. ‘ ‹ƒŽ Ž‘‡Ž‹‡•• ȋ

(56) Ȍ. ͙Ǥ͙͘ǡ͙Ǥ͘͞. ͙Ǥ͛͘. . ͙Ǥ͘͠ǡ͚Ǥ͜͝. ͙Ǥ͚͞. ͘Ǥ͙͡ǡ͚Ǥ͛͜. ͙Ǥ͜͡. ͙Ǥ͙͜ǡ͚Ǥ͜͞. ͙Ǥ͞͠. ͙Ǥ͙͛ǡ͚Ǥ͛͜. ͙Ǥ͛͞. . . . ͙Ǥ͘͝ǡ͙Ǥ͙͜. ͙Ǥ͙͘. ‘–‹‘ƒŽ •—’’‘”– ȋ

(57) Ȍ. ‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ȋ

(58) Ȍ ͘Ǥ͟͡ ͘Ǥ͛͡ǡ͙Ǥ͚͘    ͙Ǥ͛͛ ͘Ǥ͜͠ǡ͚Ǥ͘͡ ͙Ǥ͚͝ ͘Ǥ͡͝ǡ͚Ǥ͜͜ ͙Ǥ͞͡ ͘Ǥ͡͝ǡ͛Ǥ͚͘ ͙Ǥ͘͝ ͘Ǥ͙͡ǡ͚Ǥ͜͡  ͘Ǥ͡͡ ͘Ǥ͡͞ǡ͙Ǥ͙͘.

(59) •–”—Ǥ •—’’‘”– ȋ

(60) Ȍ ͙Ǥ͘͜ ͙Ǥ͘͘ǡ͙Ǥ͘͡    ͘Ǥ͘͡ ͘Ǥ͝͠ǡ͙Ǥ͘͜ ͙Ǥ͘͜ ͘Ǥ͞͞ǡ͙Ǥ͛͞ ͘Ǥ͘͡ ͘Ǥ͚͝ǡ͙Ǥ͟͝ ͙Ǥ͚͘ ͘Ǥ͡͠ǡ͙Ǥ͘͜  ͙Ǥ͙͘ ͘Ǥ͡͠ǡ͙Ǥ͘͜. ŽŽŽ‘‰‹•–‹ ”‡‰”‡••‹‘ƒƒŽ›•‡•™‡”‡ƒ†Œ—•–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡ƒ†•‡šǤ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘—–—ƒŽŽ›ƒ†Œ—•–‡†Ǥ—– ‘‡‹•™Š‡–Š‡” ”‡•’‘†‡–Šƒ†ƒǮ•— ‡••ˆ—Žǯ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”›‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”‘ˆ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰Ǥㆆ•ƒ–‹‘Ǣ

(61) γ͡͝ά‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡

(62) –‡”˜ƒŽ. ͙Ȍ. ͙Ǥ͛͘. . ͙Ǥ͚͛ǡ͚Ǥ͟͟. ͙Ǥ͠͝. ͙Ǥ͚͘ǡ͚Ǥ͞͞. ͙Ǥ͞͝. ͙Ǥ͘͜ǡ͚Ǥ͙͠. ͙Ǥ͘͝. ͙Ǥ͘͘ǡ͚Ǥ͚͘. ͙Ǥ͚͜. ͙Ǥ͘͜. . .

(63)  ‘‡ȋ͙͂͘͘Ȍ. ͘Ǥ͟͠ǡ͚Ǥ͙͝. ͙Ǥ͛͟. ͘Ǥ͛͡ǡ͚Ǥ͙͟. ͙Ǥ͝͡. ͙Ǥ͚͜ǡ͚Ǥ͠͠. ͙Ǥ͠͡. ͙Ǥ͙͘ǡ͚Ǥ͜͝. ͙Ǥ͜͞. . ‡˜‡”Šƒ†ƒŒ‘„. .  ‹‰Š. . ‡†‹—. . ‘™. . . . . .  —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Žȋ”‡ˆγ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›Ȍ. ͙Ǥ͘͠ǡ͙Ǥ͙͠. ͙Ǥ͙͛. ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘ ȋ

(64) Ȍ. . . . ͘Ǥ͡͠ǡ͙Ǥ͘͞. ͙Ǥ͚͘. ‡ŽˆǦƒ–‡† Š‡ƒŽ–Š ȋ

(65) Ȍ. . ͙Ǥ͘͘ǡ͙Ǥ͘͡. ͙Ǥ͘͝. — –‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘• ȋ

(66) Ȍ. . †— ƒ–‹‘ȋ›‡ƒ”•Ȍ.  . ‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ͙͚͡͡Ǧ͚͙͘͘͠Ȍ. ƒ„Ž‡͜Ǥ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†

(67)  ‘‡ƒ†‹‡

(68) †‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰ˆ‘”͚ǡ͘͡͝Ž†‡”†—Ž–•ǡ–Š‡. 4. .

(69) 86 | Chapter 4. ͘Ǥ͙͘. . ͘Ǥ͘͝. . . ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͘͞. ͘Ǥ͘͠. Ǧ͘Ǥ͛͘. . ͘Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͠͝ȗ. ͘Ǥ͘͞. ͘Ǥ͛͠. . ͘Ǥ͘͜ȗ. ‡†‹—. ‹‰Š. ‡˜‡”Šƒ†ƒŒ‘„ ͘Ǥ͙͘ȗ. . ͘Ǥ͙͞ȗ. ͘Ǥ͙͚. ͘Ǥ͙͚ȗ. ͘Ǥ͙͙ȗ. ή͘Ǥ͘ȗ. . ͘Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͛͘ȗ. . Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͙. ͘Ǥ͙͜ȗ. ͘Ǥ͘͝ȗ. ͘Ǥ͛͜ȗ. .  ͘Ǥ͘͘. . ͘Ǥ͘͞ȗ. ͚͟Ǥ͚͝. . Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͚͘. ͘Ǥ͙͘ȗ. . Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͘͡ȗ. ͘Ǥ͙͙ȗ. ͘Ǥ͘͠ȗ. . . ͘Ǥ͙͘ȗ. Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͜. . Ǧ͘Ǥ͛͘. . Ǧ͙Ǥ͙ȗ. Ǧ͙Ǥ͙ȗ. Ǧ͙Ǥ͝ȗ. Ǧ͙Ǥ͚ȗ. . . Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͞. ͟Ǥ͞͠.

(70) . Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. . ͘Ǥ͘͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͘͘. . . Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͙͟. . ͘Ǥ͙͘ȗ. . Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͚͘. ͘Ǥ͙͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͛͘. . . Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. ͜Ǥ͘͠.

(71) . ͘Ǥ͘͘. . ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͙͘. . . ͘Ǥ͘͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘. . Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. . ͘Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͘͟. Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͜. ͘Ǥ͚͘. . . Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͛͡.

(72) . ͘Ǥ͘͘. . ͘Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͙͘. . . ͘Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͛͘. . ͘Ǥ͘͞ȗ. . ͘Ǥ͡͞ȗ. ͘Ǥ͟͠. ͙Ǥ͙͟ȗ. ͙Ǥ͚͘ȗ. . . ͘Ǥ͙͠ȗ. ͚͙Ǥ͙͡.

(73) . Ǧ͘Ǥ͘ȗ. . Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. . . Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. ͘Ǥ͘͝. . ͘Ǥ͛͘. . ͘Ǥ͙͟. Ǧ͘Ǥ͛͞. Ǧ͘Ǥ͚͛. Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͛. . . ͘Ǥ͙͙ȗ. ͙͛Ǥ͝͞.

(74) . Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘. . ͘Ǥ͘͜. ͘Ǥ͛͝ȗ. ͘Ǥ͜͞ȗ. ͘Ǥ͚͠. . . Ǧ͘Ǥ͛͘. ͚Ǥ͜͞. ͘Ǥ͘͘. . Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘ȗ. Ǧ͘Ǥ͘ȗ. Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͘. . . ͘Ǥ͘͘. Ǧ͘Ǥ͘͜. ŽŽ•Ž‘’‡ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡†ˆ”‘œ‡”‘ƒ–’ζǤ͙͘͘ǡ‡š ‡’–ˆ‘”•ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ–’ζǤ͙͘. . Ž‘’‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ”‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰›‡ƒ”Ž›”ƒ–‡‘ˆ Šƒ‰‡ǤǤ‰Ǥƒ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘ˆ‹ ‘‡ƒ†–Š‡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰•Ž‘’‡‘ˆ͘Ǥ͙͘‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‰‹˜‡–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ͘Ǥ͙͜. ’‡”›‡ƒ”ǡ™‹–Š‡ƒ Š͙͘͘‡—”‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹‹ ‘‡ǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‡•„›͘Ǥ͙͘Ž‡••’‡”›‡ƒ”ǡƒ†Œ—•–‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‹–Š‡‘†‡Ž. Ȍ. . Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͘͟. ͘Ǥ͛͘. . . Ǧ͘Ǥ͙͘. ͘Ǥ͘͝. . ‡’‘”–‡†ƒ”‡„Ǧ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•Ǥ‘†‡Ž•™‡”‡ƒ†Œ—•–‡†ˆ‘”ƒ‰‡ǡ•‡šƒ†ƒŽŽ ‘’‘‡–•Ǥ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•ƒ”‡†™‹–Šȗƒ”‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ––Š‡’ζ͘Ǥ͘͝ǦŽ‡˜‡Žȋ–™‘Ǧ–ƒ‹Ž‡†Ȍ. „Ȍ. ƒȌ.

(75)  ‘‡ȋ͙͂͘͘Ȍ. . ͘Ǥ͛͘. ͘Ǥ͟͡ȗ. ‘™.  —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Žȋ”‡ˆγ‡Ž‡‡–ƒ”›Ȍ. . †— ƒ–‹‘ȋ›‡ƒ”•Ȍ. ƒ†Ž‹‡ƒ”•Ž‘’‡ . ͛Ǥ͞͞.

(76) . . Ǧ͘Ǥ͛͠. Ȍ. .

(77) . ͚͟Ǥ͡͞. ‡ƒ‹–‡” ‡’–.

(78) . •—’’‘”–.  . •—’’‘”–.

(79) . Ž‘‡Ž‹‡••. . ™‹–Š‹ˆ‡. ƒ –‹˜‹–›. •›’–‘•. „Ȍ. ˆ— –‹‘‹‰. Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•. . Š‡ƒŽ–Š. ‘ ‹ƒŽ. ƒ„Ž‡͝Ǥ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š”‡‡ ‘’‘‡–•‘ˆƒ†

(80) †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ

(81) –‡” ‡’–ȋ

(82) Ȍƒ†Ž‘’‡ȋȌƒŽ—‡•ˆ‘”‹‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰ ‹͚ǡ͘͡͝Ž†‡”†—Ž–•ǡ–Š‡‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ͙͚͡͡Ǧ͚͘͘͠ƒȌ — –‹‘ƒŽ ‡ŽˆǦƒ–‡† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ‡’”‡••‹˜‡ ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘ ‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–‹‘ƒŽ

(83) •–”—‡–ƒŽ.

(84) ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™ǯ•ˆ‘”Š‹‰Š‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž™‡”‡‘Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡† ƒˆ–‡”ƒ†Œ—•–‡–ˆ‘”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹ ‘‡Ǥ  ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–‡” ‡’–•ƒ†•Ž‘’‡•ˆ‘”‡ƒ Š•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰‹†‹ ƒ–‘” Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –™‘ ƒƒŽ›•‡• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ •‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹  ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‹ Ǯ•— ‡••ˆ—Žǯ –”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ǡ ƒ• †‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ–‡–Žƒ••‘†‡Ž•Ǥƒ•‡†‘‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‹–‡” ‡’–ƒ†•Ž‘’‡˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ™‡‘™ ƒ††”‡••–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘–‘™Šƒ–‡š–‡–•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹ˆ— –‹‘‹‰™‡”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ–„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ǡ‘” ‘–‹—‡†–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’†—”‹‰ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’Ǥ‡ˆ‘—†–Šƒ– •‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•™‡”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡š‹•–‡–ƒ–„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ǡƒ†‹ƒˆ‡™‹•–ƒ ‡• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‘”†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’ȋƒ„Ž‡͝ȌǤ ‘” ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰™‡ˆ‘—† ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡†‡ Ž‹‡‘ˆ͘Ǥ͙͜’‡”›‡ƒ”ȋ’ζǤ͙͘͘ȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†‹ ‘‡™‹–Š–Š‡•Ž‘’‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ– ‘‰‹–‹˜‡†‡ Ž‹‡ ™ƒ•Ž‡•••–”‘‰™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”ǡƒ†ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ‡ Ž‹‡‹•‡ŽˆǦ ”ƒ–‡† Š‡ƒŽ–Š ™ƒ• Ž‡•• •–”‘‰ ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡” ‹ ‘‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ ‘ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ •—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›͘Ǥ͘͝’‡”›‡ƒ”ȋ’ζǤ͙͘͘ȌǤ‡•’‹–‡‹‹–‹ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•‹‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ •—’’‘”–™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”ǡ–Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡‹ ‘‡ƒ†–Š‡•Ž‘’‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡• Ž‡••‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‘˜‡”–‹‡™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”ǡƒ†–Š—•ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘˜‡”–‹‡Ǥ ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•™‡”‡Š‹‰Š‡”™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Žǡ„—––Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›•–”‘‰‡”†‡ Ž‹‡‘˜‡”–‹‡ǡƒŽ•‘‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡ ‹Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›‘˜‡”–‹‡ƒ‘‰‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‰”‘—’•Ǥ  ‹• —••‹‘ Š‹• •–—†› ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” Š‹‰Š‡”  ‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ — ‡••ˆ—Ž ‰‹‰ǡ—•‹‰ƒ‡ƒ•—”‡‡–‘ˆ„ƒ•‡†‘͙͞Ǧ›‡ƒ”–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‹‹‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ǡ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰‹‘Ž†ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†‹ ‘‡‘’ƒ”–Ž›‘˜‡”Žƒ’’‡†ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„›•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹–Š‡ƒ‰‹–—†‡‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ ‡ƒ Š  ‘’‘‡– ƒ†  ƒˆ–‡” ƒ†Œ—•–‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•Ǥ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”†‹œ‡† ”‡‰”‡••‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘•– •–”‘‰Ž› ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ‹ ‘‡ ƒ† ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ †‘‹ƒ ‡‘ˆ‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹‘Ž†ƒ‰‡‹•‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž‹‡””‡•‡ƒ” Š ȋ͛͞Ȍǡ ƒ† ‹‰Š– „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† „› –Š‡ „”‘ƒ† ‘•‡“—‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ȋŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠȌ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”•ǡ Š‘‹ ‡•ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‹–•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ƒ†‹ ‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘—”•‡Ǥ Š‡‹ Ž—•‹‘‘ˆ‹‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ—‹“—‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘‡’‹”‹ ƒŽŽ›–‡•––Š‡ ‘–‹‘–Šƒ–‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‹ ‘‡’ƒ”–Ž›”‡’”‡•‡–•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’ƒ–Š™ƒ›•–‘™ƒ”†• ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹‘˜‡”ƒŽŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‹‘Ž†ƒ‰‡ȋ͙͜ǡ͙͝ǡ͛͞ȌǤ—”ƒ‹ˆ‹†‹‰•–Šƒ–‡ƒ Š  ‘’‘‡– ”‡–ƒ‹‡† ƒ ‹†‡’‡†‡– ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ǧ‹†‡š •—’’‘”–‡† –Š‹• Socioeconomic inequalities in successful ageing | 87. . 4.

(85) ‘–‹‘Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ—”–Š‡” •’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡•‡ ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ •Š‘™‹‰ –Šƒ– ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‹ ‘‡™‡”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š—Ž–‹’Ž‡„—–’ƒ”–Ž›†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆǤ ƒ Š ‹†‹ ƒ–‘” ‘ˆ  ™ƒ• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š Š‹‰Š‡” ‘††• ‘ˆ  ‹ — –‹‘ƒŽ ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ — –‹‘‹‰ǡ ƒ† ‘–‹‘ƒŽ —’’‘”– ‹˜‡Ǥ †— ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• —‹“—‡Ž› ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š‹

(86) •–”—‡–ƒŽ—’’‘”–ǡ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž™ƒ•—‹“—‡Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹ ‡’”‡••‹˜‡›’–‘•ǡƒ†‹ ‘‡™ƒ•—‹“—‡Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‹‘™‹–Š‹ˆ‡Ǥ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡•‡”‡•—Ž–•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ’”‡˜‹‘—• ƒŽŽ•–‘‘–—•‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ ‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž› ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰› ȋ͙͜Ȍǡ „—– –‘ ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡‹” •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ ‘—– ‘‡•‘ˆ‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆ‘‡Ǧƒ‘–Š‡”Ǥ

(87)  ‘–”ƒ•––‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆǡ™‡ˆ‘—†‘•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‹•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‘‡Ž‹‡••ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ ‘”Ž‘‡Ž‹‡••ǡƒ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ƒ›„‡–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡‘Ž†‡” ƒ†—Ž–•™‹–ŠŽ‘™‡”–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡•ƒŽŽ‡”•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•ǡ–Š‡›†‘‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›Šƒ˜‡Ž‡•• Ǯ Ž‘•‡ǯ‡–™‘”‡„‡”•ȋ͙͟ȌǤ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡††‹• ”‡’ƒ ›„‡–™‡‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ† †‡•‹”‡†•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹’Ž‹‡•Ž‘‡Ž‹‡••ȋ͙͛Ȍǡƒ›‘–„‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠǤ Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›‹•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•‘–Šƒ– ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘–‘„‡•ƒŽŽ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡‘”’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ȋ͚͛ǡ͛͟ȌǤ

(88) ƒ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ™‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ–‘Ž†‡”ƒ†—Ž–•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‘ˆ–‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹–”ƒ†‡—‹‘•ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‘•‡™‹–ŠŽ‘™‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‘ˆ–‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” Š‡Ž’‹‰ –Š‡ ‡Ž†‡”Ž› ƒ† ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǤŽ†‡”ƒ†—Ž–•™‹–ŠŽ‘™‡”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ƒ–•‹‹Žƒ””ƒ–‡•ǡ„—–‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡• ‘ˆ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ

(89) ‘—”ˆ‹ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•™‡ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‘•–‹†‹ ƒ–‘”•‘ˆǡ•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•™‡”‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‹Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡›™‡”‡‡š‹•–‡–ƒ––Š‡•–ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›ǡƒ†”‡ƒ‹‡†•–ƒ„Ž‡ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—–‘Ž†ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –•ƒŽ•‘•Š‘™‡†‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•†—”‹‰ ‘Ž†ƒ‰‡ǡ‘•–‘–ƒ„Ž› ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ ‘”‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‰‹˜‡ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ ™‡ˆ‘—†•‘‡‡˜‹†‡ ‡ˆ‘”ƒ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡‹‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ‘Ž†ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‹Ž‡‹–‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ ‘—” ƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡ ™‡ ƒ‘– †”ƒ™ ‘ Ž—•‹‘• ƒ„‘—– ™Š‡–Š‡”•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹  ‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ—•‡†‹‹–‹ƒŽ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†ˆ— –‹‘‹‰‘”˜‹ ‡ ˜‡”•ƒȋ͛͠Ȍǡ–Š‡•‡ˆ‹†‹‰••—‰‰‡•––Šƒ– ‘–‹—‡•–‘’Žƒ›ƒ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡†›ƒ‹ •‘ˆƒ‰‡‹‰ —–‹ŽŠ‹‰Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ —„Ž‹ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‹‡•–‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›’”‘‘–‡— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰‘””‡Žƒ–‡† ‘ ‡’–••— Šƒ•  –‹˜‡ ‰‹‰ ȋ͛͡ȌǤ —” ”‡•—Ž–• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ”‡†— ‹‰ •‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹  ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹ƒ›„‡ƒ†˜‹•‡†–‘ˆ‘ —•‘’”‡˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ‡š ‡••‹˜‡†‡ Ž‹‡•‹ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ ƒ†’Š›•‹ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰ƒ‘‰–Š‘•‡™‹–ŠŽ‘™‡”Ǥƒ”Ž›ǦŽ‹ˆ‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥˆ‘ —•‡†‘‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•Žƒ–‡”ǦŽ‹ˆ‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥˆ‘ —•‡†‘™‘” ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•‹Ž‘™Ǧ•‹ŽŽ‡†Œ‘„•Ȍƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Šƒ˜‡ • ‘’‡–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‡“—ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”ƒ ”‘•••‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘—’•Ǥ ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ •–—†› †‡•‹‰ǡ ™‡ ‹ Ž—†‡† ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ƒ† •‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡† •ƒ’Ž‡Ǥ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘ „‹ƒ• ƒ› –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ––”‹–‹‘„‡–™‡‡„ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’‡ƒ•—”‡‡–™ƒ•‘•–Ž› 88 | Chapter 4. .

(90) †—‡–‘†‡ƒ–Šȋ͟͜άȌǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‘ —””‹‰‹–Š‡•‘—” ‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘‘ˆ‘”–ƒŽ‹–›”ƒ–‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ǧ•ƒ’Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡—– Š’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ˆ‘—† ˜‡”› •ƒŽŽ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡ ‡š ‡‡†‹‰ ͙ά ‘Ž› ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ‰‡ ‰”‘—’ ͘͠Ǧ͠͝ ȋ͘͜ȌǤ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ •‘’Š‹•–‹ ƒ–‡†‡–Š‘†•‘ˆŠƒ†Ž‹‰‹••‹‰†ƒ–ƒ‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’‡ƒ•—”‡‡–•™‡”‡—•‡†‹ –Š‡ ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ǧ–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒƒš‹—‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘˜‡”–‹‡ƒ†™ƒ•”‡–ƒ‹‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡•ƒ’Ž‡ǡ†‡•’‹–‡‘”–ƒŽ‹–›ƒ––”‹–‹‘Ǥ ˆ—”–Š‡”’‘‹–‘ˆ†‹• —••‹‘”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ǧ‹†‡šǤ

(91) –ƒ›„‡ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ– •—‹‰ Žƒ•• ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž Žƒ••‡• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ •—‹‰ ”‘—†‡† ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ȋǮ•— ‡••ˆ—Žǯ‘”‘–Ȍ™‘—Ž†ƒ ‘—–ˆ‘”–Š‡— ‡”–ƒ‹–›‹ Žƒ••‡„‡”•Š‹’ǡƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘”‡ƒ —”ƒ–‡ ”‡‰”‡••‹‘ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‡ —•‡† –Š‡”‘—†‡† ’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• „‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‡ƒ•‹‡”‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆǦ‹†‡š• ‘”‡•ȋ—„‡”‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•Ȍƒ† ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›„‡––‡”‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ”‡‰”‡••‹‘ ‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•Ǥ‡•‹–‹˜‹–›ƒƒŽ›•‡•—•‹‰–Š‡ Ǧ‹†‡š„ƒ•‡†‘•—‡†’‘•–‡”‹‘”’”‘„ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡••Š‘™‡†ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›•–”‘‰‡”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›™‡ƒ‡”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‹ŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž™‹–Šǡ„—–™‹–Š‘—– ƒŽ–‡”‹‰ ‘ Ž—•‹‘•™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡Ǥ Š‹••–—†›ƒ‹‡†–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ‰‹‰ǤŠ”‘—‰Š„‡‹‰ —Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽƒ†„ƒ•‡†‘–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆˆ— –‹‘‹‰‹ƒ‰‹‰‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‘ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ƒ–‘‡’‘‹–‹–‹‡ǡ™‡ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ‹†‡––Šƒ–—•‹‰–Š‡Ǧ

(92) †‡š•—‹–‡†–Š‹•’—”’‘•‡ ™‡ŽŽǤ‡™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡šƒ‹‡•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹—Ž–‹’Ž‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ† ˆ— –‹‘‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡•ƒ‡•–—†›•ƒ’Ž‡Ǥ‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‹‰ˆ‡™•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹  ”‡•‘—” ‡•‡–ƒ‹Ž•—Ž–‹’Ž‡‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†”‹••–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡•ƒ‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™‡ ƒŽ•‘ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ”‹•• ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ƒ ——Žƒ–‡ ƒ ”‘•• ƒŽŽ †‘ƒ‹• ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‡–”ƒŽ –‘ Š—ƒ ƒ‰‹‰Ǥ •› Š‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ •‡‡ –‘ „‡ ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž› ”‘„—•– ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š Ž‘™ Ǥ. Socioeconomic inequalities in successful ageing | 89. . 4.

(93) ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡• ͙Ǥ. Žƒ‡ǡ‡–—˜‡Ž‹ ǡƒ”–Ž‡›Ǥ‘‡•“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ–‘Ž†‡”ƒ‰‡•˜ƒ”›™‹–Š•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ ’‘•‹–‹‘ǫ ‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ͚͘͘͟Ǣ͙͜ȋ͜Ȍǣ͙͟͟Ȃ͚͞Ǥ. ͚Ǥ. ”—†›ǡŽ‘‰‰‡––Ǥ ‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡‘Ž†‡”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǣŠ‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹  ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ‘  ‹‡†Ǥ͚͛͘͘Ǣ͝͞ǣ͛͡͝Ȃ͜͟Ǥ. ͛Ǥ. —‹•ƒǡ—•–ǡƒ ‡„ƒ Š Ǥ‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‹‘”„‹†‹–›ƒ‘‰–Š‡‡Ž†‡”Ž›Ǣ —”‘’‡ƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™Ǥ‘  ‹‡†Ǥ͚͛͘͘Ǣ͟͝ȋ͝Ȍǣ͙͠͞Ȃ͛͟Ǥ. ͜Ǥ. ƒ––Š‡™• ǡ ƒ‰‰‡”ǡ ƒ ‘ Ǥ‘‡••‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ†–‘ƒŽ‘‰‡”ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡”‘Ž† ƒ‰‡ǫ‘  ‹‡†Ǥ͚͘͘͞Ǣ͚͞ȋ͙͘Ȍǣ͚͜͠͡Ȃ͡͡Ǥ. ͝Ǥ. ‹ ǡŠ‡Žƒ Ǥ‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ†‹•‡ƒ•‡Ǥ  ‡ƒŽ–Š‘ ‡Šƒ˜Ǥ ͙͡͡͝Ǣ͛͝ǣ͘͠Ȃ͜͡Ǥ. ͞Ǥ. ‹ ǡ—”†‡Ǥ‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ •–ƒ–—•ƒ†ƒ‰‡–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ‘  ‹‡†Ǥ͚͘͘͟Ǣ͞͝ȋ͙͚Ȍǣ͚͜͠͡Ȃ ͚͘͝Ǥ. ͟Ǥ. —‘ǡƒ‹–‡ ǤŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ Š‹Ž†Š‘‘†ƒ†ƒ†—Ž–‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ‡–ƒŽǡƒ† ‘‰‹–‹˜‡™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ ‹Žƒ–‡”Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ  ‡”‘–‘Ž•› Š‘Ž ‹‘  ‹Ǥ͚͘͘͝ƒ”Ǣ͘͞ȋ͚Ȍǣ͛͡Ȃ͙͙͘Ǥ. ͠Ǥ. ‘™‡ ǡƒŠǤ —ƒƒ‰‹‰ǣ•—ƒŽƒ†•— ‡••ˆ—ŽǤ ‹‡ ‡ȋ͘͠ǦȌǤ͙͟͡͠Ǣ͚͛͟ȋ͙͙͜͠Ȍǣ͙͛͜Ȃ͡Ǥ. ͡Ǥ. ‘™‡ ǡƒŠǤ— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰Ǥ ‡”‘–‘Ž‘‰‹•–Ǥ͙͟͡͡Ǣ͛͟ȋ͜Ȍǣ͛͛͜Ȃ͘͜Ǥ. ͙͘Ǥ. ‘™Ž‹‰Ǥ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”‘Ž†‡”ƒ‰‡‹–Š‡͚͙•– ‡–—”›ǣŠƒ–‹••— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰ǫ

(94) – ‰‹‰ — ‡˜Ǥ͚͘͘͟Ǣ͜͞ȋ͛Ȍǣ͚͛͞Ȃ͟͡Ǥ. ͙͙Ǥ. ‡‹ Š•–ƒ†– ǡ‡‰—’–ƒ ǡ‡’’ǡƒŽ‹ƒ•ǡ ‡•–‡ǤŽ†‡”†—Ž–•ǯ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘— ‡••ˆ—Ž ‰‹‰ǣ—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡

(95) –‡”˜‹‡™•Ǥ  ‡”‹ƒ–”•› Š‹ƒ–”›Ǥ͚͙͘͘Ǣ͙͠ȋ͟Ȍǣ͟͝͞Ȃ͟͝Ǥ. ͙͚Ǥ. ƒ‡ˆ‡”ǡƒ‡ˆ‡”ǡŽ†‡” ǡ ‡Ž†ƒǡ ‘‡”ǡ ƒ‰‡•–ƒ† ǡ‡–ƒŽǤ‰‹‰ƒ•‹–”ƒ ‘Š‘”– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘ǣ ‡–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ƒ––Š‡™‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡƒ†–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘—”•‡Ǥ‘ ‹‘Ž ‘”—Ǥ͙͟͡͠Ǣ͚ȋ͚Ȍǣ͚͙͙Ȃ͛͞Ǥ. ͙͛Ǥ. •— Ǧǡ ‘‡•Ǥ—Ž–‹’Ž‡–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰‘ˆ‘Ž†‡”ƒ†›‘—‰‡” ‘Š‘”–•Ǥ. ‡”‘–‘Ž‘‰‹•–Ǥ͚͙͚͘Ǣ͚͝ȋ͞Ȍǣ͛͜͠Ȃ͝͞Ǥ. ͙͜Ǥ. ‡›‡”ǡ ‡•–”ڏǡ‡–‡”ǡ¤‰‡”ÚǤ†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ ‘‡ǡƒ†‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ•• ƒ‘–„‡—•‡† ‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž›‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡’‹†‡‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ’‹”‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹†‡ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ ‘‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ ’‹†‡‹‘Ž ‘—‹–› ‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ͚͘͘͞Ǣ͘͞ȋ͡Ȍǣ͘͜͠Ȃ͙͘Ǥ. ͙͝Ǥ. ‘ ‡”ŠƒǤ ‡ƒŽ–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡•–›Ž‡–Š‡‘”›ƒ†–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‰‡ ›ƒ†•–”— –—”‡Ǥ  ‡ƒŽ–Š‘  ‡Šƒ˜Ǥ͚͘͘͝Ǣ͜͞ȋ͙Ȍǣ͙͝Ȃ͟͞Ǥ. ͙͞Ǥ. Š‡Žƒ ǡ‹ Ǥ —†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‘”›Ǥ

(96) ǣ‘ ‡”Šƒǡ‡†‹–‘”Ǥ‡†‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›‘–Š‡ ‘˜‡Ǥ‡™‘”ǡǣ’”‹‰‡” ‹‡ ‡Ƭ—•‹‡••‡†‹ƒǢ͚͙͛͘Ǥ’Ǥ͙͘͝Ȃ͚͞Ǥ. ͙͟Ǥ. Œ”‘— Š ǡŽƒ†‘ǡ–‘— ‹Ǥ‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•ƒ‘‰‡ƒ†™‘‡ǣ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆƒ‰‡ ƒ†•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ •–ƒ–—•Ǥ  ‡”‘–‘Ž‘  ‹Ǥ͚͘͘͝‘˜Ǣ͘͞ȋ͞Ȍǣ͙͙͛Ȃ͟Ǥ. ͙͠Ǥ. ‹‡Žǡ†‡Žǡ ƒ–œǡ‡†‡”•‡ǤŠ‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘’Ž‡š‹–›‹–”ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ƒ‰‹‰„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ†ƒˆ–‡””‡–‹”‡‡–Ǥ•› Š‘Ž‰‹‰Ǥ͚͘͘͡Ǣ͚͜ȋ͛Ȍǣ͛͝͞Ȃ͛͟Ǥ. ͙͡Ǥ. › Š ǡƒ’Žƒ ǡŠ‡ƒ Ǥ——Žƒ–‹˜‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ•—•–ƒ‹‡†‡ ‘‘‹ Šƒ”†•Š‹’‘’Š›•‹ ƒŽǡ ‘‰‹–‹˜‡ǡ’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ‰Ž ‡†Ǥ͙͟͡͡Ǣ͛͛͟ǣ͙͠͠͡Ȃ͡͝Ǥ. 90 | Chapter 4. .

(97) ͚͘Ǥ. †Ž‡”ǡ‡™ƒǤ‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ †‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•‹Š‡ƒŽ–Šǣƒ–Š™ƒ›•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ ‡ƒŽ–ŠˆˆǤ ͚͚͘͘Ǣ͚͙ȋ͚Ȍǣ͘͞Ȃ͟͞Ǥ. ͚͙Ǥ. ”— Š‘ǡ‹Ž•‘Ǧ ‡†‡”•‘ǡ‘•‡ǡƒ”–™”‹‰Š– Ǥ— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰ǣ‡ƒ”Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•ƒ† ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ǥ ‡”‘–‘Ž‘‰‹•–Ǥ͚͙͘͘Ǣ͘͝ȋ͞Ȍǣ͚͙͠Ȃ͛͛Ǥ. ͚͚Ǥ. ”‹––‘ǡŠ‹’Ž‡›ǡ‹‰ŠǦƒ‘—šǡƒ”‘– Ǥ— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰ǣ–Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›ǦŽ‹ˆ‡ ƒ†‹†Ž‹ˆ‡”‹•ˆƒ –‘”•Ǥ  ‡”‹ƒ–”‘ Ǥ͚͘͘͠Ǣ͝͞ȋ͞Ȍǣ͙͘͡͠Ȃ͙͘͝Ǥ. ͚͛Ǥ. ”ƒ†–ǡ‡‹†Žǡ ƒǤ”ƒ ‹‰–Š‡‘”‹‰‹•‘ˆ•— ‡••ˆ—Žƒ‰‹‰ǣ–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ Š‹Ž†Š‘‘† ‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‹‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰Žƒ–‡”Ž‹ˆ‡Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ‘  ‹‡†Ǥ͚͙͚͘Ǣ͟͜ȋ͡Ȍǣ͙͙͜͠Ȃ͚͝Ǥ. ͚͜Ǥ. —‹•ƒǡ‘’’‡Žƒƒ”• ǡ˜ƒ†‡” ‘”•–ǡ‡‡ƒ ǡ”—‰ ǡ˜ƒ‹Ž„—”‰ ǡ‡–ƒŽǤ‘Š‘”–’”‘ˆ‹Ž‡ǣ –Š‡‘‰‹–—†‹ƒŽ‰‹‰–—†›•–‡”†ƒǤ

(98) – ’‹†‡‹‘ŽǤ͚͙͙͘Ǣ͘͜ȋ͜Ȍǣ͠͞͠Ȃ͟͞Ǥ. ͚͝Ǥ. ‘ǡƒ”–•‡ ǡ‡‡‰ ǡ —‹•ƒǤƒ’–—”‹‰–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ— ‡••ˆ—Ž‰‹‰ǣ ’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘„ƒ•‡†‘͙͞Ǧ›‡ƒ””ƒŒ‡ –‘”‹‡•‘ˆ — –‹‘‹‰Ǥ ‡”‘–‘Ž‘‰‹•–Ǥ͚͙͘͟Ǣ͟͝ȋ͚Ȍǣ͚͘͜Ȃ͙͝Ǥ. ͚͞Ǥ. —–Š±ǡ—–Š±Ǥ’Ž—••‡”ǯ• —‹†‡Ǥ‹š–Š†‹–‹‘Ǥ‘•‰‡Ž‡•ǡǣ—–Š±Ƭ—–Š±Ǣ͚͙͘͘Ǥ. ͚͟Ǥ. ƒ›‡ ǡ—••‡Ž†‡”ǡ ƒ‰‰‡”ǡ‘Ž‹’ǡƒ„‘‹•ǡ‘„‹‡ ǦǤ ‡†‡”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•‹Š‡ƒŽ–Š›Ž‹ˆ‡ ›‡ƒ”•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ǣƒ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡DzŠ‡ƒŽ–ŠǦ•—”˜‹˜ƒŽdz’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǤ

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