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VU Research Portal

Cut-point Shift and Index Shift in Self-reported Health Lindeboom, Maarten; van Doorslaer, Eddy

2003

document version

Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Link to publication in VU Research Portal

citation for published version (APA)

Lindeboom, M., & van Doorslaer, E. (2003). Cut-point Shift and Index Shift in Self-reported Health. (Discussion paper TI; No. 03-042/3). Tinbergen Instituut.

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E-mail address:

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Download date: 08. Oct. 2022

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Tinbergen Institute

The Tinbergen Institute is the institute for economic research of the Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.

Tinbergen Institute Amsterdam Roetersstraat 31

1018 WB Amsterdam The Netherlands

Tel.: +31(0)20 551 3500 Fax: +31(0)20 551 3555

Tinbergen Institute Rotterdam Burg. Oudlaan 50

3062 PA Rotterdam The Netherlands

Tel.: +31(0)10 408 8900 Fax: +31(0)10 408 9031

Please send questions and/or remarks of non- scientific nature to driessen@tinbergen.nl.

Most TI discussion papers can be downloaded at http://www.tinbergen.nl.

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