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R&D globalization processes and university-industry research cooperation: measurement and indicators

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(1)R&D globalization processes and university-industry research cooperation: measurement and indicators Tijssen, R.J.W.. Citation Tijssen, R. J. W. (2012). R&D globalization processes and university-industry research cooperation: measurement and indicators. Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/19352 Version:. Not Applicable (or Unknown). License:. Leiden University Non-exclusive license. Downloaded from:. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/19352. Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable)..

(2) R&D globalization processes and universityindustry research cooperation: measurement and indicators Robert Tijssen. CWTS Working Paper Series Paper number. CWTS-WP-2012-009. Publication date. July 17, 2012. Number of pages. 19. Email address corresponding author. tijssen@cwts.leidenuniv.nl. Address CWTS. Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS) Leiden University P.O. Box 905 2300 AX Leiden The Netherlands www.cwts.leidenuniv.nl.

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