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The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19852 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.

Author: Bomhoff, Jacobus Adriaan

Title: Two discourses of balancing : the origins and meaning of "balancing" in 1950s and 1960s German and U.S. Constitutional Rights Discourse

Date: 2012-09-13

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