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VU Research Portal

Multi-Scale Investigation of Protein-Protein Interactions

Hou, Q.

2017

document version

Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record

Link to publication in VU Research Portal

citation for published version (APA)

Hou, Q. (2017). Multi-Scale Investigation of Protein-Protein Interactions.

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On basis of these experiments it is justWed to conclude that, when using the proper modular network configuration, Alternate Learning (and in special the random selection