The Sustainable Development of Business
Park Amsterdam Osdorp
Future Planet Studies Interdisciplinary Project Assignment 10b Final report 22-12-2019 Ruben Weesie Words: 8986 Cem Kalender - 10786988 Hester Leverstein - 11642327 Jasmijn Golyardi - 10816755 Justin de Jong - 11000430 Pepijn van Leeuwen 11318554
Abstract
This research provides a detailed framework that aids in meeting the expectations of the municipality of Amsterdam with regards to the sustainable development of Business Park Amsterdam Osdorp (BPAO). The challenge in developing BPAO is creating an environment in which economic prosperity and sustainable development can be combined in a mutually reinforcing relationship. Our research question is: “How can green recreational areas be designed in BPAO in order to make the Businesspark more sustainable and how should such a design be implemented by the municipality?”. We answer the research question by splitting the research up in two parts: the first part sketches an optimal design for recreational areas within the business park with the goal of reducing CO2 emissions, enhancing employee wellbeing and reducing waste while maintaining biodiversity. The second part of the research explains how such a design should be implemented by the municipality of Amsterdam, in the context of BPAO.
Index
1. Introduction 5
1.1 Introduction of Sustainable Business Park Osdorp 5
1.2 The interdisciplinary nature of developing business parks 5
2. Theoretical Framework 7
2.1 The overarching Framework 7
2.2 Cradle to cradle and VFG waste reduction 7
2.3 Nature and well-being 8
2.4 Employee well-being 8
2.5 Network governance 10
2.6 CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility 10
3. Interdisciplinary Integration 12
4. Selected methods and data 12
4.1 Case studies 12
4.2 Scientific literature 13
4.3 Interviews 13
5. Results 14
5.1 The design of the recreational areas 14
5.1.1 Central Parkzone 15
5.1.2 Forest 15
5.1.3 Boterbloem 16
5.1.4 Slow Traffic route 17
5.2 Results case studies 18
5.2.1 Vianen 18
5.2.2 Hengelo 19
5.2.3 Beverwijk 19
5.2.4 Insights from Beverwijk, Hengelo and Vianen 19
5.2.5 Points of focus 21
6. Recommendations 22
6.1 Recommendations for designing the recreational areas (technical aspect) 22
6.1.1 Spanish Village Concept 22
6.1.2 Central Parkzone 22
6.1.3 Boterbloem 22
6.1.4 Slow Traffic route 23
6.2 Implementation of green recreational areas (social aspect) 23 6.2.1 Active involvement of scientific experts in the network 23
6.2.2 Collective financing by network participants 23
6.2.3 Facilitating role of the municipality in the network 24 6.2.4 SWOT analysis for exposing weaknesses and threats 24
7. Conclusion 25
8. Discussion 26
9. References 27
Appendix A Cross- table Interdisciplinarity 30
Appendix B Interview Jan Willem Leverstein, Directeur architect- en bouwbedrijf COARE 31 Appendix C Ongestructureerd expert interview Interview Caroline van der Kooi, Consultant bij
1. Introduction
1.1 Introduction of Sustainable Business Park Osdorp
Over the last two decades, there has been a significant transformation in the way that governments perceive environmental issues and aspects related to sustainable development (Wisserhof, 2000), leading governments to pursue sustainability goals and influencing policy strategies to the extent that increasingly sustainable alternatives are being considered. Similarly, the municipality of Amsterdam is in the process of developing a sustainable business park in the city district of Osdorp (See Appendix C). The municipality is keen on creating a ‘future-proof’ business park with a “balance between city and nature” (Parkmanagement BPAO, 2017). The business park should be a link between city, nature, Schiphol and the harbor. (SADC, 2017). Although these goals and requirements may seem straightforward, they illustrate the vague nature of the municipality’s ambitions. This is because there is no clear definition of “a balance between city and nature”, let alone an indicator that specifies when this balance is satisfactory. To deal with this vagueness, we define “a balance between city and nature” as a condition in which green recreational areas are present in the business park, containing green and recreational aspects. This definition contains specific parameters like CO2, biodiversity, employee wellbeing, and waste reduction. The choice to incorporate greenery and recreation comes forth from policy documents within which the municipality of Amsterdam has stated the ambition to focus on these two factors in the future (Gemeente Amsterdam, 2017).
So, by putting these two aspects as a central focus, we present a concrete design for a sustainable business park with which the municipality reaches its ambitions. Because this research aids the municipality in reaching its purpose of sustainable area development, it is also socially relevant for society. The research question of this research proposal is: “How can green recreational areas be designed in BPAO in order to make the Businesspark more sustainable and how should such a design be implemented by the municipality?”
1.2 The interdisciplinary nature of developing business parks
In this research, constructing a BPAO is understood as a wicked problem, since a lot of the properties of the concept is applicable when developing a business park. According to Rittel & Webber (1973), wicked problems are issues in which knowledge about the phenomenon is limited, which implies that there is a lot of uncertainty surrounding the problem. Similarly, the context specificity of the development of a business park and the absence of abstract blueprints thereof, entail that there initially is a lack of knowledge, which reflects that there is a technical dimension to developing business parks.
Second, the capacity between parties to agree on values and solutions for wicked problems is limited. Since there is no definitive formulation of a wicked problem, individuals interpret the situation according to diverging normative assumptions. (Rittel & Weber, 1973). Similarly, the extent to which a "balance between city and nature" is achieved relies on the input of several actors that adhere to different norms and values and therefore propose conflicting solutions. In addition, solutions to wicked problems are not by definition ‘good’ or ‘bad’. For instance, a business park promoting the establishment of sustainable corporations cannot be viewed as ‘good’, since business
activities might still undermine the interests of local residents. Finally, as mentioned before there are many actors who have a stake in solving a wicked problem, which makes the problem-solving process fundamentally social. However, getting the ‘right’ answer is not as important as people accepting whatever solution is formulated (Conklin & Weil, 1997). This suggests that designing the business park is an activity that is done jointly through deliberative negotiations so that mutually satisfying outcomes are achieved. This illustrates that there is a social dimension to developing parks that need to be taken into consideration as well.
In sum, because developing a business park can be viewed as a wicked problem, its realization depends on enacting solutions that deal effectively with both the technical and social dimensions of developing a business park.
By understanding the realization of the BPAO project as inherently wicked in nature, the foundations have been laid for the built-up of this research. Namely, according to Menken & Keestra (2016), wicked problems require an interdisciplinary approach to be able to provide comprehensive and effective solutions. Therefore, this research is conducted by applying insights of political science, business administration, earth sciences, and chemistry, to be able to generate multilateral knowledge on the two parameters set within this research (sustainable waste management and green recreational areas).
This research will cover both the technical and social aspects of building a sustainable business park: specifically, the implementation of a sustainable design for the recreational areas. The technical aspect will include research into how recreational areas could enhance employee well being, reduce CO2 emissions and reduce waste. On the other hand, the social aspect of this research covers the political recommendations necessary to implement the technical applications.
2. Theoretical Framework
As stated in the introduction, to solve a wicked problem like BPAO an integrated approach is necessary. In the theoretical framework, an overarching framework will be presented including all different disciplines and sub-topics. First, we will explain the overarching framework subsequently, we will elaborate on the topics within the overarching framework.
2.1 The overarching Framework
In figure 1 below, the overarching framework of our theoretical section is presented. It displays our core research topics, information sources, and theoretical concepts. It is a mind map that provides guidance for addressing both the social and technical aspects of BPAO and aids us in answering the research question. The information required for addressing both the technical and social dimensions of BPAO is obtained in the following ways. First, literature research provides us with an overview of important theoretical concepts that are applicable to BPAO, particularly those concepts. By
integrating these theoretical concepts into a comprehensive framework, we form an indication of how these concepts relate to each other. Creating a framework of interconnected theoretical concepts provides us with an overview of what information should be gathered and with which means. Second, we conduct expert interviews to acquire information about which factors contribute to the enhancement of employee well-being in business parks in general. Third, we conduct case studies in order to obtain information on how business parks were developed in similar contextual circumstances. Specifically, the focus is on how public authorities create institutional and economic incentives for the development of business parks, how constructions are financed, and in what way networking in other cases has contributed to developing business parks.
Figure 1: Overarching Framework that applies to the theoretical section of this research proposal.
In the next section, the central theoretical concepts within the overarching model will be described.
2.2 Cradle to cradle and VFG waste reduction
In order to realize the ambitions of the municipality of Amsterdam in regard to the enhancement of sustainability, waste management development is a crucial part of the process.
Within the domain of waste management, specifically vegetable, fruit and garden waste (VFG waste), one concept will be further investigated and elaborated: the ‘cradle-to-cradle’ theory. The theory aims to reduce waste and boost sustainability. A significant percentage of the resources extracted from nature are used in unsustainable activities and will end up as waste (Haggar, 2010). This can be described as a cradle-to-grave scenario in which resources have a ‘lifetime’ and are disposed of after they are used (Haggar, 2010). The disposal of waste has very significant impacts on the environment. The disposal can cause contamination and pollution in the air, water and soil (Haggar, 2010). If this were to continue all our natural resources will be depleted. In order to avoid this scenario resources need to be used in an alternative cradle-to-cradle scenario. Cradle-to-cradle implies a focus on the recovery of resources, recycling, and reuse (Kumar, 2008). However, the concept of cradle-to-cradle is criticized because it is used as a label of sustainability but the quality of a product is not guaranteed. Therefore, the label of a cradle-to-cradle product, that has been produced by recycling or reuse, should be more regulated (Bjørn, 2013). In order for a waste management system to practiced in the business park, policy in regard to waste management has to be clearly framed and communicated within the network of stakeholders. More information concerning those subjects will be described later on in the theoretical framework. Cradle-to-cradle is a tool that can enhance sustainability, reduce waste and can be linked to employee well-being, as employees become satisfied when participating in a green recreational area, such as a garden. Later in the theoretical framework, employee well-being will be discussed more extensively. In the BPOA the circular cradle-to-cradle theory can be applied to the VFG waste process. The VFG waste could be recycled and reused like the theory describes. In the results the process of the VFG process will be further elaborated.
2.3 Nature and well-being
Besides implementing a waste management system, the functionality of a green recreational area in which it retracts CO2also makes the business park more sustainable. We distinguish two kinds
of interaction with nature. First, we describe a passive interaction with plants, in other words: office greenery. These are plants that are placed within the office, inside the building. Second, active interactions are the green recreational areas that are part of our research topic. Both active and passive interactions with plants reduce CO2. Logically, this paper only focuses on active interaction as
outdoor recreational areas are the focus of our research question. As the business park needs to match with its surroundings, plants and trees are a good option for a CO2-reducing outdoor
environment. In 1988 O'Leary discovered that there are three kinds of plants that fixate CO2with
different methods: C3, C4 and CAM. Around 85% of the plants are C3 plants for example: rice, wheat, soybeans, and barley. These plants are most important for the fixation of CO2, nevertheless, they
have the highest Photorespiration Rate. Photorespiration Rate happens at night and the plants use oxygen and form CO2. With C3 plants this is between 20% and 30% what they give back (O’leary,
1988). For C4 and CAM plants its between 20% and 10%. Examples of C4 plants are: corn, sugar cane, cabbage and daisies, and for CAM plants: cacti and pineapple.
2.4 Employee well-being
As mentioned earlier, active and passive involvement of plants reduce CO2, they also improve
employee well-being. During this research, we categorize employee performance and employee work satisfaction as employee well-being. Interaction with plants appears to decrease stress-related diseases in the workplace, which are increasingly a problem in contemporary society and have an
enormous cost for an individual, the company and society. The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2011) reports that work-related stress is one of the most significant European health and safety problems, and it affects nearly one in four workers (Lottrup, et al., 2013). In many studies, a positive relationship has been found between access to a green outdoor environment at work (active interaction with plants) and decreased stress levels. For example, a study done by Lottrup et al., (2013) concluded that the visual and physical access to outdoor environments leads to decreased stress levels and a positive workplace attitude, among men. For women, it only leads to a positive workplace attitude, which eventually leads to decreased stress levels. It is graphically represented in figure 2 below.
(Figure 2: The relationship between workplace greenery, workplace attitude, and level of stress for men and women. Lottrup et al., 2013)
Dravigne et al (2008) researched the benefits of plants in active and passive interactions and it appeared that employee well-being was improved by reducing stress and mental fatigue, lower blood pressure and fewer reports of illness (Dravigne, et al., 2008). Besides that, Fitzgerald and Danner (2012) found out that indoor plants and paintings of nature (passive interaction with plants) had a positive effect on employees’ mood and feelings of relaxation, attention, job performance and job satisfaction. The reason for this is that certain compounds like benzene and other volatile organic compounds (figure 3 below) can be removed from the air by plants which enhances the air quality (Wolverton et al., 1989) and therefore enhances employee health and well-being.
(Figure 3: Structure of Benzene, Xylene and Toluene, examples of VOCs. Wolverton et al., 1989)
However, overall it seems that active interaction with plants (outdoor areas) has a significantly bigger effect on employee well-being than passive interaction with plants. As we have now established that interaction with certain plants results in decreased levels of stress and a higher CO2uptake, the result
section will describe how to optimally design the green recreational areas in order to reach higher levels of employee well-being.
All in all, the design for a green recreational area contains two prospects: green and recreational. The plants and trees used in the recreational area are selected based on the surroundings of an area and their CO2 uptake. The level of biodiversity is taken into consideration
while selecting species. Furthermore, greenery has been proven to increase employee well-being when implemented in recreational areas. To make the design complete, cradle-to-cradle waste management ensures bio-waste is managed correctly. This concludes the technical aspect. Now, the paper will focus on the social aspect: the implementation of a possible design.
2.5 Network governance
The normative conflicts between actors in BPAO make reaching a consensus a wicked problem. To overcome this, networks are needed (Ferlie et al., 2011). This is because networks contain properties that are effective for dealing with the difficulties and uncertainties related to wicked problems. One of these properties is that interdependent public and private actors are engaged in deliberative negotiations and consensus-building. Problems are approached from a common discourse (vision) to develop strategies that stakeholders collectively agree upon (Bevir, 2008). The aforementioned emphasis on mutually agreed solutions for wicked problems supports why a network setting might be useful for developing satisfying green business park designs. Also, a shared vision simplifies communication and prospers the development of possible waste management designs or possible plant choices within the recreational areas. Another useful property is that a network approach increases the possibility for innovative solutions. Approaching issues in diverging ways is useful for addressing wicked problems (Benford & Snow, 2000). Furthermore, networks contain a democratic element, in that it provides the opportunity for marginalized people, such as the local residents of Osdorp, to participate in solving problems (Fung, 2006). These people may enhance the performance and problem-solving capacity of the network, as they bring contextual knowledge into the discussion (Bevir, 2008). However, it should be noted that networks also contain negative aspects. For instance, Arnstein (1969) argues that marginalized people still have limited influence on decision-making. In the case of BPAO, this implies that attention should be devoted to including people who are normally excluded from decision-making processes while they also have a stake in the project. Furthermore, the analysis of Farrell & Newman (2019) on global economic networks illustrates that some actors can exploit the interdependency within networks, using their position tactically to extract information or limit access to other stakeholders. Since actors in BPAO are also interdependent for reaching collective purposes, the municipality of Amsterdam should put effort into avoiding such issues. Nonetheless, we assume that the benefits of networks outweigh the negative aspects. In conclusion, we have decided to make use of the theories of framing and networking because they address the social aspect of constructing a business park.
2.6 CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility
The previous theories have put the focus on the totality of stakeholders involved and what kind of actions would be useful in developing a green recreational area. However, the primary users of the green recreational area and waste management system will be the businesses settled in the business park. For them to contribute to sustainable development, incentives need to be created that alter their behavior and direct it toward corporate social responsibility. Since municipalities do not have the power or the resources to create sustainable business parks by themselves (Vallentin & Murillo, 2012), they rely on the efforts of businesses for bringing about sustainable development. A key tool in this process has been the stimulation of CSR by municipalities. In this research, the literature on
CSR is being used to investigate the ways in which municipalities, in general, use policy tools to alter corporate behavior for the purpose of sustainable development. A literature review has revealed that municipalities have two mains ways of promoting CSR in their business parks (Brammer, Jackson, and Matten, 2012; Heal, 2005); they can either use institutional or economic policy tools. Institutional policy tools attempt to change the institutional environment companies are operating in; through changing perspectives, network building, spreading new ideas or implementing new rules and regulations, often regarding the reduction of CO2 emissions, as described earlier. Economic policy
tools do not attempt to change the institutional environment directly. Rather, sustainable corporate behavior is stimulated through economic incentives. This is usually done through fines, subsidies or strategic investments (Heal, 2005). Hence, for research purposes, we have decided to focus on how often and to what extent these two policy tools are used in comparable cases, so that we can advise the municipality of Amsterdam on what mix of policy tools are likely to be effective in the development of BPAO. The findings of our literature review will be further substantiated by our case study research which will explain, in detail, how a green recreational area should be implemented based on the successful use of policy tools by other municipalities.
Figure 4, illustrated below shows how the literature of CSR and previously mentioned network building has helped us in creating an implementation plan for the design of recreational areas in BPAO.
3. Interdisciplinary Integration
The previous chapter explained that the development of BPAO is a complex problem and why an interdisciplinary approach is necessary. This chapter will elaborate on the technique that was used to integrate the different disciplines and will provide visualization of this process.
As a result of the complexity in the sustainable design of the recreational spaces in BPAO, an interdisciplinary approach is mandatory. In order to combine different disciplines, a cross-over table was made, in order to identify the contrasts and overlap between the different perspectives. Table 1 in the appendix visualizes the process of the cross table method. This method exposes the
relationships between multiple disciplines, by focussing on how theoretical concepts within this research relate to each other. Table 1 (appendix A) illustrates that chemistry, earth sciences and business administration are linked in the sustainable design of the recreational areas. Whereas, political science focuses on implementing the design, political blockades that possibly obstruct that implementation and possible incentives to attract (sustainable) businesses.
4. Methods
We have made figure 5 to illustrate how the individual parts of our methods are integrated into solving our research question.
Figure 5: Links between methodology and main sub-topics they relate to.
4.1 Case studies
As visualized in figure 5, we conduct case studies to collect information on Dutch business parks to investigate insights for the BPAO-case. Case studies provide detailed and qualitative information, demonstrating important processes that took place in similar cases. By comparing and contrasting the measures that were implemented in each case, an overview is created of what could be successful. The focus is on finding strategies that have contributed to the sustainable development of these business parks, understanding how these strategies came about and investigating whether these strategies may be applicable to BPAO. The three cases chosen within this research are all
recently developed or developing business parks located in the Netherlands, which means that it is likely that economic, social and institutional factors are similar. The cases are Beverwijk (Diesvelt et al, 2019a; Diesvelt et al, 2019b), Hengelo (Gemeente Hengelo, 2011) and Vianen (Lubbers, 2016; De gemeente Vianen, 2017).
However, a limitation of case studies is that the context specificity of these cases complicates the generalizability of the findings. The problem is that although these cases are similar in terms of institutional setting (national legislation and involved actors), differences in economic contexts might co-determine the success of implemented strategies as well. This implies that when a particular recommendation is put forward, additional attention need to be devoted to how contextual factors of BPAO might be revised to ensure a successful embedding within the context of BPAO. Put simply, it is necessary to investigate to what extent contextual circumstances of BPAO can be ‘nudged’, so that the success in other cases can be recreated. It is important to understand these factors before advising the municipality of Amsterdam on how to implement the recommendations put forward in this research. Therefore, this research will also contain an in-depth analysis of the contextual factors present in the compared cases, rather than taking successful strategies in every case as a central focus.
4.2 Scientific literature
Second, we have performed literature researches that forms a reliable archive of scientific research. Every sub-question has been researched by studying scientific literature that has been summarized in an Individual Scientific Literature Review. These numerous literary works offered an in-depth view of the mechanisms behind the concepts and theories presented in the theoretical framework. The described theories have been applied to cases similar to that of Osdorp, comparable cases that have been studied to find out how different concepts were expressed in different contexts. More on this in the result section below. Furthermore, the information obtained from scientific literature will not only cover the advantages of some theoretical notions but will indicate the possible drawbacks as well. This is crucial for providing a holistic view.
4.3 Interviews
Besides case studies and scientific literature, we have interviewed Jan Willem leverstein (See Appendix B), who is CEO of architectural- and building-firm COARE which is specialized in the interior design of corporations, and focused by the effects design can have on employee satisfaction. COARE believes that a well thought out space contributes to productivity, recovery and creativity, it shows who you are and promotes cooperation and facilitates privacy comfort and interaction. COARE believes that the environment determines your professional and social ambitions. Herefore, COARE’s main motivation is to realize (work) environments in which people feel good (COARE, n.d.). Through this interview, we hoped to find information in regard to key implementations necessary to build an environment in which employee’s would feel motivated and satisfied. As the interviewee happened to be family-related to one of our group members, we have made sure another group member conducted the interview to avoid biases.
We also interviewed Caroline van der Kooi, a consultant at Balance, who is part of the team working on BPAO (See Appendix C). This interview provided us with much of the background information necessary for conducting this research and provided us with a number of relevant sources.
5. Results
5.1 The design of the recreational areas
In the following section of the results, we present a, on municipality plans/interview based, design for the recreational areas of BPAO, taking in account what kind of environment, plant species and sustainability initiatives will contribute optimally to the increase of employee well-being.
First of all, according to the client - the municipality of Amsterdam - the aim of the recreational areas in Business Park Amsterdam Osdorp is to connect the business park to its surroundings in a way it adds value. The area should be able to be used for multiple purposes (sports, recreation, food production and biodiversity) and serve all possible users (SADC, n.d.).
Hitherto, the municipality of Amsterdam has developed a provisional sketch of the recreational areas in BPAO. This is visually represented in figure 6 below. Within the figure, the recreational areas are marked by a dark circle.
(Figure 6: Business Park Amsterdam Osdorp Phase 2: Sustainable area development, SADC, n.d.)
The municipality distinguishes four recreational areas in the business park (SADC, n.d.). According to the municipality, multiple recreational areas distinguish different places, with different identities and different ambiances. COARE CEO and architect Jan Willem Leverstein supports this concept by explaining how his design always aims to look like a ‘Spanish village’. He explains that if you distinguish areas - like Spanish villages that include different squares with different ambiances in the same street - people will be fulfilled more optimally as the environment fulfills both their need of privacy and connection within the same area. The network of recreational areas visualized in figure 6, will now be explained more thoroughly.
5.1.1 Central Parkzone
First of all, the municipality distinguished the ‘central parkzone’. This area was originally designed to function as a relaxation area for employees of the business park and local residents. The local residents emphasized that they would like to see this area function as a shared public space, with a focus on recreation, sports and games (SADC, n.d.). In the interview with Leverstein, he mentioned that a shared central space would attract people seeking connection with each other. For example, youth and the elderly. Generally, Leverstein emphasized that in order to design an area for different people seeking different purposes (sports, games or relaxation), the most important goal is to have room to connect and room for privacy. How these objectives are reached specifically will be explained in the recommendations section of this research. Furthermore, Elliot & Maier (2007) have demonstrated color associations can represent a cognitive reinforcing or shaping of biologically based response tendencies. In other words, color stimuli can produce approach responses. In the recommendation section of this research paper, we describe what colors we recommend to use for garbage bins in order to stimulate conscious waste management (paper, glass, rest and organic waste) responses among users of the business park. In addition, color appears to affect moods (Yildirim et al., 2006). According to Yildirim et al (2006), people have a more positive perception of lighter ‘cooler’ colors like blue or green. Lighter colors are judged as being friendlier, more cultured, seem to make life easier and more pleasant (Yildirim et al., 2006). In the recommendation section we describe how we take this into account when designing the garbage disposal systems across the business park.
5.1.2 Forest
The second proposed recreational area is the ‘forest’ in which 800 new trees will be planted. Local residents have pointed out that they think it is important that the area has to be liveable 24 hours a day. As the SADC has not made any progress yet in developing this area, we presume that good lighting is key in ensuring safety in this recreational area. Leverstein argued that when you enter a room and you overlook the area, a feeling of safety is ensured. Also, Leverstein
recommended to make sure maintenance would be done well: “When people experience quality, they are less drawn to vandalism. When a place is taken care of and vandalism is prevented, the feeling of safety increases.”(See Appendix B). Table 2 below provides a list with three species that have a high CO2fixation.
Table 2: trees with high
CO2fixationPlant Latin name Recommended or
not recommended
Reason recommendation/no recommendation
Tulip Tree Liriodendron Tulipifera Recommended Tulip tree is used in Korea to optimize the CO 2uptake by urban
green spaces (Shin
Et al, 2011). Furthermore was the tulip tree chosen as one of the 20 trees
for afforestation (Kim Et al, 2016). Also the convergence from energy to
bio-energy is especially high. Silverleaf
Maple
Acer Saccharinum Recommended According to Dineva (2017) this tree has a very high heat and drought tolerance and can be successfully grown in urban areas with polluted air, poor drainage and compacted soil, which can be improved over the years.
English Oak Quercus Robur Recommended Good at fixing CO 2, But according
to White (1995) also good for the biodiversity. numerous insects live on the leaves and is a food source for small mammals and birds, which will increase the biodiversity.
Red oak Quercus Rubra Recommended Has similar properties as the English oak (Wilkinson et al, 2012).
5.1.3 Boterbloem
Thirdly, the farm the ‘Boterbloem’, which is already established in the area will be conserved in the plans of the SADC. Three hectares will be reserved for the further development of the
‘Boterbloem’ (SADC, n.d.). Local residents would prefer fruit gardens to be added to this area.
However, the SADC has not communicated this addition to their development plans yet. According to Dravigne et al. (2008) gardening provides psychological and physiological benefits, including an increase in self-esteem, reduced stress levels and improved social interaction. Chaulet (2016)
explained how the participative approach of management of vegetated areas and share in harvest could increase an employee’s sense of belonging with a firm and give them a greater sense of responsibility, both increasing employee satisfaction.
Vegetable-, fruit- and fine garden residues (VFG) can be used to produce VFG compost. According to the research of Leroy (2007) VFG compost has several sustainable advantages. Firstly, the compost protects the soil against erosion which has beneficial effects on soil physical properties. The compost decreases the soil acidity and increases the soil organic matter content. Secondly, the compost has the ability to protect the crops against pathogens. Thirdly, the use of compost has a significant impact on soil fauna and flora. The compost enhances the biological activity within the soil, which enhances the modification of organic matter and releases plant-available nutrients (Leroy, 2007). Soil biota can be considered important soil quality indicators, the more soil biota, the more developed the soil will be (Pfotzer, 1997). The VFG compost can enhance the function of the living soil. Nevertheless, this point is often overlooked, because in conventional agriculture the soil biota are effectively bypassed by soil tillage, mineral fertilizers and pesticides (Leroy, 2007). However, if modern agriculture has to rely more on sustainable resources, restoring and sustaining the major functions of the soil biota with VFG compost is more appropriate (Leroy, 2007). To conclude, the application of VFG compost has many sustainable advantages. In the municipality of Amsterdam there are 35 compost bins. In the compost bins, worms digest the VFG waste and manufacture the rich VFG compost that can be used for soils (Leroy, 2008).
5.1.4 Slow Traffic route
Fourthly, the SADC has developed a ‘slow-traffic route’. For the local residents, a good connection of traffic flows was prioritized. The SADC aims to create a place for walks through nature and a separate biking area as part of this recreational opportunity. During the interview with Leverstein, he pointed out the importance of creating views: “For people, it is very relaxing to walk towards something instead of just walking, make sure you create little views, like a statue at the end of the road, or a viewpoint.” (See Appendix B). In order to do this plants can be used to increase biodiversity. According to the World Health Organisation (2012), high biodiversity has a positive effect on humans. a variety of plants increase biodiversity by attracting insects and therefore other animals, which are shown below in the table 3.
Plant Latin name Recommended or
not recommended
Reason why
Alyssum Alyssum Recommended Increase the biodiversity in this area (parker et al, 2013 & Bugg et al, 2008) Beepalm Monarda Recommended Increase the biodiversity in this area
(parker et al, 2013 & Bugg et al, 2008) Baby’s Breath Gypsophila Recommended Increase the biodiversity in this area
Evergreen shrubs
- Recommended Reduce noise all year long (Samara & Tsitsoni, 2011)
Bamboo Bambuseae Not recommended According to Putra (2015) reduces noise, however there are a lot of different species of bamboo, thus more research is needed
Elephant grass Pennisetum purpureum
Conditionally recommended
Elephant grass grows fast, which indicates a high CO2 uptake which is stored in the
roots and the ability to harvest is significantly higher than other crops (Lok, 2013). it is a natural fiber and serves as an alternative source for paper (Andrade, 2016). Elephant grass is vigorous and can withstand long periods of drought. Although little or no growth takes place during these drought periods, it rapidly recovers with the onset of rains and can survive in drought for more than five years (Tessema, 2010). This resilience against drought is very important because the summers in the Netherlands have become longer and warmer. It is very important to know that elephant grass does not exist in the Netherlands, thus more research is needed by a biologist to Find out if there are any effects on the ecosystem.
5.2 Results case studies
5.2.1 Vianen
The case of Vianen is a good illustration that this research paper is of great relevance to municipalities in the process of designing business parks. There are 2 Business parks under construction in the municipality of Vianen ‘De Hagen’ and ‘de Biezen’ (Lubbers, 2016, pp. 3-5). We have chosen to include this case as it provides an excellent example of a municipality playing a facilitating role, taking into account the expertise and desires of residents and businesses. The initiative to begin construction on these business parks was brought forward not by the municipality, but by local businesses looking to settle in the area or expand their current operations, formally organized under the ‘de Vereniging van Bedrijven in Vianen en Omstreken’ (Lubbers, 2016, pp. 3-6). Furthermore, the municipality sought to incorporate involved stakeholders in the decision-making process by allowing them to vote on the proposed business parks. These stakeholders include: entrepreneurs involved in the project, property owners of buildings in the proposed areas, and people living or working in the area (Lubbers, 2016, p. 18). The proposal will only be enacted if an absolute majority of the stakeholders (67%) vote in favor of it and with the condition that at least
51% of all stakeholders cast a valid vote (Lubbers, 2016, pp. 3-11). Whilst not initially successful (Lubbers, 2016, p. 3), after a renegotiation between stakeholders and the municipality on proposed business parks, a majority of the stakeholders voted in favor of the project (De gemeente Vianen, 2017).
5.2.2 Hengelo
In 2004, the municipality of Hengelo adopted the Master Plan for the Improvement of Business Park Twentekanaal (Gemeente Hengelo, 2011). In the 2004 Master Plan, the municipality gave its vision on the direction of development and prioritizing projects at this business park. The government signed a covenant with the provinces and municipalities on a new approach to business parks. The aim of this new approach is to stimulate a healthy economic climate for business, which saves on open landscapes, to prevent cluttering and encourage sustainability.
5.2.3 Beverwijk
The city of Beverwijk is currently experiencing a rising need for housing, a need for an energy transition to make economic activities more sustainable and a desire to make the city more economically attractive as a business location (Diesvelt, Dijken & Ghaus, 2019b, p. 9). Similar to the case of Osdorp, the municipality of Beverwijk has dealt with these issues by turning to the option of constructing a sustainable business park that was able to address the above-mentioned difficulties. The business park of Beverwijk is located at the junction between Heemskerk, Velsen and Beverwijk and features some strong aspects that are also similar to BPAO, such as: a favorable location for businesses to settle, good accessibility and infrastructures that connect the business park to the center of the city (Diesvelt, Dijken & Ghaus, 2019b, p. 9). Moreover, the institutional context also displays similarities, in that (I) the case demonstrates a comparable mix of heterogeneous interests, (II) there is a similar desire for the settlement of medium-sized sustainable corporations and start-ups, which presupposes that institutional and economic incentives are tuned to reach this purpose and (III) the city applies similar environmental legislation. Regarding the latter, since sustainability goals in the Netherlands are formulated on a central level, it is clear that both cities are operating within the same legislative boundaries and adhere to the same formal rules. Regarding the stakeholders involved, local residents (IJmond region, entrepreneurs (Rabobank & the entrepreneurs association IJmond), educational institutions (Identity Matching Academy), consultants (Segon and Masselink consultancy & Noord-Holland market consultation) and municipal officials (Municipality of Beverwijk) form the main network actors within this case.
5.2.4 Insights from Beverwijk, Hengelo and Vianen
First, from the implementation plan of Beverwijk, it is evident that there is a focus on establishing partnerships between business park Beverwijk and the various research and educational institutions, that are in line with the sustainability ambitions of business park Beverwijk (Diesvelt et al, 2019a, pp. 6-18). Such institutions are useful for optimizing the quality of knowledge brought to the sketching table. During the development of the business park, these educational institutions had the role of answering questions that arose as the product of deliberative negotiations, e.g. collective vision-building was underlying the project (Diesvelt et al, 2019a, pp. 3-4). This indicates that in this context, scientific studies are organized as part of a prescriptive consensus-building process, rather than a blueprint for solutions (technocratic). Put differently, the realization of business park Beverwijk adheres to the concept of wicked problems, in that science is not the dominant means of
reaching a purpose, but it is subject to other stakeholders’ needs and preferences. This means that science does not only step in to provide stakeholders with information regarding the financial or technical feasibility of jointly formulated strategies. Its contributions also have to adhere to the iterative nature of problem and vision formulation.
Second, the developmental process of business park Beverwijk is also characterized by public-private partnerships (Diesvelt et al, 2019b, p. 14), which is a network in which both government officials and business actors are included. There was the recognition that “no one wins the "battle" for time, space, money and attention alone”, and that “alliances between public and private parties are the answer” (Diesvelt et al, 2019b, p. 9). The purpose of these partnerships was to determine in what way the settlement and investment climate of Beverwijk can be improved for businesses, by reflecting upon the interests and preferences of private actors. The input of entrepreneurs in the development of the future vision for the business park are thematic in nature and contain a number of specific ideas and points for improvement with regard to safety, accessibility, parking, maintenance and management, collectivity and cooperation, durability, renewal and innovation, and infrastructure (Diesvelt et al, 2019b, p. 27). In this network, there was also a focus on learning through exchanging information and increasing opportunities through the sharing of resources (Diesvelt et al, 2019b, p. 44), something which is regarded to be one of the main advantages of networks. As a result of these negotiations, the involved actors investigated the feasibility and desirability of collective financing of common goals by entrepreneurs and/or real estate owners through a jointly established fund (Diesvelt et al, 2019b, p. 25). This was particularly useful for distributing the financial burden of the project among the different stakeholders more equally, which can be viewed as an economic incentive that stimulates the relocation of businesses.
Third, for the realization of business park Beverwijk, the municipality has adopted the role of ‘participating government’ (Diesvelt et al, 2019b, p. 47). This implies that the municipality diverts from its usual role as central planner, and adopts a more facilitating role, which is particularly useful in a network setting because of three main reasons. First, by adopting a facilitating role the municipality ensures that the project is guided and informed by heterogeneous interests, rather than the singular vision of the municipality. This ensures that the eventually imposed solutions are mutually satisfying and supported by all of the involved, which enhances the legitimacy of the project. As mentioned before, when dealing with wicked problems this aspect ought to be considered. Second, alternative insights may enhance the possibility of innovative solutions, since stepping down as central planner implies that the project can be interpreted and informed from different frames. An example is the above mentioned collective financing fund that was developed by incorporating entrepreneurial insights, under the guidance of the municipality of Beverwijk. Third, by adopting a facilitating role, the power relations inherent to the network are structurally changed. Although the municipality remains the central node within the network with regard to information distribution (connecting different stakeholders to each other), it takes a step back when it comes to formulating solutions. This allows local residents, who normally have limited decision making power, to voice their opinions and see their preferences considered more seriously. In the case of Beverwijk, this has resulted in citizens co-deciding on the environmental category that the relocated businesses should adhere to, prohibiting businesses with an environmental category above 3.1 to 3.2 from operating within a 50-meter radius of houses (Diesvelt et al, 2019b, p. 57). This can also be viewed as an institutional incentive for corporations to be more sustainably oriented, if businesses are looking to relocate to a better location but do not yet meet the specifications.
Fourth, within business park Hengelo, waste processing company Twence - a consortium of Saxion, Twente BV and University of Twente - was concerned with investigating which energy
conversion techniques for waste and biomass are applicable in the business park and how waste could be converted to green raw materials (Gemeente Hengelo, 2011, p. 23). This would ensure that the business park operates as sustainably as was initially envisioned by the municipality of Hengelo. One of the more practical solutions to reach this purpose is by connecting individual waste streams of businesses into a tradeable mass (Segon & Masselink Sustainable Energy Solutions, 2017, p. 20). The businesses receive a proportion of the proceeds from the sale and save on their current waste disposal costs. Since these businesses are involved in putting into practice, the concept of cradle-to-cradle, the implementation of these plans should follow from our framework on the implementation of green recreational areas (See figure 4). In addition, financial compensation for combining these individual waste streams can be viewed as an economic incentive that stimulates cradle-to-cradle and sustainable corporate behaviour.
5.2.5 Points of focus
Within the cases of Vianen en Beverwijk, the involved stakeholders have conducted a SWOT analysis in order to see what the opportunities and threats are regarding the development of business parks (Lubbers, 2016, p. 8 ; Diesvelt et al, 2019b, p. 29). It is evident that in the case of Vianen, stakeholders became aware of the fact that there was a difficulty in ensuring optimal cooperation between organizations due to a lack of sense of collectivity (Lubbers, 2016, p. 8). This resulted in frequent delays and lead to conflicting perspectives on aspects of the developmental process. In addition, the involved became aware that the establishment of a business park would result in additional parkings problems, which would cause dissatisfaction with the local residents (Lubbers, 2016, p.8). In the case of Beverwijk, there was the concern that the establishment of a business park would lead to more traffic nuisance, something which was ultimately dealt with by the redesign of Verkeersplein Noord in 2015 and the renovation of the Velsertunnel in 2016 (Diesvelt et al., 2019b, p. 42).
6. Recommendations
6.1 Recommendations for designing the recreational areas (technical aspect)
6.1.1 Spanish Village Concept
We recommend that multiple recreational areas scattered over the business park because, because according to architect Jan Willem Leverstein a network of recreational areas has more effect on employee well-being, due to a feeling of safety and privacy than a single recreational area (See Appendix B).
6.1.2 Central Parkzone
As Local residents have emphasized that they prefer recreation sports and games in the central area, based on the interview with Leverstein, we recommend to organize a weekly sports event (like pétanque) focused the elderly, solitude can be reduced among the elderly of Osdorp (See Appendix B). Moreover, the local residents proposed - during winter - an ice-skating area on the water body adjacent to the central parkzone. By offering sports and games, local residents will be attracted to the business park and make the recreation are come alive (SADC, n.d.). Also Leverstein mentioned that in order to design an area for different people the most important goal is to have room to connect en room to have privacy. This goal could be reached by placing outside furniture
purposefully in a way so people can choose to connect or sit by themselves (See Appendix B). For instance, Elephant grass can function as room divider and provide privacy, take up CO2 and provide a green surrounding all at once. Furthermore, as described in the result section, colors are not just about aesthetics, they can also communicate specific information (Elliot & Maier, 2007). We recommend to avoid the color red, as it appears to avoid motivation and undermine intellectual performance (Elliot & Maier, 2007). As our goal is to stimulate performance and work satisfaction among employees, this is counteracts significantly. We do recommend the color green as it is perceived as calming. Furthermore we recommend the color blue, as Yildirim et al., 2006 have proven that blue ‘seems to make life easier and appears to be more pleasant and beautiful’ (Yildirim et al., 2006). All in all, the garbage bins in the central parkzone are recommended to be a lighter color of green and/or blue, definitely not red.
6.1.3 Boterbloem
We recommend the BPAO to separate VFG waste and establish their own compost bin and a
vegetable and fruit garden. The rich compost that is manufactured in the bin can be used for the soil of the fruit and vegetable garden. When the vegetables and fruits from the garden are harvested and used, the new VFG waste will be manufactured in rich VFG compost. The VFG waste could be a circulair, cradle-to-cradle, procedure as illustrated in figure 7. Additionally, we would recommend that employees would participate in the gardening for well-being.
Figure 7: Simplified illustration of the circular process of VFG waste according to literature research (Leroy, 2007; Leroy, 2008; Pfotzer, 1997)
6.1.4 Slow Traffic route
We recommend for BPAO to implement viewpoints along the slow traffic route to create a route that will benefit employee’s well-being. In order to do this, plants can be used to increase the biodiversity. To do this the following plants are recommended: Alyssum, Beepalm and Baby’s Breath. Secondly to try to isolate the business park from traffic noise Evergreen Shrubs are recommended. Additionally, Elephant grass has a high CO2 uptake and should therefore be used to mark pathways.
6.2 Implementation of green recreational areas (social aspect)
6.2.1 Active involvement of scientific experts in the network
We recommend that scientists are not kept at an arm’s length, but are more actively involved within the network. In interaction with other stakeholders, and particularly local residents, scientific experts are able to translate and decompose preferences and desires into technical components that are amenable to solutions, which is ultimately required for the fulfillment of these particular preferences. This implies that when stakeholders opt for planting trees (tulip tree, oak tree, silverleaf maple) in the area because it contributes to the aesthetics of the business park, scientific experts not only investigate which of the recommended tree species are more likely to have positive effects on the subjective well-being of locals and employers, but also look into the tree species that are more likely to support the biodiversity in the region. So, assigning a more active role to scientific experts in this network increases the probability that the aforementioned “balance between city and nature” can be attained. These should be paid experts who possess specific skills, the contribution of which can aid in overcoming specific barriers that stakeholders deal with during the course of the project.
6.2.2 Collective financing by network participants
We recommend that the stakeholders involved in a network make an inventory of the possibilities for collective financing of activities such as security, waste collection and management, sustainability and the creation of greenery by entrepreneurs and property owners. This makes the coordination of financial assets easier and distributes the accountability within the network. For instance, collective financing of the planting of trees in BPAO is desirable, since it is an effective means of overcoming free-rider problems, and hence addresses accountability issues.
6.2.3 Facilitating role of the municipality in the network
We recommend that the municipality of Amsterdam devotes attention to the preferences of local residents when businesses are relocating, so that locals have the opportunity to co-decide on the specifications that these businesses should adhere to if they wish to resettle, e.g. specific environmental categories. As the case of Beverwijk illustrates, a logical consequence of this is that it might limit nuisance and disruptions caused by business activities in the nearby area. However, in order to enhance the decision-making power of both local residents and private actors, the municipality has to step down from its role as central planner in the network. This implies that, In the case of Osdorp, the municipality adopts a facilitating role in the network. This is not only because of the advantages to legitimacy, but it also creates room for heterogeneous inputs that lead to alternative insights on how to manage waste sustainably and design green areas.
6.2.4 SWOT analysis for exposing weaknesses and threats
We recommend that the municipality of Amsterdam conducts a SWOT analysis in order to be aware of the possible contextual weaknesses and threats. It is clear from the other cases that additional attention should be devoted to creating a sense of collectivity during the BPAO project. A sense of collectivity is likely to be realized if the municipality of Amsterdam adheres to a facilitating role, the result of which would be that stakeholders develop the perception that their inputs are seriously considered. Moreover, the stakeholders of BPAO should investigate to what extent their design will deteriorate the traffic flow in the region, so that dissatisfaction among local residents is limited. Finally, additional attention should be devoted to ensuring enough parking space both in and outside BPAO, which will be equally beneficial for limiting dissatisfaction among local residents.
7. Conclusion
The development of BPAO is an ambitious project of the municipality of Amsterdam, in which attaining a balance between economic functionality and sustainable development is crucial. As the business park is considered a wicked problem, an interdisciplinary approach is considered to provide an answer to the following research question: “How can green recreational areas be designed in BPAO in order to make the Businesspark more sustainable and how should such a design be implemented by the municipality of Amsterdam?”. By relying on an overarching theoretical framework - consisting of theoretical concepts from multiple disciplines - this research is able to formulate recommendations to the municipality of Amsterdam. We recommend multiple recreational areas, regular (sports)events, sufficient lighting, tree species such as the tulip tree, oak tree and silver maple leaf and viewpoints along the slow traffic route. To put these these recommendations into practice, The municipality should: adopt a network approach, involve scientific experts and make a financial inventory. Moreover, it is prudent if the municipality steps down from its role as central planner in the network, and adopts a facilitating role. This will not only enhance the legitimacy of implemented strategies, but it will also create room for heterogeneous inputs that leads to alternative insights on how to manage waste sustainably and design green areas. Finally, it is recommended that the involved actors conduct a SWOT analysis since this will expose the contextual weaknesses of and barriers within BPAO, the awareness of which will aid stakeholders during the course of the project.
Other business parks could benefit from this paper as it provides thorough research on which outdoor plant- and tree-species are best applicable in the Netherlands. Furthermore, multiple concepts that are stated in this paper regarding recreational area design are also applicable to other development-cases (e.g. spanish village concept). Moreover, networking and the use of institutional and/or economic policy tools is not limited to the development of business parks and may be equally advantageous in cases in which this is not the main focus, provided that the contextual circumstances permit the application of these strategies.
8. Discussion
Whilst this research attempts to provide the municipality of Amsterdam with useful insights and recommendations, it was limited in several ways. First, the context specificity of the cases that were compared, makes it difficult to generalize the findings and make it applicable to BPAO. Second, even when some useful strategies of other cases may seem applicable to BPAO, it might be possible that these successful instances were the result of factors that are outside the scope of this research. Third, we have had no contact with officials of the municipality of Amsterdam to discuss in detail what the municipality perceives to be a “balance between city and nature”. Rather, we took it upon ourselves to operationalize this vague term according to formulated ambitions and information from policy documents. Additionally, since BPAO is currently in the process of being developed, we have limited information on some of the problematic aspects that the involved actors are currently dealing with. There are no documents that indicate what the barriers have been up until this point, which would have been useful for providing more comprehensive and context-specific recommendations.
This research has a broad scope with which multiple relevant factors and aspects are considered for the sustainable development of business parks, there are more concepts that need to be taken into consideration. For instance, it is useful to investigate the feasibility and desirability of collective sustainable energy production in BPAO, which is also a significant aspect of sustainable development. Future research could incorporate this limitation. Moreover, this research was not informed by the expertise of an urban planner. This might have added more expertise and knowledge on how to design or implement public spaces.
The last limitation is that the plants which are recommended for the business park are species which are already in the netherlands. this is because it is done by a chemist instead of a biologist, thus cannot know which invasive species can be used without have any consequences for the ecosystem.
Lastly, we advise future research to improve our limitations stated above. In case of extending the research scope, a focus on other aspects of designing a sustainable business park is recommended. Future research could, for example, look further into indoor sustainability. Furthermore, when developing a business park for the municipality, we recommend that researchers in the future cooperate more closely with the municipality to gather more case information and knowledge on their vision.
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Appendix A
Cross- table Interdisciplinarity
Disciplines Business Administration Political Science Earth Sciences Chemistry Business
Administration
x The municipality of Amsterdam
promotes the participation of local residents and employees in the recreational areas through policy, framing and networking.
The sustainable design of the recreational space will enhance the wellbeing of the employees but will be targeting their awareness in separating their waste with colorful bins. Different features of the design will enlarge their participation in sustainable development for example with gardening.
Within the recreational areas -designed to increase employee wellbeing - particular plants have been chosen that are aesthetically pleasing and retrieve CO2from the air
contributing to cleaner and greener recreational areas.
Political Science Political science contributes to building a solid knowledge base from containing information on the effect of plants on employee wellbeing, either through JFF or EBPM. This knowledge basis promotes one vision and good communication in regard to the design of potential recreational areas.
x How can the sustainable
design of the recreational areas be realized? How can we implement the sustainable design and attract sustainable corporations? Can the sustainable design of the recreational areas act as an incentive for possible businesses?
Which plants can be used for the business park and are appropriate for implementing them.
Earth Sciences The waste management systems within the recreational areas have been assigned particular colours to promote certain feelings in regard to higher employee well-being.
Which policy tools are
appropriate for implementing the recommendations for waste management systems, as stipulated by Earth Sciences, in BPAO.
x Recommends which plants can be
used in the recreational, which possibly be fertilized by the organic waste of the business park.
Chemistry Within the recreational areas - designed to increase employee wellbeing - particular plants have been chosen that are aesthetically pleasing and retrieve CO2
from the air contributing to cleaner and greener recreational areas.
Which policy tools are
appropriate for implementing the recommendations for plant species, as stipulated by chemistry, in BPAO.
In the development of the sustainable design of the recreational areas, the organic waste can be used as manure for the plants and trees in the smaller and larger parts of the recreational area.
x
