Appendices
Appendices
Appendix 1: Paques Product Range
Appendix 2: MBR and Substitute Technology Appendix 3: Paques Membrane Module Appendix 4: MTR Values
Appendix 5: Discharge Costs per IE in the Netherlands Appendix 6: IE Calculations for Large Industries Appendix 7: P-list
Appendix 8: Market Size and Market Share Calculations Appendix 9: Membrane Module Manufactures
Appendix 10: Membrane Modules of Zenon, Kubota and Mitsubishi Appendix 11: References Zenon
Appendix 12: References Kubota Appendix 13: References Mitsubishi Appendix 14: MBR projects
Appendix 15: Technical evaluation
Appendix 16: Estimations of Possible Projects
Appendix 17: Summary of Internal Research Findings Appendix 18: Cost-price Paques’ 2
eMembrane module Appendix 19: Process train
Appendix 20: Planning Current Projects Appendix 21: Possible Brand Names Appendix 22: Possible Licensees Appendix 23: Checklist
Appendix 24: Interviews
Appendix 1: Paques Product Range
In the following pages some pamphlets are presented of the different products Paques
produces. Also, some references are included to get an idea of the industries in which
these products are used.
Appendix 2: MBR and Substitute Technology
MBR (Membrane Bioreactor) technology combines conventional activated sludge treatment processes with membrane separation techniques. In a conventional process train, the separation of sludge and effluent is effected within a settler tank by gravity.
With the MBR technique the influent is treated with activated sludge (as in a conventional process train) and then sucked (outside-in) or pushed (inside-out) through a membrane. The difference between these techniques will be mentioned later on in this appendix. The membranes used, unrelated to the technique used, have different pore sizes, namely: Micro filtration (MF) with a pore size ranging between 0,6 and 0,1µm and Ultra Filtration (UF) with a range between 0,1 and 0,01 µm. Tests are being done with Nano-Filtration (NF) (0,01-0,001 µm) techniques, but so far have not been successful.
Possible applications
The primary application for the membrane module in an MBR installation is wastewater treatment. The membrane itself can also be used for surface water and ground water treatment. The effluent can be applied as pre-treated drinking-water, process water, boiler feed water and cooling-water, possibly after further polishing treatment (for example by means of reversed osmosis or chloride dosing), depending on the situation.
Other possible applications for the loose Paques membrane are:
- Washing-water treatment (from drinking water production);
- sludge thickening;
- sludge digestion;
- bio battery;
- raw material recovery (for example Fe, which can be used as P-removal in WWTP).
Advantages
In general the MBR has two major advantages over conventional techniques:
• Very high-quality effluent
• Small footprint
The reasons for the clean effluent can be found in the fact that the membranes used in the MBR technology can be seen as an absolute barrier. This means that all solid particles have no chance of rinsing out, which can happen with a conventional settler. So, the effluent is free of all solids.
The pore size of the membrane mentioned earlier also makes it possible to keep out
particles, which a conventional activated sludge settling cannot take care of. For example,
the UF keeps out all bacteria and some viruses (see chapter 1). This makes it very
attractive in areas where these criteria are very important, for example swimming water
areas.
A second advantage of an MBR is that it takes up less space than a conventional treatment plant. First of all, no settler tanks are needed. Settler tanks take up a lot of space in conventional WWTPs (see figure 1a, b). Moreover, no additional processes need to be placed if an effluent quality similar to conventional WWTPs has to be reached (for example a sand filtration unit). Secondly, a smaller aeration tank is needed. The membrane is an absolute barrier, which means more sludge can be kept in this tank to treat the influent water because there is no threat of losing sludge.
However, the amount of sludge which can be kept in the aeration tank is limited and this has bearing on the effectiveness of the sludge in comparison to the amount of air which has to be implemented (alpha factor).
Disadvantages
The biggest disadvantages are:
• The (operational) costs
• Fouling of the membrane
The biggest disadvantage in comparison to a conventional system is that the overall costs are high. Membranes are still expensive and have to be replaced. Secondly, membranes become dirty. This fouling is an important topic for membrane-related research. For the membranes to remain effective they have to be cleaned in the process. This cleaning is conducted in two ways. The membranes can be intensively cleaned (IC). Water treatment is being stopped and the membranes are cleaned. This is being done in a lot of different ways, but basically it is being done with chemicals. Another option is continual (during the water treatment) cleaning. This so-called Mechanical Clean (MC) is done by usage of air, which is blown between the membranes and/or used in a reversed direction of permeate flow, so-called back-pulsing. Finally, a membrane is cleaned just by relaxing it (shutting it down). The membrane is then cleaned by the movement in the water.
Figure 1a: RWZI Soest Figure 1b: 4 settler tanks at RWZI Soest
Source: http://www.wve.nl
This intensive cleaning obviously makes operational costs higher than conventional techniques, because of the use of energy and chemicals. Additionally, personnel have to be trained more extensively.
Cross-flow vs. Submerged
In the first paragraph of this appendix the so-called inside-out and outside-in principles were mentioned. In general, these correspond with cross-flow and submerged MBR (picture 2).
Figure 2: cross-flow and submerged configurations
Source: Market study Paques
In a cross-flow (picture 3) (inside out) MBR effluent is pushed under high pressure (appr.
20 bar) through the (tubular) membranes. The advantages in comparison to a submerged configuration are that it creates far better fluxes and is easy to operate. Because of the external placement and these high fluxes this set-up it is very attractive for very small and or partial stream implementation (appr. 5m³/h). An obvious, big disadvantage is the high- energy cost related to the high pressure.
Figure 3: cross-flow membrane filtration
Submerged configurations create clean
permeate by suction. So the
configuration in relation to figure 3 is
the other way around, the feed is on the
outside and permeate on the inside of
the tube. The related pressure needed in
this case in much lower, (0.05 to 0.2
bar), also resulting in low fluxes.
These submerged configurations seem to have the most promising future of the two, because of the relatively low operational
costs and the relative robustness of the membranes.
Submerged: Flate plate vs. Hollow-fiber
These submerged membranes can be divided into two types, namely: Flat-plate and hollow- fiber (also capillary). Hollow-fiber uses straws to suck the permeate through. An advantage over flat-plated membranes is that the effective separation area is much more efficient. This means that the actual advantage of a small footprint is largest with hollow- fiber membranes, approximately with a factor of 1 to 4. A disadvantage may lie in the fact that the membranes seem less robust, which makes them more difficult to clean.
Figure 4: Flat-plate Kubota membrane sheet
Flat-plated membranes make use of two sheets of membranes from between which permeate is extracted (figure 4). The disadvantage compared to hollow-fiber is that it has a larger footprint (appr. 4 to 1). The advantage is that it is more robust.
Another advantage seems to lie in the fact that it is easier to use.
Sheets are very easily interchanged (figure 5).
Figure 5
:
Submerged Flate- plated MBR moduleSource: US patent nr. US06287467B1
NB. (figure five) As can be seen in this picture, membrane sheets can be easily
extracted. Also, the Mechanical Clean (MC) mentioned earlier, can be seen at the bottom.
Source: Membrane technology no. 83 p. 5
Membrane placement
Source: www.epa.state.oh.us
There can also be a difference in the placement of the membranes. They can be directly hung in the aeration tank, or can be placed in a separate tank which communicates with the aeration tank (picture 6).
Figure 6: (a) direct placement of membranes in aeration tank; (b) separate placement of membranes
(a) (b)
Aeration tank Aeration tank separate tank
The principle of water treatment is the same in both cases, both use submerged membranes. However in the first case no additional tank needs to be built and/or extra energy costs need to be spent on pumping the water around. The advantage of the other setup is that it is easier to maintain the membranes and usage of chemicals can be controlled more easily.
Sand filtration and dead-end UF
An advantage of the MBR technology is that it keeps out all solids. However, membranes are not the only technique which can achieve this result. Sand filtration (see figure 7) also keeps out solids. The advantages of this technology over MBR are that it is a more proven technology and on large scale it still has a cost advantage.
Figure 7:
continuous sand filtration (astrasand®)
To reach the same quality effluent as an MBR, an Ultra Filtration unit has to be placed behind this process step.
In principle, the same membrane modules could be
used for this dead-end Ultra Filtration. However, the
water that is treated is much cleaner (it is biologically
treated and free of all solids) so membranes can be used
under higher pressure. In practices this means that in
most cases inside-out cross-flow membrane units are
used.
Source: Paques N.V.
Hybrid setup
An MBR has problems in handling hydraulic fluctuations, because all the effluent has to pass through the membranes. If these fluctuations are too large to be handled by a buffer, a hybrid setup can be opted for. This has a conventional setup besides an MBR. The MBR is constantly fed and only excessive water is treated by the conventional system.
This not only takes away the hydraulic problem, but can also lower the investment costs
considerably.
Appendix 3: Paques Membrane Module
The Paques MBR module is a flat-plate submerged membrane module with a total membrane surface of 200m². It consists of 50 membrane envelopes (1m * 2m), each with 4m² (2*(1*2)) membrane surface (see picture 1).
Picture 1: membrane envelopes
A membrane envelope, which is made up of two sheets, is constructed with two headers and a santopreen strip, which is the reason for the extreme flexibility in the module (see figure 2). The membranes are made more robust by placing a backing on the sheets, which is done externally.
A corrugated PP plate is put within the envelope (between the two sheets) to strengthen the frame and guide permeate out of the module. Each envelope is hung in a PP frame and is put under tension by springs, but has the ability to move. The effluent is sucked out on both ends of the envelope through the headers mentioned earlier.
At the bottom of the frame three aeration tubes produce air bubbles for the in-process cleaning mentioned in appendix 2. In the first module the aeration was done by round domes (see picture 3).
Besides cleaning by aeration, the membrane can be cleaned by: relaxation, Maintenance Cleaning (by in-situ chemical back-pulsing) and by Intensive Cleaning (by lifting the membranes out of the aeration tank and placing them in a bath of chemicals). The MC is done by reversing the flow (pushing instead of sucking) in combination with adding the chemicals. The IC is done by hoisting the membranes out of the tanks using an external crane.
Figure 3: dome aeration elements under the first generation Paques membrane module
Appendix 4: MTR Values
This appendix is presented in Dutch. In general it shows the values for all harmful substances, which will be allowed in the near future (in the Netherlands). It shows that the values are becoming more strict, which could favor MBR.
Minimumkwaliteit (MTR) en Streefwaarden voor water, sediment en grondwater
IJkpunten voor stoffen in watersystemen (MTR: korte termijn, Streefwaarde: lange termijn)
De getalswaarden voor de totale concentratie in water gelden voor een zwevend-stof concentratie van 30 mg/l. De getalswaarden voor sediment gelden voor de standaard van 10% organische stof en 25% lutum. Voor standaard zwevend stof (20% organische stof en 40% lutum) liggen de getalswaarden voor metalen een factor 1,5 hoger en voor organische verbindingen een factor 2 hoger dan voor sediment. De streefwaarde en MTR voor metalen zijn inclusief de landelijke achtergrondconcentratie. De achtergrondconcentraties voor metalen in grondwater gelden voor het diepe grondwater (>10 m), voor de Noordzee gelden ze voor het midden.
OPPERVLAKTEWATER (opgelost)
OPPERVLAKTEWATER (totaal)
SEDIMENT (droge stof)
GRONDWATER (opgelost)
METALEN
achtergrond concentratie Noordzee ug/l
landelijke streefwaarde ug/l
MTR ug/l
landelijke streefwaarde ug/l
MTR ug/l
landelijke streefwaarde mg/kg d.s.
MTR- sed mg/kg d.s.
landelijke streefwaarde ug/l
cadmium 0.03 0.08 0.4 0.4 2 0.8 12# 0.06
anorganisch kwik
0.003 0.01 0.2 0.07 1.2 0.3 10# 0.01
methyl-kwik - 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.1 0.3 1.4 0.01
koper 0.3 0.5 1.5 1.1 3.8 36 73 1.3
nikkel - 3.3 5.1 4.1 6.3 35 44 2.1
lood 0.02 0.3 11 5.3 220 85 530 # 1.7
zink 0.4 2.9 9,4 12 40 140 620 24
chroom - 0.3 8.7 2.4 84 100 380 # 2.5
arseen - 1 25 1.3 32 29 55 # 7.2
antimoon - 0.4 6.5 0.4 7.2 3 15 # 0.15
barium - 75 220 78 230 160 300 200
beryllium - 0.02 0.2 0.02 0.2 1.1 1.2 0.05
cobalt - 0.2 2.8 0.2 3.1 9 19 0.7
molybdeen - 4.3 290 4.4 300 3 200 # 3.6
seleen - 0.09 5.3 0.09 5.4 0.7 2.9 0.07
thallium - 0.04 1.6 0.06 1.7 1 2.6 2
tin - 0.2 18 2.2 220 - - 2.2
vanadium - 0.9 4.3 0.9 5.1 42 56 1.2
boor @ - 6.5 650 - - - - 6.5
tellurium @ - - - - - - - -
titanium @ - - - - - - - -
uranium @ - 0.01 1 - - - - 0.01
zilver @ - 0.0008 0.8 - - - 5.5 0.0008
zoute wateren - 0.01 1.2 - - - - -
OPPERVLAKTEWATER SEDIMENT GRONDWATER
(opgelost)
ORGANISCHE
VERBINDINGEN MTR
opgelost
streefwaarde totaal
MTR totaal
streefwaarde droge stof
MTR-sed droge stof
landelijke streefwaarde
PAK ug/l ug/l ug/l mg/kg d.s. mg/kg d.s. ug/l
naftaleen 1.2 0.01 1.2 0.001* 0.1* 0.01
anthraceen 0.07 0.0008 0.08 0.001* 0.1* 0.0007
fenantreen 0.3 0.003 0.3 0.005* 0.5* 0.003
fluorantheen 0.3 0.005 0.5 0.03* 3* 0.003
benz(a)anthraceen 0.01 0.0003 0.03 0.003* 0.4* 0.0001
chryseen 0.3 0.009 0.9 0.1* 11* 0.003
benzo(k)fluorantheen 0.04 0.002 0.2 0.02 * 2* 0.0004
benzo(a)pyreen 0.05 0.002 0.2 0.003 * 3* 0.0005
benzo(ghi)peryleen 0.03 0.005 0.5 0.08 * 8* 0.0003
indenopyreen 0.04 0.004 0.4 0.06 * 6* 0.0004
vluchtige halogeen koolwaterstoffen
ng/l ng/l ng/l ug/kg d.s. ug/kg d.s. ng/l
pentachloorbenzeen 300 3 300 1 100 3
hexachloorbenzeen 9 0.09 9 0.05 5 0.09
chloorfenolen ng/l ng/l ng/l ug/kg d.s. ug/kg d.s. ng/l
pentachloorfenol 4000 40 4000 2 300 40
organochloorverbindingen ng/l ng/l ng/l ug/kg d.s. ug/kg d.s. ng/l
aldrin 0.9 0.01 1 0.06 6 0.009
dieldrin 12 0.4 39 0.5 450 0.1
endrin 4 0.04 4 0.04 4 0.04
DDT 0.4 0.009 0.9 0.09 9 0.004
DDD 0.4 0.005 0.5 0.02 2 0.004
DDE 0.4 0.004 0.4 0.01 1 0.004
a-endosulfan 20 0.2 20 0.01 1 0.2
a-HCH 3300 33 3300 3 290 33
b-HCH 800 9 860 9 920 8
j-HCH (lindaan) 910 9 920 0.05 230 9
heptachloor 0.5 0.005 0.5 0.7 68 0.005
heptachloorepoxide 0.5 0.005 0.5 0.0002 0.02 0.005
chloordaan 2 0.02 2 0.03 3 0.002
organofosforverbindingen ng/l ng/l ng/l ug/kg d.s. ug/kg d.s. ng/l
azinfos-ethyl 11 0.1 11 0.005 0.5 0.1
azinfos-methyl 12 0.1 12 0.009 0.9 0.1
chloorfenvinfos 2 0.02 2 0.0006 0.06 0.02
chloorpyrifos 3 0.03 3 0.01 1 0.03
cumafos 0.7 0.007 0.7 0.0006 0.06 0.007
demeton 140 1 140 - - 1
diazinon 37 0.4 37 0.01 1 0.4
dichloorvos 0.7 0.007 0.7 0.00003 0.003 0.007
dimethoaat 23000 230 23000 0.8 78 230
disulfoton 82 0.8 82 0.03 6 0.8
ethoprofos 63 0.6 63 0.003 0.3 0.6
fenitrothion 9 0.09 9 0.007 0.7 0.09
fenthion 3 0.03 3 0.004 0.4 0.03
foxim 82(!) 0,8(!) 82(!) 0,08(!) 8(!) 0.8(!)
heptenofos 20 0.2 20 0.003 0.3 0.2
malathion 13 0.1 13 0.009 0.9 0.1
mevinfos 2 0.02 2 0.0006 0.06 0.02
oxydemeton-methyl 35(!) 0,4(!) 35(!) 0,0003(!) 0,03(!) 0.4(!)
parathion(-ethyl) 2 0.02 2 0.001 0.1 0.02
parathion-methyl 11 0.1 11 0.01 1 0.1
pyrazofos 40 0.4 40 0.02 2 0.4
tolclofos-methyl 790(!) 8(!) 790(!) 1(!) 130(!) 8(!)
triazofos 32 0.3 32 0.007 0.7 0.3
trichloorfon 1 0.01 1 0.00002 0.002 0.01
organische tin- en silicium verbindingen
ng/l ng/l ng/l ug/kg d.s. ug/kg d.s. ng/l
tetrabutyltin-verbindingen 1600(!) 16(!) 1600(!) 0,8(!) 78(!) 16(!)
zoute wateren: 17(!) 0,2(!) 17(!) 0,008(!) 0,8(!) -
tributyltin-verbindingen 14 0.1 14 0.02 10 0.1
zoute wateren: 1 0.01 1 0.007 0.7 -
trifenyltin-verbindingen 5 0.05 5 0.003 6 0.05
zoute wateren: 0.8 0.009 0.9 0.01 1 -
silicium-verbindingen 0.4 0.005 0.5 0.02 2 0.004
zuren (fenolherbiciden &
chloorfenoxycarbonzuur- herbiciden)
ug/l ug/l ug/l ug/kg d.s. ug/kg d.s. ug/l
bentazon 64(!) 0,6(!) 64(!) 1(!) 130(!) 0.6(!)
2,4-D 10 0.1 10 0.3 27 0.1
dichloorprop 40 0.4 40 32 3200 0.4
dinoseb 0.03 0.0003 0.03 0.003 0.3 0.0003
dinoterb 0.03 0.0003 0.03 0.1 11 0.0003
DNOC 21 0.2 21 0.7 280 0.2
MCPA 2 0.02 2 0.05 5 0.02
mecoprop 4 0.04 4 0.02 2 0.04
2,4,5-T 9(!) 0,09(!) 9(!) 0,5(!) 50(!) 0.09(!)
carbamaten & dithio- carbamaten
ng/l ng/l ng/l
ug/kg d.s. ug/kg d.s. ng/l
aldicarb 98 1 98 0.001 0.1 1
benomyl 150 2 150 0.006 0.6 2
carbaryl 230 2 230 0.03 3 2
carbendazim 110 1 110 0.03 3 1
carbofuran 910 9 910 0.02 2 9
maneb als ETU - als ETU - - -
metam-Natrium 35(!) 0,4(!) 35(!) 0,006(!) 0,6(!) 0.4(!)
methomyl 80 0.8 80 0.001 0.1 0.8
oxamyl 1800 18 1800 0.01 1 18
pirimicarb 90 0.9 90 0.02 2 0.9
propoxur 10 0.1 10 0.0001 0.01 0.1
thiram 32 0.3 32 0.008 0.8 0.3
tri-allaat 1900 19 1900 0.2 160 19
zineb als ETU - als ETU - - -
"triazinen, pyridazinen &
triazolen"
ng/l ng/l ng/l ug/kg d.s. ug/kg d.s. ng/l
anilazin 85 0.9 85 0.02 2 0.9
atrazin 2900 29 2900 0.2 (!) 26 29
chloridazon 73000 730 73000 3 350 730
cyanazin 190 2 190 0.01 (!) 2 2
desmetryn 34000(!) 340(!) 34000(!) 4(!) 370(!) 340(!)
metamitron 10000 100 10000 1 95 100
simazin 140(!) 1(!) 140(!) 0,009(!) 0,9(!) 1(!)
synthetische pyrethroiden ng/l ng/l ng/l ug/kg d.s. ug/kg d.s. ng/l
bifenthrin 1 0.01 1 0.05 5 0.01
cypermethrin 0.09 0.001 0.1 0.004 0.4 0.0009
deltamethrin 0.3 0.004 0.4 0.01 1 0.003
permethrin 0.2 0.003 0.3 0.009 0.9 0.002
aniliden & dinitro-anilinen ng/l ng/l ng/l ug/kg d.s. ug/kg d.s. ng/l
metazachloor 34000(!) 340(!) 34000(!) 3 260 340(!)
metolachloor 200 2 200 0.03 3 2
propachloor 1300 13 1300 0.06 6 13
quintozeen 2900 31 3100 - - 29
trifluralin 37(!) 0,4(!) 38(!) 0,1(!) 19(!) 0.4(!)
fenylureum-herbiciden (aromatische chloor- aminen)
ng/l ng/l ng/l ug/kg d.s. ug/kg d.s. ng/l
diuron 430 4 430 0.08(!) 9 4
isoproturon 320 3 320 0.05 5 3
linuron 250 3 250 0.09 9 3
metabenzthiazuron 1800 18 1800 0.7 67 18
metobromuron 10000 100 10000 1 110 100
carboximiden ng/l ng/l ng/l mg/kg d.s.. mg/kg d.s. ng/l
captafol 28(!) 0,3(!) 28(!) 0,03(!) 3(!) 0.3(!)
captan 110 1 110 0.01 1 1
overige stoffen (getalswaarden uit ENW)
ng/l ng/l ng/l mg/kg d.s. mg/kg d.s. ng/l
NTA - - 200 - - 0.2
minerale olie - - - 50 1000 50
PCB's ug/l ug/l
ug/l
ug/kg d.s. ug/kg d.s. ug/l
PCB-28 - - - 1 4 -
PCB-52 - - - 1 4 -
PCB-101 - - - 4 4 -
PCB-118 - - - 4 4 -
PCB-138 - - - 4 4 -
PCB-153 - - - 4 4 -
PCB-180 - - - 4 4 -
screeningsparameters ug/l ug/l ug/l mg/kg d.s. mg/kg d.s. ug/l
EOX - - - 0.3 - -
VOX - - 5 - - -
ETU - - 0.005 - - -
cholinesterase remming - - 0.5 - - -
OPPERVLAKTEWATER Sediment Grondwater
achtergrond concentratie Noordzee
landelijke
streefwaarde MTR
landelijke streefwaarde
MTR - sed
landelijke
streefwaarde MTR
tot-fosfaat (mg P/l) 0,02 (w) 0,05 (z) 0,15
(z)
- - 0.4/3(z/kv) -
tot-stikstof (mg N/l) 0,15 (w) 1 (z) 2,2
(z)
- - - -
nitraat (mg N/l) - - - - - 5.6 11.3
ammoniak (mg N/l) - - 0.02 - - - -
ammoniumverbindingen - - - - - 2.0/10 (z/kv) -
chlorofyl-a (ug/l) - - 100
(z)
- - - -
ZOUTEN
chloride (mg Cl/l) - - 200 - - 100** -
fluoride (mg F/l) - - 1.5 500
(mg/kg)***
- 0.5 ** -
bromide (mg Br/l) - - 8 20 (mg/kg) - 0.3 ** -
sulfaat (mg SO4/l) - - 100 - - 150 ** -
tot-sulfiden (ug S/l) - - - 2 (mg/kg) - 10 -
ALGEMENE PARAMETERS
achtergrond concentratie Noordzee
landelijke streefwaarde
MTR achtergrond concentratie Noordzee
streefwaarde MTR
OPPERVLAKTEWATER ZWEVENDE STOF
RADIOACTIEVE
STOFFEN achtergrond concentratie Noordzee
landelijke
streefwaarde MTR
achtergrond concentratie
Noordzee streefwaarde MTR
(1Bq = 27 pCi) mBq/l mBq/l mBq/l Bq/kg Bq/kg Bq/kg
totale a-activiteit (j) 500 100 - - - -
rest b-activiteit (j) 300 200 - - - -
tritium-activiteit (j) 10000 10000 - - - -
radium-226 5 5 - - - -
strontium-90 15 10 - - - -
cesium-137 20 - - - 40 -
lood-210 - - - 100 100 -
polonium-210 - - - 100 100 -
cobalt-58 - - - 10 10 -
cobalt-60 - - - 10 10 -
jodium-131 - - - - 20 -
overige j-stralers - - - < 2 2 -
Legenda
# : getalswaarde = interventiewaarde
! : extra onzekerheidsfactor 10 i.v.m. weinig data (EPA/1000) - geen getalswaarde vastgesteld
* geen bodemtypecorrectie voor zandige sedimenten (org.stof < 10 %)
**: herbeoordeling toelatingsdossier door CTB in 97/98
*** bodemtypecorrectie: F = 175 + 13 L (L = % lutum)
@ de afleiding van deze MTR's wijkt af van de standaardprocedure voor metalen, omdat onvoldoende data beschikbaar zijn voor het vaststellen van een landelijke
kleur, geur, schuim,
vast afval, troebeling
niet zichtbaar of ruikbaar verontreinigd
temperatuur (C) - - 25
zuurstof (mg/l) - - 5
zuurgraad (pH) - - 6.5 - 9
doorzicht (z,meter) - - 0.4
BACTERIOLOGISCHE
PARAMETERS
thermotolerante coli's (80 perc. , MPN/ml)
- - 20
enterovirussen / fagen - - afwezig
in 10 l
achtergrond- concentratie, maar zijn voorlopig opgenomen n.a.v. een zaak bij het Europese Hof over de uitvoering van de Richtlijn 76/464/EEG. Bij deze
milieukwaliteitsnormen dient de lokale achtergrondconcentratie te worden opgeteld.
w : wintergemiddelde waarden
z : zomergemiddelde waarde voor eutrofieringsgevoelige, stagnante wateren z/kv eerstgenoemde waarde geldt voor zandgebieden, de tweede waarde geldt voor klei- en veengebieden
Source: 4e nota waterhuishouding: www.broks-messelaar.nl/
Appendix 5: Discharge Costs per IE in the Netherlands
Below the discharge costs per IE within different regions are presented. The Table is in Dutch and figures are in euros.
Verontreinigsheffingen 2002 - 2003
(in Euro's per vervuilingseenheid)
Landelijk 2002 2003
Gemiddeld 47,99 49,88 Hoogste 60,24 62,09 Laagste 35,88 37,68 Rijkswateren
Zoet 31,76 31,76 Zout 31,76 31,76 Groningen
Waterschap Noorderzijlvest 56,28 57,36 Waterschap Hunze en Aa's 55,08 57,42 Friesland
Waterschap Friesland 46,74 48,24 Drenthe
Waterschap Reest en Wieden 60,24 60,24 Waterschap Velt en Vecht 59,70 62,09 Overijsssel
Waterschap Regge en Dinkel 42,09 43,45 Waterschap Groot-Salland 44,16 48,12 Flevoland
Waterschap Zuiderzeeland 56,06 59,20 Gelderland
Zuiveringsschap Rivierenland 51,24 52,56 Waterschap Veluwe 40,20 41,88 Waterschap Rijn en IJssel 39,24 40,80 Utrecht
Waterschap de
Stichtse Rijnlanden 52,20 52,20 Waterschap Vallei en Eem 48,72 52,20 Noord-Holland
Hoogheemraadschap van de Uitwaterende Sluizen in Hollands Noorderkwartier
50,00 55,94 Hoogheemraadschap 50,52 52,68
Amstel, Gooi & Vecht
Zuid-Holland
Hoogheemraadschap Delfland 53,40 56,64 Hoogheemraadschap Rijnland 40,00 40,00 Hoogheemraadschap Schieland 47,20 49,08
Zuiveringsschap Hollandse
Eilanden en Waarden 44,28 46,56 Zeeland
Waterschap
Zeeuws Vlaanderen 57,50 58,00 Waterschap de
Zeeuwse Eilanden 52,00 55,38 Noord-Brabant
Hoogheemraadschap West-Brabant 38,50 41,00 Waterschap De Dommel 41,76 43,44 Waterschap De Aa 35,88 37,68 Hoogheemraadschap
Alm en Biesbosch 51,12 53,28 Waterschap De Maaskant 43,32 43,32 Limburg
Zuiveringsschap Limburg 38,40 39,90 Source: http://www.industriewater.net/
Appendix 6: IE Calculations for Large Industries
German IE:
Op basis van COD:
120 gr total COD of 80 gr bezonken COD per EW Op basis van BOD:
60 gr total BOD of 40 gr bezonken BOD per EW Dutch IE:
Q*(COD + 4.57 KjN)
136
Belgium IE :
H = N x T
Het eenheidstarief werd vastgelegd op 22,3 EUR/VE en wordt jaarlijks geïndexeerd. Het geïndexeerd eenheidstarief T bedraagt 26,36 EUR/VE voor het heffingsjaar 2002 en 26,72 voor het heffingsjaar 2003.
N = N1 + N2 + N3 + Nk
N1 = [Qd / 180] * [{a} + {0,35 * ZS / 500} +
{(0,45 * (2 * BZV + CZV)) / 1.350}] * [0,40 + 0,60 * d]
•
N1 = vuilvracht veroorzaakt door het lozen van zuurstofbindende en zwevende stoffen (VE)
•
a = 0 indien in oppervlaktewater geloosd wordt en heffingsplichtige beschikt over een vergunning voor lozing in oppervlaktewater.
a = 0,2 in alle andere gevallen (lozingsplaats)
•
Qd = dagdebiet geloosd afvalwater (l)
•
ZS = concentratie aan zwevende stoffen (mg/l)
•
BZV = biologisch zuurstofverbruik (mg/l)
•
CZV = chemisch zuurstofverbruik (mg/l)
•
d = seizoensgebonden factor indien minder dan 225 kalenderdagen afvalwater geloosd wordt is deze factor het quotient tussen van
het aantal dagen waarop afvalwater geloosd wordt en 225
N2 = [Qj * {40 * (Hg) + 10 * (Ag + Cd) + 5 * (Zn + Cu) +
2 * (Ni) + 1 * (Pb + As + Cr)}] / 1.000
•
N2 = vuilvracht veroorzaakt door het lozen van zware metalen (VE)
•
Qj = jaarvolume afvalwater (m³)
•
Hg, Ag, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, As, Cr = concentratie aan de respectievelijke zware metalen (mg/l)
N3 = Qj * (N + P) / 10.000
•
N3 = vuilvracht veroorzaakt door het lozen van nutriënten (VE)
•
Qj = jaarvolume afvalwater (m³)
•
N, P = concentratie aan respectievelijk stikstof en fosfor (mg/l)
Nk = K * 0,0004 * a
•
Nk = vuilvracht veroorzaakt door het lozen van thermisch belast koelwater (VE)
•
K = koelwatervolume (m³)
•
a = 0,550 vanaf heffingsjaar 1996
Appendix 7: P-list
In the presented list all the companies in Flanders which need to be disconnected from
the sewer system in the near future are presented. All these companies need to invest in
wastewater treatment intensively, which could mean MBR is an option.
Appendix 8: Market Size and Market Share Calculations
Below, the most important quotes in relation to the size and possible growth of the MBR market are presented. Because it is very difficult to compare these figures (because of different definitions, industries, etc.) they are leveled out. This leveling out is presented in between brackets.
Judd & Jefferson - The EU membrane market is likely to increase by 93% from its 2000 level of $ 198 million to $382 million by 2007
1. (21% of this is related to wastewater reuse (see figure 1: global installed MF/UF installations). This comes down to 40 million)
(Waterforum) - Grow in Europe of 7,4% in Europe annually until 2009, up to 54 million. Starting with 32,8 million in 2002. The top will be reached in the Netherlands and Belgium in 2005. Germany and Italy will have a boost before end of 2005 because of the upcoming up coming legislation, were MBR in small plants will be attractive
2(Frost & Sullivan). (Total investment in MBR projects (municipal and industrial) in 2002 in Europe, 32,8 million euros, with additional works. So, 1/3 (see figure2: cost diversification MBR projects of 32,8 mil. Is 11 million total market share)
(Paques internal) - Submerged membranes 120-180 million euro in Europe
3a year.
Also has to be taken into account that by placing membranes on the market a replacement demand is created, because of the unique characteristics of the used membranes. This is estimated at about 2-3 million per year. (again 1/3 of projects involve membranes relating to a investment of 40 million)
( STOWA) – The STOWA thinks approximately 750,000 square meters of membrane will be sold in the Dutch municipal market, up to 2010. (This relates to 3750 Paques modules (750,000m²/200m²). 3750 * 16,000 (selling price used in this example) = 60 million in 10 years, so 6 million in the Dutch municipal sector per year.
109090600
4/16192800 inhabitants = a factor of approximately 6,7 * 6 million = 40 million).
1 Filtration & Seperation, Developments inIndustrial water re-use, Dec. 2002
2 www.netserver1.net/waterforum/template_a1.asp?paginanr=1683
3 market assessment Hans Wouters
4 http://europa.eu.int/comm/eurostat (GER+BE+NL)
Appendix 9: Membrane Module Manufactures
manufacturer nametype mod surface cassette (aantal modules) character Zenon Zeeweed 500 D hollow fibre 31,5 1-48 (64)31,5/1512UF PVDF Zeeweed 500 C hollow fibre 20 1tm22 20/440 UFPVDF KubotaE510 (also A&F) flat plate 0,8 50-150 (diff. Cassettes) 40/120 MFPO Mitsubishi SteraporeSUN hollow fibre 1,5 70 105 MFPE USFilter/memcor Memcor® (CMF-S) hollow fibre 1tm8(12)MFPVDF or S-10 PP Huber VRM 20 or 30/… rotating plates3(20) or 6(30) 6 of 8 (in cirkel) 10-50 cirkel180/2880 UFPAN or PES Puron*PURON Filter modulehollow fibre app. 3,3 153 (17*9) or (23*9)=207 500/690 UF ?PES sup. on polyester Seghers Keppel UNIBRANE flat plate UFPVDF orelis Rhodia (side stream) PLEIADE flat plate 0,35 20/250 6tm88 UFPES, PVDF eidos hollow fibre 2 1tm15 2tm30 MF? TriquaSubtriq thick hollow pipes3,3 - 41,7 A3 ( distributed by WARBAG) maxflow flat plate 40 (Abfall, Abwasser, Anlagentech) flux 17,625 hydronautics hollow fibre Norit/X-flow** *ref.:Eifel & Ruhr: simmertath 750 VE **The future expectations of Norit for the use of MBR lies in the small decentralized urban (municipal) projects. besides the big three competitors, two seem very promising. These are described on the next pages.
S e g h e rs K e ppe l S egh er s is r ec e nt ly t ake n o v er b y K eppe l C o rpor a ti o n. I n N ove m b er 2002 a n a ss et p ur c ha se b y K eppe l cor p . o f 19.1 m il li o n E ur o w as re a liz ed . S eg he rs w il l ho ld h er o w n B e lg iu m id e n ti ty , b u t w ill ha ve a mu lt i mil lio n S in ga p o re a n c o m p a n y b e h in d t he m ( ne t sa le s o f 1 5 1 m il li o n E ur o i n t he fi rs t ni ne m o nt hs o f 2002 ). Se gh er s is 100% o w ne d b y K eppe l T he su b m e rg ed m e m b ra ne o f S egh e rs K eppe l, t h e so -c al le d U N IB R A N E ( m ad e up o f T o ra y m e m b ra ne s hee ts s in ce 2001) , is r e la ti ve ne w in c o m p a ri so n to t he o th er t h re e co mp et ito rs . I t is a fl a t s h ee t me mb ra ne , w h ic h a ls o wo rk s w it h th e o u ts id e- in pr in c ip le. S e gh e rs K ep p el a ls o re co g n iz es t he p o ss ib ilit ie s in C h in a a nd h a s a s tra te g ic a gr ee m e n t w it h c h in a e ve rb rig h t in te rn a ti o na l L td . B ec a us e th is U N IB R A N E i s r e la ti v e ly ne w t h e y ha ve o n ly 1 r e fe re nc e a nd o ne u nd er c o ns tr uc ti o n. St ra te g y In co nt ra ry t o f o r e x a m p le Z e no n, w h ic h t ry t o m ake th e m e m b ra ne a c o m m o d it y good, th e co m p e ti ti ve a d va nt a ge o f S e gh er s K eppe l li es c lea rl y in t he inno va ti ve ne ss o f th e ir pr od uc ts . T he y ha ve a b ig t ec hni ca l k now -h o w w it h w h ic h t he y tr y to s o lv e co mp lic at ed wa st e w at er is su es . S e g h e rs K e ppe l: i n n ovat iv e , pr o b le m s o lv e rs , h u m a n c a p it a l, ( p ro b a bl y e x p e n si v e )
US M e m co r U S filte r, o w ne r o f m e mc o r, is p ar t o f t h e wo rl d s la rg es t e n v ir o n m e n ta l s er v ic e co m p a n y in t he wo rl d , V eo lia . In 2002 U S F il ter ge ne ra te d a s a le s o f $ 4 b illio n, a nd h as a b o ut 1 5 ,000 e m p lo ye es o ve r 800 fa c ilit ie s. I n N o v e m b er 2003 V eo li a st a ted to s e ll pa rt of t he US F ilte r gr o up (c o ns u m er a nd c o mme rc ia l b us in es s) . M e m co r L td . is a n E n g lis h c o m p a n y, w h ic h ha s a p a te nt ed C o n tin uo s M e mb ra ne F iltra ti o n (C M F ) ho llo w fib er sy st e m , w h ic h i s a c ro ss - fl ow s ys te m . A ls o a s ub m er ge d ve rs io n e x is ts , t he so -c a lle d C M F- S. O ver 200 C M F/ C M F- S in st a lla ti o ns a re imp le m e nte d wo rl d w ide in d u st ri a l w is e. T he se t w o ty pe s o f fi lt ra ti o n a re bot h dea d -e nd s o lu ti o n s. In 2002 t he se m icr o fi lt ra ti o n m o d u le s o f M e m cor w he re adj us te d a nd co m b in ed w it h th e b io lo g ic a l a nd f lu id t ran sf er k no w le d ge of J et te c h in a n M B R s ys te m . T h is s o -c a lle d M e mje t c a n b e fitte d w it h t w o m e mb ra ne t yp es , na me ly : P V D F o r P o ly p ro p y le ne . In 2003 a s m a ll pr e- as se m b le d M B R uni t w as de ve loped, t he s o -c a lle d Fa st Pac. I n t h is uni t th e M e m je t m o d u le i s in te gr a te d . T he se u n it s ar e m ade fo r s m a ll a p p li cat io ns u p t o 100.000 ga llo n s a da y. T he ir s ys te m a ls o ha s a back p u ls e- c lea ni ng de vi ce. A ls o , in -s it u c he m ic a l c le a ni ng is po ss ib le . B e si de a ir , w h ic h is d is tr ib u te d in b etw ee n a b u nd le o f fib e rs ( lik e P ur o n ), a ls o mix ed li q uo r is b lo w n p ara lle l to t he me m b ra ne fib ers . B eca us e t h is m e m jet s yst e m i s re la ti ve ly n e w n o f u ll- sca le E ur o p ea n re fe re nces c a n be f o un d. St ra te gy T he y ar e t h e lead in g co m p a n y in w ast e w at er t reat m e nt f ac il it ies i n A m er ica. T he m a in s tr at eg y i s f o cu se d o n sc al e ad va nt ag es ( p ri ce le ad er ) a nd o ff e ri n g a to ta l ra n ge o f p ro d uc ts in -h o u se . T he ir M B R s tra te g y s ee m s to b e fo c us ed o n s m a ll ap p lic a ti o ns . U S M e m cor : s cal e ( cos t) ad va n tage , t o ta l p roce ss t rai n , s m a ll M B R ap pl ic a ti o n s
Appendix 10: Membrane Modules of Zenon, Kubota and Mitsubishi
In this appendix some pictures of the modules of the three main competitors are presented.
Zenon
Zeeweed 500 D Cassette Zeeweed 500 C Cassette
NB. As can be seen clearly from the pictures is that the modules look a like. It seems the ZW D is a combination of two ZW 500 C.
Module in process
One singular elements
Kubota
E 510 cassette
Module in process
One singular element
Mitsubishi
Sterapore sun Cassette
Module in process
NB. What can be seen clearly from these pictures is that the hollow fibers of the Sterapore Sun are fabricated horizontally. This in comparison to the vertical setup of Zenon.
