Teachers' perspectives on self-regulated learning : an exploratory study in secondary and university education

Oolbekkink-Marchand, H.W.

Citation

Oolbekkink-Marchand, H. W. (2006, November 9). Teachers' perspectives on self-regulated

learning : an exploratory study in secondary and university education. ICLON PhD

Dissertation Series. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4976

Version:

Corrected Publisher’s Version

License:

Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the

_{Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden}

Downloaded from:

https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4976



7KHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQGLVFLSOLQHDQG

WHDFKHUV·SHUVSHFWLYHVRQVHOIUHJXODWHG

OHDUQLQJ





,QWURGXFWLRQ



5HVHDUFK LQ ERWK VHFRQGDU\ DQG XQLYHUVLW\ HGXFDWLRQ KDV VKRZQ WKDW WHDFKHUV WHDFKLQJ VLPLODU VXEMHFWV VKDUH FHUWDLQ EHOLHIV DQG QRUPV ZKLFK DUH LQIOXHQFHG SDUWO\ E\ WKH DFDGHPLF GLVFLSOLQH LQ ZKLFK WKH\ KDYH EHHQ VRFLDOL]HG HJ *URVVPDQ  6WRGROVN\  'LIIHUHQW EHOLHIV RI WHDFKHUV PD\ IRU LQVWDQFH LQIOXHQFHWKHGHJUHHWRZKLFKWHDFKHUVIHHOIUHHWRWHDFKFHUWDLQFRQWHQWRUXVH FHUWDLQ LQVWUXFWLRQDO WHFKQLTXHV 7KHUHIRUH WKHVH UHVHDUFKHUV DUJXHG WKDW NQRZOHGJHRIGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQVFKRROVXEMHFWVDQGWKHLUSRVVLEOHLQIOXHQFHRQ WHDFKHUVDUHFUXFLDOLQWKHFRQWH[WRIUHIRUPV

$ VWXG\ E\ %RXOWRQ/HZLV 6PLWK 0F&ULQGOH DQG &DPSEHOO  LQ VHFRQGDU\ HGXFDWLRQ LQGLFDWHG WKDW WHDFKHUV ZLWK VXEMHFWV ZKHUH WKHUH LV DQ HVWDEOLVKHGNQRZOHGJHEDVHDQGVHWRIVNLOOVHJVHFRQGODQJXDJHWHDFKLQJDUH PRUHOLNHO\WRDGRSWDFRQFHSWLRQRIWHDFKLQJDVWUDQVPLVVLRQRIFRQWHQWDQGVNLOOV DQG OHDUQLQJ DV DFTXLVLWLRQ DQG UHSURGXFWLRQ RI FRQWHQW DQG VNLOOV :KHUHDV WHDFKHUVZLWKDVXEMHFWZKHUHWKHHPSKDVLVLVRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHSHUVRQ DV D ZKROH DQG DWWLWXGHV DQG ZKHUH WKH VXEMHFW LV PRUH RSHQ WR LQGLYLGXDO LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVHJ$UW/LWHUDWXUHDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRDGRSWDFRQFHSWLRQRI WHDFKLQJDVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRIVWXGHQWV%RXOWRQ/HZLV6PLWK0F&ULQGOH%XUQHWW  &DPSEHOO  7KLV VHHPV WR LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH QDWXUH RI NQRZOHGJH LQ D GLVFLSOLQHLVUHODWHGWRWKHSHUVSHFWLYHVWHDFKHUVZRUNLQJLQWKLVGLVFLSOLQHVKDYH



5HVHDUFKRQGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQGLVFLSOLQHV 

5HVHDUFK LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKHUH DUH LPSRUWDQW GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ GLVFLSOLQHV ZKLFK DUH D ¶NH\ RUJDQL]HU RI WHDFKHUV· SURIHVVLRQDO OLYHV DQG VHUYH DV D ILOWHU WKURXJK ZKLFK WHDFKHUV *URVVPDQ  6WRGROVN\  S IRU H[DPSOH DSSURDFK LQQRYDWLRQV *URVVPDQ  6WRGROVN\  FKRRVH D FHUWDLQ WHDFKLQJ DSSURDFK RU PHWKRG /XHGGHNH  1HXPDQQ  %HORZ ZH GLVFXVV ERWK VWUDQGV RI UHVHDUFK RQ WKH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ VFKRRO VXEMHFWV LQ VHFRQGDU\ HGXFDWLRQDQGEHWZHHQGLVFLSOLQHVDWXQLYHUVLW\

,Q VHFRQGDU\ HGXFDWLRQ GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ VFKRRO VXEMHFWV ZHUH H[DPLQHG IRU LQVWDQFH E\ 6WRGROVN\ DQG *URVVPDQ   DQG 'H %UDEDQGHU*URVVPDQDQG6WRGROVN\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 *URVVPDQ DQG 6WRGROVN\ IRXQG WKDW PDWKV DQG IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH WHDFKHUVVFRUHGVLJQLILFDQWO\KLJKHURQVHTXHQWLDOLW\WKDQGLGWHDFKHUVRI(QJOLVK VFLHQFH RU VRFLDO VWXGLHV 7KH\ DOVR IRXQG WKDW PDWKV DQG (QJOLVK WHDFKHUV FRQVLGHUHGWKHLUVXEMHFWVWREHVLJQLILFDQWO\PRUHGHILQHGRUUHVWULFWHGLQVFRSH WKDQWKHRWKHUWHDFKHUVLQWKHVDPSOH

,Q D VWXG\ E\ 'H %UDEDQGHU  VXEMHFW FRQFHSWLRQV RI VHFRQGDU\ VFKRRO WHDFKHUV ZHUH H[SORUHG ZKLFK UHYHDOHG GLIIHUHQW GLPHQVLRQV RQ ZKLFK VFKRRO VXEMHFWV FRXOG EH SODFHG OLNH SHUVRQDOO\ YHUVXV  VRFLDOO\ UHOHYDQW LQGLUHFWO\YHUVXVGLUHFWO\XVDEOHVSHFLILFDOO\YHUVXVJHQHUDOO\DSSOLFDEOHDQGVRIW YHUVXV  KDUG 'H %UDEDQGHU LQYHVWLJDWHG WZR JURXSV RI WHDFKHUV RQH JURXS RI WHDFKHUV SUHXQLYHUVLW\ HGXFDWLRQ GLVWLQJXLVKHG EHWZHHQ WKUHH W\SHV RI VFKRRO VXEMHFWV ´D JURXS RI VRFLDOO\ UHOHYDQW DFDGHPLF VXEMHFWV LQ ZKLFK REMHFWLYH NQRZOHGJH LV FRQYH\HG HJ PDWKHPDWLFV DQG D JURXS RI SHUVRQDOO\ UHOHYDQW VXEMHFWV LQ ZKLFK VXEMHFWLYH HYHU\GD\ NQRZOHGJH LV FRQYH\HG HJ UHOLJLRXV HGXFDWLRQDQGDQLQWHUPHGLDWHJURXSRIVXEMHFWVLQZKLFKWKHNQRZOHGJHWKDWLV FRQYH\HGLVDFDGHPLF\HWUHODWLYHO\VXEMHFWLYHDQGLVQRWH[FOXVLYHO\SHUVRQDOO\ RUVRFLDOO\UHOHYDQWHJKLVWRU\µ'H%UDEDQGHUS



 7DEOH  .QRZOHGJHDQGGLVFLSOLQDU\JURXSLQJDGRSWHGIURP%HFKHUS  'LVFLSOLQDU\ JURXSLQJV  &KDUDFWHULV WLFVLQWKH REMHFWVRI HQTXLU\  1DWXUHRI NQRZOHGJH JURZWK  5HODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH UHVHDUFKHU DQG NQRZOHGJH  (QTXLU\ SURFHGXUHV  ([WHQWRI WUXWKFODLPV FULWHULD IRUPDNLQJ WKHP  5HVXOWVRI UHVHDUFK  3XUHVFLHQFHV HJSK\VLFV ¶KDUGSXUH·  &RQFHUQHG ZLWK XQLYHUVDOV TXDQWLWLHV VLPSOLILFD WLRQ   &XPXODWLYH FU\VWDOOLQH WUHHOLNH   ,PSHUVRQDO YDOXHIUHH    &OHDU FULWHULDIRU NQRZOHGJH YHULILFDWLRQ DQG REVROHVFHQFH   &RQVHQVXV RYHU VLJQLILFDQW TXHVWLRQV WRDGGUHVV QRZDQGLQ WKHIXWXUH   5HVXOWVLQ GLVFRYHU\ H[SODQDWLRQ  +XPDQLWLHV HJKLVWRU\ DQGSXUH VRFLDOVFLHQFHV HJ DQWKURSRORJ\ ¶VRIWSXUH·   &RQFHUQHG ZLWK SDUWLFXODUV TXDOLWLHV FRPSOLFDWLRQ  5HLWHUDWLYHK RUJDQLF ULYHUOLNH  3HUVRQDO YDOXHODGHQ  'LVSXWHRYHU FULWHULDIRU NQRZOHGJH YHULILFDWLRQ DQG REVROHVFHQFH  /DFNRI FRQVHQVXV RYHU VLJQLILFDQW TXHVWLRQV WRDGGUHVV  5HVXOWVLQ XQGHUVWDQG GLQJ LQWHUSUHWD WLRQ  7HFKQRORJLHV HJ PHFKDQLFDO HQJLQHHULQJ FOLQDO PHGLFLQH ¶KDUGDSSOLHG·   &RQFHUQHG ZLWK PDVWHU\RI SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW  3XUSRVLYH SUDJPDWLF NQRZKRZ YLDKDUG NQRZOHGJH  $SSOLHV KHXULVWLF DSSURDFKHV  8VHVERWK TXDOLWDWLYH DQG TXDQWLWDWLYH DSSURDFKHV  &ULWHULDIRU MXGJPHQW DUHSXUSR VLYH IXQFWLRQDO  5HVXOWVLQ SURGXFWV WHFKQLTXHV   $SSOLHGVRFLDO VFLHQFHHJ HGXFDWLRQ ODZVRFLDO DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ ¶VRIWDSSOLHG·   &RQFHUQHG ZLWK HQKDQFH PHQWRI VHPLSURIHV VLRQDO SUDFWLFH  )XQFWLRQDO XWLOLWDULDQ NQRZKRZ YLDVRIW NQRZOHGJH   8VHVFDVH VWXGLHVDQG FDVHODZWR DODUJH H[WHQW   5HVXOWVLQ SURWRFROV SURFHGXUHV  



:H XVHG WKH %LJODQ  %HFKHU GLPHQVLRQV ERWK IRU VFKRRO VXEMHFWV DQG IRU GLVFLSOLQHV :H UHDOL]H WKDW WKHUH DUH LPSRUWDQW GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ VFKRRO VXEMHFWVDQGGLVFLSOLQHVKRZHYHUDV*URVVPDQDQG6WRGROVN\VXJJHVWHG´SHUKDSV KLJK VFKRRO WHDFKHUV DUH PRUH VLPLODU WR SURIHVVRUV LQ WHUPV RI VXEMHFWPDWWHU DIILOLDWLRQVDQGGHSDUWPHQWDOVXEFXOWXUHVWKDQZHKDYHSUHYLRXVO\WKRXJKW,IVR WKHQ UHVHDUFK RQ KLJK VFKRROV FRXOG GUDZ IURP ZRUN LQ KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQµ *URVVPDQ 6WRGROVN\:HDOVRDVVXPHGLPSRUWDQWFRQQHFWLRQVVLQFHWKH FRQWHQWRIPDQ\VFKRROVXEMHFWVLVJHQHUDWHGLQXQLYHUVLW\GLVFLSOLQHVDQGVFKRRO WHDFKHUV LQ WKH 1HWKHUODQGV DUH WUDLQHG LQ D VSHFLILF XQLYHUVLW\ GLVFLSOLQH 7KH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ KDUG DQG VRIW LV RQH ZKLFK ZDV DOVR IRXQG LQ D VWXG\ RQ VXEMHFWFRQFHSWLRQVLQVHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQ'H%UDEDQGHU:HUHDOL]HWKDW PRVWVFKRROVXEMHFWVKDYHDQDSSOLHGDVSHFWDQGWKHUHIRUHRQO\XVHGWKHKDUG VRIWGLVWLQFWLRQWRFDWHJRUL]HVFKRROVXEMHFWVDQGGLVFLSOLQHV   5HVHDUFKRQWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQGLVFLSOLQHDQGDSSURDFKHVWRWHDFKLQJ  2QO\TXLWHUHFHQWO\DIHZVWXGLHVKDYHVSHFLILFDOO\LQYHVWLJDWHGWKHLQIOXHQFHRI GLVFLSOLQHRQWHDFKHU·VDSSURDFKHVWRWHDFKLQJGHILQHGLQWHUPVRIWKHVWUDWHJLHV DGRSWHG IRU WHDFKLQJ DQG WKH XQGHUO\LQJ LQWHQWLRQV 7ULJZHOO  3URVVHU  /XHGGHNH  DQG /LQGEORPP<OlQQH 7ULJZHOO 1HYJL DQG $VKZLQ  H[DPLQHGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWGLVFLSOLQHVDQGWHDFKLQJDSSURDFKHV 7KH\ IRXQG D VLJQLILFDQW UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH IDFXOW\ DQG WKH GRPLQDQW DSSURDFK WR WHDFKLQJ ,Q ERWK VWXGLHV GLVFLSOLQHV ZHUH GLYLGHG LQWR JURXSV DFFRUGLQJ WR %LJODQ·V D E GLYLVLRQ RI GLVFLSOLQHV KDUG IRU H[DPSOH PDWKHPDWLFVSK\VLFVDQGVRIWIRUH[DPSOHODQJXDJHVODZGLVFLSOLQHV,QERWK VWXGLHV WKH $SSURDFKHV WR 7HDFKLQJ ,QYHQWRU\ $7, ZDV XVHG ZKLFK PHDVXUHV WHDFKHUV·LQWHQWLRQVDQGVWUDWHJLHVWRWHDFKLQJDQGZDVGHYHORSHGE\7ULJZHOODQG 3URVVHU  7KLV LQYHQWRU\ FRQVLVWV RI  LWHPV GLYLGHG RYHU WZR VFDOHV 7KH ,QIRUPDWLRQ7UDQVPLVVLRQ7HDFKHU)RFXVVFDOH,77)FRQWDLQVLWHPVLQZKLFKWKH IRFXVRIWUDQVPLVVLRQLVRQIDFWVDQGVNLOOVVWXGHQWVDUHQRWDVVXPHGWREHDFWLYH WKH\ OHDUQ E\ UHFHLYLQJ WKH WUDQVPLWWHG PDWHULDO DQG WKH WHDFKHUV LV FHQWUDO ,Q WKH FRQFHSWXDO FKDQJH  VWXGHQW IRFXV VFDOH &&6) LWHPV DUH VWXGHQWIRFXVHG DQG WKH WHDFKHU DLPV DW FKDQJLQJ VWXGHQWV· FRQFHSWLRQV RI WKH ZRUOG RU RI SKHQRPHQD WKH\ DUH VWXG\LQJ 6WXGHQWV DUH DVVXPHG WR FRQVWUXFW WKHLU RZQ NQRZOHGJH 7ULJZHOO  3URVVHU  7KH ILQGLQJV RI /LQGEORPP<OlQQH HW DO LQGLFDWHGWKDWLQ SDUWLFXODUWKH&RQFHSWXDO&KDQJH6WXGHQW)RFXVVFDOH ZDV VFRUHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ KLJKHU E\ WHDFKHUV IURP WKH VRIW GLVFLSOLQHV WKDQ E\ WHDFKHUV IURP WKH KDUG GLVFLSOLQHV ZKHUHDV WHDFKHUV IURP KDUGDSSOLHG GLVFLSOLQHV VFRUHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ KLJKHU RQ WKH ,QIRUPDWLRQ 7UDQVPLVVLRQ7HDFKHU )RFXVVFDOH/XHGGHNH·VVWXG\VKRZHGVLPLODUUHVXOWVQDPHO\WKDWWHDFKHUVIURP KDUGSXUHRUKDUGDSSOLHGGLVFLSOLQHVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRKDYHDQ,77)RULHQWDWLRQ ZKLOH WHDFKHUV LQ VRIWSXUH RU VRIWDSSOLHG GLVFLSOLQHV DUH PRUH OLNHO\ WR KDYH D &&6)RULHQWDWLRQ



7HDFKHUV·SHUVSHFWLYHV 

7HDFKHUV· SHUVSHFWLYHV KDYH ORQJ EHHQ WKH VXEMHFW RI UHVHDUFK 3DMDUHV  VXPPDUL]HVWKLVUHVHDUFKLQKLVUHYLHZDQGQRWHVWKDWDQLPSRUWDQWLPSHGLPHQWLV WKH ODFN RI FOHDU GHILQLWLRQV WKH GLIILFXOW\ RI GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ EHOLHIV IURP NQRZOHGJHDQGWKHGLIILFXOW\RIPHDVXULQJEHOLHIV.DJDQ:HIROORZHGWKH FRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQRISHUVSHFWLYHVE\ 3UDWW ZKRYLHZV SHUVSHFWLYHV DVDQLQWHUUHODWHGVHWRILQWHQWLRQVEHOLHIVWKDWJLYHGLUHFWLRQDQGMXVWLILFDWLRQ WRWHDFKHUV·DFWLRQV,QWHQWLRQVUHIHUWRZKDWDWHDFKHUDLPVWRDFFRPSOLVKDQG EHOLHIV UHIHU WR ZK\ LQWHQWLRQV DQG DFWLRQV DUH FRQVLGHUHG WR EH LPSRUWDQW UHDVRQDEOHDQGMXVWLILDEOH3HUVSHFWLYHVDUHGHVFULEHGDVIROORZV

´6SHFLILF PHDQLQJV DWWDFKHG WR SKHQRPHQD ZKLFK WKHQ PHGLDWH RXU UHVSRQVH WR VLWXDWLRQV LQYROYLQJ WKRVH SKHQRPHQD :H IRUP FRQFHSWLRQV RI YLUWXDOO\HYHU\DVSHFWRIRXUSHUFHLYHGZRUOGDQGLQVRGRLQJXVHWKRVHDEVWUDFW UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVWRGHOLPLWVRPHWKLQJIURPDQGUHODWHLWWRRWKHUDVSHFWVRIRXU ZRUOG ,Q HIIHFW ZH YLHZ WKH ZRUOG WKURXJK WKH OHQVHV RI RXU FRQFHSWLRQV LQWHUSUHWLQJDQGDFWLQJLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHZRUOG3UDWW Sµ



3HUVSHFWLYHV DQG FRQFHSWLRQV DUH XVHG DV LGHQWLFDO WHUPV E\ 3UDWW ,Q KLV RZQ VWXG\ 3UDWW LQWHUYLHZHG  HGXFDWRUV LQ DGXOW DQG KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ DERXW WHDFKLQJZKLFKUHVXOWHGLQWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIILYHSHUVSHFWLYHVRQWHDFKLQJ(DFK FRQFHSWLRQ FRPSULVHV WKH WKUHH DVSHFWV RI LQWHQWLRQV EHOLHIV DQG DFWLRQV (YLGHQFH ZDV IRXQG LQ WKH LQWHUYLHZV WKDW WHDFKHUV FDQ KDYH PRUH WKDQ RQH SHUVSHFWLYHPRVWWHDFKHUVKDYHRQHGRPLQDQWSHUVSHFWLYH3UDWW

7HDFKHUV· SHUVSHFWLYHV KDYH EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHG LQ ERWK VHFRQGDU\ DQG KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ %RXOWRQ/HZLV  FRPSDUHG WKHVH VWXGLHV DQG FRQFOXGHG WKDW LQ PRVW VWXGLHV DW VFKRROV DQG XQLYHUVLWLHV WKH VDPH RU VWURQJO\ UHODWHG FRQFHSWLRQVZHUHIRXQGQDPHO\FRQFHSWLRQVIRFXVHGHLWKHURQWKHWHDFKHUDQG WKHFRQWHQWRURQWKHVWXGHQWVDQGOHDUQLQJ&RPSDULVRQVKDYHEHHQPDGHEDVHG RQWKH UHVXOWVRI GLIIHUHQWVWXGLHVIRUH[DPSOH E\ %RXOWRQ/HZLVHWDO  EXW XS WLOO QRZ VHFRQGDU\ DQG XQLYHUVLW\ WHDFKHUV· FRQFHSWLRQV KDYH QRW EHHQ LQYHVWLJDWHGLQRQHHPSLULFDOVWXG\



5HVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV

2XUPDLQDLPZDVWRH[DPLQHVHFRQGDU\DQGXQLYHUVLW\WHDFKHUV·SHUVSHFWLYHVRQ VHOIUHJXODWHG OHDUQLQJ DQG WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKHVH SHUVSHFWLYHV DQG WKH GLVFLSOLQHV LQ ZKLFK WKH WHDFKHUV ZRUNHG 7KH IROORZLQJ TXHVWLRQVZHUHFHQWUDO



• :KDWDUHWKHSHUVSHFWLYHVRIVHFRQGDU\DQGXQLYHUVLW\WHDFKHUVRQVHOI UHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJ"

• :KDW LV WKH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WHDFKHUV· GLVFLSOLQH DQG WKHLU SHUVSHFWLYHV"

  0HWKRG  ,QVWUXPHQW ,QSUHSDUDWLRQIRUWKHODUJHVFDOHVXUYH\UHSRUWHGLQWKHSUHVHQWFKDSWHUZHKHOG DQH[SORUDWLYHLQWHUYLHZVWXG\ZLWKWHDFKHUVIURPERWKVHFRQGDU\DQGKLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ LQ RUGHU WR GHVFULEH WKH GLYHUVLW\ LQ WHDFKHUV· SHUVSHFWLYHV DQG WR XQGHUVWDQGWHDFKHUV·¶QDWXUDO·ODQJXDJHZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKLVSKHQRPHQRQ)RUWKH DQDO\VLVRIWKHLQWHUYLHZVDFRGHVFKHPHZDVGHYHORSHGFRQVLVWLQJRIWKHPHVZH LGHQWLILHGLQWKHLQWHUYLHZV$FORVHGTXHVWLRQQDLUHZDVGHYHORSHGEDVHGRQWKH IRXU WKHPHV LGHQWLILHG LQ WKH LQWHUYLHZV JRDOV RI HGXFDWLRQ OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV VWXGHQWV DQG UHJXODWLRQ 5HSUHVHQWDWLYH TXRWDWLRQV IURP WKH LQWHUYLHZV ZHUH XVHGWRIRUPXODWHWKHLWHPVIRUH[DPSOHVRILWHPVVHH&KDSWHUVHFWLRQ$ PRUHHODERUDWHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHLQWHUYLHZVWXG\FDQEHIRXQGLQ&KDSWHUDQG  7ZR YHUVLRQV RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH ZHUH GHYHORSHG RQH IRU WHDFKHUV LQ VHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQDQGRQHIRUWHDFKHUVLQKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQ7KHFRQWHQWRIWKH LWHPVZDVLGHQWLFDOKRZHYHUZHPDGHGLVWLQFWLRQVDWZRUGOHYHO,QWKHYHUVLRQ IRUVHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQIRUH[DPSOHZHXVHGWKHZRUGSXSLOZKLOHLQYHUVLRQV IRUXQLYHUVLW\ZHXVHGWKHZRUGVWXGHQW+HUHZHXVHWKHZRUGTXHVWLRQQDLUHLQ WKHVLQJXODUEXWZHDOZD\VUHIHUWRWKHWZRYHUVLRQV

:H XQGHUWRRN D SLORW VWXG\ RI WKLV ILUVW YHUVLRQ RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH ZKLFK FRQVLVWHG RI  LWHPV DPRQJ VHFRQGDU\ WHDFKHUV Q  DQG XQLYHUVLW\ WHDFKHUVQ 7KHWHDFKHUVZHUHDVNHGWRDQVZHUWKHLWHPVDQGZHUHJLYHQWKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR FRPPHQW RQ WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH LQ DQ HQFORVHG IRUP 7KH SLORW VHUYHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHLWHPVWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWWKHFRPPHQWV RIWKHWHDFKHUVDQGWKHGHVFULSWLYHVWDWLVWLFVIRUHDFKLWHP%DVHGRQWKHVHGDWD QLQHLWHPVZHUHUHPRYHGDQGWHQLWHPVZHUHUHIRUPXODWHG

7KHILQDOTXHVWLRQQDLUHFRQVLVWHGRILWHPVGLYLGHGRYHUIRXUSDUWV,Q WKHILQDOYHUVLRQDSRLQW/LNHUWVFDOHZKLFKUDQJHGIURP¶WRWDOO\GLVDJUHH·WR ¶WRWDOO\ DJUHH· ZDV XVHG IRU WKH ILUVW WKUHH SDUWV RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH GHDOLQJ ZLWK JRDOV RI HGXFDWLRQ OHDUQLQJ SURFHVV DQG VWXGHQWV ,Q WKH ODVW SDUW RQ UHJXODWLRQ ZH XVHG D SRLQW /LNHUW VFDOH ZKLFK UDQJHG IURP ¶DOPRVW QHYHU DSSOLHV·WR¶DOPRVWDOZD\VDSSOLHV·VHH$SSHQGL[IRUDQH[DPSOHRIWKHLWHPV 

6DPSOH



TXHVWLRQQDLUHDQGLQKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQWHDFKHUV RIWKHWRWDOQXPEHU RI XQLYHUVLW\ WHDFKHUV 2QH KXQGUHG DQG QLQHWHHQ WHDFKHUV  ILOOHG LQ WKH QRQ UHVSRQVH IRUP ,Q VHFRQGDU\ HGXFDWLRQ  WHDFKHUV ILOOHG LQ WKH QRQUHVSRQVH IRUPZLWKDVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWUHDVRQ¶ODFNRIWLPH·,QXQLYHUVLW\HGXFDWLRQ WHDFKHUVILOOHGLQWKHQRQUHVSRQVHIRUPZLWKDVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWUHDVRQ ¶RWKHUUHDVRQ·ZKLFKUDQJHGIURPFULWLFLVPRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHWRQRWVSHDNLQJ 'XWFK$QRYHUYLHZRIWKHUHVSRQVHSHUJURXSRIWHDFKHUVLVJLYHQLQ7DEOHLQ &KDSWHU





)RU WKH VFKRRO VXEMHFWV ZH RQO\ XVHG WKH KDUGVRIW GLVWLQFWLRQ IRU UHDVRQV PHQWLRQHGHDUOLHUVHHDOVR7DEOHDQG  7DEOH  %LJODQ·V¶+DUG6RIW·GLPHQVLRQDSSOLHGWRVFKRROVXEMHFWVLQ'XWFKVHFRQGDU\HGXFDWLRQ    6XEMHFWVLQ6HFRQGDU\(GXFDWLRQ  +DUG &KHPLVWU\ 3K\VLFV %LRORJ\ 0DWKHPDWLFV *HQHUDOVFLHQFH   6RIW 'XWFK (QJOLVK )UHQFK *HUPDQ &ODVVLFDOODQJXDJHV &XOWXUHDQGWKH$UWV &ODVVLFDO&XOWXUH +LVWRU\ 6RFLDOVWXGLHV *HRJUDSK\ (FRQRP\   2WKHU 0XVLF 0RYHPHQWHGXFDWLRQ 'UDZLQJ 5HOLJLRXV(GXFDWLRQ  3URFHGXUH

7KH WHDFKHUV LQ VHFRQGDU\ HGXFDWLRQ DOO ZRUNHG DW VFKRROV FRQQHFWHG ZLWK WKH WHDFKHU WUDLQLQJ LQVWLWXWH ,&/21 /HLGHQ 8QLYHUVLW\ 7KH VFKRROV ZHUH PRVWO\ ORFDWHG LQ WKH ZHVWHUQ SDUW RI WKH FRXQWU\ 7HDFKHUV LQ VHFRQGDU\ HGXFDWLRQ UHFHLYHGWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHWKURXJKDFRQWDFWSHUVRQDWVFKRROPRVWO\DPHQWRURI SUHVHUYLFHWHDFKHUV$OOFRQWDFWVUHFHLYHGDOHWWHU FRQWDLQLQJDQH[SODQDWLRQRI WKHSURMHFWDQGEULHILQVWUXFWLRQV7KHQXPEHURITXHVWLRQQDLUHVVHQWWRDFRQWDFW SHUVRQZDVUHODWHGWRWKHVL]HRIWKHVFKRRO ,QKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHZDVVHQWWRWKHZRUNDGGUHVVHVRI DOOWHDFKHUVHPSOR\HGDW/HLGHQ8QLYHUVLW\7KHTXHVWLRQQDLUHZDVVHQWZLWKWKH SHUPLVVLRQ RI WKH ([HFXWLYH %RDUG /HLGHQ 8QLYHUVLW\ FRQVLVWV RI WKH IROORZLQJ IDFXOWLHV $UFKDHRORJ\ 0HGLFLQH 7KHRORJ\ $UWV /DZ 6RFLDO 6FLHQFHV 0DWKHPDWLFVDQG1DWXUDO6FLHQFHVDQG3KLORVRSK\

7RJHWKHU ZLWK WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH HDFK WHDFKHU UHFHLYHG D OHWWHU ZLWK D VKRUW H[SODQDWLRQ RI WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WKH UHVHDUFK $IWHU WZR ZHHNV WKH WHDFKHUV UHFHLYHGDUHPLQGHUZLWKWKHUHTXHVWWRUHVSRQGWRWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHLIWKH\KDG QRWDOUHDG\KDGWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRGRVR



$QDO\VLV



FRQVWUXFWVFDOHVLQWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH7KHKRPRJHQHLW\RIWKHVFDOHVZDVFKHFNHG − VSHFLILFDOO\ &URQEDFK·V DOSKD DQG WKH HIIHFW RI UHPRYLQJ VRPH LWHPV RQ WKH YDOXH RI DOSKD 7KH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH GLIIHUHQW VFDOHV ZDV H[SORUHG XVLQJ D VHFRQG SULQFLSDO FRPSRQHQWV DQDO\VLV 3&$ (DFK UHVSRQGHQW·V DYHUDJH FRPSRQHQW VFRUH ZDV XVHG DV D QHZ YDULDEOH DQG FRUUHODWHG ZLWK LQGHSHQGHQW YDULDEOHV VXFK DV JHQGHU DJH DQG H[SHULHQFH LQ HGXFDWLRQ ,Q DGGLWLRQ DQ LQGHSHQGHQW VDPSOHV WWHVW DQG DQ DQDO\VLV RI YDULDQFH RQHZD\ $129$ ZHUH XVHGWRH[SORUHWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHGLVFLSOLQHDQGWKHFRPSRQHQWVFRUHVRI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV $Q $129$ WHVWV WKH QXOO K\SRWKHVLV ZKLFK VXJJHVWV WKDW DOO PHDQVRIWKHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHVLQWKLVFDVHWKHFRPSRQHQWVFRUHVDUHHTXDO 6LJQLILFDQFH RI WKLV ) WHVW LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKHUH LV D GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ DW OHDVW WZR RI WKH GLVFLSOLQHV :H XVHG D 7XNH\ SRVWKRF WHVW +6' WR FRPSDUH PHDQV ZKHUH)LQGLFDWHGDVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHGLVFLSOLQHV   5HVXOWV  6FDOHFRQVWUXFWLRQ 3ULQFLSDO&RPSRQHQWV$QDO\VHVZLWKYDULPD[URWDWLRQZHUHXVHGWRFRQVWUXFWWKH VFDOHV $ VHSDUDWH 3&$ ZDV SHUIRUPHG IRU HDFK SDUW RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH 7KH HLJHQYDOXHV HOERZ FULWHULRQ DQG LQWHUSUHWDELOLW\ ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG WR FRPH WR D VWDEOHVROXWLRQ7KLVDQDO\VLVDQGLWVUHVXOWVDUHUHSRUWHGHOVHZKHUHVHH&KDSWHU  7KH UHOLDELOLW\ RI WKH VFDOHV IRXQG LQ HDFK RI WKH IRXU SDUWV RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUHUDQJHGIURPWRDOSKD$QRYHUYLHZRIWKHQXPEHURILWHPV SHUVFDOHWKHDYHUDJHVFDOHVFRUHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQDQGUHOLDELOLW\LVJLYHQLQ 7DEOHLQ&KDSWHU



7HDFKHUV·SHUVSHFWLYHV

$ 3ULQFLSDO &RPSRQHQWV $QDO\VLV ZDV SHUIRUPHG WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH RYHUDOO VWUXFWXUH XQGHUO\LQJ WKH GLIIHUHQW VFDOHV LQ WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH 7KH HLJHQ YDOXHV !WKHHOERZFULWHULRQDQGWKHLQWHUSUHWDELOLW\ZHUHFRQVLGHUHGOHDGLQJWRD WKUHHFRPSRQHQW VROXWLRQ H[SODLQLQJ  RI WKH YDULDQFH 'H +HXV 9DQ GHU /HHGHQ *D]HQGDP,Q7DEOHZHUHWDLQHGWKHVHVFDOHVVRDVWRJLYH DQRYHUYLHZRIWKHVFDOHVDQGWKHLUORDGLQJVRQWKHWKUHHFRPSRQHQWV

 7DEOH  7KUHHFRPSRQHQWVROXWLRQRISULQFLSDOFRPSRQHQWDQDO\VLVYDULPD[URWDWLRQZLWKNDLVHU QRUPDOLVDWLRQRQVFDOHVFRUHVZLWKSHUFHQWDJHRIH[SODLQHGYDULDQFH  

6FDOHV  &RPSRQHQW &RPSRQHQW &RPSRQHQW

      *RDO 3HGDJRJ\     6WXGHQW 'LIIHUHQFHV     /HDUQLQJ  SURFHVV  &KDQJH     6WXGHQW &DSDELOLWLHV     *RDO 'HYHORSPHQW     5HJXODWLRQ 7RJHWKHU          *RDO $FTXLULQJ .QRZOHGJH      5HJXODWLRQ 7HDFKHU     /HDUQLQJ SURFHVV  %XLOGLQJ .QRZOHGJH           *RDO 2SLQLRQ     5HJXODWLRQ /HDUQHU     6WXGHQW ([SHFWDWLRQV          RI([SOYDU      &XPXODWLYH      1%/RDGLQJV! DUHLQEROG 1%/RDGLQJVDUHVXSSUHVVHG 



3HUVSHFWLYH  'HYHORSPHQW RULHQWHG DQG VKDUHG UHJXODWLRQ GHYHORSPHQW VKDUHG

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· OHDUQLQJVW\OHVDQGVWXGHQWV·FDSDELOLWLHV5HJXODWLRQRIOHDUQLQJDFWLYLWLHVLVGRQH E\WHDFKHUDQGVWXGHQWVWRJHWKHU  3HUVSHFWLYHNQRZOHGJHRULHQWHGDQGVWURQJUHJXODWLRQNQRZOHGJHVWURQJ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



3HUVSHFWLYH2SLQLRQRULHQWHGDQGORRVHUHJXODWLRQRSLQLRQORRVH

)RU WHDFKHUV ZLWK D KLJK VFRUH RQ FRPSRQHQW  WKH PDLQ HGXFDWLRQDO JRDO LV VWLPXODWLQJDFULWLFDODWWLWXGHLQVWXGHQWVDQGKDYLQJWKHPIRUPDQRSLQLRQDERXW WKHVXEMHFW,QWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHWKHUHLVQRH[SOLFLWYLHZRQOHDUQLQJ,PSRUWDQW KRZHYHU DUH WHDFKHUV· H[SHFWDWLRQV RI WKHLU VWXGHQWV 7KH\ H[SHFW VWXGHQWV WR ZRUNKDUGWRGRWKHLUZRUNLQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGWRFRPHZLWKWKHLURZQPDWHULDO WR WKH OHVVRQV  WXWRULDOV 5HJXODWLRQ LQ WKLV YLHZ LV PDLQO\ LQ WKH KDQGV RI WKH OHDUQHUV WKH\ PXVW UHJXODWH WKHLU RZQ OHDUQLQJ PRWLYDWH WKHPVHOYHV GLVFRYHU WKHPVHOYHVZKDWOHDUQLQJVWUDWHJLHVWRXVHDQGGHFLGHZKDWWRVWXG\WKHPVHOYHV 

'LVFLSOLQHDQGWKHUHODWLRQZLWKWHDFKHUV·SHUVSHFWLYHV 

+DUGVRIWGLVFLSOLQHVDQGVFKRROVXEMHFWV

7R LQYHVWLJDWH WKH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ GLVFLSOLQH DQG WHDFKHUV· SHUVSHFWLYH ZH SHUIRUPHG DQ LQGHSHQGHQW VDPSOHV 7WHVW ZLWK WKH KDUG DQG VRIW GLVFLSOLQHV RQ WKH DYHUDJH FRPSRQHQW VFRUHV ,Q WKLV FRPSDULVRQ ZH LQYROYHG WHDFKHUV RI GLIIHUHQWVFKRROVXEMHFWVDQGGLIIHUHQWXQLYHUVLW\GLVFLSOLQHVDQGZHLQYHVWLJDWHG ZKHWKHU WKHVH WHDFKHUV VFRUHG GLIIHUHQWO\ RQ WKH SHUVSHFWLYHV ZH IRXQG LQ WKH SUHYLRXVDQDO\VLVVHH7DEOH

 7DEOH  &RPSDULVRQRI+DUGDQG6RIWVFKRROVXEMHFWVDQGGLVFLSOLQHVDQGWKUHHFRPSRQHQWVFRUHV LQGHSHQGHQWVDPSOHVWWHVW    +DUGQ  6RIWQ  7S  &RPSRQHQW      &RPSRQHQW     &RPSRQHQW     S  :HIRXQGVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVRQWKHILUVWDQGWKLUGFRPSRQHQWV2QERWKWKHVH FRPSRQHQWVWKHWHDFKHUV IURPVRIWGLVFLSOLQHVVFRUHGKLJKHUWKDQWHDFKHUVIURP KDUGGLVFLSOLQHVLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKH\KDYHDGLIIHUHQWRULHQWDWLRQWRZDUGVJRDOV EHOLHIVDERXWOHDUQLQJDQGVWXGHQWVDQGUHJXODWLRQ7HDFKHUVIURPVRIWGLVFLSOLQHV PRUHRIWHQKDYHD¶GHYHORSPHQWVKDUHG·SHUVSHFWLYHZKLFKIRFXVHVRQWKHJRDORI SHUVRQDOGHYHORSPHQWRIVWXGHQWVWKHOHDUQLQJSURFHVVDVFKDQJHDQGUHJXODWLRQ E\ERWKWHDFKHUDQGOHDUQHU7KHVHWHDFKHUVDUHDOVRPRUHRULHQWHGWRZDUGVWKH ¶RSLQLRQORRVH·UHJXODWLRQSHUVSHFWLYHZKLFKFRQVLVWVRIWKHJRDORIRSLQLRQWKH H[SHFWDWLRQV RI VWXGHQWV DQG UHJXODWLRQ E\ WKH OHDUQHU ,Q DQRWKHU VWXG\ ZH PDGHDFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQVHFRQGDU\DQG XQLYHUVLW\WHDFKHUV·SHUVSHFWLYHV RQ VHOIUHJXODWHGOHDUQLQJVHHFKDSWHU



+DUGVRIWDQGSXUHDSSOLHGGLVFLSOLQHV

,W LV GLIILFXOW WR DSSO\ %LJODQ·V GLYLVLRQ DV PRGLILHG E\ %HFKHU  WR VFKRRO VXEMHFWV 6LQFH LW LV EDVHG RQ DFDGHPLF GLVFLSOLQHV ZH GHFLGHG WR GR DQRWKHU DQDO\VLVXVLQJWKHWZRGLPHQVLRQVKDUGVRIWDQGSXUHDSSOLHGIRUWKHGLVFLSOLQHV LQ KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ RQO\ DQG WR H[SORUH LI WKHUH DUH PRUH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKH GLVFLSOLQHV 7R LQYHVWLJDWH WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH DYHUDJH FRPSRQHQW VFRUHVDQGWKH GLVFLSOLQHVZH XVHGDRQHZD\$129$DQGD7XNH\+6'SRVWKRF WHVW'H +HXV9DQGHU/HHGHQ *D]HQGDP,Q7DEOHWKHDYHUDJH FRPSRQHQW VFRUHV DUH DUUDQJHG DFFRUGLQJ WR GLVFLSOLQH ZLWK WKH ODVW FROXPQ LQGLFDWLQJWKHVLJQLILFDQFHOHYHORIWKH)WHVW$VVKRZQLQ7DEOHGLVFLSOLQHV ZHUHIRXQGWRGLIIHURQWKHILUVWFRPSRQHQW

 7DEOH  6LJQLILFDQFHWHVWLQJRQHZD\$129$RIFRPSRQHQWVFRUHVE\GLVFLSOLQHKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQ   +DUG 3XUH    PDWKHPDWLFV 1   0HDQ  +DUG$SSOLHG HJFRPSXWHU Q   0HDQ  6RIW3XUH KLVWRU\ 1    0HDQ  6RIW$SSOLHG HJODZ Q    0HDQ  )S  &RPSRQHQW           &RPSRQHQW         &RPSRQHQW             6LJQLILFDQWS 

7HDFKHUV IURP VRIWSXUH GLVFLSOLQHV VFRUHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ KLJKHU RQ WKH ILUVW SHUVSHFWLYHWKH¶GHYHORSPHQWVKDUHG·SHUVSHFWLYHWKDQWHDFKHUVIURPDOORWKHU GLVFLSOLQHV  7KLV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WHDFKHUV IURP GLVFLSOLQHV OLNH ODQJXDJHV DQG KLVWRU\ YDOXH WKH JRDO RI SHUVRQDO GHYHORSPHQW DQG HGXFDWLRQ WKDW WKH\ VHH OHDUQLQJDVFKDQJLQJOHDUQHUVDVGLIIHUHQWDQGUHJXODWLRQDVEHLQJPDLQO\LQWKH KDQGVRIERWKWHDFKHUDQGOHDUQHUV7KHRWKHUWZRSHUVSHFWLYHVZHUHQRWVFRUHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ KLJKHU E\ DQ\ RI WKHVH IRXU JURXSV RI WHDFKHUV LQ GLIIHUHQW GLVFLSOLQHV



5HODWLRQRIWHDFKHUV·SHUVSHFWLYHVZLWKLQGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOHV

&RUUHODWLRQDQDO\VLVZDVSHUIRUPHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHUHODWLRQRIWKHSHUVSHFWLYHV ZLWK WKH LQGHSHQGHQW YDULDEOHV JHQGHU DJH SUHYLRXV HGXFDWLRQ DQG WHDFKLQJ H[SHULHQFH  7DEOH  &RUUHODWLRQVWZRWDLOHGEHWZHHQFRPSRQHQWVFRUHVDQGJHQGHUDJHH[SHULHQFHLQ HGXFDWLRQDQGSUHYLRXVHGXFDWLRQ  

7KHFRUUHODWLRQVIRXQGZHUHORZEXWLQWKUHHFDVHVWKH\ZHUHVLJQLILFDQW7KHUH ZHUH QR VLJQLILFDQW UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ JHQGHU SUHYLRXV HGXFDWLRQ DQG WKH FRPSRQHQWV 7KHUH ZHUH KRZHYHU VLJQLILFDQW FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ DJH H[SHULHQFH DQG FRPSRQHQWV   DQG  7KHUH ZDV D VLJQLILFDQW FRUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQDJHDQGH[SHULHQFHDQGWKH¶GHYHORSPHQWVKDUHG·SHUVSHFWLYHWKHROGHU WKHWHDFKHUVWKHKLJKHUWKH\VFRUHGRQWKLVFRPSRQHQWPHDQLQJWKDWWKH\DLPHG DWWKHSHUVRQDOGHYHORSPHQWRIVWXGHQWVDQGWKH\FKDUDFWHUL]HGWKHLUSUDFWLFHDV PDLQO\ FRQVLVWLQJ RI VKDUHG UHJXODWLRQ 7KH VDPH UHODWLRQ ZDV IRXQG IRU H[SHULHQFH LQGLFDWLQJ WKDW PRUH H[SHULHQFHG WHDFKHUV DOVR YDOXHG SHUVRQDO GHYHORSPHQW2OGHUDQGH[SHULHQFHGWHDFKHUVVFRUHGKLJKHURQFRPSRQHQWRU WKH¶NQRZOHGJHVWURQJ·SHUVSHFWLYH





7KH UHVXOWV RI WKLV VWXG\ LQGLFDWH WKUHH SRVVLEOH WHDFKHU SHUVSHFWLYHV RQ VHOI UHJXODWHG OHDUQLQJ GHYHORSPHQWVKDUHG NQRZOHGJHVWURQJ DQG RSLQLRQORRVH 7KH ILUVW SHUVSHFWLYH LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D IRFXV RQ WKH JRDO GHYHORSPHQW 7HDFKHUVZLWKWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHVHHOHDUQLQJDVFKDQJLQJWKHVWXGHQWV·YLHZRQWKH ZRUOG DQG FKDQJLQJ WKHP SHUVRQDOO\ 5HJXODWLRQ LQ WKLV SHUVSHFWLYH LV GRQH E\ ERWKWHDFKHUDQGVWXGHQWVWRJHWKHU,QWKHVHFRQGSHUVSHFWLYHWKHPDLQJRDOLV NQRZOHGJH EXLOGLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ LV VHHQ DV DFTXLULQJ NQRZOHGJH DQG VNLOOV 5HJXODWLRQ LV PDLQO\ LQ WKH KDQGV RI WKH WHDFKHU DV WKH FRQWHQW H[SHUW ZKR FRQYH\V KLV RU KHU NQRZOHGJH RI WKH VXEMHFW 7KH WKLUG SHUVSHFWLYH LV FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHJRDORIRSLQLRQZKLFKUHIHUVWRWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIVWXGHQWV· GHYHORSLQJDFULWLFDODWWLWXGH5HJXODWLRQLVPDLQO\LQWKHKDQGVRIWKHOHDUQHUV,Q DOOWKUHHSHUVSHFWLYHVJRDOVJRDOVFDOHVEHOLHIVOHDUQLQJSURFHVVDQGVWXGHQWV VFDOHV DQG DFWLRQV UHJXODWLRQ ZHUH IRXQG ZKLFK LV LQ OLQH ZLWK 3UDWW·V GHILQLWLRQ RI SHUVSHFWLYHV 3UDWW  7KH SHUVSHFWLYHV ZH IRXQG DUH QRW GLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRDVSHFLILFJURXSRIWHDFKHUV7HDFKHUVFDQKROGPRUHWKDQRQH SHUVSHFWLYHEXWRIWHQKDYHRQHGRPLQDQWSHUVSHFWLYH

$ FRPSDULVRQ FDQ EH PDGH EHWZHHQ RXU UHVXOWV DQG D VWXG\ E\ 3UDWW LQ DGXOWDQGKLJKHUHGXFDWLRQLQZKLFKILYHSHUVSHFWLYHVZHUHIRXQGQDPHO\ WUDQVPLVVLRQSHUVSHFWLYHDSSUHQWLFHVKLSSHUVSHFWLYHGHYHORSPHQWDOSHUVSHFWLYH QXUWXULQJ SHUVSHFWLYH DQG VRFLDO UHIRUP SHUVSHFWLYH 7ZR RI WKHVH SHUVSHFWLYHV UHVHPEOH WKH SHUVSHFWLYHV ZH IRXQG QDPHO\ WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ SHUVSHFWLYH DQG WKHGHYHORSPHQWDOSHUVSHFWLYHZKLFKDUHVLPLODUWRRXU¶NQRZOHGJHVWURQJ·DQG ¶GHYHORSPHQWVKDUHG· SHUVSHFWLYH UHVSHFWLYHO\  &HQWUDO WR WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQ SHUVSHFWLYHLVWKHEHOLHILQDUHODWLYHO\VWDEOHERG\RINQRZOHGJHZKLFKKDVWREH UHSURGXFHG E\ WKH OHDUQHUV ,QVWUXFWLRQ LV PDLQO\ JXLGHG E\ WKH WHDFKHU DV WKH FRQWHQW H[SHUW ,Q 3UDWW·V GHYHORSPHQW SHUVSHFWLYH WKH OHDUQHUV DUH FHQWUDO LQ WKDWWKHWHDFKHUDLPVWRDGDSWDVPXFKDVSRVVLEOHWRWKHQHHGVRIWKHGLIIHUHQW OHDUQHUVDQGDLPVWRFKDOOHQJHWKHP7KHPDLQUROHRIWKHWHDFKHULVDVDJXLGH



IRUPLQJ DQ RSLQLRQ DERXW WKH VXEMHFW WKH\ DUH VWXG\LQJ 7KH H[SHFWDWLRQV WHDFKHUV KDYH IURP WKHLU VWXGHQWV DUH LPSRUWDQW WKH\ H[SHFW VWXGHQWV WR ZRUN KDUG 5HJXODWLRQ LV PDLQO\ LQ WKH KDQGV RI WKH OHDUQHUV 7KH\ KDYH WR UHJXODWH WKHLU RZQ OHDUQLQJ PRWLYDWH WKHPVHOYHV GLVFRYHU WKHPVHOYHV ZKDW OHDUQLQJ VWUDWHJLHV WR XVH DQG GHFLGH ZKDW WR VWXG\ WKHPVHOYHV 7R RXU NQRZOHGJH QR SHUVSHFWLYHVOLNHWKLVRQHZHUHIRXQGLQRWKHUVWXGLHV

:H FRPSDUHG WKH SHUVSHFWLYHV IRXQG ZLWK WKH KDUG DQG VRIW GLVFLSOLQHV DQG VFKRRO VXEMHFWV :H IRXQG VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV UHJDUGLQJ WKH ILUVW SHUVSHFWLYH ¶GHYHORSPHQWVKDUHG· DQG WKH WKLUG SHUVSHFWLYH ¶RSLQLRQORRVH· 7HDFKHUVIURPVRIWGLVFLSOLQHVDQGVFKRROVXEMHFWVVFRUHGVLJQLILFDQWO\KLJKHU RQ ERWK SHUVSHFWLYHV WKDQ GLG WHDFKHUV IURP KDUG GLVFLSOLQHV 'LIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ WKHVHJURXSVDUHSRVVLEO\UHODWHGWRWKHQDWXUHRINQRZOHGJHLQWKHVXEMHFWZKLFK LQKDUGGLVFLSOLQHVFDQEHFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVFXPXODWLYHDQGDWRPLVWLFDQGLQVRIW VXEMHFWVDVUHLWHUDWLYHDQGKROLVWLF%HFKHU 7URZOHUDQGWRWKHGLVWLQFWLRQ PDGHE\*URVVPDQDQG6WRGROVN\WKHGHJUHHWRZKLFKDVXEMHFWLVGHILQHG WKH VHTXHQWLDOLW\ RI D VXEMHFW RU WKH VFRSH 7HDFKHUV LQ VRIW GLVFLSOLQHV KDYH D OHVV ZHOO GHILQHG VXEMHFW ZKLFK LQFOXGHV PRVWO\ RWKHU GLVFLSOLQHV VFRSH NQRZOHGJH LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG DV KROLVWLF DQG RXWFRPHV RI VWXG\ DUH XQGHUVWDQGLQJ DQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ7KHVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVHHPWRORJLFDOO\ILWWKH¶GHYHORSPHQW VKDUHG· SHUVSHFWLYH LQ ZKLFK WKH SHUVRQDO GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH VWXGHQW LV LPSRUWDQW OHDUQLQJ LV SHUFHLYHG DV FKDQJLQJ D SHUVRQ·V YLHZ RQ WKH ZRUOG DQG FKDQJLQJSHUVRQDOO\DQGUHJXODWLRQLVLQKDQGVRIERWKWHDFKHUDQGOHDUQHUV )RU WHDFKHUV LQ KLJKHU HGXFDWLRQ ZH FRPSDUHG WKHLU SHUVSHFWLYHV IRU IRXU GLIIHUHQWJURXSVKDUGSXUHKDUGDSSOLHGVRIWSXUHDQGVRIWDSSOLHGGLVFLSOLQHV 7KHODUJHVWVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHIRXQGLQDQ$129$ZDVEHWZHHQWKHKDUGSXUH DQG WKH VRIWSXUH GLVFLSOLQHV RQ WKH ILUVW SHUVSHFWLYH ¶GHYHORSPHQWVKDUHG· QDPHO\WHDFKHUVIURPVRIWSXUHGLVFLSOLQHVVFRUHGKLJKHURQWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHWKDQ WHDFKHUVIURPWKHKDUGSXUHGLVFLSOLQHV,QRWKHUZRUGVWHDFKHUVIURPVRIWSXUH GLVFLSOLQHV IRXQG WKH SHUVRQDO GHYHORSPHQW RI VWXGHQWV PRUH LPSRUWDQW WKH\ FRQVLGHUHG OHDUQLQJ WR EH D SURFHVV RI FKDQJLQJ DQG UHJXODWLRQ RI OHDUQLQJ DFWLYLWLHVGRQHE\ERWKWHDFKHUDQGOHDUQHUV

6LJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ GLVFLSOLQHV ZHUH DOVR IRXQG E\ /LQGEORPP<OlQQH HW DO  ZKRVH &RQFHSWXDO &KDQJH6WXGHQW )RFXV VFDOH &&6)UHVHPEOHVRXUGHYHORSPHQWRULHQWHGVKDUHGUHJXODWLRQSHUVSHFWLYH7KH VFRUHV RQ WKH &&6) VFDOH LQ WKHLU VWXGLHV GLIIHUHG VLJQLILFDQWO\ EHWZHHQ WKH GLVFLSOLQHV0RUHVSHFLILFDOO\WKHKDUGSXUHGLVFLSOLQHWHDFKHUVVFRUHGORZHUWKDQ WKHVRIWSXUHDQGWKHVRIWDSSOLHGGLVFLSOLQHWHDFKHUV7KHKDUGDSSOLHGWHDFKHUV VFRUHG ORZHU WKDQ WKH VRIWSXUH WHDFKHUV RQ WKLV VFDOH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH\ DOVR IRXQGDGLIIHUHQFHLQWKH VFRUHVRQWKH,QIRUPDWLRQ 7UDQVPLVVLRQ7HDFKHU)RFXV ,77)VFDOHRQZKLFKKDUGDSSOLHGGLVFLSOLQHWHDFKHUVVFRUHGVLJQLILFDQWO\KLJKHU WKDQ VRIWSXUH DQG VRIWDSSOLHG GLVFLSOLQH WHDFKHUV 7KHVH UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW WKH PDLQ GLIIHUHQFHV RFFXU EHWZHHQ KDUG DQG VRIW GLVFLSOLQHV UDWKHU WKDQ EHWZHHQ SXUHDQGDSSOLHG



TXHVWLRQQDLUH ZDV VHQW WKH OHQJWK RI WKH TXHVWLRQQDLUH UHVSRQGHQWV QHHGHG DSSUR[LPDWHO\PLQXWHVWRILOOLWLQDQGE\WKHDEVHQFHRIDUHZDUGHLWKHU SV\FKRORJLFDOO\ RU ILQDQFLDOO\ (DFK RI WKHVH IDFWRUV SUREDEO\ LQIOXHQFHG WKH WHDFKHUV·PRWLYDWLRQWRFRPSOHWHWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUH'LOOPDQ