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Teachers' perspectives on self-regulated learning : an exploratory study in secondary and university education

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(1)Teachers' perspectives on self-regulated learning : an exploratory study in secondary and university education Oolbekkink-Marchand, H.W.. Citation Oolbekkink-Marchand, H. W. (2006, November 9). Teachers' perspectives on self-regulated learning : an exploratory study in secondary and university education. ICLON PhD Dissertation Series. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4976 Version:. Corrected Publisher’s Version. License:. Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden. Downloaded from:. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4976. Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable)..

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