• No results found

Aantal zorgvragers dat decubitus categorie II en hoger heeft op een bepaald tijdstip en deze heeft ontwikkeld binnen de eigen instelling (nosocomiaal)

onderlagen bij de behandeling van decubitus

Teller 2 Aantal zorgvragers dat decubitus categorie II en hoger heeft op een bepaald tijdstip en deze heeft ontwikkeld binnen de eigen instelling (nosocomiaal)

Noemer 1 Aantal zorgvragers op een bepaald tijdstip

Teller 2 Aantal zorgvragers dat decubitus categorie II en hoger heeft op een bepaald tijdstip en deze heeft ontwikkeld binnen de eigen instelling (nosocomiaal)

Noemer 2 Aantal zorgvragers op een bepaald tijdstip

Definitie(s) - Categorie II: verlies van een gedeelte van de huidlaag

Oppervlakkige open wond, rood/roze wondbodem, zonder wondbeslag. Kan ook intacte/gescheurde blaar zijn gevuld met vocht of serum en bloed. - Categorie III: verlies van een volledige huidlaag

Verlies van de volledige huidlaag. Subcutaan vet kan zichtbaar zijn. Bot, pezen en spieren liggen niet bloot. Wondbeslag kan aanwezig zijn, deze verbergt de diepte van de weefselbeschadiging niet. Ondermijning of tunneling kunnen aanwezig zijn.

- Categorie IV: verlies van een volledige weefsellaag

Verlies van een volledige weefsellaag met blootliggend bot, pezen of spieren. Een vervloeid wondbeslag of necrotische korst kan aanwezig zijn. Vaak ondermijning of tunneling. Categorie IV decubitus kan zich ook onder een intacte huid manifesteren.

Type indicator Uitkomst

In- en

exclusiecriteria

Exclusie:

- zorgvragers die ≤1 nacht in zorg zijn - kraamvrouwen

Bron Zorgvrager

Meetniveau Zorgvrager

Meetfrequentie Minimaal 1x per jaar

Incidentie decubitus

Relatie tot kwaliteit Decubitus kan in veel gevallen worden voorkomen door het tijdig inzetten van preventieve maatregelen bij zorgvragers met (risico op) decubitus. De incidentie van decubitus is derhalve een maat voor de kwaliteit van zorg.

Omschrijving % zorgvragers dat nieuwe decubitus categorie II en hoger heeft ontwikkeld in een vastgestelde periode

Teller Aantal zorgvragers dat nieuwe decubitus categorie II en hoger heeft ontwikkeld in een vastgestelde periode

Noemer Aantal zorgvragers in een vastgestelde periode

Definitie(s) - Categorie II: verlies van een gedeelte van de huidlaag

Oppervlakkige open wond, rood/roze wondbodem, zonder wondbeslag. Kan ook intacte/gescheurde blaar zijn gevuld met vocht of serum en bloed. - Categorie III: verlies van een volledige huidlaag

Verlies van de volledige huidlaag. Subcutaan vet kan zichtbaar zijn. Bot, pezen en spieren liggen niet bloot. Wondbeslag kan aanwezig zijn, deze verbergt de diepte van de weefselbeschadiging niet. Ondermijning of tunneling kunnen aanwezig zijn.

- Categorie IV: verlies van een volledige weefsellaag

Verlies van een volledige weefsellaag met blootliggend bot, pezen of spieren. Een vervloeid wondbeslag of necrotische korst kan aanwezig zijn. Vaak ondermijning of tunneling. Categorie IV decubitus kan zich ook onder een intacte huid manifesteren.

Type indicator Uitkomst

In- en

exclusiecriteria

Geen

Bron Zorgvrager

Meetniveau Zorgvrager

175

Referenties

Inleiding

(1) National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: clinical practice guideline. Washington DC: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; 2009.

(2) Halfens RJG, Meijers JMM, Du Moulin MFMT, Van Nie NC, Neyens JCL, Schols JMGA, Rijcke S. Landelijke Prevalentiemeting Zorgproblemen: rapportage resultaten 2010. Maastricht: Universiteit Maastricht. 2010.

(3) Reifsnyder J, Magee HS. Development of pressure ulcers in patients receiving home hospice care. Wounds. 2005; 17(4); 74-9.

(4) Tippett AW, Wounds at the end of life. Wounds. 2005; 17(4):91-8.

(5) Cardenas DD, Hoffman, JM, Kirshblum S, McKinley W. Etiology and incidence of

rehospitalization after traumatic spinal cord injury: a multicentre analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004; 85(11): 1757-63.

(6) Shahin ESM, Dassen T, Halfens RJG. Pressure ulcer prevalence and incidence in intensive care patients: a literature review. Nursing In Critical Care. 2008; 13 (2):71-9. (7) Franks PJ, Moffatt CJ, Ellison DA, Connolly M, Fielden S, Groarke L, et al. Quality of life in

venous ulceration: A randomized trial of two bandage systems. Phlebology. 1999; 14:95-9. (8) Hopkins A, Dealy C, Bale S, Defloor T, Worboys F. Patient stories of living with a

pressure ulcer. J Adv Nurs. 2006;56 (4):345-353.

(9) Nixon J, Nelson EA, Cranny G, Iglesias CP, Hawkins K, Cullum NA, et al. Pressure relieving support surfaces: a randomised evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2006; 10 (22):iii-x, 1.

(10) Allman RM, Goode PS, Burst N, Bartolucci AA, Thomas DR. Pressure ulcers, hospital complications, and disease severity; impact on hospital costs and length of stay. Adv Wound Care; 12(1): 22-30.

(11) Allman RM, Laprade CA, Noel LB, Walker JM, Moorer CA, Dear MR, et al. Pressure sores among hospital patients. Ann Intern Med. 1986; 105 (3):337-42.

(12) Ducker A. Pressure ulcers: assessment, prevention, and compliance. Case Manager. 2002; 13(4): 61-4.

(13) Kumar RN, Gupchup GV, Dodd MA, Shah B, Iskedjian M, Einarson TR, et al. Direct health care costs of 4 common skin ulcers in New Mexico Medicaid fee-for-service patients. Adv Skin Wound Care; 17(3):143-9.

(14) Stausberg J, Kroger K, Maier I, Schneider H, Niebel W, Pressure ulcers in secondary care: incidence, prevalencem and relevance. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2005; 18(3):140-5.

Methodologie

(1) National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel. Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers: clinical practice guideline. Washington DC: National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; 2009.

Richtlijn Decubitus preventie en behandeling 176 (2) The AGREE Collaboration. Appraisal of Guidelines for

Research & Evaluation (AGREE) Instrument. www.agreecollaboration.org

(3) Vriezen JA, De Bont M, Kolnaar BGM, Romeijnders ACM engelsman C, Germs PH, Schoonhoven L, Flikweer S. Landelijke Eerstelijns Samenwerkings Afspraak Decubitus. Huisarts WET 2004;47(13):652-654.

(4) Handreiking Verantwoordelijkheidsverdeling Samenwerking in de zorg. Utrecht: KNMG, V&VN, KNOV, KNGF, KNMP, NIP, NVZ, NFU, GGZ Nederland, NPCF. 2010.

(5) Nederlandse Vereniging van Verpleeghuisartsen (NVVA). Tripartiete multidisciplinaire richtlijn samenwerking en logistiek rond decubitus (SALODE). Duiven: Drukkerij Tamminga. 2003.

(6) Stichting Transmurale Zorg den Haag e.o.Transmurale Richtlijn Decubitus regio Haaglanden (www.transmuralezorg.nl ). 2007.

(7) Poot E, Mintjes de Groot J, Westrate J, Van der Eerden L, Adriaansen M (red.). Decubitus te lijf. Handboek decubituspreventie voor verpleegkundigen. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. 2008.

(8) CBO. Evidence-based richtlijnontwikeling. Handleiding voor werkgroepleden. Utrecht: Kwaliteitsinstituut voor de Gezondheidszorg CBO. 2007.(www.cbo.nl).

Preventie

(1) Linder-Ganz E, Shabshin N, Itzchak Y, Gefen A. Assessment of mechanical conditions in sub-dermal tissues during sitting: A combined experimental-MRI and finite element approach. J Biomech. 2007;40(7):1443-54.

(2) Linder-Ganz E, Shabshin N, Itzchak Y, Yizhar Z, Siev-Ner I, Gefen A. Strains and stresses in sub-dermal tissues of the buttocks are greater in paraplegics than in healthy during sitting. J Biomech. 2008;41(3):567-80.

(3) Reger SI, McGovern TF, Chung KC. Biomechanics of tissue distortion and stiffness by magnetic resonance imaging. In: Bader DL, editor. Pressure sores: Clinical practice and scientific approach. London: MacMillan; 1990. p. 177-90.

(4) Breuls RG, Bouten CV, Oomens CW, Bader DL, Baaijens FP. Compression induced cell damage in engineered muscle tissue: An in vitro model to study pressure ulcer aetiology. Ann Biomed Eng. 2003;31(11):1357-64.

(5) Breuls RG, Bouten CV, Oomens CW, Bader DL, Baaijens FP. A theoretical analysis of damage evolution in skeletal muscle tissue with reference to pressure ulcer development. J Biomech Eng. 2003;125(6):902-9.

(6) Daniel RK, Priest DL, Wheatley DC. Etiologic factors in pressure sores: An experimental model. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1981;62(10):492-8.

(7) Dinsdale SM. Decubitus ulcers: Role of pressure and friction in causation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1974;55(4):147-52.

(8) Gawlitta D, Li W, Oomens CW, Baaijens FP, Bader DL, Bouten CV. The relative

contributions of compression and hypoxia to development of muscle tissue damage: An in vitro study. Ann Biomed Eng. 2007;35(2):273-84.

177 (9) Gawlitta D, Oomens CW, Bader DL, Baaijens FP, Bouten CV. Temporal differences in the

influence of ischemic factors and deformation on the metabolism of engineered skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(2):464-73.

(10) Groth KE. Klinische Beobachtungen und experimentelle studien ber die Entstehung des Dekubitus. Acta Chir Scan. 1942;87(Supple 76).

(11) Kosiak M. Etiology and pathology of ischemic ulcers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1959;40(2):62-9.

(12) Linder-Ganz E engelberg S, Scheinowitz M, Gefen A. Pressure-time cell death threshold for albino rat skeletal muscles as related to pressure sore biomechanics. J Biomech. 2006;39(14):2725-32.

(13) Reswick JB, Rogers JE. Experience at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital with devices and techniques that prevent pressure sores. In: Kenedi RM, Cowden JM, editors. Bedsore biomechanics: The Macmillan Press; 1976. p. 301-10.

(14) Salcido R, Donofrio JC, Fisher SB, LeGrand EK, Dickey K, Carney JM, et al.

Histopathology of pressure ulcers as a result of sequential computer-controlled pressure sessions in a fuzzy rat model. Adv Wound Care. 1994;7(5):23-4, 6, 8.

(15) Stekelenburg A, Oomens CW, Strijkers GJ, Nicolay K, Bader DL. Compression-induced deep tissue injury examined with magnetic resonance imaging and histology. J Appl Physiol. 2006;100(6):1946-54.

(16) Stekelenburg A, Strijkers GJ, Parusel H, Bader DL, Nicolay K, Oomens CW. Role of ischemia and deformation in the onset of compression-induced deep tissue injury: MRI-based studies in a rat model. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102(5):2002-11.

(17) Breuls RG, Sengers BG, Oomens CW, Bouten CV, Baaijens FP. Predicting local cell deformations in engineered tissue constructs: A multilevel finite element approach. J Biomech Eng. 2002;124(2):198-207.

(18) Chow WW, Odell EI. Deformations and stresses in soft body tissues of a sitting person. J Biomech Eng. 1978;100:79-87.

(19) Dabnichki PA, Crocombe ZD, Hughes SC. Deformation and stress analysis of supported buttock contact. Proc Inst Mech Eng [H]. 1994;208:9-17.

(20) Linder-Ganz E, Gefen A. The effects of pressure and shear on capillary closure in the microstructure of skeletal muscles. Ann Biomed Eng. 2007;35(12):2095-107.

(21) Mak AF, Liu GH, Lee SY. Biomechanical assessment of below-knee residual limb tissue. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1994;31(3):188-98.

(22) Oomens CW, van Campen DH, Grootenboer HJ. A mixture approach to the mechanics of skin. J Biomech. 1987;20(9):877-85.

(23) Todd BA, Thacker JG. Three-dimensional computer model of the human buttocks, in vivo. J Rehabil Res Dev. 1994;31(2):111-9.

(24) Zhang JD, Mak AF, Huang LD. A large deformation biomechanical model for pressure ulcers. J Biomech Eng. 1997;119(4):406-8.

Richtlijn Decubitus preventie en behandeling 178 (25) Knight SL, Taylor RP, Polliack AA, Bader DL. Establishing predictive indicators for the

status of loaded soft tissues. J Appl Physiol. 2001;90(6):2231-7.

(26) Reichel S. Shearing force as a factor in decubitus ulcers in paraplegics. JAMA. 1958;166(7):762-3.

(27) Gefen A, Gefen N, Linder-Ganz E, Margulies SS. In vivo muscle stiffening under bone compression promotes deep pressure sores. J Biomech Eng. 2005;127(3):512-24. (28) Linder-Ganz E, Gefen A. Mechanical compression-induced pressure sores in rat hindlimb:

Muscle stiffness, histology, and computational models. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96(6):2034-49.

(29) Oomens CW, Bressers OF, Bosboom EM, Bouten CV, Blader DL. Can loaded interface characteristics influence strain distributions in muscle adjacent to bony prominences? Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin. 2003;6(3):171-80.

(30) Dinsdale SM. Decubitus ulcers in swine: Light and electron microscopy study of pathogenesis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1973;54(2):51-6.

(31) Bader DL, Barnhill RL, Ryan TJ. Effect of externally applied skin surface forces on tissue vasculature. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67(11):807-11.

(32) Kosiak M. Etiology of decubitus ulcers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1961;42:19-29. (33) Ceelen KK, Stekelenburg A, Loerakker S, Strijkers GJ, Bader DL, Nicolay K, et al.

Compression-induced damage and internal tissue strains are related. J Biomech. 2008;41(16):3399-404.

(34) Stekelenburg A, Gawlitta D, Bader DL, Oomens CW. Deep tissue injury: How deep is our understanding? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(7):1410-3.

(35) Nola GT, Vistnes LM. Differential response of skin and muscle in the experimental production of pressure sores. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980;66(5):728-33.

(36) Houwing R, Overgoor M, Kon M, Jansen G, van Asbeck BS, Haalboom JR. Pressure-induced skin lesions in pigs: Reperfusion injury and the effects of vitamin E. J Wound Care. 2000;9(1):36-40.

(37) Ikebe K, Kato T, Yamaga M, Hirose J, Tsuchida T, Takagi K. Increased ischemia-reperfusion blood flow impairs the skeletal muscle contractile function. J Surg Res. 2001;99(1):1-6.

(38) Peirce SM, Skalak TC, Rodeheaver GT. Ischemia-reperfusion injury in chronic pressure ulcer formation: A skin model in the rat. Wound Repair Regen. 2000;8(1):68-76.

(39) Reid RR, Sull AC, Mogford JE, Roy N, Mustoe TA. A novel murine model of cyclical cutaneous ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Surg Res. 2004;116(1):172-80.

(40) Tsuji S, Ichioka S, Sekiya N, Nakatsuka T. Analysis of ischemia-reperfusion injury in a microcirculatory model of pressure ulcers. Wound Repair Regen. 2005;13(2):209-15. (41) Unal S, Ozmen S, DemIr Y, Yavuzer R, LatIfoglu O, Atabay K, et al. The effect of

gradually increased blood flow on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ann Plast Surg. 2001;47(4):412-6.

179 (42) Gefen A, Cornelissen LH, Gawlitta D, Bader DL, Oomens CW. The free diffusion of

macromolecules in tissue-engineered skeletal muscle subjected to large compression strains. J Biomech. 2008;41(4):845-53.

(43) Krouskop TA. A synthesis of the factors that contribute to pressure sore formation. Med Hypotheses. 1983;11(2):255-67.

(44) Krouskop TA, Reddy NP, Spencer WA, Secor JW. Mechanisms of decubitus ulcer formation--an hypothesis. Med Hypotheses. 1978;4(1):37-9.

(45) Edsberg LE, Cutway R, Anain S, Natiella JR. Microstructural and mechanical

characterization of human tissue at and adjacent to pressure ulcers. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2000;37(4):463-71.

(46) Panel for the Prediction and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers in Adults. Pressure ulcers in adults: Prediction and prevention. Clinical practice guideline number 3. Rockville: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, AHCPR Publication No. 92-0047; 1992.

(47) National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The management of pressure ulcers in primary and secondary care: A clinical practice guideline. National Institute for Health and Clincial Excellence; 2005.

(48) Bergstrom N, Braden BJ, Laguzza A, Holman V. The Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk. Nurs Res. 1987;36(4):205-10.

(49) Magnan MA, Maklebust J. The effect of Web-based Braden Scale training on the reliability and precision of Braden Scale pressure ulcer risk assessments. J Wound Ostomy

Continence Nurs. 2008;35(2):199-208.

(50) Hayes PA, Wolf ZR, McHugh MK. Effect of a teaching plan on a nursing staff's knowledge of pressure ulcer risk, assessment, and treatment. J Nurs Staff Dev. 1994;10(4):207-13. (51) Vanderwee K, Grypdonck M, Defloor T. Non-blanchable erythema as an indicator for the

need for pressure ulcer prevention a randomized-controlled trial. J Clin Nurs. 2007;16(2):325-35.

(52) Jalali R, Rezaie M. Predicting pressure ulcer risk: Comparing the predictive validity of 4 scales. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2005;18(2):92-7.

(53) Okuwa M, Sanada H, Sugama J, Inagaki M, Konya C, Kitagawa A, et al. A prospective cohort study of lower-extremity pressure ulcer risk among bedfast older adults. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2006;19(7):391-7.

(54) Suriadi, Sanada H, Sugama J, Thigpen B, Kitagawa A, Kinosita S, et al. A new instrument for predicting pressure ulcer risk in an intensive care unit. J Tissue Viability.

2006;16(3):21-6.

(55) Kwong E, Pang S, Wong T, Ho J, Shao-ling X, Li-jun T. Predicting pressure ulcer risk with the modified Braden, Braden, and Norton scales in acute care hospitals in Mainland China. Appl Nurs Res. 2005;18(2):122-8.

(56) Defloor T, Grypdonck MF. Pressure ulcers: Validation of two risk assessment scales. J Clin Nurs. 2005;14(3):373-82.

Richtlijn Decubitus preventie en behandeling 180 (57) Jun Seongsook RN, Jeong Ihnsook RN, Lee Younghee RN. Validity of pressure ulcer risk

assessment scales; Cubbin and Jackson, Braden, and Douglas scale. Int J Nurs Stud. 2004 02;41(2):199-204.

(58) Curley MA, Razmus IS, Roberts KE, Wypij D. Predicting pressure ulcer risk in pediatric patients: The Braden Q Scale. Nurs Res. 2003;52(1):22-33.

(59) Bergstrom N, Braden BJ. Predictive validity of the Braden Scale among Black and White subjects. Nurs Res. 2002;51(6):398-403.

(60) Schoonhoven L, Haalboom JRE, Bousema MT, Algra A, Grobbee DE, Grypdonck MH, et al. Prospective cohort study of routine use of risk assessment scales for prediction of pressure ulcers. Br Med J. 2002;325:797-800.

(61) Perneger TV, Rae AC, Gaspoz JM, Borst F, Vitek O, Heliot C. Screening for pressure ulcer risk in an acute care hospital: Development of a brief bedside scale. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002;55(5):498-504.

(62) Boyle M, Green M. Presure sores in intensive care: Defining their incidence and associated factors and assessing the utility of two pressure sore risk assessment tools. Aust Crit Care. 2001;14(1):24-30.

(63) Anthony D, Reynolds T, Russell L. An investigation into the use of serum albumin in pressure sore prediction. J Adv Nurs. 2000;32(2):359-65.

(64) Halfens RJ, Van Achterberg T, Bal RM. Validity and reliability of the braden scale and the influence of other risk factors: A multicenter prospective study. Int J Nurs Stud.

2000;37(4):313-9.

(65) Baldwin KM, Ziegler SM. Pressure ulcer risk following critical traumatic injury. Adv Wound Care. 1998;11(4):168-73.

(66) Watts D, Abrahams E, MacMillan C, Sanat J, Silver R, VanGorder S, et al. Insult after injury: Pressure ulcers in trauma patients. Orthop Nurs. 1998;17(4):84-91.

(67) Bergstrom N, Braden B, Kemp M, Champagne M, Ruby E. Predicting pressure ulcer risk: A multisite study of the predictive validity of the Braden Scale. Nurs Res. 1998;47(5):261-9.

(68) Brook I. Aerobic and anaerobic microbiology of infections after trauma in children. J Accid Emerg Med. 1998;15(3):162-7.

(69) Lyder CH, Yu C, Stevenson D, Mangat R, Empleo-Frazier O, Emerling J, et al. Validating the Braden Scale for the prediction of pressure ulcer risk in blacks and Latino/Hispanic elders: A pilot study. Ostomy Wound Manage. 1998;44(3A Suppl):42S-9S.

(70) Pang SM, Wong TK. Predicting pressure sore risk with the Norton, Braden, and Waterlow scales in a Hong Kong rehabilitation hospital. Nurs Res. 1998 May-Jun;47(3):147-53. (71) Bergquist S, Frantz R. Braden Scale: Validity in community-based older adults receiving

home health care. Appl Nurs Res. 2001;14(1):36-43.

(72) Rodriguez Torres M, Garcia Fernandez F, Martinez Martos C, Plaza Jurado F, Maldonado F, Noguera Gutiérrez A, et al. Validation of the EMINA pressure risk assessment

181 (73) Salzberg CA, Byrne DW, Kabir R, van Niewerburg P, Cayten CG. Predicting pressure

ulcers during initial hospitalization for acute spinal cord injury. Wounds. 1999;11(2):45-57. (74) Lindgren M, Unosson M, Krantz AM, Ek AC. A risk assessment scale for the prediction of

pressure sore development: Reliability and validity. J Adv Nurs. 2002;38(2):190-9. (75) Bergquist S. Subscales, subscores, or summative score: Evaluating the contribution of

Braden Scale items for predicting pressure ulcer risk in older adults receiving home health care. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2001;28(6):279-89.

(76) Lyder CH, Yu C, Emerling J, Mangat R, Stevenson D, Empleo-Frazier O, et al. The Braden Scale for pressure ulcer risk: Evaluating the predictive validity in Black and Latino/Hispanic elders. Appl Nurs Res. 1999;12(2):60-8.

(77) Haalboom JR, den BJ, Buskens E. Risk-assessment tools in the prevention of pressure ulcers. Ostomy Wound Manage. 1999;45(2):20-4.

(78) Goodridge DM, Sloan JA, LeDoyen YM, McKenzie JA, Knight WE, Gayari M.

Risk-assessment scores, prevention strategies, and the incidence of pressure ulcers among the elderly in four Canadian health-care facilities. Can J Nurs Res. 1998 Summer;30(2):23. (79) Weststrate JT, Hop WC, Aalbers AG, Vreeling AW, Bruining HA. The clinical relevance of

the Waterlow pressure sore risk scale in the ICU. Intensive Care Med. 1998;24(8):815-20. (80) Stordeur S, Laurent S, D'Hoore W. The importance of repeated risk assessment for

pressure sores in cardiovascular surgery. J Cardiovasc Surg. 1998;39(3):343-9. (81) Pancorbo-Hidalgo PL, Garcia-Fernandez FP, Lopez-Medina IM, Alvarez-Nieto C. Risk

assessment scales for pressure ulcer prevention: A systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2006 Apr;54(1):94-110.

(82) Allman RM, Goode PS, Patrick MM, Burst N, Bartolucci AA. Pressure ulcer risk factors among hospitalized patients with activity limitation. JAMA. 1995;273(11):865-70.

(83) Berlowitz DR, Wilking SV. Risk factors for pressure sores. A comparison of cross-sectional and cohort-derived data. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37(11):1043-50.

(84) Brandeis GH, Ooi WL, Hossain M, Morris JN, Lipsitz LA. A longitudinal study of risk factors associated with the formation of pressure ulcers in nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42:388-93.

(85) Bergquist S, Frantz R. Pressure ulcers in community-based older adults receiving home health care. Prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Adv Wound Care. 1999;12(7):339-51.

(86) Lindgren M, Unosson M, Fredrikson M, Ek AC. Immobility--a major risk factor for development of pressure ulcers among adult hospitalized patients: A prospective study. Scand J Caring Sci. 2004;18(1):57-64.

(87) Nixon J, Brown J, McElvenny D, Mason S, Bond S. Prognostic factors associated with pressure sore development in the immediate post-operative period. Int J Nurs Stud. 2000;37(4):279-89.

(88) van Marum RJ, Ooms ME, Ribbe MW, van Eijk JT. The Dutch pressure sore assessment score or the Norton scale for identifying at-risk nursing home patients? Age Ageing. 2000;29(1):63-8.

Richtlijn Decubitus preventie en behandeling 182 (89) Nixon J, Nelson EA, Cranny G, Iglesias CP, Hawkins K, Cullum NA, et al. Pressure

relieving support surfaces: A randomised evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2006;10(22):iii-x, 1.

(90) Nixon J, Cranny G, Bond S. Skin alterations of intact skin and risk factors associated with pressure ulcer development in surgical patients: A cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud.

2007;44(5):655-63.

(91) Schoonhoven L, Grobbee DE, Donders ART, Algra A, Grypdonck MH, Bousema MT, et al. Prediction of pressure ulcer development in hospitalized patients: A tool for risk

assessment. Qual Saf Health Care. 2006;15(1):65-70.

(92) Anthony D, Clark M, Dallender J. An optimization of the Waterlow score using regression and artificial neural networks. Clin Rehabil. 2000;14(1):102-9.

(93) Reed RL, Hepburn K, Adelson R, Center B, McKnight P. Low serum albumin levels, confusion, and fecal incontinence: Are these risk factors for pressure ulcers in mobility-impaired hospitalized adults? Gerontology. 2003;49(4):255-9.

(94) Ek AC, Unosson M, Larsson J, von Schenck H, Bjurulf P. The development and healing of pressure sores related to the nutritional state. Clin Nutr. 1991;10(5):245-50.

(95) Theaker C, Mannan M, Ives N, Soni N. Risk factors for pressure sores in the critically ill. Anaesthesia. 2000;55(3):221-4.

(96) Bergstrom N, Braden B. A prospective study of pressure sore risk among institutionalized elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40(8):747-58.

(97) Curley MA, Quigley SM, Lin M. Pressure ulcers in pediatric intensive care: Incidence and associated factors. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2003;4(3):284-90.

(98) Bergstrom N, Braden B, Kemp M, Champagne M, Ruby E. Multi-site study of incidence of pressure ulcers and the relationship between risk level, demographic characteristics, diagnoses, and prescription of preventive interventions. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44(1):22-30.

(99) Baumgarten M, Margolis D, van DC, Gruber-Baldini AL, Hebel JR, Zimmerman S, et al. Black/White differences in pressure ulcer incidence in nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(8):1293-8.

(100) Nicastri E, Viale P, Lyder CH, Cristini F, Martini L, Preziosi G, et al. Incidence and risk factors associated with pressure ulcers among patients with HIV infection. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2004;17(5 Pt 1):226-31.

(101) Baldelli P, Paciella M. Creation and implementation of a pressure ulcer prevention bundle