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The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19952 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.

Author: Vonk, Freek Jacobus

Title: Snake evolution and prospecting of snake venom

Date: 2012-09-06

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Snake Evolution and

Prospecting of Snake Venom

Freek Jacobus Vonk

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To my family and (snake) friends, with special thanks to my parents…..

Freek Jacobus Vonk

Snake Evolution and Prospecting of Snake Venom

Dissertation Leiden University

Cover photo: a wild king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), Indonesia (Java). By Freek Vonk

Printed by: Wöhrmann Print Services, Zutphen.

Copyright © 2012 by Freek J. Vonk, Leiden, The Netherlands. All rights reserved.

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Snake Evolution and Prospecting of Snake Venom

Proefschrift

ter verkrijging van

de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden,

op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. Mr. P.F. van der Heijden,

volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties

te verdedigen op donderdag 6 september 2012

klokke 10:00 uur

door

Freek Jacobus Vonk

Geboren te Dordrecht,

Nederland 24 februari, 1983.

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Promotiecommissie

Promotor Prof. Dr. Michael K. Richardson

Overige leden Prof. Dr. Carel J. ten Cate Prof. Dr. Herman P. Spaink

Dr. Bart Vervust (University of Antwerp)

Prof. Dr. Rob E. Poelman (Leiden University Medical Centre) Prof. Dr. Peter G.L. Klinkhamer

The work described in this thesis was supported by a Toptalent grant from the Netherlands Organization

for Scientific Research under grant number 021.002.034 and funding from the Naturalis Biodiversity

Center (Leiden).

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Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Snake Venom: from Fieldwork to the Clinic.

3

Chapter 3 Evolutionary Origin and Development of Snake Fangs

25

Chapter 4 Axial Patterning in Snakes and

Caecilians: Evidence for an Alternative Interpretation of the Hox Code.

39

Chapter 5 Massive Evolutionary Expansion of Venom Genes in the King Cobra

60

Chapter 6 An Efficient Analytical Platform for On-line Microfluidic Profiling of Neurotoxic Snake Venoms Towards Nicotinic Receptor Like Affinity

78

Chapter 7 Summary of Thesis and Discussion 112

Samenvatting van Thesis en Discussie 116

References 120

Curriculum vitae 139

Acknowledgements 142

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